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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">J9zrJ5mDWLY5K44hcyXm5Sz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005014202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100681</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210792</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210792</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Flutter Atrial na S&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2: Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas e Eletrofisiol&#243;gicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8194-8463</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Faria Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8088-332X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guabiru</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Bahia , Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos , Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Faria Soares de Magalh&#227;es &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Bahia &#8211; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. CEP 40110-905, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>duduexo@gmail.com</email> , <email>eduardofsm@ufba.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Magalh&#227;es EFS, Magalh&#227;es LP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Magalh&#227;es EFS, Magalh&#227;es LP, Pinheiro JO, Guabiru AT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Magalh&#227;es EFS, Magalh&#227;es LP, Aras R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Magalh&#227;es EFS, Magalh&#227;es LP, Pinheiro JO, Guabiru AT, Aras R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>681</fpage>
      <lpage>688</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 &#233; uma rara doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica autoss&#244;mico dominante, fenoc&#243;pia da miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, caracterizada pelo ac&#250;mulo intracelular de glicog&#234;nio. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas incluem pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, hipertrofia ventricular, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e arritmias atriais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Comparar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas observadas em pacientes com flutter atrial, com e sem s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, comparativo de pacientes com flutter atrial: grupo A, cinco pacientes de fam&#237;lia com s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2; e grupo B, 25 pacientes sem fen&#243;tipo da s&#237;ndrome. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes do grupo A apresentaram pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular e bloqueio de ramo direito; quatro tinham marca-passo (80%). Pacientes do grupo A tinham menor idade (39&#177;5,4 vs. 58,6&#177;17,6 anos, p=0,021), e maior espessura de septo interventricular (mediana=18 vs. 10 mm; p&lt;0,001) e parede posterior (mediana=14 vs. 10 mm; p=0,001). Quatro do grupo A foram submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, sendo observada via acess&#243;ria fasc&#237;culo-ventricular; em tr&#234;s foi realizada abla&#231;&#227;o do flutter atrial. Todos os do grupo B foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do flutter atrial, sem evid&#234;ncia de via acess&#243;ria. Observado maior preval&#234;ncia no grupo B de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a coronariana e apneia do sono, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Portadores da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 apresentaram flutter atrial em idade mais precoce, e menos comorbidades, quando comparados a pacientes com flutter atrial sem fen&#243;tipo da muta&#231;&#227;o. Importante suspeitar de miocardiopatia geneticamente determinada, como s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, em jovens com flutter atrial, especialmente na presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular e hipertrofia ventricular familiar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Dep&#243;sito de Glicog&#234;nio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica rara, de heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante, causada por muta&#231;&#245;es no gene que codifica a subunidade &#947; <sub>2</sub> da prote&#237;na quinase AMP-ativada (AMPK). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O principal achado histopatol&#243;gico no cora&#231;&#227;o de pacientes acometidos &#233; o dep&#243;sito intracelular de glicog&#234;nio no mioc&#225;rdio, podendo desencadear altera&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas e estruturais card&#237;acas que mimetizam a s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) e miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos indicam que a preval&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 seja de 0,23 a 1,4% dos pacientes com suspeita de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Possivelmente a incid&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 permanece subestimada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois muitos casos podem ser equivocadamente diagnosticados como miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica sarcom&#233;rica.</p>
      <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 tem grande variabilidade, consistindo em pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, dist&#250;rbios do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, e taquiarritmias atriais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 &#233; de particular interesse, pois est&#225; relacionada a alto risco de evolu&#231;&#227;o para bloqueio atrioventricular total com necessidade de implante de marca-passo, e morte s&#250;bita. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taquiarritmias atriais, estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que o flutter atrial &#233; menos comum que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, acometendo mais homens. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Do ponto de vista eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, &#233; tipicamente caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de ondas F (aspecto serrilhado) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e frequ&#234;ncia atrial aproximada de 300 bpm. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O mecanismo eletrofisiol&#243;gico do flutter atrial envolve a macrorreentrada nos &#225;trios, por mecanismo de anisotropia, utilizando &#225;reas de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta, anat&#244;micas ou funcionais. A incid&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade, sendo inferior a 5 casos por 100.000 habitantes entre as pessoas com menos de 50 anos, mas alcan&#231;ando quase 600 casos por 100.000 habitantes entre as pessoas com mais de 80 anos, com maior risco de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora a s&#237;ndrome de WPW e a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica estejam relacionadas ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a associa&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial e pre-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; um fen&#244;meno raro. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Na s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, h&#225; relatos na literatura de surgimento de flutter atrial em pacientes com pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> por&#233;m s&#227;o escassos os dados sobre comportamento cl&#237;nico e eletrofisiol&#243;gico do flutter atrial na doen&#231;a. Apesar do flutter atrial poder ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, pode ocorrer diagn&#243;stico tardio da s&#237;ndrome, especialmente quando n&#227;o h&#225; evidente hipertrofia ventricular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este trabalho se prop&#244;s comparar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas observadas em pacientes com flutter atrial, com e sem a s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2. Para tanto, foram analisados membros de uma mesma fam&#237;lia, portadores de flutter atrial e previamente genotipados com a muta&#231;&#227;o Arg302Gln do gene <italic>PRKAG2</italic> , e comparados com grupo controle de pacientes portadores de flutter atrial sem o fen&#243;tipo da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional, retrospectivo, comparativo entre pacientes com flutter atrial, selecionados atrav&#233;s de amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: (1) pacientes portadores de muta&#231;&#227;o Arg302Gln do gene <italic>PRKAG2</italic> que evolu&#237;ram com flutter atrial; (2) pacientes com registro de flutter atrial isolado do nosso servi&#231;o de arritmia nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos, que foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos. O grupo A foi composto de 5 pacientes de uma mesma fam&#237;lia acompanhada em nosso servi&#231;o, composta de 16 membros portadores de s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, previamente genotipados, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que apresentaram flutter atrial, com tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 15,1 &#177; 2,9 anos. O Grupo B incluiu 25 pacientes portadores de flutter atrial t&#237;pico, sem o fen&#243;tipo da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, consecutivamente submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, no per&#237;odo de 2015 a 2020.</p>
        <p>Foram obtidos dados de exame f&#237;sico, exames laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma com doppler color, e estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, o intervalo PR curto no eletrocardiograma foi determinado quando era menor que 120 ms. O padr&#227;o de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi definido pela associa&#231;&#227;o de intervalo PR curto com aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (&gt; 110 ms) ou empastamento inicial do QRS, mimetizando onda delta. O flutter atrial t&#237;pico ao ECG foi definido pela presen&#231;a de ondas F negativas (aspecto serrilhado) em DII, DIII e aVF e positivas em V1. O ECG foi realizado em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, na velocidade de 25mm/s, ganho de 10mm:1mV e filtro de 0,05Hz a 15Hz. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda no ecocardiograma foi estabelecido diante de espessura do septo interventricular ou da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 13 mm, sem outra causa aparente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter foram realizados atrav&#233;s de protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular, com uso de cateteres diagn&#243;sticos multipolares e cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o irrigado ou de ponta de 8 mm. A abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo foi realizada bloqueio bidirecional, e demonstra&#231;&#227;o de duplo potencial atrial (&gt; 100 ms). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a coleta das informa&#231;&#245;es, os dados foram armazenados em planilha Excel e submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, <italic>realizada com software R (R core Team, Vienna, &#193;ustria) para Windows, de acesso gratuito. Durante a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva,</italic> vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e porcentagem (%). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, ou mediana (intervalo interquartil) nos casos de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Avaliou-se a normalidade dos dados atrav&#233;s do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. <italic>Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante.</italic></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quest&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa sob o n&#250;mero 3.044.277, e termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido dos participantes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes do grupo A, portadores de s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, est&#227;o dispostas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabelas 1</xref> . A an&#225;lise do heredograma da fam&#237;lia, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> , evidencia o padr&#227;o de heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mico dominante da doen&#231;a, com relato de tr&#234;s mortes s&#250;bitas inexplicadas na fam&#237;lia, em indiv&#237;duos com idade mediana de 38 anos. Em todos os 5 pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, o flutter atrial foi identificado como a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a, com idade m&#233;dia ao diagn&#243;stico de 39&#177;5,4 anos. No eletrocardiograma, todos os pacientes do grupo A apresentaram padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico compat&#237;vel com pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, associado a bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD) em quatro (80%). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> mostra eletrocardiograma t&#237;pico de paciente com muta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>PRKAG2</italic> em ritmo sinusal, e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2B</xref> demonstra tra&#231;ado em ritmo de flutter atrial. Evolu&#231;&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal ou bloqueio atrioventricular levaram ao implante de marca-passo em 4 (80%), com idade m&#233;dia ao implante de 44 &#177; 6 anos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes do grupo A</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                  <th>Sexo</th>
                  <th>Idade</th>
                  <th>Idade no diagn&#243;stico</th>
                  <th>Sintomas</th>
                  <th>Taquiarritmia</th>
                  <th>MP</th>
                  <th>HVE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>II:5</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">Palpita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">FLA, FA</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II:6</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#237;ncope, palpita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">FLA, FA</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II:7</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#237;ncope</td>
                  <td align="center">FLA</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II:10</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, palpita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">FLA</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III:18</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">Palpita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">FLA</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>M: masculino; F: feminino; MP: marca-passo; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; FLA: flutter atrial; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Heredograma da fam&#237;lia portadora da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, com identifica&#231;&#227;o dos 5 pacientes com flutter atrial. MP: marca-passo; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel. Indiv&#237;duos com genotipagem para muta&#231;&#227;o do gene PRKAG2 identificados como portadores (+) ou n&#227;o portadores (-). Uma paciente foi submetida a implante de CDI, devido a diagn&#243;stico equivocado de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica sarcom&#233;rica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0681-10792-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Eletrocardiograma inicial do paciente III:15, evidenciando ritmo atrial ect&#243;pico, e o aspecto de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com intervalo PR curto seguido por pseudo-onda delta, e complexo QRS com morfologia de BRD. B) Eletrocardiograma do paciente II:10 com padr&#227;o t&#237;pico da s&#237;ndrome de PRKAG2, sendo evidenciado flutter atrial com condu&#231;&#227;o 2:1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0681-10792-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O grupo B consistiu em 25 pacientes portadores de flutter atrial t&#237;pico, sendo 19 (76%) homens, seis (24%) assintom&#225;ticos, com idade m&#233;dia ao diagn&#243;stico de 58,6&#177;17,6 anos, sendo um (4%) portador de marca-passo por disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal. Foi documentado comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial em 3 (12%), e cardiopatia induzida por flutter atrial em 3 (12%). Apenas 2 (8%) pacientes do Grupo B apresentaram bloqueio de ramo direito, e nenhum tinha pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>Quatro pacientes do grupo A foram submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, sendo tr&#234;s do sexo masculino. Foram registrados intervalos AH e HV curtos, com HV fixo (mediana=30 ms), durante ritmo b&#225;sico e estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial r&#225;pida ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref> ). O ponto de Wenckebach foi obtido em quatro pacientes, com m&#233;dia de 302,5 &#177; 31 ms. O teste com adenosina foi realizado, com registro de bloqueio AV anter&#243;grado e retr&#243;grado. Foi observada condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada ventr&#237;culo-atrial nodal decremental durante estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em todos. Os achados foram compat&#237;veis com a presen&#231;a de via acess&#243;ria fasc&#237;culo-ventricular. Durante o procedimento, tr&#234;s pacientes foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do flutter atrial, sendo demonstrado circuito arritmog&#234;nico dependente do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo. Foi obtido sucesso em 100%, sem recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s 18 meses. Todos os pacientes do Grupo B foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter do flutter atrial t&#237;pico istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo dependente. N&#227;o foi evidenciado presen&#231;a de via acess&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tra&#231;ado do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico da paciente II:10. Eletrocardiograma de 5 deriva&#231;&#245;es e intervalos <italic>b&#225;sicos durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial, demonstrando HV = 33 ms. AV: &#225;trio-ventricular; A: eletrograma atrial; H: eletrograma do His; V: eletrograma ventricular.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0681-10792-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos comparativos dos grupos A e B</title>
        <p>Foram comparadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos A e B, dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> . A m&#233;dia de idade ao diagn&#243;stico de flutter atrial do grupo A foi significativamente menor que o grupo B (39 &#177; 5,4 vs. 58,6 &#177; 17,6 anos; p = 0,021). Dentre os sintomas, foi observado maior preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope/pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope no grupo A (p = 0,004). Fatores de risco estabelecidos para desenvolvimento de flutter atrial, tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, apneia do sono, obesidade e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, foram mais prevalentes no grupo B, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultado comparativo das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletro e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos dois grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Grupo A n = 5</th>
                  <th>Grupo B n = 25</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 17,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,422</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade ao diagn&#243;stico (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ncope/Pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Apneia do sono</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade, IMC &gt; 30 kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,287</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clearance de creatinina (mL/min/1,73m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">77,2 (60,7-81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,4 (66,0-102,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,275</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (38-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (38-42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,435</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (14-26)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PP (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (11-15)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (44-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (47-55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (60-76)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (59-69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HVE</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (44-57)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (56-75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo PR (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (100-110)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (140-188)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (100-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (90-93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAVT</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP, ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n (%). HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BAVT: bloqueio atrioventricular total; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; S: septo; PP: parede posterior; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Ao eletrocardiograma basal em ritmo sinusal, foi observado que o grupo A apresentava menor frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, intervalo PR mais curto e maior preval&#234;ncia de BRD. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, foi observada hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em 80% dos pacientes do grupo A, e em apenas 6% do grupo B (p=0.001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE e tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, foi observado bloqueio atrioventricular total apenas nos pacientes do grupo A (80% vs. 0%, p &lt; 0,001), assim como mais frequentemente necessitaram de implante de MP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B (80% vs. 8%, p = 0,002).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 &#233; uma rara fenoc&#243;pia da miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, simulando tamb&#233;m a s&#237;ndrome de WPW. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No entanto, a distin&#231;&#227;o &#233; crucial, pois a hist&#243;ria natural, progn&#243;stico e, em alguns casos, as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento s&#227;o marcadamente diferentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da s&#237;ndrome incluem taquiarritmias atriais como flutter atrial, dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e morte s&#250;bita. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Neste estudo foi apresentada a compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas de pacientes com flutter atrial portadores da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 devido &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o Arg302Gln, e pacientes com flutter atrial sem o fen&#243;tipo da s&#237;ndrome.</p>
      <p>Uma das caracter&#237;sticas mais marcantes do eletrocardiograma dos pacientes portadores da muta&#231;&#227;o do gene <italic>PRKAG2</italic> &#233; a presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mimetizando a s&#237;ndrome de WPW. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; descrito que a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na s&#237;ndrome de WPW &#233; maior que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, estimada entre 10 e 23%, na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da via acess&#243;ria, o risco de arritmia atrial &#233; reduzido significativamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Todavia, &#233; rara na literatura a descri&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial em portadores de s&#237;ndrome de WPW. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por sua vez, pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica apresentam elevada incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A s&#237;ndrome de PRKAG2 apresenta aspectos fenot&#237;picos comuns a estas duas doen&#231;as, por&#233;m as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e progn&#243;stico s&#227;o peculiares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a taquiarritmias atriais, estima-se que 33% dos portadores da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 sejam acometidos por fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em nossa casu&#237;stica, a preval&#234;ncia de flutter atrial nos portadores com s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 foi de 100% a partir de 50 anos de idade. Portanto, os pacientes apresentaram flutter atrial com idade mais precoce e com preval&#234;ncia muito superior &#224; encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto &#224;s comorbidades e manifesta&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas que concorrem para o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal entre os dois grupos. Do mesmo modo, fatores reconhecidamente relacionados a maior risco de desenvolvimento de flutter atrial, tais como diabetes mellitus, obesidade, apneia do sono e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, estiveram presentes apenas no grupo B. &#201; importante reconhecer, no entanto, que pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 podem estar suscet&#237;veis a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas a longo prazo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> H&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em jovens com s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> assim como envolvimento renal secund&#225;rio &#224; nefropatia imunomediada, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> sugerindo envolvimento sist&#234;mico mais importante do que previamente relatado.</p>
      <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o Arg302Gln do gene <italic>PRKAG2</italic> encontrada nos pacientes deste estudo &#233; uma das mais comuns relatadas na literatura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre gen&#243;tipo e fen&#243;tipo permanece incerta. Foi observada tend&#234;ncia de pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o Arg302Gln a apresentarem maior preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, s&#237;ncope e implante de marca-passo em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o Asn488Ile, por&#233;m com menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Como caracteristicamente descrito na s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, observamos que a maioria dos pacientes do grupo A apresentaram bloqueio de ramo direito e bradicardia sinusal. Por outro lado, somente 8% dos pacientes do grupo B apresentavam dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o. A bradicardia sinusal &#233; tipicamente progressiva e pode levar &#224; incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica e implante de marca-passo. An&#225;lise de estudo experimental sugere que a enzima AMPK determina a adapta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fisiol&#243;gica ao exerc&#237;cio, atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de canais i&#244;nicos e libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio em c&#233;lulas do n&#243; sinusal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, outro aspecto peculiar foi a precoce evolu&#231;&#227;o do dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trico em quatro pacientes do grupo A, com necessidade de implante de marca-passo.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto de interesse &#233; a abordagem do flutter atrial na s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2. Durante estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, observamos presen&#231;a de via acess&#243;ria fasc&#237;culo-ventricular nos quatro pacientes do grupo A, sem evid&#234;ncia de taquicardia atrioventricular ou indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular. Sternick et al. n&#227;o evidenciaram indutibilidade de arritmias ventriculares malignas no estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> &#201; prov&#225;vel que este n&#227;o seja mecanismo importante de morte s&#250;bita na s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2. Os pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo eram sintom&#225;ticos, sendo indicada a estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo atrav&#233;s da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo, mantendo-os sem recorr&#234;ncia. Portanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o do flutter atrial parece ser eficaz nos pacientes portadores da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2. Futuros estudos dever&#227;o analisar a indica&#231;&#227;o preventiva de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo em pacientes portadores de s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Sendo a s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 uma doen&#231;a rara, podemos considerar como limita&#231;&#245;es potenciais deste estudo: estudo retrospectivo, envolvendo &#250;nica muta&#231;&#227;o Arg302Gln do gene <italic>PRKAG2</italic> , com n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes, podendo comprometer o poder estat&#237;stico e capacidade de extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos dados. O grupo B foi composto de pacientes que apresentaram flutter atrial, sem o fen&#243;tipo da s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, mas n&#227;o foi feita genotipagem nesses pacientes para excluir a presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o. Visto que portadores da muta&#231;&#227;o apresentam fen&#243;tipo bastante caracter&#237;stico, com elevada penetr&#226;ncia, a probabilidade de encontrar a muta&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos sem o fen&#243;tipo &#233; pequena, o que n&#227;o deve comprometer o resultado do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com flutter atrial sem fen&#243;tipo da muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, os pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 por muta&#231;&#227;o Arg302Gln apresentaram flutter atrial com idade mais precoce, associado &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco e necessidade de implante de marca-passo. O circuito eletrofisiol&#243;gico do flutter atrial t&#237;pico, dependente do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo, foi pass&#237;vel de tratamento atrav&#233;s da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
      <p>Assim, propomos que a presen&#231;a de flutter atrial em indiv&#237;duo jovem, sem outras comorbidades, deva alertar para a possibilidade de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca geneticamente determinada, como a s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, especialmente na presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular e hipertrofia ventricular familiar. A confirma&#231;&#227;o com teste gen&#233;tico e o rastreamento familiar devem fazer parte da estrat&#233;gia de manejo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Gollob MH, Green MS, Tang AS, Gollob T, Karibe A, Ali Hassan AS, et al. Identification of a gene responsible for familial Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1823&#8211;31.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Gollob</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Luiz Pereira de Magalh&#227;es pela Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atrial Flutter in PRKAG2 Syndrome: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8194-8463</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Faria Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8088-332X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guabiru</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Eduardo Faria Soares de Magalh&#227;es &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Bahia &#8211;Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. Postal code 40110-905, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: duduexo@gmail.com, eduardofsm@ufba.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Magalh&#227;es EFS, Magalh&#227;es LP; Acquisition of data: Magalh&#227;es EFS, Magalh&#227;es LP, Pinheiro JO, Guabiru</p>
          <p>AT; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Magalh&#227;es EFS, Magalh&#227;es LP, Aras R; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Magalh&#227;es EFS, Magalh&#227;es LP, Pinheiro JO, Guabiru AT, Aras R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>PRKAG2 syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease, a phenocopy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterized by intracellular glycogen accumulation. Clinical manifestations include ventricular preexcitation, cardiac conduction disorder, ventricular hypertrophy, and atrial arrhythmias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To compare the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics observed in patients with atrial flutter, with and without PRKAG2 syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>An observational study comparing patients with atrial flutter: group A consisted of five patients with PRKAG2 syndrome from a family, and group B consisted of 25 patients without phenotype of PRKAG2 syndrome. The level of significance was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>All patients in group A had ventricular preexcitation and right branch block, and four had pacemakers (80%). Patients in group A were younger (39&#177;5.4 vs 58.6&#177;17.6 years, p=0.021), had greater interventricular septum (median=18 vs 10 mm; p&lt;0.001) and posterior wall thickness (median=14 vs 10 mm; p=0.001). In group A, four patients were submitted to an electrophysiological study, showing a fasciculoventricular pathway, and atrial flutter ablation was performed in tree. All patients in group B were submitted to ablation of atrial flutter, with no evidence of accessory pathway. Group B had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and sleep apnea, with no statistically significant difference.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Patients with PRKAG2 syndrome presented atrial flutter at an earlier age and had fewer comorbidities when compared to patients with atrial flutter without mutation phenotype. The occurrence of atrial flutter in young individuals, especially in the presence of ventricular preexcitation and familial ventricular hypertrophy, should raise the suspicion of PRKAG2 syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycogen Storage Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>PRKAG2 syndrome is a rare genetic disease of autosomal dominant inheritance caused by mutations in the gene encoding the &#947;<sub>2</sub>subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The main histopathological finding in affected patients&#8217; hearts is intracellular myocardial glycogen deposition, which may trigger electrophysiological and structural cardiac changes that mimic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Studies indicate that the prevalence of PRKAG2 syndrome is 0.23 to 1% of patients with suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The incidence of PRKAG2 syndrome may be underestimated in clinical practice, as many cases are mistakenly diagnosed as sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</p>
        <p>The phenotypic manifestation of PRKAG2 syndrome has great variability, consisting of ventricular preexcitation, left ventricular hypertrophy, conduction system disorders, and atrial tachyarrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The early identification of PRKAG2 syndrome is of particular interest, as it is related to a high risk of progression to complete atrioventricular block requiring pacemaker implantation and sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Concerning atrial tachyarrhythmias, previous studies have shown that atrial flutter is less common than atrial fibrillation in the general population, affecting more men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> From the electrocardiographic point of view, it is typically characterized by the presence of F waves in the lower leads and an approximate atrial frequency of 300 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The electrophysiological mechanism of atrial flutter involves macroreentry in atria, using slow, anatomical or functional conduction areas. The incidence increases with age, being less than 5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants among people under 50 but reaching almost 600 cases per 100,000 inhabitants among those over 80.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although WPW syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are related to increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation, the association of atrial flutter and ventricular pre-excitation is a rare phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In PRKAG2 syndrome, there are reports in the literature of the appearance of atrial flutter in patients with ventricular pre-excitation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> but there are few data on clinical and electrophysiological behavior of atrial flutter in the disease. Although atrial flutter may be the first manifestation of PRKAG2 syndrome, a delayed diagnosis of the syndrome can occur, especially when there is no evident ventricular hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aimed to compare the clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics observed in patients with atrial flutter, with and without PRKAG2 syndrome. Members of a family with atrial flutter and previously genotyped with the Arg302Gln mutation of the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene were analyzed and compared with a control group of patients with atrial flutter without the phenotype of PRKAG2 syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study participants</title>
          <p>This is an observational, retrospective, comparative study involving patients with atrial flutter, selected by convenience sampling. For this, the following criteria were selected: (1) patients with Arg302Gln mutation of the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene who developed atrial flutter; (2) patients with records of typical atrial flutter from our arrhythmia service in the last 5 years. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A was composed of five patients from the same family accompanied in our service, composed of 16 members with PRKAG2 syndrome, previously genotyped,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> who developed atrial flutter, with a mean follow-up time of 15.1 &#177; 2.9 years. Group B included 25 patients with typical atrial flutter, without the phenotype of PRKAG2 syndrome, consecutively submitted to catheter ablation from 2015 to 2020.</p>
          <p>Data were obtained from physical examination, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and electrophysiological study. Short PR interval on electrocardiogram was determined when less than 120 ms. The ventricular pre-excitation pattern was defined by the association of short PR interval with increased QRS duration (&gt; 110 ms) or delta wave. The diagnostic criterion of atrial flutter was previously established. Typical atrial flutter on ECG was defined by the presence of negative F waves in IDI, DIII and aVF and positive in V1. The ECG was performed in 12 leads at a speed of 25mm/s, gain of 10mm:1mV and filter from 0.05Hz to 15Hz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The echocardiogram diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy was established against the thickness of the interventricular septum or posterior wall of the left ventricle &#8805; 13 mm, with no other apparent cause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The electrophysiological study and catheter ablation were performed according to previously described techniques, with atrial and ventricular stimulation, using multipolar diagnostic catheters and an 8 mm irrigated or tip ablation catheter. The cavotricuspid isthmus ablation was performed with bidirectional block and demonstration of atrial double potential (&gt; 100 ms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>After collecting the information, the data were stored in an Excel spreadsheet and submitted to statistical analysis, performed with R core Team software (Vienna, Austria) for Windows, free of charge. The descriptive statistical analysis expressed categorical variables in absolute frequency and percentage (%). Continuous variables were expressed by mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile interval) in cases of non-normal distribution. Data normality was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. As appropriate, continuous variables were compared by student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney U test. A value of p&lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical issues</title>
          <p>The Research Ethics Committee approved the study under number 3.044.277, and a free and informed consent form was obtained from the participants.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>The clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics of patients in group A with PRKAG2 syndrome are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The analysis of the family heredogram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) shows the pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance of the disease, with a report of three sudden unexplained deaths in the family, in individuals with a median age of 38 years. In all five patients included in this study, atrial flutter was identified as the first clinical manifestation of the disease, with a mean age at diagnosis of 39&#177;5.4 years. On the electrocardiogram, all patients in group A presented an electrocardiographic pattern compatible with ventricular preexcitation, associated with right branch block (BRD) in four (80%). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> shows a typical electrocardiogram of a patient with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation in sinus rhythm, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> demonstrates atrial flutter rhythm tracing. Progression to sinus node dysfunction or atrioventricular block led to pacemaker implantation in 4 (80%), with a mean age at implantation of 44 &#177; 6 years.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Clinical characteristics of group A</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Patient</th>
                    <th>Sex</th>
                    <th>Age</th>
                    <th>Age at diagnosis</th>
                    <th>Symptoms</th>
                    <th>Atrial arrhythmia</th>
                    <th>PM</th>
                    <th>LVH</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II:5</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">56</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">Palpitation</td>
                    <td align="center">AFL, AF</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II:6</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">Syncope, palpitation</td>
                    <td align="center">AFL, AF</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II:7</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">58</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">Syncope</td>
                    <td align="center">AFL</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II:10</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                    <td align="center">Presyncope, palpitation</td>
                    <td align="center">AFL</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III:18</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">43</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">Palpitation</td>
                    <td align="center">AFL</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>M: male; F: female; PM: pacemaker; AFL: atrial flutter; AF: atrial fibrillation; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Heredogram of the family with PRKAG2 syndrome, with identification of the five patients with atrial flutter. PM: pacemaker; ICD: cardioverter implantable defibrillator. Individuals tested for a PRKAG2 mutation are identified as carriers (+) or non-carriers (-). A patient underwent ICD implantation due to a misdiagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0681-10792-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Initial electrocardiogram of patient III:15, evidencing ectopic atrial rhythm and the aspect of ventricular preexcitation, with short PR interval followed by pseudo-delta wave, and QRS complex with right bundle block morphology. B) Electrocardiogram of patient II:10 with the typical pattern of PRKAG2 syndrome, showing atrial flutter with 2:1 conduction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0681-10792-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Group B consisted of 25 patients with typical atrial flutter, 19 (76%) men, six (24%) with a mean age at diagnosis of 58.6&#177;17.6 years, and one (4%) pacemaker-carrying by sinus node dysfunction. Atrial septal defect was documented in three (12%), and atrial flutter-induced tachycardiomyopathy in three (12%). Only two (8%) group B patients had right branch block, and none had ventricular pre-excitation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrophysiological aspects</title>
          <p>Four patients from group A underwent electrophysiological study, three of them male. Short AH and HV intervals were recorded, with fixed HV (median=30 ms), during basic rhythm and rapid atrial stimulation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The Wenckebach point was obtained in four patients, with a mean of 302.5 &#177; 31 ms. The test with adenosine was performed, with a record of anterograde and retrograde AV block. Decremental ventricle-atrial retrograde conduction was observed during ventricular stimulation in all. The findings were compatible with the presence of fasciculoventricular accessory pathway. Three patients underwent atrial flutter ablation during the procedure, and an arrhythmogenic circuit dependent on the cavotricuspid isthmus was demonstrated. Success was achieved in 100%, without recurrence after 18 months. All patients in Group B were submitted to ablation with a catheter of the typical atrial flutter (cavotricuspid isthmus). The presence of an accessory pathway was not evidenced.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Tracing of the electrophysiological study of patient II:10. 5-lead electrocardiogram and basic intervals during atrial stimulation, demonstrating HV = 33 ms. AV: atrium-ventricular; A: atrial electrogram; H: His electrogram; V: ventricular electrogram.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0681-10792-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparative aspects of groups A and B</title>
          <p>The clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic characteristics of groups A and B ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ) were compared. The mean age at the diagnosis of atrial flutter in group A was significantly lower than in group B (39 &#177; 5.4 vs. 58.6 &#177; 17.6 years; p = 0.021). Among the symptoms, a higher prevalence of syncope/presyncope was observed in group A (p = 0.004). Risk factors established for the development of atrial flutter, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, obesity and coronary artery disease, were more prevalent in group B but without statistical significance. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning renal function.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Comparative result of the two groups&#8217; clinical, electro and echocardiographic characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>Group A n = 5</th>
                    <th>Group B n = 25</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 &#177; 6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">60 &#177; 17.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.422</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age at diagnosis (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">39.0 &#177; 5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">58.6 &#177; 17.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (76)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Syncope</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (64)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sleep apnea</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity, BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (32)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.287</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine clearance (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.2 (60.7-81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.4 (66.0-102.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.275</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (38-47)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (38-42)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.435</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SW (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (14-26)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (9-11)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PW (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (11-15)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (9-11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (44-50)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (47-55)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.124</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (60-76)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (59-69)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.223</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVH</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (44-57)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (56-75)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PR interval (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (100-110)</td>
                    <td align="center">160 (140-188)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>QRS (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (100-140)</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (90-93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBB</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAVB</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177;, or median (interquartile interval). Categorical variables were expressed as n (%). DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; HR: heart rate; RBB: right branch block; CAVB: complete atrioventricular block; LA: left atrium; SW: septal wall; PW: posterior wall; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>On baseline electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm, it was observed that group A had lower heart rate, shorter PR interval and higher prevalence of BRD. Regarding echocardiographic characteristics, left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 80% of patients in group A and only 6% of group B (p=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in relation to the ejection fraction and left atrium size.</p>
          <p>In addition, total atrioventricular block was observed only in patients in group A (80% vs 0%, p&lt; 0.001), as well as more often required PM implantation in relation to group B (80% vs 8%, p = 0.002).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>PRKAG2 syndrome is a rare phenocopy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mimicking WPW syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, the diagnostic distinction is crucial since the natural history, prognosis and treatment strategies are markedly different.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Clinical manifestations of PRKGA2 syndrome include atrial tachyarrhythmias such as atrial flutter, conduction system disorders, and sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This study compared the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of patients with atrial flutter with PRKAG2 syndrome due to the Arg302Gln mutation and patients with atrial flutter without the syndrome phenotype.</p>
        <p>One of the most striking characteristics of the electrocardiogram of patients with the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene mutation is the presence of ventricular pre-excitation, mimetizing WPW syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is described that the incidence of atrial fibrillation in WPW syndrome is higher than in the general population, estimated between 10 and 23%, in the absence of structural heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> After catheter ablation of the accessory pathway, the risk of atrial arrhythmia is significantly reduced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, descriptions of atrial flutter in patients with WPW syndrome are rare in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> On the other hand, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have a high incidence of atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> PRKAG2 syndrome presents phenotypic aspects common to these two diseases, but the clinical characteristics and prognosis are peculiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Regarding atrial tachyarrhythmias, it is estimated that 33% of <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation carriers are affected by atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In our series, the prevalence of atrial flutter in patients with PRKAG2 syndrome was 100% from 50 years of age. Therefore, patients presented atrial flutter at an earlier age, with a much higher prevalence than in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As for comorbidities and extracardiac manifestations that contribute to the increased prevalence of atrial arrhythmias, no statistically significant difference was observed in relation to the presence of hypertension and renal dysfunction between the two groups. However, it is important to note that patients with PRKAG2 syndrome may be susceptible to metabolic changes in the long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> There are descriptions in the literature of hypertension in young patients with PRKAG2 Syndrome,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and renal involvement secondary to immunomediated nephropathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> suggesting that systemic impairment is far more important than previously described.</p>
        <p>The Arg302Gln mutation of the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene found in the patients of this study is one of the most commonly reported in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the correlation between genotype and phenotype remains uncertain. Patients with Arg302Gln mutation presented a higher prevalence of ventricular preexcitation, syncope and pacemaker implantation compared to patients with Asn488Ile mutation, but with a lower prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As characteristically described in PRKAG2 syndrome, we observed that most patients in group A presented right branch block and sinus bradycardia. On the other hand, only 8% of patients in group B had conduction disorder. The sinus bradycardia in <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation is typically progressive and can lead to chronotropic incompetence and the need for pacemaker implantation. Analysis from an experimental study suggests that AMPK determines cardiac physiological adaptation to exercise through modulation of ion channels and calcium release in sinoatrial cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In our study, another peculiar aspect was the early evolution of the electrical conduction disorder in four patients in group A, requiring pacemaker implantation.</p>
        <p>Another aspect of interest is the approach to atrial flutter in PRKAG2 syndrome. During the electrophysiological study, we observed the presence of a fasciculoventricular accessory pathway in the four patients of group A, without evidence of atrioventricular tachycardia or induction of ventricular tachycardia. Sternick et al. showed no inducibility of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in the electrophysiological study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> suggesting that this is not an important mechanism of sudden death in PRKAG2 syndrome. Patients with <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation in our study were symptomatic, and the chosen strategy was rhythm control through catheter ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus, which prevented further recurrence. Therefore, atrial flutter ablation seems effective in patients with PRKAG2 syndrome. Future studies should analyze a possible role for prophylactic cavotricuspid isthmus ablation in patients with PRKAG2 syndrome undergoing diagnostic electrophysiological study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Since PRKAG2 syndrome is a rare disease, we consider as potential limitations of this study: the retrospective analysis involving only the Arg302Gln mutation of the <italic>PRKAG2</italic> gene and a limited number of patients, which may compromise the statistical power and extrapolation capacity of the data. Group B was composed of patients who presented atrial flutter without the phenotype of PRKAG2 syndrome, but genotyping was not performed in these patients to exclude the presence of the mutation. Since <italic>PRKAG2</italic> mutation carriers have a very distinct phenotype with high penetrance, the probability of finding the mutation in individuals without PRKAG2 syndrome phenotype is low; thus, it does not represent a significant limitation for the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Compared to patients with atrial flutter without a genetic mutation phenotype, patients with PRKAG2 syndrome caused by Arg302Gln mutation presented atrial flutter at an earlier age, associated with a high prevalence of cardiac conduction disorder and need for pacemaker implantation. The typical atrial flutter electrophysiological circuit, dependent on the cavotricuspid isthmus, was amenable to treatment through catheter ablation.</p>
        <p>Thus, we propose that the presence of atrial flutter in a young individual without other comorbidities should alert to the possibility of genetically determined heart disease, such as PRKAG2 syndrome, especially in the presence of ventricular pre-excitation and familial left ventricular hypertrophy. Confirmation with genetic testing and family screening should be part of the management strategy.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luiz Pereira de Magalh&#227;es, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
