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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4QcQvX3T6kZBjNQLzrt5cXj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000638</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220623</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220623</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretrizes</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre a An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos &#8211; 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4116-6835</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>God</surname>
            <given-names>Epotamenides Good</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Claudio Lupi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4200-9380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Faustino de A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5149-5566</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4613-4181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Ac&#225;cio Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Adail</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#233;rez-Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6189-068X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Madaloso</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Affonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6735-9294</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3962-9992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo Antonio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1349-1745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Miana de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8379-6192</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5336-1817</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Horacio Gomes</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grindler</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aziz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5700-078X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Sleiman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6313-4933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tobias</surname>
            <given-names>Nancy M. M. de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5788-1062</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanches</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0479-7945</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alkmin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atanes</surname>
            <given-names>Severiano Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-629X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOCOR</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital SOCOR , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto , Ribeir&#227;o Preto , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lida</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lida (PUC), Campinas , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Pinho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Valinhos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cl&#237;nica Pinho , Valinhos , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label> 9 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Servi&#231;o de Eletrocardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label> 10 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimec</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria Da Conquista</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Unimec , Vit&#243;ria Da Conquista , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label> 11 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label> 12 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina do ABC , Santo Andr&#233; , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label> 13 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label> 14 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital S&#227;o Paulo , Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label> 15 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Grupo Fleury , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label> 16 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label> 17 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Santa Casa da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Santa Izabel , Santa Casa da Bahia , Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label> 18 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label> 19 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica de Cardiologia Dr. Paulo Sanches</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica de Cardiologia Dr. Paulo Sanches , Campinas , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label> 20 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Renascentista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Pouso Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Renascentista , Pouso Alegre , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label> 21 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Vale do Sapuca&#237;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Pouso Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Vale do Sapuca&#237; (UNIV&#193;S), Pouso Alegre , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label> 22 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Policl&#237;nica Macei&#243; SS</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Policl&#237;nica Macei&#243; SS , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn id="fn1" fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editores: Nelson Samesima, Carlos Alberto Pastore</p>
          <p>Revisores: Epotamenides Good God, Hor&#225;cio Gomes P Filho, Jose Claudio Lupi Kruse, Marcelo Garcia Leal</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>638</fpage>
      <lpage>680</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="18"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="196"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <table-wrap>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre a An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos &#8211; 2022</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2021.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Especialista</th>
              <th align="left">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Ac&#225;cio Fernandes Cardoso</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Adail Paixao Almeida</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alfredo Jos&#233; da Fonseca</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Andr&#233;s R. P&#233;rez-Riera</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos Atua&#231;&#227;o no &#250;ltimo ano como auditor m&#233;dico para empresa operadora de planos de sa&#250;de ou assemelhada:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Consultoria em Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial em Sa&#250;de para Unimed-BH Participa&#231;&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os governamentais de regula&#231;&#227;o, ou de defesa de direitos na &#225;rea de cardiologia:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Atua&#231;&#227;o junto ao Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de em Conv&#234;nios em sa&#250;de digital e apoio a Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Braulio Luna Filho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bruna Affonso Madaloso</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;vel, feito a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- SBC - Curso de Eletrocardiografia B&#225;sica Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica; empresa Immune BioSolutions Inc.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Alberto Pastore</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Alberto Rodrigues de Oliveira</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cesar Jos&#233; Grupi</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Claudio Pinho</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes,brasileiras ou estrangeiras.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dalmo Ant&#244;nio Ribeiro Moreira</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes,brasileiras ou estrangeiras.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer, Abbott, Libbs, Astra Zeneca, Daichy Sankio</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Elisabeth Kaiser</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Epotamenides Maria Good God</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Francisco Faustino de Albuquerque Carneiro de Fran&#231;a</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gabriela Miana de Mattos Paix&#227;o</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gilson Soares Feitosa Filho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Horacio Gomes Pereira Filho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jo&#227;o A Pimenta de Almeida</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jose Claudio Lupi Kruse</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jos&#233; Grindler</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jose Luis Aziz</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;vel, feito a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Astrazeca: hipertens&#227;o e diabetes; Daiichi Sankyo: hipertens&#227;o e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marcelo Garcia Leal</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marcos Sleiman Molina</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Propriet&#225;rio de cl&#237;nica privada na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mirella Facin</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nancy Maria Martins De Oliveira</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nelson Samesima</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Patricia Alves de Oliveira</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Paulo C&#233;sar Ribeiro Sanches</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ricardo Alkmim Teixeira</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;vel, feito a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Daichii-Sankyo: Lixiana; Boehringer-Ingelheim: Pradaxa, Jardiance; Biotronik/ Abbott/ Medtronic: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Biomedical: bainhas de extra&#231;&#227;o a laser</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Severiano Atanes Netto</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <sec>
      <title>Sum&#225;rio</title>
      <p>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</p>
      <p>1. Normatiza&#231;&#227;o para An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o do</p>
      <p>Laudo Eletrocardiogr&#225;fico</p>
      <p>1.1. Normatiza&#231;&#227;o para An&#225;lise Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</p>
      <p>1.2. O Laudo Eletrocardiogr&#225;fico</p>
      <p>
        <bold>1.2.1. Laudo Descritivo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>1.2.2. Laudo Conclusivo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>1.2.3. Laudo Automatizado</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>1.2.4. Laudo Via Internet</bold>
      </p>
      <p>2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Qualidade T&#233;cnica do Tra&#231;ado</p>
      <p>2.1. Crit&#233;rios de Avalia&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnica dos Tra&#231;ados</p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.1. Calibra&#231;&#227;o do Eletrocardi&#243;grafo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.2. Troca de Eletrodos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.2.1. Posicionamento Trocado dos Eletrodos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.2.1.1. Eletrodos dos MMSS Trocados entre Si</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.2.2. Eletrodo dos MMII trocado por um eletrodo de um dos MMSS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.2.3. Troca de Eletrodos entre Bra&#231;o Esquerdo e Perna Esquerda</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.2.4. Troca de Eletrodos Precordiais</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.2.5. Eletrodos V1 e V2 Mal Posicionados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3. Outras Interfer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3.1. Tremores Musculares</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3.2. Neuroestimula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3.3. Frio, Febre, Solu&#231;os, Agita&#231;&#227;o Psicomotora</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3.4. &#8220;Grande Eletrodo&#8221; Precordial</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3.5. Oscila&#231;&#227;o da Linha de Base</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3.6. Outras Interfer&#234;ncias El&#233;tricas e Eletromagn&#233;ticas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3.7. Altera&#231;&#245;es Decorrentes de Funcionamento Inadequado de</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Softwares e Sistemas de Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de Sinais Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Computadorizados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>3. A An&#225;lise do Ritmo Card&#237;aco</p>
      <p>3.1. An&#225;lise da Onda P, Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Ritmo</p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.1.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o do Ritmo Sinusal (RS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.1.2. Frequ&#234;ncia da Onda P Sinusal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>3.2. An&#225;lise das Altera&#231;&#245;es de Ritmo Supraventricular</p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.2. Arritmia Supraventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.3. Presen&#231;a de Onda P Sinusal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.3.1. Arritmia Sinusal (AS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.3.2. Bradicardia Sinusal (BS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.3.3. Bloqueio Sinoatrial de Segundo Grau</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.3.4. Bloqueios Interatriais (BIA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.3.5. Taquicardia Sinusal (TS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.4. Aus&#234;ncia de Onda P Antes do QRS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.4.1. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.4.2. Flutter Atrial</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.4.3. Ritmo Juncional</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.4.4. Extrass&#237;stole Juncional</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.4.5. Taquicardia por Reentrada Nodal Comum (TRN)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.4.6. Taquicardia por Reentrada Atrioventricular Ortodr&#244;mica (TRAV)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5. Presen&#231;a da Onda P N&#227;o Sinusal Antes do QRS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.1. Ritmo Atrial Ect&#243;pico (RAE)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.2. Ritmo Atrial Multifocal (RAM)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.3. Ritmo Juncional</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.4. Batimento de Escape Atrial</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.5. Extrass&#237;stole Atrial (EA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.6. Extrass&#237;stole Atrial Bloqueada ou N&#227;o Conduzida</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.7. Taquicardia Atrial (TA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.8. Taquicardia Atrial Multifocal (TAMF)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.9. Taquicardia por Reentrada Nodal Incomum</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.5.10. Taquicardia de Coumel</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.6. Pausas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.6.1. Parada Sinusal (PS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.6.2. Disfun&#231;&#227;o do N&#243; Sinusal (DNS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.7. Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Taquicardias Supraventriculares Baseadas no</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intervalo RP</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.8. Arritmias Supraventriculares com Complexo QRS Alargado</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.8.1. Aberr&#226;ncia de Condu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.8.2. Extrass&#237;stole Atrial com Aberr&#226;ncia de Condu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.8.3. Taquicardia Supraventricular com Aberr&#226;ncia de Condu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>3.2.8.4. Taquicardia por Reentrada Atrioventricular Antidr&#244;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>4. Condu&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular</p>
      <p>4.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular (AV) Normal</p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.1. Atraso da Condu&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular (AV)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.1.1. Bloqueio AV de Primeiro Grau</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.1.2. Bloqueio AV de Segundo Grau Tipo I (Mobitz I)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.1.3. Bloqueio AV de Segundo Grau Tipo II (Mobitz II)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.1.4. Bloqueio AV 2:1</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.1.5. Bloqueio AV Avan&#231;ado ou de Alto Grau</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.1.6. Bloqueio AV do Terceiro Grau ou BAV Total (BAVT)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.1.7. Bloqueio AV Parox&#237;stico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.2. Pr&#233;-Excita&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.3. Outros Mecanismos de Altera&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o AV Normal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.3.1. Dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1.3.2. Ativa&#231;&#227;o Atrial Retr&#243;grada</bold>
      </p>
      <p>5. An&#225;lise da Ativa&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</p>
      <p>5.1. Ativa&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Normal</p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o do QRS Normal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.2. Eixo El&#233;trico Normal no Plano Frontal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.3. Ativa&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Normal no Plano Horizontal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4. An&#225;lise das Altera&#231;&#245;es de Ritmo Ventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.2. Arritmia Ventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3. An&#225;lise das Arritmias Ventriculares</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.1. Extrass&#237;stole Ventricular (EV)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.2. Batimento(s) de Escape Ventricular(es)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.3. Ritmo de Escape Ventricular &#8211; Ritmo Idioventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.4. Ritmo Idioventricular Acelerado (RIVA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.5. Taquicardia Ventricular (TV)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.5.1. Taquicardia Ventricular Monom&#243;rfica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.5.2. Taquicardia Ventricular Polim&#243;rfica (TVP)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.5.3. Taquicardia Ventricular Tipo Torsade des Pointes (TdP)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.5.4. Taquicardia Ventricular Bidirecional</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.5.5. Quanto &#224; Dura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.6. Batimento de Fus&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.7. Batimento com Captura Supraventricular Durante</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ritmo Idioventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.8. Parass&#237;stole Ventricular (PV)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.3.9. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular (FV)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1.4.4. Crit&#233;rios de Diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre as Taquicardias de</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Complexo QRS Alargado</bold>
      </p>
      <p>6. Sobrecargas das C&#226;maras Card&#237;acas</p>
      <p>6.1. Sobrecargas Atriais</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.1. Sobrecarga Atrial Esquerda (SAE)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.2. Sobrecarga Atrial Direita (SAD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.3. Sobrecarga Biatrial (SBA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.4. Sobrecarga Ventricular Esquerda (SVE)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.4.1. Crit&#233;rios de Romhilt-Estes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.4.2. &#205;ndice de Sokolow Lyon</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.4.3. &#205;ndice de Cornell</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.4.4. Peguero-Lo Presti</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.4.5. Altera&#231;&#245;es de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.5. Sobrecarga Ventricular Direita (SVD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.5.1. Eixo do QRS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.5.2. Onda R Ampla</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.5.3. Morfologia qR ou qRs</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.5.4. Morfologia rsR&#8217;</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.5.5. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.5.6. Crit&#233;rio de SEATTLE para SVD</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.6. Sobrecarga Biventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1.7. Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial do Aumento de Amplitude do QRS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>7. An&#225;lise dos Bloqueios (Retardo, Atraso de Condu&#231;&#227;o)</p>
      <p>Intraventriculares</p>
      <p>7.1. Bloqueios Intraventriculares</p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.1. Bloqueio do Ramo Esquerdo (BRE)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.1.1. Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo em Associa&#231;&#227;o com Sobrecarga</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ventricular Esquerda</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.1.2. Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo em Associa&#231;&#227;o com Sobrecarga</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ventricular Direita (ao Menos 2 dos 3 Crit&#233;rios)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.2. Bloqueio do Ramo Direito (BRD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.2.1. Atraso Final de Condu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.3. Bloqueios Divisionais do Ramo Esquerdo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.3.1 Bloqueio Divisional Anterossuperior Esquerdo (BDAS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.3.2. Bloqueio Divisional Anteromedial Esquerdo (BDAM)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.3.3. Bloqueio Divisional Posteroinferior Esquerdo (BDPI)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.4. Bloqueios Divisionais do Ramo Direito</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.4.1. Bloqueio Divisional Superior Direito (BDSRD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.4.2. Bloqueio Divisional Inferior Direito (BDIRD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.5. Associa&#231;&#227;o de Bloqueios</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.5.1. BRE Associado ao BDAS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.5.2. BRE Associado ao BDPI</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.5.3. BRD Associado ao BDAS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.5.4. BRD Associado ao BDPI</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.5.5. BRD Associado ao BDAS e BDAM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.5.6. BDAS Associado ao BDAM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.5.7. Bloqueio de Ramo Mascarado</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.6. Situa&#231;&#245;es Especiais Envolvendo a Condu&#231;&#227;o Intraventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.6.1. Bloqueio Peri-infarto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.6.2. Bloqueio Peri-isquemia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.6.3. Fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS (fQRS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.6.4. Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo At&#237;pico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>7.1.6.5. Bloqueio Intraventricular Parietal ou Purkinje/M&#250;sculo ou Focal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>8. An&#225;lise do ECG nas Coronariopatias</p>
      <p>8.1. Crit&#233;rios Diagn&#243;sticos da Presen&#231;a de Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.1.1. Presen&#231;a de Isquemia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.1.2. Isquemia Circunferencial ou Global</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.1.3. Altera&#231;&#245;es Secund&#225;rias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>8.2. Crit&#233;rios Diagn&#243;sticos da Presen&#231;a de Les&#227;o</p>
      <p>8.3. Defini&#231;&#227;o das &#193;reas Eletricamente Inativas (AEI)</p>
      <p>8.4. An&#225;lise Topogr&#225;fica da Isquemia, Les&#227;o e Necrose</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.4.1. An&#225;lise Topogr&#225;fica das Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Isqu&#234;micas ao ECG (Meyers)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.4.2. An&#225;lise topogr&#225;fica das manifesta&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas pelo ECG em</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.4.3. Correla&#231;&#227;o Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica com a Art&#233;ria Envolvida</bold>
      </p>
      <p>8.5. Infartos de Localiza&#231;&#227;o Especial</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.5.1. Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio de Ventr&#237;culo Direito</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.5.2. Infarto Atrial</bold>
      </p>
      <p>8.6. Diagn&#243;sticos Diferenciais</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.6.1. Isquemia Subepic&#225;rdica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.6.2. Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com Supra de ST</bold>
      </p>
      <p>8.7. Associa&#231;&#227;o de Infarto com Bloqueios de Ramo</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.7.1. Infarto de Mioc&#225;rdio na Presen&#231;a de Bloqueio de</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ramo Direito (BRD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.7.2. Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio na Presen&#231;a de Bloqueio de</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ramo Esquerdo (BRE)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>9. An&#225;lise da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</p>
      <p>9.1. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1.1. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Normal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1.1.1. Ponto J</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1.1.2. Segmento ST</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1.1.3. Onda T</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1.1.4. Onda U</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1.1.5. Intervalo QT (QT) e Intervalo QT Corrigido (QTc)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1.2. Variantes da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Normal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1.2.1. Padr&#227;o de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Precoce (RP)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>10. O ECG nas Canalopatias e Demais Altera&#231;&#245;es</p>
      <p>Gen&#233;ticas</p>
      <p>10.1. A Gen&#233;tica e o ECG</p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.1. Canalopatias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.1.1. S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo Cong&#234;nito</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.1.2. S&#237;ndrome do QT Curto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.1.3. S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.1.4. Taquicardia Catecolamin&#233;rgica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.2. Doen&#231;as Gen&#233;ticas com Acometimento Prim&#225;rio Card&#237;aco</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.2.1. Cardiomiopatia (Displasia) Arritmog&#234;nica de</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ventr&#237;culo Direito</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.2.2. Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.3. Doen&#231;as Gen&#233;ticas com Acometimento Secund&#225;rio Card&#237;aco</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>10.1.3.1. Distrofia Muscular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>11. Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das Altera&#231;&#245;es Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</p>
      <p>em Situa&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas Espec&#237;ficas</p>
      <p>11.1. Condi&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas que Alteram o ECG</p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.1. A&#231;&#227;o Digit&#225;lica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.2. Altera&#231;&#245;es de ST-T por F&#225;rmacos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.3. Altern&#226;ncia El&#233;trica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.4. Altern&#226;ncia da Onda T</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.5. Comprometimento Agudo do Sistema Nervoso Central</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.6. Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial (CIA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.7. COVID-19</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.8. Derrame Peric&#225;rdico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.9. Dextrocardia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.10. Dextroposi&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.11. Dist&#250;rbios Eletrol&#237;ticos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.11.1. Hiperpotassemia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.11.2. Hipopotassemia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.11.3. Hipocalcemia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.11.4. Hipercalcemia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.12. Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica (DPOC)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.13. Drogas Antiarr&#237;tmicas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.13.1. Amiodarona</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.13.2. Propafenona</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.13.3. Sotalol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.14. Efeito Diel&#233;trico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.15. Embolia Pulmonar</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.16. Fen&#244;meno de Ashman (ou de Gounaux-Ashman)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.17. Hipotermia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.18. Hipotireoidismo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.19. Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.20. Pericardite</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>11.1.21. Quimioter&#225;picos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>12. O ECG em Atletas</p>
      <p>12.1. A Import&#226;ncia do ECG do Atleta</p>
      <p>
        <bold>12.1.1. Achados Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos Normais (Grupo 1)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>12.1.2. Achados Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos Anormais (Grupo 2)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>12.1.3. Achados Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos Lim&#237;trofes (Grupo 3)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>13. O ECG em Crian&#231;as</p>
      <p>13.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</p>
      <p>13.2. Aspectos T&#233;cnicos</p>
      <p>13.3.Par&#226;metros Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e suas Varia&#231;&#245;es</p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.1. Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Ritmo Sinusal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.1.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.1.1.1. Arritmia Sinusal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.1.1.2. Taquicardia Sinusal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.1.1.3. Bradicardia Sinusal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.1.1.4. Outras Bradicardias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.2. A onda P e a Atividade El&#233;trica Atrial</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.2.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.2.1.1. Sobrecargas Atriais</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.2.1.2. Ritmo Juncional</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.3. Intervalo PR e a Condu&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.3.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.3.1.1. Bloqueios Atrioventriculares</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.3.1.2. Intervalo PR curto e Pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.4. Atividade El&#233;trica Ventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.4.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.4.1.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es do Eixo e da Amplitude do QRS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.4.1.2. Altera&#231;&#245;es das Ondas Q</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.4.1.3. Dist&#250;rbios da Condu&#231;&#227;o Intraventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.4.1.4. Onda &#201;psilon e a Cardiomiopatia Arritmog&#234;nica do</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ventr&#237;culo Direito</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.1. Intervalo QT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.1.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.1.1.1. S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.1.1.2. S&#237;ndrome do QT Curto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.2. Segmento ST</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.2.1.1. Desnivelamentos do Segmento ST</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.2.1.2. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.2.1.3. Padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Brugada</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.3. Onda T</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>13.3.5.4. Onda U</bold>
      </p>
      <p>13.4. Dist&#250;rbios do Ritmo Card&#237;aco</p>
      <p>13.5. Reconhecimento do Situs, da Posi&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca e da</p>
      <p>Invers&#227;o Ventricular</p>
      <p>14. O ECG durante Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</p>
      <p>14.1. Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial (ECA)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>14.1.1. Termos B&#225;sicos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>14.1.2. An&#225;lise das Caracter&#237;sticas Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas dos DCEI</bold>
      </p>
      <p>15. Tele-eletrocardiografia</p>
      <p>Refer&#234;ncias</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A revis&#227;o das diretrizes de eletrocardiografia deve-se ao fato do surgimento de avan&#231;os no entendimento de diversas doen&#231;as, com repercuss&#245;es importantes no tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. Alguns podem imaginar que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma (ECG) n&#227;o teve mudan&#231;as ao longo do tempo; certamente esquecem as doen&#231;as recentemente descritas e outras cujos mecanismos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos foram melhor entendidos na atualidade. Alguns par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o considerados importantes marcadores progn&#243;sticos na doen&#231;a de Chagas, al&#233;m de ser poss&#237;vel identificar altera&#231;&#245;es consideradas como preditores de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral (idade ao ECG - ECG-age). Uma quest&#227;o crucial &#233;: quando indicar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um ECG?</p>
      <p>O ECG &#233; um exame simples, barato e n&#227;o invasivo. Permite uma ideia da condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do indiv&#237;duo e pode eventualmente identificar situa&#231;&#245;es de risco de morte s&#250;bita. Assim, o achado de um ECG dentro dos limites da normalidade permite antecipar que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular deve estar normal ou pr&#243;xima disto, fato importante no primeiro contato com o paciente.</p>
      <p>Achamos que todas as pessoas deveriam ter um ECG em algum momento da vida, que somente fosse repetido segundo necessidade cl&#237;nica. Algumas diretrizes colocam indica&#231;&#227;o IIb para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECG em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, e classe IIa na presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o e ou diabetes. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A possibilidade de transmiss&#227;o dos exames atrav&#233;s da internet permitiu a difus&#227;o da tecnologia por diversas regi&#245;es carentes do nosso pa&#237;s e um melhor padr&#227;o de atendimento assistencial. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, observou-se um aumento significativo de estudos (com milh&#245;es de ECG&#8217;s analisados) sobre intelig&#234;ncia artificial e sistemas de interpreta&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica como ferramentas adicionais para a eletrocardiografia. Alguns resultados conseguiram demonstrar a capacidade destes novos sistemas em identificar determinadas arritmas, bem como predizer seu aparecimento, al&#233;m de desfechos como acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (isqu&#234;mico).</p>
      <p>Assim, esperamos que esta vers&#227;o ajude o m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico e/ou cardiologista na emiss&#227;o dos laudos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de maneira uniforme, permitindo f&#225;cil entendimento e padroniza&#231;&#227;o da linguagem.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Normatiza&#231;&#227;o para An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o do Laudo Eletrocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
      <sec>
        <title>1.1. Normatiza&#231;&#227;o para An&#225;lise Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Para a correta interpreta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, tr&#234;s caracter&#237;sticas devem ser consideradas:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Idade: as caracter&#237;sticas do ECG variam com a faixa et&#225;ria e acontecem no rec&#233;m-nascido (RN), lactente, crian&#231;as e adolescentes at&#233; cerca dos 16 anos de idade. Nos dois primeiros grupos essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mais r&#225;pidas (Se&#231;&#227;o 13). Tamb&#233;m os idosos podem apresentar ondas T negativas em V1, de forma isolada e &#224;s vezes em V2. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Biotipo: Os indiv&#237;duos longil&#237;neos tendem a ter o cora&#231;&#227;o verticalizado e os eixos resultantes principalmente da onda P e do complexo QRS comumente orientados para a direita com rota&#231;&#227;o hor&#225;ria nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal. J&#225; nos brevil&#237;neos, com cora&#231;&#245;es horizontalizados, esses desvios costumam ser para a esquerda (plano frontal).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Sexo: nos adultos do sexo feminino &#233; comum observar ondas T negativas em precordiais direitas, inclusive com QTc maiores que os do sexo masculino e as crian&#231;as.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1.2. O Laudo Eletrocardiogr&#225;fico <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </title>
        <sec>
          <title>1.2.1. Laudo Descritivo</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>An&#225;lise do ritmo e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>An&#225;lise da dura&#231;&#227;o, amplitude e morfologia da onda P e dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Determina&#231;&#227;o do eixo el&#233;trico de P, QRS e T;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>An&#225;lise da dura&#231;&#227;o, amplitude e morfologia do QRS;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>An&#225;lise da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e descri&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es do ST-T, QT e U, quando presentes.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>1.2.2. Laudo Conclusivo</title>
          <p>Deve conter a s&#237;ntese dos diagn&#243;sticos listados nesta diretriz. Abreviaturas em laudos, textos cient&#237;ficos, protocolos, etc., poder&#227;o ser utilizadas, entre par&#234;nteses, ap&#243;s a denomina&#231;&#227;o, por extenso, do diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>1.2.3. Laudo Automatizado</title>
          <p>Com o desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico, nos &#250;ltimos anos, houve uma melhora importante na acur&#225;cia das medidas autom&#225;ticas dos aparelhos dispon&#237;veis, tornando a interpreta&#231;&#227;o automatizada uma ferramenta auxiliar importante no laudo m&#233;dico. Ainda assim, &#233; fundamental a confer&#234;ncia destas m&#233;tricas autom&#225;ticas por uma revis&#227;o m&#233;dica, j&#225; que o laudo &#233; um ato m&#233;dico. A simples utiliza&#231;&#227;o das aferi&#231;&#245;es autom&#225;ticas (m&#233;tricas e vetoriais), assim como os laudos provenientes desses sistemas, sem revis&#227;o, n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>1.2.4. Laudo Via Internet</title>
          <p>Os sistemas de Tele-ECG, <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> enviam os ECGs realizados &#224; dist&#226;ncia para os Centros de Refer&#234;ncia para laudo. A t&#233;cnica de execu&#231;&#227;o dos ECGs (Unidades executoras), bem como a interpreta&#231;&#227;o e os laudos (Centros de Refer&#234;ncia), dever&#227;o seguir as mais recentes diretrizes nacionais e internacionais. Eles s&#227;o parte integrante da Telecardiologia, que tamb&#233;m abarca outros exames da especialidade, que s&#227;o executados, registrados e transmitidos de um ponto a outro para interpreta&#231;&#227;o &#224; dist&#226;ncia, como por exemplo, monitora&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo, Holter, gravador de eventos, entre outros. Dentre os v&#225;rios benef&#237;cios da telecardiologia temos:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Pr&#233;-atendimento ao paciente em seu local de origem;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo e custo dispendido pelo paciente;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Maior rapidez na triagem por especialistas;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Acesso a especialistas em acidentes e emerg&#234;ncias;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Facilita gerenciamento dos recursos de sa&#250;de;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Na reabilita&#231;&#227;o, aumenta a seguran&#231;a do paciente p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Coopera&#231;&#227;o e integra&#231;&#227;o de pesquisadores para compartilhamento de registros cl&#237;nicos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Acesso a programas educacionais de forma&#231;&#227;o e qualifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Segundo v&#225;rios autores, a telecardiologia foi identificada como uma atividade social e economicamente vantajosa para os prestadores de servi&#231;o, pagadores e pacientes. Reconhecidamente &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til para os locais afastados dos grandes centros.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Qualidade T&#233;cnica do Tra&#231;ado</title>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Crit&#233;rios de Avalia&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnica dos Tra&#231;ados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.1. Calibra&#231;&#227;o do Eletrocardi&#243;grafo</title>
          <p>Nos aparelhos anal&#243;gicos a verifica&#231;&#227;o da calibra&#231;&#227;o se faz sempre necess&#225;ria. O padr&#227;o normal deve ter 1 mV (10 mm). Nos aparelhos mais modernos (computadorizados com tra&#231;ados digitalizados), a verifica&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o do calibrador &#233; realizada automaticamente. Os filtros devem seguir as normas internacionalmente aceitas, principalmente da AHA. Para os filtros de alta frequ&#234;ncia de, no m&#237;nimo, 150 Hz para os grupos de adultos e adolescentes. Para crian&#231;as, at&#233; 250 Hz. Filtros com essas frequ&#234;ncias mais baixas podem interferir na capta&#231;&#227;o das esp&#237;culas de marcapassos. Filtro de baixa frequ&#234;ncia utiliza-se 0,05Hz. Alguns aparelhos usam filtros de fase bidirecional. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.2. Troca de Eletrodos</title>
          <p>A <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 2.1</xref> mostra a posi&#231;&#227;o correta dos eletrodos perif&#233;ricos (bra&#231;o direito (RA), bra&#231;o esquerdo (LA), perna direita (RL) e perna esquerda (LL)) com suas respectivas cores vermelho, amarelo, preto e verde).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01">
              <label>Figura 2.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Localiza&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos perif&#233;ricos. RA: bra&#231;o direito; LA: bra&#231;o esquerdo;</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>RL: perna direita; LL: perna esquerda.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.2.1. Posicionamento Trocado dos Eletrodos</title>
          <p>2.1.2.1.1. Eletrodos dos MMSS Trocados entre Si</p>
          <p>Apresentam deriva&#231;&#245;es D1 com ondas negativas e aVR com ondas positivas.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.2.2. Eletrodo dos MMII trocado por um eletrodo de um dos MMSS</title>
            <p>Linha isoel&#233;trica ou amplitude de ondas muito pequenas em D2 (bra&#231;o direito) ou D3 (bra&#231;o esquerdo). A troca dos eletrodos dos membros superiores com os dos inferiores mostra esse padr&#227;o em D1, pois produz uma diferen&#231;a de potencial desprez&#237;vel nos membros superiores.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.2.3. Troca de Eletrodos entre Bra&#231;o Esquerdo e Perna Esquerda</title>
            <p>&#201; a troca de mais dif&#237;cil identifica&#231;&#227;o. O S&#194;QRS tende a desviar-se para a esquerda. Pode parecer um ECG normal, mas produz as seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es:</p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>onda P invertida em D3;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>D1 e D2 trocam de posi&#231;&#227;o. D1 tem voltagem de QRS mais ampla e menor em D2;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>em D3 invertem-se P, QRS e T. Tamb&#233;m s&#227;o trocadas as posi&#231;&#245;es de aVL com aVF. A deriva&#231;&#227;o aVR n&#227;o se altera.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.2.4. Troca de Eletrodos Precordiais</title>
            <p>Altera&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o normal da onda R de V1 a V6.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.2.5. Eletrodos V1 e V2 Mal Posicionados</title>
            <p>Eletrodos V1 e V2 posicionados incorretamente acima do segundo espa&#231;o intercostal podem produzir padr&#227;o rSr&#8217; simulando atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o, ou morfologia rS de V1 a V3 e onda P negativa em V1, simulando SAE.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2.1.3. Outras Interfer&#234;ncias</title>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1.3.1. Tremores Musculares</title>
        <p>Tremores musculares podem interferir na linha de base, mimetizando altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas como <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> no paciente parkinsoniano.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1.3.2. Neuroestimula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Portadores de afec&#231;&#245;es do SNC que necessitam do uso de dispositivos de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica artificial podem apresentar artefatos que mimetizam a esp&#237;cula de marcapasso card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1.3.3. Frio, Febre, Solu&#231;os, Agita&#231;&#227;o Psicomotora</title>
        <p>S&#227;o outras condi&#231;&#245;es que produzem artefatos na linha de base e podem mimetizar arritmias como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e flutter atrial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1.3.4. &#8220;Grande Eletrodo&#8221; Precordial</title>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de gel condutor em faixa cont&#237;nua no prec&#243;rdio, resultando num tra&#231;ado igual de V1-V6, correspondente &#224; m&#233;dia dos potenciais el&#233;tricos nestas deriva&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1.3.5. Oscila&#231;&#227;o da Linha de Base</title>
        <p>Pode ser provocada por qualquer eletrodo mal fixado, movimenta&#231;&#227;o dos membros, pela respira&#231;&#227;o ou em exames realizados com o paciente em cadeira de rodas. Nesse &#250;ltimo caso outros artefatos tamb&#233;m podem ser registrados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1.3.6. Outras Interfer&#234;ncias El&#233;tricas e Eletromagn&#233;ticas</title>
        <p>Esta resulta de interfer&#234;ncias de linhas el&#233;tricas, equipamentos el&#233;tricos e telefonia celular. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECG deve-se solicitar ao paciente que retire todos os objetos met&#225;licos e o telefone celular guardado na vestimenta. Os marca-passos transcut&#226;neos podem produzir esp&#237;cula, que pode ser confundida como falsa captura. O filtro utilizado tamb&#233;m &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia porque, &#224;s vezes, cria uma falsa falha de comando criando uma pausa representada por uma linha isoel&#233;trica entre dois batimentos. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> - <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1.3.7. Altera&#231;&#245;es Decorrentes de Funcionamento Inadequado de Softwares e Sistemas de Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de Sinais Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos Computadorizados</title>
        <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados por sistemas computadorizados, em alguns aparelhos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos mais antigos, pode apresentar, raramente, problemas espec&#237;ficos e ainda n&#227;o totalmente conhecidos. Como exemplo, na aus&#234;ncia de sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico em um dos eletrodos, o sistema pode contrabalan&#231;ar os outros sinais adquiridos e criar complexos QRS bizarros. Aparelhos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas que possuem aferi&#231;&#245;es autom&#225;ticas de dura&#231;&#245;es das ondas P e QRS podem apresentar medidas superestimadas das mesmas. Isso ocorre pois o software utiliza a onda mais precoce e a mais tardia dentre as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es para gerar tal medida.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. A An&#225;lise do Ritmo Card&#237;aco</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. An&#225;lise da Onda P, Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Ritmo</title>
        <p>Estudos populacionais sobre valores de normalidade dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o utilizados h&#225; muitos anos como refer&#234;ncia para nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, mesmo sabendo que diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas t&#234;m influ&#234;ncia sobre o que &#233; considerado normal. Em 2017, dentre as diversas informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas pelo estudo ELSA-Brasil, foi publicado estudo sobre valores da normalidade para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros que ser&#227;o abordados no item 3 referem-se ao ECG de adulto. O ECG pedi&#225;trico ser&#225; abordado no item 13.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o do Ritmo Sinusal (RS)</title>
          <p>Ritmo fisiol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o, que se origina no &#225;trio direito alto, observado no ECG de superf&#237;cie pela presen&#231;a de ondas P positivas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1, D2 e aVF, independentemente da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o do complexo QRS. O eixo de P pode variar entre 0&#176; e +90&#176;. A onda P normal possui amplitude m&#225;xima de 2,5 mm e dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou inferior a 110 ms. Podem ocorrer modifica&#231;&#245;es de sua morfologia dependentes da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bem como da sua orienta&#231;&#227;o (S&#194;P) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es observadas. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1.2. Frequ&#234;ncia da Onda P Sinusal</title>
          <p>A faixa de normalidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em vig&#237;lia &#233; entre 50 bpm e 99 bpm. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> - <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3.2. An&#225;lise das Altera&#231;&#245;es de Ritmo Supraventricular</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o e/ou condu&#231;&#227;o do impulso el&#233;trico atrav&#233;s do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o (ou n&#227;o) da presen&#231;a do ritmo sinusal, busca-se a presen&#231;a de arritmia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.2. Arritmia Supraventricular</title>
        <p>Ritmo que se origina acima do feixe de His. A identifica&#231;&#227;o do local de origem da arritmia ser&#225; usada sempre que poss&#237;vel. Quando n&#227;o, ser&#225; empregado o termo gen&#233;rico supraventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.3. Presen&#231;a de Onda P Sinusal</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.3.1. Arritmia Sinusal (AS)</title>
          <p>Geralmente fisiol&#243;gica, depende do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, e caracteriza-se pela varia&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos PP entre 160 ms e 220 ms, durante o ritmo sinusal. A varia&#231;&#227;o f&#225;sica &#233; a relacionada com a respira&#231;&#227;o (comum na crian&#231;a) e a n&#227;o f&#225;sica n&#227;o possui essa rela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.3.2. Bradicardia Sinusal (BS)</title>
          <p>Refere-se ao ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia inferior a 50 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.3.3. Bloqueio Sinoatrial de Segundo Grau</title>
          <p>O bloqueio de sa&#237;da de segundo grau da despolariza&#231;&#227;o sinusal faz com que ocorra a aus&#234;ncia de inscri&#231;&#227;o da onda P em um ciclo. O bloqueio sinoatrial do tipo I (BSAI) se caracteriza por ciclos PP progressivamente mais curtos at&#233; que ocorra o bloqueio. O bloqueio sinoatrial tipo II (BSA II) n&#227;o apresenta diferen&#231;a entre os ciclos PP e a pausa corresponde a 2 ciclos PP pr&#233;vios. Os bloqueios sinoatriais de primeiro grau n&#227;o s&#227;o vis&#237;veis ao ECG convencional. Os bloqueios de terceiro grau ser&#227;o observados na forma de ritmo de escape atrial ou juncional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.3.4. Bloqueios Interatriais (BIA)</title>
          <p>Retardo da condu&#231;&#227;o entre o &#225;trio direito e o esquerdo, que pode ser classificado em primeiro grau (dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P maior ou igual a 120 ms), segundo grau (padr&#227;o transit&#243;rio) e terceiro grau ou avan&#231;ado (onda P com dura&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual a 120 ms, bif&#225;sica ou &#8220;plus-minus&#8221; em parede inferior, relacionado a arritmias supraventriculares e s&#237;ndrome de Bay&#233;s). <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> , <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.3.5. Taquicardia Sinusal (TS)</title>
          <p>Refere-se ao ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia superior (ou igual) a 100 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3.2.4. Aus&#234;ncia de Onda P Antes do QRS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.4.1. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA)</title>
        <p>A atividade el&#233;trica atrial desorganizada, com frequ&#234;ncia atrial entre 450 e 700 ciclos por minuto e resposta ventricular vari&#225;vel. A linha de base pode se apresentar isoel&#233;trica, com irregularidades finas, grosseiras ou por um misto destas altera&#231;&#245;es (ondas &#8220; <italic>f</italic> &#8221;). A ocorr&#234;ncia de intervalos RR regulares indica a exist&#234;ncia de dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular. Para a denomina&#231;&#227;o da resposta ventricular, num ECG com FA, deve-se calcular a FC (bpm) a partir de um tra&#231;ado de 6 s (n&#250;mero de QRS neste per&#237;odo multiplicado por 10). Assim, teremos as seguintes possibilidades de resposta ventricular:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Ritmo de FA com baixa resposta ventricular, quando a FC estiver menor ou igual a 50 bpm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ritmo de FA com controle adequado da FC (em repouso), quando a resposta ventricular estiver entre 60 e 80 bpm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ritmo de FA com controle leniente (ou inadequado) da FC (em repouso), quando a resposta ventricular estiver entre 90 e 110 bpm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ritmo de FA com resposta ventricular elevada, quando a FC estiver maior a 110 bpm.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.4.2. Flutter Atrial</title>
        <p>Atividade el&#233;trica atrial organizada (macrorreentrante) que utiliza extensa regi&#227;o do &#225;trio direito, sendo uma delas o istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo (ICT). O ICT pode ser utilizado tanto no sentido anti-hor&#225;rio (90% dos casos) como no sentido hor&#225;rio (10%). Em ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es, denomina-se flutter atrial comum (por utilizar o ICT). Quando no sentido hor&#225;rio, &#233; chamado de comum reverso. No flutter atrial comum, as conhecidas ondas &#8220;F&#8221; apresentam frequ&#234;ncia entre 240 e 340 bpm, bem como um padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico das mesmas: aspecto em dentes de serrote, negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e, geralmente, positivas em V1. Graus variados da condu&#231;&#227;o AV podem ocorrer, sendo que quando superiores a 2:1 facilitam a observa&#231;&#227;o das ondas &#8220;F&#8221;. J&#225; no flutter atrial reverso, as ondas &#8220;F&#8221; possuem frequ&#234;ncias mais elevadas entre 340 e 430 bpm. As ondas &#8220;F&#8221; s&#227;o, al&#233;m de positivas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores, mais alargadas. Ao ECG, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre o flutter atrial comum reverso e uma taquicardia atrial esquerda (com origem na veia pulmonar superior direita). O chamado Flutter atrial incomum &#233; aquele que n&#227;o utiliza o ICT, portanto, est&#225; inclu&#237;da nessa classifica&#231;&#227;o a taquicardia atrial cicatricial, a taquicardia da veia cava inferior e a taquicardia por reentrada no anel mitral (todas s&#227;o muito dif&#237;ceis de serem diagnosticadas pelo ECG (recebem o nome gen&#233;rico de taquicardia atrial).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.4.3. Ritmo Juncional</title>
        <p>Trata-se de ritmo de supl&#234;ncia ou de substitui&#231;&#227;o originado na jun&#231;&#227;o AV, com QRS iguais ou ligeiramente diferentes aos de origem sinusal. Trata-se de aberr&#226;ncia pela origem diferente do est&#237;mulo e n&#227;o aberr&#226;ncia f&#225;sica, que depende do est&#237;mulo ser alterado pela fase 3 (precoce) ou 4 (tardio) do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o. Pode apresentar-se sem onda P vis&#237;vel ao ECG. Estas &#8220;posi&#231;&#245;es&#8221; da onda P devem-se &#224;s velocidades de condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico aos &#225;trios e aos ventr&#237;culos. Ao chegar antes aos ventr&#237;culos, e depois aos &#225;trios, a onda P fica localizada dentro ou ap&#243;s o complexo QRS. Quando a frequ&#234;ncia for inferior a 50 bpm &#233; designado ritmo juncional de escape. Quando a frequ&#234;ncia for superior a 50 bpm &#233; chamado de ritmo juncional ativo e, se acima de 100 bpm, &#233; chamado de taquicardia juncional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.4.4. Extrass&#237;stole Juncional</title>
        <p>Batimento ect&#243;pico precoce originado na jun&#231;&#227;o AV. S&#227;o tr&#234;s as poss&#237;veis apresenta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Onda P negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores com intervalo PR curto;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aus&#234;ncia de atividade atrial pregressa ao QRS (onda P dentro do QRS);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Onda P negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores ap&#243;s o complexo QRS.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O complexo QRS apresenta-se de morfologia e dura&#231;&#227;o similar ao do ritmo basal, embora aberr&#226;ncias de condu&#231;&#227;o possam ocorrer (ver itens 3.2.8.1 e 3.2.8.2).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.4.5. Taquicardia por Reentrada Nodal Comum (TRN) <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr"><sup>20</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Esta taquicardia utiliza a estrutura do n&#243; atrioventricular; e tem como mecanismo eletrofisiol&#243;gico a reentrada nodal. Um circuito utiliza a via r&#225;pida, no sentido ascendente, e o outro utiliza a via lenta, no sentido descendente. Se o QRS basal for normal estreito, durante a taquicardia poderemos notar pseudo-ondas &#8220;s&#8221; em parede inferior e morfologia rSr&#8217; (pseudo r&#8217;) em V1, que refletem a ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial no sentido n&#243; AV / n&#243; sinusal. Essa ativa&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada atrial, em sua maioria, ocorre em at&#233; 80 ms ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do QRS (RP&lt;80ms). Muitas vezes a onda de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#225; dentro do QRS e, dessa forma, n&#227;o &#233; observada no ECG. A TRN comum &#233; muito semelhante, ao ECG, com a TAV ortodr&#244;mica que ser&#225; detalhada a seguir. Utiliza-se o intervalo RP para se fazer essa distin&#231;&#227;o entre elas. Nos casos de TRN com QRS alargado, faz-se necess&#225;rio o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com taquicardias de origem ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.4.6. Taquicardia por Reentrada Atrioventricular Ortodr&#244;mica (TRAV)</title>
        <p>Esta taquicardia por reentrada utiliza o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o normal no sentido anter&#243;grado e uma via an&#244;mala no sentido retr&#243;grado. O QRS da taquicardia geralmente &#233; estreito e a onda P retr&#243;grada, geralmente localizada no segmento ST, pode apresentar-se com morfologia diversa, dependendo da localiza&#231;&#227;o da via acess&#243;ria. O intervalo RP &#233; superior a 80 ms.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3.2.5. Presen&#231;a da Onda P N&#227;o Sinusal Antes do QRS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.1. Ritmo Atrial Ect&#243;pico (RAE)</title>
        <p>O ritmo atrial ect&#243;pico corresponde a uma atividade atrial em localiza&#231;&#227;o diversa da regi&#227;o anat&#244;mica do n&#243; sinusal. Desta forma, a onda P apresenta-se com morfologia (polaridade) diferente daquela que caracteriza o ritmo sinusal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.2. Ritmo Atrial Multifocal (RAM)</title>
        <p>Ritmo originado em focos atriais m&#250;ltiplos, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inferior a 60 bpm, reconhecido eletrocardiograficamente pela presen&#231;a de, pelo menos, 3 morfologias de ondas P e 3 diferentes intervalos PR. Os intervalos PP e PR, frequentemente, s&#227;o vari&#225;veis, habitualmente observa-se uma P para um QRS, podendo ocorrer ondas P bloqueadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.3. Ritmo Juncional</title>
        <p>Mencionado no item 3.2.4.3, caracteriza-se pelas ondas P negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DII, DIII e aVF, al&#233;m do intervalo PR curto. Quando a frequ&#234;ncia for inferior a 50 bpm &#233; designado ritmo juncional de escape. Quando a frequ&#234;ncia for superior a 50 bpm &#233; chamado de ritmo juncional ativo e, se acima de 100 bpm, &#233; chamado de taquicardia juncional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.4. Batimento de Escape Atrial</title>
        <p>Durante uma interrup&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria do automatismo sinusal normal, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar um batimento &#8220;de supl&#234;ncia&#8221;, de origem atrial, consequente a esta inibi&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal. Caracteriza-se por ser um batimento tardio, de origem atrial, portanto com onda P de morfologia diferente da sinusal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.5. Extrass&#237;stole Atrial (EA)</title>
        <p>Batimento ect&#243;pico atrial precoce. Pode reciclar o ciclo PP basal. Usa-se a sigla ESV para extrass&#237;stole supraventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.6. Extrass&#237;stole Atrial Bloqueada ou N&#227;o Conduzida</title>
        <p>Batimento ect&#243;pico de origem atrial que n&#227;o consegue ser conduzido ao ventr&#237;culo, n&#227;o gerando, portanto, complexo QRS. A n&#227;o condu&#231;&#227;o pode ser devida &#224; precocidade acentuada da EA, que encontra o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular em per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio, ou devido a doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o His-Purkinje. Estas EA bigeminadas, n&#227;o conduzidas, podem gerar bradicardia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.7. Taquicardia Atrial (TA)</title>
        <p>Ritmo atrial originado em regi&#227;o diversa do n&#243; sinusal, caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de onda P distinta da sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia atrial superior a 100 bpm. &#201; comum a ocorr&#234;ncia de condu&#231;&#227;o AV vari&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.8. Taquicardia Atrial Multifocal (TAMF)</title>
        <p>Apresenta as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas do ritmo atrial multifocal, com frequ&#234;ncia atrial superior a 100 bpm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.9. Taquicardia por Reentrada Nodal Incomum</title>
        <p>O local de origem e o circuito s&#227;o similares &#224; TRN comum (3.2.4.5), mas o sentido de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular, pelas vias lenta e r&#225;pida, &#233; inverso, motivo pelo qual a ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada se faz temporalmente mais tarde, com o caracter&#237;stico intervalo RP maior que o PR. Desta forma, a TRN incomum n&#227;o &#233; um diagn&#243;stico diferencial com a TRN comum, nem com a TAV ortodr&#244;mica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5.10. Taquicardia de Coumel</title>
        <p>Taquicardia supraventricular mediada por uma via an&#244;mala com condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada exclusiva e decremental. Caracteriza-se por uma taquicardia com intervalo RP longo e &#233; diagn&#243;stico diferencial com as descritas nos itens 3.2.5.7 e 3.2.5.9.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3.2.6. Pausas</title>
      <p>Define-se pausa pela aus&#234;ncia de onda P e complexo QRS em um intervalo superior a 1,5 s e passa a apresentar import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica quando maior que 2,0 s. A ocorr&#234;ncia de pausas no tra&#231;ado pode relacionar-se &#224; presen&#231;a de parada sinusal, extrass&#237;stole atrial n&#227;o conduzida, bloqueio sinoatrial e bloqueio atrioventricular.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.6.1. Parada Sinusal (PS)</title>
        <p>Corresponde a uma pausa na atividade sinusal superior a 1,5 vezes o ciclo PP b&#225;sico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.6.2. Disfun&#231;&#227;o do N&#243; Sinusal (DNS)</title>
        <p>A incapacidade do n&#243;dulo sinusal em manter uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca superior &#224;s necessidades fisiol&#243;gicas para a situa&#231;&#227;o do momento denomina-se disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal. Ao ECG, essa anormalidade (ou disfun&#231;&#227;o) do n&#243; sinusal &#233; entidade que engloba a pausa sinusal, o bloqueio sinoatrial, a bradicardia sinusal, ritmos de substitui&#231;&#227;o, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, o flutter atrial, a s&#237;ndrome bradi-taqui, etc. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3.2.7. Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Taquicardias Supraventriculares Baseadas no Intervalo RP</title>
      <p>Intervalo RP &#233; uma medida comumente realizada para caracterizar uma taquicardia supraventricular. A mensura&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita a partir do complexo QRS at&#233; a onda P seguinte (RP). A depender da posi&#231;&#227;o desta onda P, podemos ter um RP curto (onda P encontra-se antes da metade de dois QRS) ou um RP longo (onda P encontra-se ap&#243;s a metade de dois QRS). Assim, as taquicardias parox&#237;sticas supraventriculares podem ser divididas em:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>Taquicardia com RP&#8217; curto (habitualmente at&#233; 120-140ms), como observado na taquicardia por reentrada nodal comum e na taquicardia por reentrada via feixe an&#244;malo;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Taquicardia com RP&#8217; longo, como observado na taquicardia atrial, na taquicardia por reentrada nodal incomum e na taquicardia de Coumel (reentrada por feixe an&#244;malo de condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada exclusiva e decremental). <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3.2.8. Arritmias Supraventriculares com Complexo QRS Alargado</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.8.1. Aberr&#226;ncia de Condu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um est&#237;mulo supraventricular que encontra dificuldade de propaga&#231;&#227;o regional no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, gerando um QRS com morfologia diferente, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao complexo QRS de base, o qual pode apresentar padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo, de bloqueio divisional ou associa&#231;&#227;o de ambos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.8.2. Extrass&#237;stole Atrial com Aberr&#226;ncia de Condu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Batimento atrial reconhecido eletrocardiograficamente por apresentar onda P precoce seguida de QRS com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo, bloqueio divisional ou associa&#231;&#227;o de ambos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.8.3. Taquicardia Supraventricular com Aberr&#226;ncia de Condu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Denomina&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;rica para as taquicardias supracitadas que se expressem com condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.8.4. Taquicardia por Reentrada Atrioventricular Antidr&#244;mica</title>
        <p>A taquicardia por reentrada utiliza uma via acess&#243;ria no sentido anter&#243;grado e o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o no sentido retr&#243;grado. O QRS &#233; aberrante e caracteriza-se pela presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O diagn&#243;stico diferencial deve ser feito com taquicardia ventricular. A observa&#231;&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada 1:1 &#233; importante para o diagn&#243;stico da via an&#244;mala, e a dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV para o de taquicardia ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Condu&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular</title>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular (AV) Normal</title>
        <p>O per&#237;odo do in&#237;cio da onda P ao in&#237;cio do QRS determina o intervalo PR, tempo em que ocorre a ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial e o retardo fisiol&#243;gico na jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV) e/ou sistema His-Purkinje, cuja dura&#231;&#227;o &#233; de 120 a 200 ms, considerando FC de at&#233; 90 bpm. O intervalo PR varia de acordo com a FC e a idade, existindo quadros de corre&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.1. Atraso da Condu&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular (AV) <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> - <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </title>
          <p>Ao estudarmos os atrasos, &#233; importante lembrar da caracter&#237;stica eletrofisiol&#243;gica normal do n&#243;dulo AV, denominada condu&#231;&#227;o decremental. Essa propriedade refere-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico no n&#243; AV e pode ser estimada por meio do intervalo PR no ECG convencional. Esse intervalo &#233; considerado normal no adulto quando se encontra entre 120 a 200 ms e depende muito da idade e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
          <p>Os atrasos da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV) ocorrem quando os impulsos atriais sofrem retardo ou falham em atingir os ventr&#237;culos.</p>
          <p>Anatomicamente, esses atrasos podem estar localizados no pr&#243;prio n&#243;dulo AV (bloqueio nodal), no tronco His&#8211;Purkinje (bloqueio intra-His) ou abaixo dele (bloqueio infra-His). Geralmente os atrasos nodais apresentam-se com complexos QRS estreitos (&lt; 120 ms) e possuem bom progn&#243;stico, e podem ser expressos pelo aumento do intervalo PR. Por outro lado, &#233; comum que os atrasos intra e infra-His cursem com complexos QRS alargados e pior evolu&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o &#233; comum, nesses casos, a presen&#231;a de intervalo PR normal.</p>
          <p>Salientamos que o n&#243; AV sofre importante influ&#234;ncia do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, portanto, nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que haja predomin&#226;ncia do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico (durante sono, atletas), pode-se observar bloqueio AV de 1&#186; grau e/ou bloqueio AV de 2&#186; grau tipo I, sem haver les&#227;o do n&#243; AV.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1.1. Bloqueio AV de Primeiro Grau</title>
            <p>Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, o intervalo PR &#233; superior a 200 ms em adultos, para FC entre 50 a 90 bpm.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1.2. Bloqueio AV de Segundo Grau Tipo I (Mobitz I)</title>
            <p>Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, o alentecimento da condu&#231;&#227;o AV &#233; gradativo (fen&#244;meno de Wenckebach). Tipicamente, existe aumento progressivo do intervalo PR, sendo tais acr&#233;scimos gradativamente menores, at&#233; que a condu&#231;&#227;o AV fique bloqueada e um batimento sinusal n&#227;o consiga ser conduzido. H&#225;, portanto, um gradual aumento do intervalo PR com concomitante encurtamento dos intervalos RR at&#233; uma onda P ser bloqueada. Pode ocorrer repeti&#231;&#227;o desse ciclo por per&#237;odos vari&#225;veis, quando &#233; poss&#237;vel notar que o intervalo PR ap&#243;s o batimento bloqueado ser&#225; o menor dentre todos, e o que o sucede ter&#225; o maior incremento percentual em rela&#231;&#227;o aos posteriores. A frequ&#234;ncia de bloqueio pode ser vari&#225;vel, por exemplo, 5:4, 4:3, 3:2.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1.3. Bloqueio AV de Segundo Grau Tipo II (Mobitz II)</title>
            <p>Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, existe uma interrup&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita da condu&#231;&#227;o AV. Nota-se condu&#231;&#227;o AV 1:1 com intervalo PR fixo e, repentinamente, uma onda P bloqueada, seguida por nova condu&#231;&#227;o AV 1:1 com PR semelhante aos anteriores. A localiza&#231;&#227;o desse bloqueio localiza-se na regi&#227;o intra/infra His-Purkinje.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1.4. Bloqueio AV 2:1</title>
            <p>Caracteriza-se pela altern&#226;ncia de uma onda P conduzida e outra bloqueada de origem sinusal. A maior parte desse bloqueio localiza-se na regi&#227;o intra/infra His-Purkinje. Deve-se excluir o diagn&#243;stico de extrass&#237;stoles atriais n&#227;o conduzidas.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1.5. Bloqueio AV Avan&#231;ado ou de Alto Grau</title>
            <p>Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, existe condu&#231;&#227;o AV em menos de 50% dos batimentos sinusais, sendo em propor&#231;&#227;o 3:1, 4:1 ou maior. Geralmente, a presen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o AV &#233; notada pelo intervalo PR constante em cada batimento seguido de um QRS. A maior parte desse bloqueio localiza-se na regi&#227;o intra/infra His-Purkinje. Podem acontecer escapes juncionais.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1.6. Bloqueio AV do Terceiro Grau ou BAV Total (BAVT)</title>
            <p>Neste caso, os est&#237;mulos de origem sinusal n&#227;o conseguem chegar aos ventr&#237;culos e despolariz&#225;-los, fazendo com que um foco abaixo da regi&#227;o de bloqueio assuma o comando ventricular. N&#227;o existe, assim, correla&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade el&#233;trica atrial e ventricular (dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular), o que se traduz no ECG por ondas P n&#227;o relacionadas ao QRS. A frequ&#234;ncia do ritmo sinusal &#233; maior que a do ritmo de escape. O bloqueio AV do terceiro grau pode ser intermitente ou permanente. Bloqueios com origem supra-hissiana podem apresentar-se com escapes de morfologia semelhantes ao do ECG basal, enquanto que a origem infra-hissiana evidencia complexos QRS largos como escapes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1.7. Bloqueio AV Parox&#237;stico</title>
            <p>&#201; a ocorr&#234;ncia, de forma s&#250;bita e inesperada, de uma sucess&#227;o de ondas P bloqueadas.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.1.2. Pr&#233;-Excita&#231;&#227;o Ventricular <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> - <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> </title>
      <p>Em pacientes com pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, feixes musculares persistem, de permeio ao tecido fibroso, servindo como vias acess&#243;rias da condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico entre os &#225;trios e os ventr&#237;culos. Essas vias extras podem estar em qualquer parte do anel atrioventricular ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.1</xref> ). S&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas do padr&#227;o cl&#225;ssico: intervalo PR menor que 120 ms durante o ritmo sinusal em adultos e menor que 90 ms em crian&#231;as (variando com a idade e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca); entalhe da por&#231;&#227;o inicial do complexo QRS (onda delta), que interrompe a onda P ou surge imediatamente ap&#243;s seu t&#233;rmino; dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS maior que 120 ms em adultos e maior que 90 ms em crian&#231;as; altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias de ST e T. Na presen&#231;a desses achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, a presen&#231;a de taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular sintom&#225;tica configura a S&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW). A via acess&#243;ria pode ser localizada anatomicamente pelo ECG. As vias laterais esquerdas s&#227;o as mais comuns (50% dos casos), seguidas das posterosseptais (25%), laterais direitas (15%) e anterosseptais (10%). As regi&#245;es anteriores do anel atrioventricular s&#227;o superiores, assim, vias acess&#243;rias nessa localiza&#231;&#227;o determinam ativa&#231;&#227;o no sentido supero-inferior, com positividade da onda delta nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores. J&#225; a regi&#227;o basal posterior &#233; inferior, dessa maneira vias acess&#243;rias a&#237; situadas geram ativa&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala que foge dessa regi&#227;o, com consequente negatividade da onda delta nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores. Mais raramente, deve-se fazer o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com a situa&#231;&#227;o de PR curto sem onda delta, presente na s&#237;ndrome de Lown-Ganong-Levine, <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> e o PR normal com pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, presentes nas vias fasc&#237;culo ventriculares, como na variante de Mahaim. <sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 4.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Poss&#237;veis localiza&#231;&#245;es das vias an&#244;malas nos an&#233;is tric&#250;spide e mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As vias an&#244;malas podem ser categorizadas quando o complexo QRS &#233; predominantemente positivo (R) em V1 e V2, o que indica uma via acess&#243;ria &#224; esquerda, e quando o QRS &#233; negativo (QS ou rS), a via encontra-se &#224; direita. As vias laterais esquerdas manifestam-se no ECG atrav&#233;s de onda delta negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1 e/ou aVL, positiva nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D2, D3 e aVF, e em V1 e V2. As vias an&#244;malas direitas apresentam onda delta positiva nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1, D2 e aVL e, geralmente, negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D3 e aVF, assim como em V1. O eixo el&#233;trico do QRS no plano frontal &#233; desviado para a esquerda. J&#225; as vias posterosseptais apresentam ao ECG onda delta negativa em D2, D3 e aVF. A import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento das localiza&#231;&#245;es das vias anterosseptais e mediosseptais est&#225; relacionada &#224; sua proximidade ao feixe de His, trazendo maior risco durante a abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter. Em ambas as localiza&#231;&#245;es, a onda delta &#233; positiva nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1, D2 e aVL, al&#233;m de negativa em D3 e aVR e positiva/isoel&#233;trica em aVF, com eixo el&#233;trico do QRS normal. Em 80%, a transi&#231;&#227;o R/S ocorre em V2. <sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos complexos QRS em V1 e V2 far&#225; a diferencia&#231;&#227;o se est&#227;o &#224; direita ou &#224; esquerda. <sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Existem v&#225;rios algoritmos para a localiza&#231;&#227;o da via acess&#243;ria, baseados na polaridade do QRS ou da via an&#244;mala. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref> - <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Devemos lembrar que entidades podem simular a presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o (falsos WPW) como a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e formas familiares de dep&#243;sito septal de glicog&#234;nio (doen&#231;a de Fabry).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.1.3. Outros Mecanismos de Altera&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o AV Normal</title>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1.3.1. Dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV</title>
        <p>A dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV tem como causas os seguintes mecanismos: substitui&#231;&#227;o, interfer&#234;ncia, bloqueio atrioventricular e dissocia&#231;&#227;o por arritmia. <sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup> Ocorrem dois ritmos dissociados, sendo um atrial, geralmente sinusal, com PP regular, e outro de origem juncional ou ventricular, tamb&#233;m com RR regular. A frequ&#234;ncia destes focos pode ser similar (dissocia&#231;&#227;o isorritmica). O ritmo ventricular pode ser hiperautom&#225;tico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1.3.2. Ativa&#231;&#227;o Atrial Retr&#243;grada</title>
        <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio origina-se a partir de um est&#237;mulo juncional ou ventricular, com condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada, geralmente pelo n&#243; AV ou por uma via an&#244;mala. Observa-se QRS seguido de onda P negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. An&#225;lise da Ativa&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</title>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Ativa&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Normal</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o do QRS Normal</title>
          <p>O complexo QRS &#233; dito normal quando a dura&#231;&#227;o for inferior a 120 ms em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es e amplitude entre 5 e 20 mm nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal e entre 10 e 30 mm nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, com orienta&#231;&#227;o normal do eixo el&#233;trico. <sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> , <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> </sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1.2. Eixo El&#233;trico Normal no Plano Frontal</title>
          <p>Os limites normais do eixo el&#233;trico do QRS no plano frontal situam-se habitualmente entre -30&#176; e +90&#176;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1.3. Ativa&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Normal no Plano Horizontal</title>
          <p>Tem como caracter&#237;stica a transi&#231;&#227;o da morfologia rS, caracter&#237;stica de V1, para o padr&#227;o qR t&#237;pico do V6, onde observa-se um progressivo aumento da amplitude da onda r e, concomitantemente, uma gradual redu&#231;&#227;o da onda de V2 at&#233; V6. Os padr&#245;es intermedi&#225;rios de RS (zona de transi&#231;&#227;o) habitualmente ocorrem em V3 e V4. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1.4. An&#225;lise das Altera&#231;&#245;es de Ritmo Ventricular</title>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4.1. Defini&#231;&#227;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</title>
            <p>Arritmia card&#237;aca pode ser definida como uma altera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia, forma&#231;&#227;o e/ou condu&#231;&#227;o do impulso el&#233;trico atrav&#233;s do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4.2. Arritmia Ventricular</title>
            <p>Arritmia ventricular &#233; uma arritmia de origem abaixo da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His, habitualmente expressa por QRS alargado.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4.3. An&#225;lise das Arritmias Ventriculares</title>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.1. Extrass&#237;stole Ventricular (EV) <sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup> </bold>
            </p>
            <p>Apresenta-se como batimento originado precocemente no ventr&#237;culo, geralmente com pausa p&#243;s extrassist&#243;lica, quando recicla o intervalo RR. Na aus&#234;ncia de pausa, &#233; chamada de extrass&#237;stole ventricular interpolada. As EV geralmente apresentam dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS superior a 120ms. Excepcionalmente (EVs com origem no septo ventricular ou pr&#243;ximas do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o) podem apresentar-se com dura&#231;&#227;o inferior a 120ms. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; forma, podem ser classificadas em monorm&#243;rficas (quando apresentam a mesma morfologia) ou polim&#243;rficas (apresentam mais de uma morfologia) e de acordo com sua inter-rela&#231;&#227;o podem ser denominadas de isoladas, pareadas, em salvas, bigeminadas, trigeminadas, quadrigeminadas ou ocultas.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.2. Batimento(s) de Escape Ventricular(es)</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Batimento(s) de origem ventricular, tardio(s) por ser(em) de supl&#234;ncia. Surge(m) em consequ&#234;ncia da inibi&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria de ritmos anatomicamente mais altos.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.3. Ritmo de Escape Ventricular &#8211; Ritmo Idioventricular</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Trata-se de ritmo com origem nos ventr&#237;culos, com FC inferior a 40 bpm, ocorrendo em substitui&#231;&#227;o a ritmos anatomicamente mais altos que foram inibidos ou bloqueados.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.4. Ritmo Idioventricular Acelerado (RIVA)</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Este ritmo origina-se no ventr&#237;culo (QRS alargado), tendo FC superior a 40 bpm (entre 50 e 130 bpm, mais usualmente entre 70 e 85 bpm), em consequ&#234;ncia de automatismo aumentado. N&#227;o &#233; ritmo de supl&#234;ncia, competindo com o ritmo basal do cora&#231;&#227;o. Costuma ser autolimitado e est&#225; relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica (reperfus&#227;o/isquemia). <sup><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.5. Taquicardia Ventricular (TV)</bold>
            </p>
            <p>A taquicardia ventricular (TV) &#233; um ritmo ventricular que se apresenta com tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos sucessivos com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acima de 100 bpm.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.5.1. Taquicardia Ventricular Monom&#243;rfica</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Caracteriza-se por uma TV com morfologia uniforme na mesma deriva&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.5.2. Taquicardia Ventricular Polim&#243;rfica (TVP)</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Ritmo de origem ventricular, r&#225;pido, com QRS de tr&#234;s ou mais morfologias. Apresenta 2 padr&#245;es caracter&#237;sticos: <italic>Torsade des Pointes</italic> (TdP) e a chamada taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica verdadeira. <sup><xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.5.3. Taquicardia Ventricular Tipo Torsade des Pointes (TdP)</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Trata-se de taquicardia com QRS largo, polim&#243;rfica, geralmente autolimitada, com QRS &#8220;girando&#8221; em torno da linha de base (tor&#231;&#227;o das pontas). Normalmente, &#233; precedida por ciclos longo-curto (extrass&#237;stole - batimento sinusal &#8211; extrass&#237;stole) e observa-se, durante o ritmo sinusal, intervalo QT longo, o qual pode ser cong&#234;nito ou secund&#225;rio a f&#225;rmacos, dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos ou determinadas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. <sup><xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.5.4. Taquicardia Ventricular Bidirecional <sup><xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup> </bold>
            </p>
            <p>Trata-se de taquicardia de origem ventricular que, ao conduzir-se para o ventr&#237;culo, apresenta-se com o ramo direito bloqueado constantemente (raramente BRE) e as divis&#245;es anterossuperior e posteroinferior do ramo esquerdo bloqueadas alternadamente, batimento a batimento. No plano frontal do ECG alternam-se um batimento com QRS positivo, seguido de outro com QRS negativo, sucessivamente (gerando o aspecto bidirecional). Esta arritmia est&#225; relacionada a quadros de intoxica&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica, doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica grave por cardiomiopatia avan&#231;ada e casos sem cardiopatia estrutural, como a taquicardia catecolamin&#233;rgica familiar, sendo pren&#250;ncio de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica nestes indiv&#237;duos.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.5.5. Quanto &#224; Dura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com sua dura&#231;&#227;o em segundos: taquicardia sustentada (TVS) ou n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS), se o per&#237;odo da arritmia for ou n&#227;o superior a 30 s e/ou sem sintomas de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.6. Batimento de Fus&#227;o</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Corresponde a batimento originado nos ventr&#237;culos que se funde com o batimento supraventricular. Ao ECG, apresenta onda P seguida de QRS alargado, que &#233; a soma el&#233;trica do batimento supraventricular com a extrass&#237;stole ventricular (morfologia h&#237;brida entre o batimento supraventricular e o de origem ventricular). Os batimentos de fus&#227;o s&#227;o encontrados nas seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es: pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, taquicardia ventricular, parassistolia e extrassistolia ventricular.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.7. Batimento com Captura Supraventricular Durante Ritmo Idioventricular</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Trata-se de batimento originado no &#225;trio que consegue ultrapassar o bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o (anat&#244;mico ou funcional) existente na jun&#231;&#227;o AV e despolarizar o ventr&#237;culo totalmente ou parcialmente, gerando no &#250;ltimo caso um batimento de fus&#227;o.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.8. Parass&#237;stole Ventricular (PV)</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Corresponde ao batimento originado no ventr&#237;culo em foco que compete com o ritmo sinusal do cora&#231;&#227;o (marca-passo paralelo que apresenta bloqueio de entrada permanente e de sa&#237;da ocasional), sendo vis&#237;vel eletrocardiograficamente por apresentar frequ&#234;ncia pr&#243;pria, batimentos de fus&#227;o e per&#237;odos inter-ect&#243;picos com um m&#250;ltiplo comum e per&#237;odos de acoplamento vari&#225;vel. <sup><xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>
              <bold>5.1.4.3.9. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular (FV)</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Caracteriza-se por ondas bizarras, ca&#243;ticas, de amplitude e frequ&#234;ncia vari&#225;veis. Clinicamente, corresponde a uma das formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Este ritmo pode ser precedido de taquicardia ventricular ou <italic>Torsade des Pointes</italic> , que degeneraram em fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4.4. Crit&#233;rios de Diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre as Taquicardias de Complexo QRS Alargado 46-57 </title>
            <p>A maioria das taquicardias com complexo QRS largo (80%) &#233; de origem ventricular. A presen&#231;a de cardiopatia estrutural refor&#231;a esta possibilidade. Os achados de dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV (frequ&#234;ncia ventricular maior que a atrial), a presen&#231;a de batimentos de fus&#227;o e/ou captura ventricular (com QRS diferente) sugerem fortemente o diagn&#243;stico de TV. Existem algoritmos, como os de Brugada e de Vereckei <sup><xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></sup> (mais utilizados), que auxiliam essa diferencia&#231;&#227;o na aus&#234;ncia desses sinais ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 5.1</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref> - <xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref> </sup> ECG&#8217;s com os achados dos crit&#233;rios de Brugada e Steuer, para o diagn&#243;stico de TV, s&#227;o exemplificados nas Figuras 5.1 e 5.2, respectivamente.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t2">
                <label>Tabela 5.1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre taquicardia supraventricular com aberr&#226;ncia e taquicardia ventricular</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Autor</th>
                      <th>Wellens <sup>49</sup> (1978)</th>
                      <th>Brugada <sup>46</sup> (1991)</th>
                      <th>Steuer <sup>51</sup> (1994)</th>
                      <th>Vereckei <sup>54</sup> (2008)</th>
                      <th>Pava <sup>55</sup> (2010)</th>
                      <th>Jastrzebski <sup>56</sup> ou Escore TV (2016)</th>
                      <th>Santos Neto <sup>57</sup> (2021)</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td rowspan="7">Achados e Etapas da Analise para cada Algoritmo</td>
                      <td align="center">Dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV</td>
                      <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia RS precordiais</td>
                      <td align="center">Complexos QRS predominantemente negativos de V4 a V6</td>
                      <td align="center">R inicial aVR</td>
                      <td align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o <sup>3</sup> 50ms in&#237;cio QRS at&#233; pico R em DII</td>
                      <td align="center">Onda R dominante em V1</td>
                      <td align="center">Polaridade predominantemente negativa nas 4 deriva&#231;&#245;es: DI, DII, V1, V6</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center">QRS &gt; 140 ms (BRD)</td>
                      <td align="center">RS <sup>3</sup> 100ms</td>
                      <td align="center">Complexo QS em uma ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es de V2 a V6</td>
                      <td align="center">r ou q inicial &gt; 40ms</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td align="center">r inicial &gt; 40ms em V1 ou V2</td>
                      <td align="center">Polaridade predominantemente negativa em 3 das 4 deriva&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center">QRS &gt; 160 ms (BRE)</td>
                      <td align="center">Dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV</td>
                      <td align="center">Dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV</td>
                      <td align="center">Entalhe descendente em QRS predominantemente negativo</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td align="center">Entalhe onda S em V1</td>
                      <td align="center">Polaridade predominantemente negativa em 2 das 4 deriva&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center">Eixo QRS al&#233;m de -30 <sup>o</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">Crit&#233;rios morfol&#243;gicos</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td align="center">Rela&#231;&#227;o Vi/Vt &#8804; 1</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td align="center">R inicial aVR</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center">QRS mono ou bif&#225;sico em V1 (BRD)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805;50ms in&#237;cio QRS at&#233; pico R em DII</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center">QR ou QS em V6 (BRE)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia RS precordiais</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td align="center">Dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03">
                <label>Figura 5.1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Exemplos dos quatro crit&#233;rios de Brugada para o diagn&#243;stico de taquicardia ventricular.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf03.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f04">
                <label>Figura 5.2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Crit&#233;rios de Steuer para o diagn&#243;stico de taquicardia ventricular.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf04.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Sobrecargas das C&#226;maras Card&#237;acas</title>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Sobrecargas Atriais</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.1. Sobrecarga Atrial Esquerda (SAE)</title>
          <p>Aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P igual ou superior a 120 ms, na deriva&#231;&#227;o D2, com intervalo entre os componentes atriais direito e esquerdo maior ou igual a 40 ms. Onda P com componente negativo aumentado (final lento e profundo) na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1. A &#225;rea da fase negativa de pelo menos 0,04 mm/s, ou igual ou superior a 1 mm <sup>2</sup> , constitui o &#205;ndice de Morris, que apresenta melhor sensibilidade que o crit&#233;rio isolado de dura&#231;&#227;o aumentada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.2. Sobrecarga Atrial Direita (SAD)</title>
          <p>A onda P apresenta-se apiculada com amplitude acima de 0,25 mV ou 2,5 mm. Na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 apresenta por&#231;&#227;o inicial positiva &gt; 0,15 mV ou 1,5 mm. S&#227;o sinais acess&#243;rios e indiretos de SAD: Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi (complexo QRS de baixa voltagem em V1 e que aumenta de amplitude significativamente em V2) e Sodi-Pallares (complexos QR, Qr, qR ou qRS em V1). Raramente isolada, frequentemente &#233; associada &#224; SVD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.3. Sobrecarga Biatrial (SBA)</title>
          <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios SAE e SAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.4. Sobrecarga Ventricular Esquerda (SVE) <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> - <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref> </title>
          <p>Apesar do ecocardiograma apresentar elevada acur&#225;cia na identifica&#231;&#227;o da SVE, o ECG, quando alterado, tem importante significado progn&#243;stico. Dentre os crit&#233;rios existentes, temos:</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.4.1. Crit&#233;rios de Romhilt-Estes <xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr"><sup>66</sup></xref> </title>
            <p>Por este crit&#233;rio existe SVE quando se atinge 5 pontos ou mais no escore que se segue. Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste escore temos a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e/ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, taquicardia atrial, flutter atrial e bloqueio de ramo direito.</p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de 3 pontos</italic> &#8211; aumento de amplitude do QRS (maior ou igual a 20 mm no plano frontal e/ou maior ou igual a 30 mm no plano horizontal); padr&#227;o de <italic>strain</italic> na aus&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica; e &#237;ndice de Morris;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><italic>Crit&#233;rio de 2 pontos</italic> &#8211; desvio do eixo el&#233;trico do QRS al&#233;m de -30&#186;;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de 1 ponto</italic> &#8211; aumento do tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular (TAV) ou deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide al&#233;m de 40 ms; aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (&gt;90 ms) em V5 e V6; e padr&#227;o &#8220; <italic>strain&#8221;</italic> sob a&#231;&#227;o do digital.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.4.2. &#205;ndice de Sokolow Lyon <xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr"><sup>60</sup></xref> </title>
            <p>&#201; considerado positivo quando a soma da amplitude da onda S na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 com a amplitude da onda R da deriva&#231;&#227;o V5/V6 for &gt;35 mm. Nos jovens, este limite pode ser de 40 mm. N&#227;o deve ser utilizado em atletas.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.4.3. &#205;ndice de Cornell <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr"><sup>58</sup></xref> </title>
            <p>Quando a soma da amplitude da onda R na deriva&#231;&#227;o aVL, com a amplitude da onda S de V3 for &gt;28 mm em homens e 20 mm em mulheres.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.4.4. Peguero-Lo Presti <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref> , <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref> </title>
            <p>Este crit&#233;rio &#233; considerado positivo quando a soma da amplitude da maior onda S das 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es com a onda S de V4 &#233; &#8805; 28 mm em homens e &#8805; 23 mm em mulheres.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.4.5. Altera&#231;&#245;es de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</title>
            <p>Onda T achatada nas deriva&#231;&#245;es esquerdas (D1, aVL, V5 e V6) ou padr&#227;o tipo <italic>strain</italic> (infradesnivelamento do ST &#8805; 0,5 mm e onda T negativa e assim&#233;trica).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.1.5. Sobrecarga Ventricular Direita (SVD) <xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref> - <xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref> </title>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.5.1. Eixo do QRS</title>
        <p>Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal, localizado &#224; direita de +110&#186; no adulto.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.5.2. Onda R Ampla</title>
        <p>Presen&#231;a de onda R de alta voltagem em V1 e V2 e ondas S profundas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es opostas (V5 e V6).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.5.3. Morfologia qR ou qRs</title>
        <p>A morfologia qR ou qRs em V1 (ou V1 e V2) &#233; um dos sinais mais espec&#237;ficos de SVD e apontam sobrecarga ventricular direita sist&#243;lica com aumento da press&#227;o intraventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.5.4. Morfologia rsR&#8217;</title>
        <p>Padr&#227;o trif&#225;sico (rsR&#8217;), com onda R&#8216; proeminente nas precordiais direitas V1 e V2 e sugere sobrecarga ventricular diast&#243;lica com aumento do volume da c&#226;mara.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.5.5. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</title>
        <p>Padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> de repolariza&#231;&#227;o nas precordiais direitas (V1, V2 e, &#224;s vezes, V3) (infradesnivelamento do segmento ST acompanhado da onda T negativa).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.5.6. Crit&#233;rio de SEATTLE para SVD</title>
        <p>Soma de R de V1 + S V5-V6 &gt;10,5 mm (e desvio de eixo &#224; direita &gt;120&#176;).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.1.6. Sobrecarga Biventricular</title>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal desviado para a direita, associado a crit&#233;rios de voltagem para SVE;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>ECG t&#237;pico de SVD, associado a um ou mais dos seguintes elementos: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>b.1) Ondas Q profundas em V5 e V6 e nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores;</p></list-item><list-item><p>b.2) R de voltagem aumentada em V5 e V6;</p></list-item><list-item><p>b.3) S de V1 e V2 + R de V5 e V6 com crit&#233;rio positivo de Sokolow;</p></list-item><list-item><p>b.4) Deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide em V6 igual ou maior que 40 ms;</p></list-item></list> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Complexos QRS isodif&#225;sicos amplos, de tipo R/S &gt; 50 mm, nas precordiais intermedi&#225;rias de V2 a V4 (fen&#244;meno de Katz-Wachtel).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.1.7. Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial do Aumento de Amplitude do QRS <xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr"><sup>73</sup></xref> </title>
      <p>A sobrecarga ventricular &#233; a situa&#231;&#227;o onde mais comumente ocorre o aumento da amplitude do QRS. No entanto, o QRS pode estar aumentado em indiv&#237;duos normais nas seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>Crian&#231;as, adolescentes e adultos jovens;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Longil&#237;neos;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Atletas;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Mulheres mastectomizadas;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Vagotonia.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. An&#225;lise dos Bloqueios (Retardo, Atraso de Condu&#231;&#227;o) Intraventriculares</title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1. Bloqueios Intraventriculares <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref> , <xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref> </title>
        <p>Embora a denomina&#231;&#227;o &#8220;bloqueio de ramo&#8221; esteja bem estabelecida na literatura, o que ocorre s&#227;o diversos graus de atrasos na propaga&#231;&#227;o intraventricular dos impulsos el&#233;tricos, determinando mudan&#231;as na forma e na dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS. Essas mudan&#231;as na condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular podem ser fixas ou intermitentes, frequ&#234;ncia-dependentes. Os bloqueios podem ser causados por altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o His-Purkinje ou do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular (necrose, fibrose, calcifica&#231;&#227;o, les&#245;es infiltrativas ou pela insufici&#234;ncia vascular), ou funcionais, devido ao per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio relativo de parte do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o gerando a aberr&#226;ncia da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.1. Bloqueio do Ramo Esquerdo (BRE) <xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref> , <xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref> </title>
          <p>a) QRS alargados com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805;120 ms como condi&#231;&#227;o fundamental (as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas do BRE, contudo, expressam-se em dura&#231;&#245;es iguais ou superiores a 130 ms para mulheres e iguais ou superiores a 140 ms para homens);</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Aus&#234;ncia de &#8220;q&#8221; em D1, aVL, V5 e V6; variantes podem ter onda &#8220;q&#8221; apenas em aVL;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ondas R alargadas e com entalhes e/ou empastamentos m&#233;dio-terminais em D1, aVL, V5 e V6;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Onda &#8220;r&#8221; com crescimento lento de V1 a V3, podendo ocorrer QS;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide em V5 e V6 &#8805;50 ms;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS entre -30&#176; e +60&#176;;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Depress&#227;o de ST e T assim&#233;trica em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao retardo m&#233;dio-terminal.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <sec>
            <title>7.1.1.1. Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo em Associa&#231;&#227;o com Sobrecarga Ventricular Esquerda <xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref> - <xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref> </title>
            <p>O diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, em associa&#231;&#227;o ao bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, n&#227;o &#233; simples devido &#224;s modifica&#231;&#245;es do complexo QRS inerentes ao BRE. Os estudos mostram resultados vari&#225;veis sobre a acur&#225;cia dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para SVE.</p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Sobrecarga atrial esquerda;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &gt;150 ms;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Onda R em aVL &gt;11 mm;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Ondas S em V2 &gt;30 mm e em V3 &gt;25 mm;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>S&#194;QRS al&#233;m de -40&#176; graus;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Presen&#231;a de &#205;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon &#8805;35 mm.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.1.1.2. Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo em Associa&#231;&#227;o com Sobrecarga Ventricular Direita <xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref> (ao Menos 2 dos 3 Crit&#233;rios)</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Baixa voltagem nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Onda R proeminente terminal em aVR;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o R/S em V5 menor que 1.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7.1.2. Bloqueio do Ramo Direito (BRD) <xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref> , <xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref> </title>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>QRS alargados com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805;120 ms como condi&#231;&#227;o fundamental;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Ondas S empastadas em D1, aVL, V5 e V6;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Ondas qR em aVR com R empastada;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>rSR&#8217; ou rsR&#8217; em V1 com R&#8217; espessado;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS vari&#225;vel, tendendo para a direita no plano frontal;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Onda T assim&#233;trica em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao retardo final de QRS.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.2.1. Atraso Final de Condu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A express&#227;o atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ser usada quando o dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o no ramo direito for muito discreto. Pode ser uma variante dos padr&#245;es de normalidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7.1.3. Bloqueios Divisionais do Ramo Esquerdo <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref> - <xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref> </title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de atraso que acomete, al&#233;m do ramo esquerdo (tronco), as divis&#245;es deste, podem gerar desvios do S&#194;QRS para cima/esquerda (BDAS) ou para a baixo/direita (BDPI).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.3.1 Bloqueio Divisional Anterossuperior Esquerdo (BDAS) <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref> - <xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref> </title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS &#8805; -45&#176;;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>rS em D2, D3 e aVF com S3 maior que S2; QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt;120 ms;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Onda S de D3 com amplitude maior ou igual a 15 mm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR em D1 e aVL com tempo da deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide &#8805; 50 ms ou qRs com &#8220;s&#8221; m&#237;nima em D1;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR em aVL com R empastado;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Progress&#227;o lenta da onda r de V1 at&#233; V3;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Presen&#231;a de S de V4 a V6.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.3.2. Bloqueio Divisional Anteromedial Esquerdo (BDAM) <xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref> - <xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">90</xref> </title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Morfologia qR em V1 a V4;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Onda R &#8805;15 mm em V2 e V3 ou desde V1, crescendo para as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais intermedi&#225;rias e diminuindo de V5 para V6;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Salto de crescimento s&#250;bito da onda &#8220;r&#8221; de V1 para V2 (&#8220;rS&#8221; em V1 para R em V2);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &lt;120 ms;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aus&#234;ncia de desvio do eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ondas T, em geral negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Todos esses crit&#233;rios s&#227;o v&#225;lidos na aus&#234;ncia de SVD, hipertrofia septal ou infarto lateral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.3.3. Bloqueio Divisional Posteroinferior Esquerdo (BDPI) <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref> - <xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref> , <xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref> , <xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref> </title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal orientado para a direita &gt;+90&#176;;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR em D2, D3 e aVF com R3&gt;R2 e deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide &gt;50 ms;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Onda R em D3 &gt;15 mm (ou &#225;rea equivalente);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Tempo de deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide aumentado em aVF, V5-V6 maior ou igual a 50 ms;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>rS em D1 com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt;120 ms; podendo ocorrer progress&#227;o mais lenta de &#8220;r&#8221; de V1 &#8211; V3;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Onda S de V2 a V6.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Todos esses crit&#233;rios s&#227;o validos na aus&#234;ncia de tipo constitucional longil&#237;neo, SVD e &#225;rea eletricamente inativa lateral. <sup><xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref> , <xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7.1.4. Bloqueios Divisionais do Ramo Direito <xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr"><sup>82</sup></xref> </title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.4.1. Bloqueio Divisional Superior Direito (BDSRD)</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>rS em D2, D3 e aVF com S2&gt;S3 (o que diferencia do BDAS do ramo esquerdo);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Rs em D1 com onda s&gt;2mm, rS em D1 ou D1, D2 e D3 (S1,S2,S3) com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt;120 ms;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>S empastado em V1- V2 / V5 &#8211; V6 ou, eventualmente, rSr&#8217; em V1 e V2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR em avR com R empastado.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.4.2. Bloqueio Divisional Inferior Direito (BDIRD)</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Onda R em D2 &gt; onda R de D3;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>rS em D1 com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt;120 ms;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal orientado para a direita &gt;+90&#176;;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>S empastado em V1 - V2 / V5 - V6 ou, eventualmente, rSr&#8217; em V1 e V2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR em aVR com R empastado.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Na dificuldade de reconhecimentos dos bloqueios divisionais direitos, pode ser utilizado o termo &#8220;atraso final da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular&#8221;.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7.1.5. Associa&#231;&#227;o de Bloqueios <xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr"><sup>93</sup></xref> </title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.5.1. BRE Associado ao BDAS</title>
        <p>Bloqueio do ramo esquerdo com eixo el&#233;trico de QRS no plano frontal orientado para esquerda, al&#233;m de -30&#176;, sugere a presen&#231;a de BDAS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.5.2. BRE Associado ao BDPI</title>
        <p>Bloqueio do ramo esquerdo com eixo el&#233;trico de QRS desviado para a direita e para baixo, al&#233;m de + 60&#176;, sugere associa&#231;&#227;o com BDPI, ou SVD, ou cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.5.3. BRD Associado ao BDAS</title>
        <p>Bloqueio do ramo direito associado ao bloqueio divisional anterossuperior do ramo esquerdo - padr&#245;es comuns aos bloqueios descritos individualmente. <sup><xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref> , <xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.5.4. BRD Associado ao BDPI</title>
        <p>Bloqueio do ramo direito associado ao bloqueio divisional posteroinferior do ramo esquerdo &#8211; padr&#245;es comuns aos bloqueios descritos individualmente; suspeita-se desta associa&#231;&#227;o quando o S&#194;QRS encontra-se a + 120&#176; ou mais para a direita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.5.5. BRD Associado ao BDAS e BDAM</title>
        <p>Bloqueio de ramo direito associado ao bloqueio divisional anteromedial e anterossuperior &#8211; os padr&#245;es para estas associa&#231;&#245;es seguem os mesmos crit&#233;rios para os bloqueios individualmente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.5.6. BDAS Associado ao BDAM</title>
        <p>Esta associa&#231;&#227;o segue os mesmos crit&#233;rios para os bloqueios individualmente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.5.7. Bloqueio de Ramo Mascarado <xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">96</xref> , <xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref> </title>
        <p>Bloqueio de ramo direito mais comumente com morfologia de R ou rR&#180; em V1 associado &#224; morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo com BDAS esquerdo nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal. A onda s de D1 habitualmente est&#225; ausente ou n&#227;o &#233; maior que 1 mm.</p>
        <p>Na presen&#231;a das associa&#231;&#245;es acima descritas, observa-se habitualmente acentua&#231;&#227;o nos desvios dos eixos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7.1.6. Situa&#231;&#245;es Especiais Envolvendo a Condu&#231;&#227;o Intraventricular</title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.6.1. Bloqueio Peri-infarto <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr"><sup>98</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS na presen&#231;a de uma onda Q anormal devido ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores ou laterais, com aumento da por&#231;&#227;o final do complexo QRS e de oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; onda Q (isto &#233;, complexo QR).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.6.2. Bloqueio Peri-isquemia <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref> , <xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref> </title>
        <p>Quando h&#225; um aumento transit&#243;rio na dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS acompanhado do desvio do segmento ST visto na fase aguda.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.6.3. Fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS (fQRS) <xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref> , <xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref> </title>
        <p>Presen&#231;a de entalhes na onda R ou S em 2 deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo, ou quando na presen&#231;a deste, o encontro de mais de 2 entalhes. Na presen&#231;a de QRS estreito &#233; melhor visualizada nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores principalmente D3 e aVF. Este diagn&#243;stico deve ser muito bem avaliado quando aparece na onda S em V1 e V2 (deve ser diferenciado dos atrasos finais de condu&#231;&#227;o). Quanto maior o n&#250;mero de deriva&#231;&#245;es com fragmenta&#231;&#227;o, pior o progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.6.4. Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo At&#237;pico <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr"><sup>101</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Quando da ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto em paciente com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo pr&#233;vio, temos a presen&#231;a de ondas Q profundas e largas, padr&#227;o QS em V1-V4 e QR em V5-V6, com fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.6.5. Bloqueio Intraventricular Parietal ou Purkinje/M&#250;sculo ou Focal <xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr"><sup>102</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Quando o dist&#250;rbio dromotr&#243;pico localiza-se entre as fibras de Purkinje e m&#250;sculo, observado em grandes hipertrofias e cardiomiopatias. Pode associar-se ao BDAS esquerdo ou SVE e a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#8805;120 ms sem apresentar morfologia de BRE ou BRE com BDAS esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. An&#225;lise do ECG nas Coronariopatias</title>
      <p>Importante salientar que o ECG normal n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de evento coron&#225;rio, devendo-se seguir a orienta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica para s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. <sup><xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref> , <xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref> </sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Crit&#233;rios Diagn&#243;sticos da Presen&#231;a de Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica <xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr"><sup>105</sup></xref> </title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.1. Presen&#231;a de Isquemia</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Fase hiperaguda &#8211; onda T apiculada e sim&#233;trica como apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica</italic> &#8211; Presen&#231;a de onda T positiva, sim&#233;trica e pontiaguda;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Isquemia subepic&#225;rdica</italic> &#8211; Presen&#231;a de onda T negativa, sim&#233;trica e pontiaguda; atualmente atribui-se a esta altera&#231;&#227;o um padr&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o ou edema e n&#227;o mais correspondendo a uma isquemia real da regi&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica. <sup><xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.2. Isquemia Circunferencial ou Global <xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref> , <xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref> </title>
          <p>Situa&#231;&#227;o peculiar durante epis&#243;dio de angina com infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST em seis ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es, com maior intensidade em V4 a V6 acompanhado de ondas T negativas, em associa&#231;&#227;o a supradesnivelamento ST &gt; 0,5mm em aVR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.3. Altera&#231;&#245;es Secund&#225;rias</title>
          <p>S&#227;o chamadas de altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da onda T aquelas que n&#227;o se enquadram na defini&#231;&#227;o de ondas isqu&#234;micas em especial pela assimetria e pela presen&#231;a de outras caracter&#237;sticas diagn&#243;sticas como as das sobrecargas cavit&#225;rias ou bloqueios intraventriculares.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8.2. Crit&#233;rios Diagn&#243;sticos da Presen&#231;a de Les&#227;o</title>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>les&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica</italic> &#8211; eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J e do segmento ST, com concavidade ou convexidade (mais espec&#237;fica) superior deste segmento em 2 deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas que exploram a regi&#227;o envolvida, de pelo menos 1 mm no plano frontal e precordiais esquerdas. Para as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordias V1 a V3, considerar em mulheres &#8805;1,5 mm, em homens acima de 40 anos &#8805;2,0 mm e abaixo de 40 anos &#8805;2,5 mm de supradesnivelamento ST; <sup><xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>les&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica</italic><sup><xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref></sup> &#8211; depress&#227;o do ponto J e do segmento ST, horizontal ou descendente &#8805;0,5 mm em 2 deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas que exploram as regi&#245;es envolvidas, aferido 60 ms ap&#243;s o ponto J.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Observa&#231;&#227;o: o diagn&#243;stico da corrente de les&#227;o leva em considera&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a concomitante de altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T e do segmento ST reconhecidas em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es concordantes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8.3. Defini&#231;&#227;o das &#193;reas Eletricamente Inativas (AEI)</title>
      <p>Considera-se &#225;rea eletricamente inativa aquela onde n&#227;o existe ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular da forma esperada, sem configurar dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular. &#201; caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, com dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 40 ms, associadas ou n&#227;o &#224; amplitude &gt; 25% de todo QRS ou redu&#231;&#227;o da onda R em &#225;rea onde a mesma &#233; esperada e deveria estar presente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8.4. An&#225;lise Topogr&#225;fica da Isquemia, Les&#227;o e Necrose</title>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4.1. An&#225;lise Topogr&#225;fica das Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Isqu&#234;micas ao ECG (Meyers)</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede anterosseptal &#8211; Deriva&#231;&#245;es V1, V2, V3;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede anterior &#8211; Deriva&#231;&#245;es V1, V2, V3 e V4;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede anterior localizada &#8211; Deriva&#231;&#245;es V3, V4 ou V3-V5;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede anterolateral &#8211; Deriva&#231;&#245;es V4 a V5, V6, D1 e aVL;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede anterior extensa &#8211; V1 a V6 , D1 e aVL;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede lateral &#8211; Deriva&#231;&#245;es V5 e V6.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede lateral alta &#8211; D1 e aVL;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede inferior &#8211; D2, D3 e aVF.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Obs.: Os termos &#8220;parede posterior&#8221; e &#8220;dorsal&#8221; n&#227;o dever&#227;o mais ser utilizados, em vista das evid&#234;ncias atuais de que o registro obtido por V7 a V9 refere-se &#224; parede lateral. <sup><xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4.2. An&#225;lise topogr&#225;fica das manifesta&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas pelo ECG em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica <xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr"><sup>111</sup></xref> </title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede septal &#8211; Q em V1 e V2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede anteroapical &#8211; Q em V1, V2 at&#233; V3-V6;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede anterior m&#233;dia (anteromedial) &#8211; Q (qs ou r) em D1, aVL e, &#224;s vezes, V2 e V3;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede lateral &#8211; Q (qr ou r) em D1, aVL, V5-V6 e/ou RS em V1;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Parede inferior &#8211; Q em D2, D3 e aVF.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Essas localiza&#231;&#245;es apresentam melhor correla&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica nas s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e na necrose, quando presente. As localiza&#231;&#245;es topogr&#225;ficas, descritas acima, podem apresentar varia&#231;&#245;es em virtude de cardiomegalia ou altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais importantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4.3. Correla&#231;&#227;o Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica com a Art&#233;ria Envolvida (Tabela 8.1) <xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr"><sup>112</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Na <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 8.1</xref> , encontramos a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a art&#233;ria culpada e o segmento/parede ventricular envolvido.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 8.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre art&#233;ria envolvida e parede/segmento ventricular (modificado de Selvester RH et al.) <xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr"><sup>112</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8.5. Infartos de Localiza&#231;&#227;o Especial</title>
      <sec>
        <title>8.5.1. Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio de Ventr&#237;culo Direito</title>
        <p>Eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas (V1, V3R, V4R, V5R e V6R), particularmente com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST superior a &gt;1 mm em V4R. A eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST nos infartos do VD aparece por um curto espa&#231;o de tempo devido ao baixo consumo de oxig&#234;nio da musculatura do VD. Geralmente, este infarto associa-se ao infarto da parede inferior e/ou lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. <sup><xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.5.2. Infarto Atrial</title>
        <p>Vis&#237;vel pela presen&#231;a de desnivelamentos do segmento PR maiores que 0,5 mm. Pode associar-se a arritmias atriais. <sup><xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8.6. Diagn&#243;sticos Diferenciais <xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr"><sup>115</sup></xref> </title>
      <sec>
        <title>8.6.1. Isquemia Subepic&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>Isquemia subepic&#225;rdica deve ser diferenciada das altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em SVE ou bloqueios de ramos (aspecto assim&#233;trico da onda T).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.6.2. Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com Supra de ST</title>
        <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supra de ST deve ser diferenciado das seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p> repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pericardite e miocardite;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>IAM antigo com &#225;rea discin&#233;tica e supradesn&#237;vel persistente (aneurisma do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>alguns quadros abdominais agudos como pancreatite;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>hiperpotassemia;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>s&#237;ndromes catecolamin&#233;rgicas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>s&#237;ndrome de Brugada.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8.7. Associa&#231;&#227;o de Infarto com Bloqueios de Ramo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>8.7.1. Infarto de Mioc&#225;rdio na Presen&#231;a de Bloqueio de Ramo Direito (BRD <italic>)</italic> </title>
        <p>O reconhecimento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o &#233; dificultado na presen&#231;a de BRD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.7.2. Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio na Presen&#231;a de Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo (BRE)</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de BRE dificulta o reconhecimento de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio associado. No BRE o atraso da condu&#231;&#227;o inicia com o desaparecimento do primeiro vetor e &#233; m&#233;dio final. No infarto septal vamos observar onda R mais ampla e duradoura que a habitual (pequena ou ausente) do BRE em V1 e/ou V2, associada &#224; onda q de V5 e V6. Nos infartos laterais teremos ondas S empastadas ou com degrau na sua fase ascendente. Nos infartos inferiores tamb&#233;m surgir&#227;o ondas S empastadas ou entalhadas em D2, D3 e aVF. <sup><xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os desnivelamentos do segmento ST podem permitir a identifica&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios definidos por Sgarbossa e cols. A partir de 5 pontos observa-se elevada acur&#225;cia no reconhecimento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. <sup><xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref></sup> </p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>5 pontos: eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805;1,0 mm em concord&#226;ncia com o QRS/T;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>3 pontos: depress&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805;1,0 mm em V1, V2 e V3;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>2 pontos: eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805;5,0 mm em discord&#226;ncia com o QRS/T.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. An&#225;lise da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</title>
      <sec>
        <title>9.1. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular atrav&#233;s do ECG &#233; extremamente complexa, pois esta representa a intera&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios sistemas capazes de se expressarem nos segmentos e ondas el&#233;tricas. O fen&#244;meno da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ganhou maior notoriedade ao trazer contribui&#231;&#245;es para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves e morte s&#250;bita.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1.1. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Normal</title>
          <p>Per&#237;odo entre o final do QRS e o final da onda T ou da onda U, quando presente. Dentro deste per&#237;odo, os seguintes elementos devem ser analisados:</p>
          <sec>
            <title>9.1.1.1. Ponto J</title>
            <p>&#201; o ponto final da inscri&#231;&#227;o do QRS em sua interse&#231;&#227;o com o segmento ST. &#201; &#250;til para o diagn&#243;stico dos desn&#237;veis do segmento ST.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.1.1.2. Segmento ST</title>
            <p>Por&#231;&#227;o do ECG que est&#225; entre o complexo QRS e a onda T, nivelado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base, determinada pelo segmento PR. Geralmente, nos indiv&#237;duos normais, o ST &#233; ligeiramente ascendente em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; onda T (quando esta &#233; positiva) e, ligeiramente descendente, quando a T &#233; negativa.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.1.1.3. Onda T</title>
            <p>A Onda T normal &#233; assim&#233;trica de in&#237;cio mais lento e final mais r&#225;pido, positiva em quase todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es, habitualmente com polaridade semelhante &#224; do QRS e de amplitude equivalente a cerca de 10% a 30% do QRS. Sempre negativa em aVR. Pode apresentar-se isoladamente negativa em V1 e/ou DIII.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.1.1.4. Onda U</title>
            <p>&#218;ltima e menor deflex&#227;o do ECG que, quando presente, inscreve-se logo ap&#243;s a onda T e antes da P do ciclo seguinte, de igual polaridade &#224; T precedente e de amplitude entre 5% e 25% da mesma, na maioria das vezes. Geralmente vis&#237;vel apenas em frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas baixas, tem sua g&#234;nese atribu&#237;da a:</p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>repolariza&#231;&#227;o tardia das fibras de Purkinje;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>repolariza&#231;&#227;o demorada dos m&#250;sculos papilares;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Potenciais residuais tardios do septo;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>atividade das c&#233;lulas M;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>p&#243;s-potenciais de atividade gatilho (&#8220;triggered activity&#8221;).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.1.1.5. Intervalo QT (QT) e Intervalo QT Corrigido (QTc)</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p><italic>QT &#8211;</italic> &#201; a medida do in&#237;cio do QRS ao t&#233;rmino da onda T, portanto representa a dura&#231;&#227;o total da atividade el&#233;trica ventricular;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><italic>QTc &#8211;</italic> Como o QT &#233; vari&#225;vel de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, habitualmente &#233; corrigido (QTc) pela f&#243;rmula de Bazzet, onde:</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <disp-formula id="e1">
              <mml:math>
                <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi>
                    <mml:msup>
                      <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo>
                    </mml:msup>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:msqrt>
                    <mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
                  </mml:msqrt>
                </mml:mfrac>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
            <p><sup>*</sup> QT medido em milissegundos e dist&#226;ncia RR em segundos.</p>
            <p>A f&#243;rmula de Bazzet, <sup><xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref></sup> amplamente utilizada para o c&#225;lculo do QTc, apresenta, no entanto, limita&#231;&#245;es para frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas menores que 60 bpm ou superiores a 90 bpm, devendo-se nesses casos utilizar f&#243;rmulas lineares como as de Framingham <sup><xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref></sup> e Hodges. <sup><xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>Os valores do QT e QTc n&#227;o precisam ser registrados no laudo, mas sempre devem ter sua normalidade verificada. Os valores para o QTc variam com o sexo e s&#227;o aceitos como normais at&#233; o m&#225;ximo de 450 ms para homens e 470 ms para mulheres. Para crian&#231;as, o limite superior do normal &#233; de 460 ms, <sup><xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref></sup> sendo em contrapartida considerado como QT curto os valores menores que 340 ms. <sup><xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>A medida do intervalo QT nos bloqueios de ramo &#233; controversa, destacando-se recentemente a corre&#231;&#227;o simplificada proposta por Bogossian: QTmBR = QTm - 0,5QRS. <sup><xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9.1.2. Variantes da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Normal</title>
      <sec>
        <title>9.1.2.1. Padr&#227;o de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Precoce (RP)</title>
        <p>Historicamente, o achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce sempre foi considerado normal. Algumas publica&#231;&#245;es correlacionando a presen&#231;a de um espessamento ou entalhe da por&#231;&#227;o final do QRS (tamb&#233;m denominado de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce) com maior mortalidade causaram um alvoro&#231;o cient&#237;fico sobre a benignidade desta condi&#231;&#227;o. A RP caracteriza-se pela presen&#231;a obrigat&#243;ria de um entalhe ou espessamento no final do complexo QRS, podendo ou n&#227;o haver eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J. <sup><xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de onda J (espessamento ou entalhe da por&#231;&#227;o final do QRS) com aspecto retificado do ST em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores (isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224;s deriva&#231;&#245;es laterais) pode ser marcador de risco el&#233;trico para o desenvolvimento de taquiarritmias ventriculares. <sup><xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref> - <xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, grandes avan&#231;os ocorreram relacionados &#224; repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Dentre eles temos a dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular como marcador da recupera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o uniforme da excitabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e o reconhecimento da macro ou da microaltern&#226;ncia c&#237;clica da onda T. Deve-se considerar como altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular as modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas na polaridade, na dura&#231;&#227;o, na morfologia dos fen&#244;menos el&#233;tricos acima descritos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10. O ECG nas Canalopatias e Demais Altera&#231;&#245;es Gen&#233;ticas</title>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1. A Gen&#233;tica e o ECG</title>
        <p>O aprimoramento das t&#233;cnicas de mapeamento gen&#233;tico possibilitou, nos &#250;ltimos anos, um melhor entendimento e diferencia&#231;&#227;o de algumas entidades cl&#237;nicas, potencialmente fatais, que apresentam padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico caracter&#237;stico. Dentro deste grupo de doen&#231;as destacam-se aquelas com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal como as canalopatias e outras afec&#231;&#245;es que cursam com acometimento mioc&#225;rdico, como a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e a displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1.1. Canalopatias</title>
          <p>As canalopatias card&#237;acas s&#227;o decorrentes de muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas ou de um mau funcionamento dos canais i&#244;nicos que culminam com altera&#231;&#245;es das fases do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o celular. Achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos espec&#237;ficos, com associa&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope (em repouso ou desencadeada pelo exerc&#237;cio) e presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares em cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal, devem levantar a hip&#243;tese de canalopatias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1.1.1. S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo Cong&#234;nito <xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref> , <xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref> </title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito foi a primeira canalopatia a ser descrita e, portanto, com maior n&#250;mero de estudos. Esses estudos permitiram o entendimento da rela&#231;&#227;o entre biologia molecular e gen&#233;tica e a associa&#231;&#227;o com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e tratamento. Representa a principal causa de aut&#243;psia negativa em casos de morte s&#250;bita em jovens.</p>
          <p>Sua principal caracter&#237;stica &#233; o prolongamento do intervalo QT corrigido ao ECG, com valores acima de 460 ms. Clinicamente, a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ncope ou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria desencadeada por estresse emocional e f&#237;sico deve aventar a hip&#243;tese da s&#237;ndrome do QT longo. Os portadores desta s&#237;ndrome apresentam risco elevado de apresentar uma taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica (TVP), s&#237;ncope e morte s&#250;bita (quando h&#225; degenera&#231;&#227;o desta TVP para uma fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular). A TVP que acontece nos indiv&#237;duas com QT longo recebe o nome de <italic>Torsades des Pointes.</italic> Apesar de 16 genes terem sido identificados como respons&#225;veis pelas muta&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; S&#237;ndrome do QT longo (LQT), s&#227;o tr&#234;s que respondem por 75% dos diagn&#243;sticos: KCNQ1 (LQT1), KCNH2 (LQT2) e SCN5A (LQT3). Os gatilhos para o desencadeamento das arritmias s&#227;o gene-espec&#237;ficos, sendo o exerc&#237;cio mais relacionado &#224; LQT1, emo&#231;&#227;o &#224; LQT2 e a bradicardia &#224; LQT3. S&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas ao ECG:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>LQT1: Onda T de base larga e in&#237;cio tardio;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>LQT2: Onda T de baixa amplitude, geralmente com entalhe;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>LQT3: Onda T tardia, ap&#243;s longo e retificado ST.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1.1.2. S&#237;ndrome do QT Curto <xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref> - <xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref> </title>
          <p>Entidade descrita em 2000, caracteriza-se pelo achado de intervalo QT curto associado &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. O defeito gen&#233;tico desta condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; o aumento da fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais de pot&#225;ssio que atuam na fase 3 do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o, levando ao encurtamento do intervalo QT. Os genes relacionados a essa s&#237;ndrome s&#227;o o KCNH2, KCNQ1 e KCNJ2. Quando o ECG evidencia intervalos QT corrigidos curtos, com valores abaixo de 370 ms e a dist&#226;ncia entre ponto J e o pico da onda T inferior a 120 ms, suspeita-se do diagn&#243;stico de QT curto. A probabilidade diagn&#243;stica aumenta com intervalos QTc menores que 340 ms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1.1.3. S&#237;ndrome de Brugada <xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref> - <xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref> </title>
          <p>Canalopatia causada por um defeito dos canais de s&#243;dio no epic&#225;rdio do VD, acometendo predominantemente o sexo masculino. Alguns indiv&#237;duos referem hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita familiar. Uma das caracter&#237;sticas da s&#237;ndrome de Brugada &#233; a tend&#234;ncia a desenvolver s&#237;ncopes e/ou parada card&#237;aca decorrente de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Frequentemente, esses eventos ocorrem durante o repouso e sono, podendo tamb&#233;m ser desencadeados por hipertermia e determinadas medica&#231;&#245;es, culminando com morte s&#250;bita.</p>
          <p>Sua transmiss&#227;o &#233; autoss&#244;mica dominante e &#233; respons&#225;vel por 20% das mortes s&#250;bitas com cora&#231;&#227;o normal &#224; aut&#243;psia. &#201; geneticamente heterog&#234;nea, com envolvimento em pelo menos 13 genes. Apesar de mais de 200 muta&#231;&#245;es j&#225; terem sido descritas, a maior parte delas ocorre em genes com impacto na fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais de Na+ (SCN5A), respons&#225;vel pelos indiv&#237;duos afetados em 20% a 25% dos casos.</p>
          <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o de 2 mm ou mais do ponto J nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 e V2, seguido de um descenso lento do segmento ST com convexidade superior e terminando com a invers&#227;o da onda T, caracteriza o padr&#227;o Tipo 1. O diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome de Brugada &#233; feito pelo achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico Tipo 1 associado a sintomas.</p>
          <p>O Tipo 2 caracteriza-se pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J em V1 e V2 com menos de 2 mm, com morfologia em sela do segmento ST. Este padr&#227;o &#233; altamente suspeito, mas; n&#227;o fecha o diagn&#243;stico. Seu car&#225;ter transit&#243;rio dificulta o diagn&#243;stico e, nos casos de d&#250;vida, deve-se fazer o registro com os eletrodos de V1 e V2 nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais superiores. Os eletrodos s&#227;o posicionados no 3&#186; e 2&#186; espa&#231;os intercostais direito e esquerdo. Este posicionamento permite melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VD e aumenta a sensibilidade do ECG para o diagn&#243;stico do padr&#227;o Tipo 1. <sup><xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">138</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>O achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico &#233; denominado de fen&#243;tipo de Brugada quando n&#227;o se sabe ou n&#227;o h&#225; hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de morte s&#250;bita abortada, epis&#243;dios sincopais e/ou familiares de primeiro grau com morte s&#250;bita.</p>
          <p>Fenoc&#243;pia de Brugada &#233; uma entidade caracterizada pelo padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico presumidamente id&#234;ntico ao da s&#237;ndrome, entretanto, provocado por v&#225;rias outras condi&#231;&#245;es. Na fenoc&#243;pia h&#225; um gradiente transmural decorrente de um acentuado entalhe no potencial de a&#231;&#227;o no epic&#225;rdio, mediado pelos canais I <sub>to</sub> e perda do domo do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o,mas; n&#227;o no endoc&#225;rdio. Dentre as situa&#231;&#245;es descritas temos: altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica extra card&#237;aca, isquemia, doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica/peric&#225;rdica e determinadas medica&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1.1.4. Taquicardia Catecolamin&#233;rgica <xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref> , <xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref> </title>
          <p>A taquicardia catecolamin&#233;rgica acomete indiv&#237;duos durante a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia que relatam quadros sincopais, al&#233;m de hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita na fam&#237;lia. As muta&#231;&#245;es heredit&#225;rias ou espor&#225;dicas nos canais de rianodina, respons&#225;veis por regular o c&#225;lcio intracelular, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 50% a 60% dos casos de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica. O ECG de repouso pode apresentar-se dentro dos limites normais, podendo apresentar bradicardia sinusal e ondas U, sendo caracter&#237;stica a indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular bidirecional desencadeada pelo teste ergom&#233;trico ou infus&#227;o de isoproterenol.</p>
          <p>Achado frequente s&#227;o extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, geralmente isoladas, intermitentes, bigeminadas e pareadas que aumentam sua densidade ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10.1.2. Doen&#231;as Gen&#233;ticas com Acometimento Prim&#225;rio Card&#237;aco</title>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1.2.1. Cardiomiopatia (Displasia) Arritmog&#234;nica de Ventr&#237;culo Direito <xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref> - <xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref> </title>
        <p>Doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica que leva ao acometimento prim&#225;rio do VD, com substitui&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos por tecido fibrogorduroso, associada a arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte s&#250;bita. Ao ECG, caracteriza-se pela presen&#231;a de atraso final da condu&#231;&#227;o do QRS (dura&#231;&#227;o &gt;110 ms) com baixa voltagem e maior dura&#231;&#227;o em V1/V2 (onda &#233;psilon, presente em 30% dos casos), associado a ondas T negativas de V1 a V4, arredondadas e assim&#233;tricas. Associa&#231;&#227;o com extrass&#237;stoles de origem no VD (que se apresentam com morfologia de BRE), podendo ter orienta&#231;&#227;o superior ou inferior. O achado de ondas T negativas at&#233; V6 sugere o comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1.2.2. Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica <xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref> , <xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref> </title>
        <p>Doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria do cora&#231;&#227;o, de base gen&#233;tica com heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante (doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica card&#237;aca mais comum: 1:500 nascidos vivos), com v&#225;rias muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas descritas. Ocorre hipertrofia ventricular acentuada, segmentar ou difusa. O ECG &#233; alterado em pelo menos 75% dos pacientes, com boa sensibilidade para a faixa pedi&#225;trica. <sup><xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref></sup> Caracteriza-se pelo encontro de ondas Q r&#225;pidas e profundas em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e/ou precordiais, em geral associadas a sinais cl&#225;ssicos de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e acompanhadas de altera&#231;&#245;es de ST-T caracter&#237;sticas (importante infradesnivelamento do segmento ST com profundas ondas T negativas).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10.1.3. Doen&#231;as Gen&#233;ticas com Acometimento Secund&#225;rio Card&#237;aco</title>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1.3.1. Distrofia Muscular <xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr"><sup>148</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Conjunto de doen&#231;as que acometem os m&#250;sculos volunt&#225;rios prioritariamente e em algumas delas, ocorre acometimento dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios e do cora&#231;&#227;o. No ECG, os achados mais comuns s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de onda R ampla (rela&#231;&#227;o R/S &gt;1) em V1 e V2, onda Q profunda em V6, DI e aVL, atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito, complexos QS em I, aVL, D1, D2 e D3 e altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11. Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das Altera&#231;&#245;es Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em Situa&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas Espec&#237;ficas</title>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1. Condi&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas que Alteram o ECG</title>
        <p>H&#225; uma miscel&#226;nea de condi&#231;&#245;es em que o ECG apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es peculiares, n&#227;o s&#243; nas cardiopatias como tamb&#233;m em doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, em dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e na a&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos. Em algumas delas, como nas s&#237;ndromes do QT longo, de Wolff-Parkinson-White e de Brugada, o ECG &#233; o exame mais sens&#237;vel e espec&#237;fico para o diagn&#243;stico. <sup><xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref></sup> Em outras, como no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, na pericardite e na intoxica&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica, o ECG &#233; um pouco menos sens&#237;vel, mas continua sendo um dos principais m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e a s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White, em raz&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia e da import&#226;ncia, s&#227;o analisados em cap&#237;tulos separados desta diretriz. As demais situa&#231;&#245;es foram agrupadas nesta se&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Nas condi&#231;&#245;es abaixo relacionadas em ordem alfab&#233;tica, analisaremos os par&#226;metros altamente espec&#237;ficos para o diagn&#243;stico. Recomendamos, entretanto, que na conclus&#227;o dos relat&#243;rios sejam mencionadas as frases &#8220;ECG sugestivo de&#8221;, ou &#8220;ECG compat&#237;vel com&#8221;.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.1. A&#231;&#227;o Digit&#225;lica</title>
          <p>Depress&#227;o de ST-T de concavidade superior (onda T &#8220;em colher&#8221;); diminui&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc. Na intoxica&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica podem ocorrer v&#225;rias arritmias, predominando a extrassistolia ventricular. A presen&#231;a das arritmias taquicardia bidirecional e taquicardia atrial com condu&#231;&#227;o AV vari&#225;vel &#233; altamente sugestiva da presen&#231;a de intoxica&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica, bem como as bradiarritmias (bloqueios atrioventriculares de 1&#186; grau e 2&#186; grau tipo 1).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.2. Altera&#231;&#245;es de ST-T por F&#225;rmacos</title>
          <p>Aumento do intervalo QTc. As drogas que interferem podem ser encontradas no seguinte endere&#231;o eletr&#244;nico: <underline>http://www.azcert.org/medical-pros/drug-lists/drug-lists.cfm</underline> <sup><xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.3. Altern&#226;ncia El&#233;trica</title>
          <p>Presen&#231;a de QRS com amplitudes alternadamente maiores e menores, c&#237;clicas e n&#227;o relacionadas &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o, em QRS sucessivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.4. Altern&#226;ncia da Onda T</title>
          <p>Sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica tem sido cada vez mais investigada. Caracteriza-se pela varia&#231;&#227;o da amplitude, do formato e orienta&#231;&#227;o da onda T, batimento a batimento, podendo essas varia&#231;&#245;es ser epis&#243;dicas ou permanentes. Ao ECG convencional, as varia&#231;&#245;es podem ser macrosc&#243;picas (macroaltern&#226;ncia) ou t&#227;o pequenas que h&#225; necessidade do aux&#237;lio de algoritmos computadorizados para sua an&#225;lise (microaltern&#226;ncia).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.5. Comprometimento Agudo do Sistema Nervoso Central</title>
          <p>Ondas T negativas gigantes (mais raramente positivas), simulando isquemia subepic&#225;rdica (onda T cerebral); aumento do intervalo QTc; quando tratado, apresenta reversibilidade das altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.6. Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial (CIA)</title>
          <p>Atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito e poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo direito. A associa&#231;&#227;o com o desvio do eixo do QRS para cima e para a esquerda est&#225; relacionada com a CIA <italic>ostium primum</italic> . N&#227;o &#233; infrequente o aparecimento de arritmias supraventriculares como fibrila&#231;&#227;o/flutter atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.7. COVID-19</title>
          <p>O comprometimento card&#237;aco decorrente da COVID-19 pode chegar a 44% dos casos graves, sendo que altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram encontradas em at&#233; 93% dos hospitalizados em estado cr&#237;tico. Dentre as explica&#231;&#245;es para as altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas com modifica&#231;&#245;es do ECG temos: tempestade das citocinas, les&#227;o pela hip&#243;xia, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas, ruptura de placa, espasmo coronariano, microtrombo e les&#227;o direta endotelial ou mioc&#225;rdica. O ECG pode apresentar: taquicardias supraventriculares (taquicardia sinusal, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, flutter atrial, taquicardia por reentrada nodal), arritmia ventricular maligna (taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica e polim&#243;rfica / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular), bradicardia e bloqueios AV (segundo e terceiro graus), aumento do intervalo QT, bloqueio de ramos direito e esquerdo, desvio do eixo do QRS para a direita, eleva&#231;&#227;o ou depress&#227;o do segmento ST, invers&#227;o da onda T, ondas Q patol&#243;gicas e sinais de tromboembolismo pulmonar (taquicardia sinusal / fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, sobrecarga do VD, BRD, invers&#227;o T de V1 a V3, S1Q3T3). Al&#233;m disso, a COVID-19 pode desmascarar o padr&#227;o de Brugada naqueles indiv&#237;duos portadores da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.8. Derrame Peric&#225;rdico</title>
          <p>Efeito diel&#233;trico (ver item 11.14), taquicardia sinusal e altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.9. Dextrocardia</title>
          <p>Onda P negativa em D1 e V6 e positiva em aVR; complexos QRS negativos em D1 e aVL e progressivamente menores de V1 a V6 (principal diagn&#243;stico diferencial com a troca de eletrodos dos MMSS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.10. Dextroposi&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Pode ocorrer onda P negativa ou minus-plus em D1, onda Q profunda em D1 e aVL e complexos qRS a partir das precordiais direitas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.11. Dist&#250;rbios Eletrol&#237;ticos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.11.1. Hiperpotassemia</title>
            <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es dependem dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos e ocorrem sequencialmente: onda T de grande amplitude, sim&#233;trica e de base estreita; redu&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc; dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (QRS alargado); diminui&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda P at&#233; seu desaparecimento, com presen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o sinoventricular.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.11.2. Hipopotassemia</title>
            <p>Aumento da amplitude da onda U; depress&#227;o do segmento ST e da onda T; aumento do intervalo QTU. A mensura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT deve ser feita, preferencialmente, na deriva&#231;&#227;o aVL (onde a onda U tende a ser mais isoel&#233;trica).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.11.3. Hipocalcemia</title>
            <p>Retifica&#231;&#227;o e aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST com consequente aumento do intervalo QTc.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.11.4. Hipercalcemia</title>
            <p>Encurtamento e eventual desaparecimento do segmento ST com consequente encurtamento do intervalo QT.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.12. Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica (DPOC)</title>
            <p>Efeito diel&#233;trico (ver item 11.1.14); desvio do eixo do complexo QRS para direita; desvio posterior da zona de transi&#231;&#227;o precordial do QRS para a esquerda (rS de V1 a V6). A presen&#231;a de cardiopatia associada acarreta, tamb&#233;m, na sobrecarga das c&#226;maras direitas e desvio do eixo da onda P para a direita, pr&#243;ximo de +90&#186; (P <italic>pulmonale</italic> ).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11.1.13. Drogas Antiarr&#237;tmicas</title>
      <p>As drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas podem estar relacionadas ao fen&#244;meno de pr&#243;-arritmia e, a seguir, apresentaremos as que mais interferem no ECG.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.13.1. Amiodarona</title>
        <p>Droga antiarr&#237;tmica da classe III, pode provocar o prolongamento do intervalo PR, bradicardia sinusal, aumento do intervalo QTc (sem aumento na dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, menor chance do aparecimento de <italic>Torsades des Pointes</italic> ) e altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T. Estas s&#227;o melhor observadas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, tendo como caracter&#237;stica principal uma onda T b&#237;fida ou achatada no seu pico. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m podem ser observadas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal, o que diferencia da onda T b&#237;fida da crian&#231;a que, habitualmente, &#233; mais observada nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do prec&#243;rdio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.13.2. Propafenona</title>
        <p>Droga antiarr&#237;tmica da classe IC, pode provocar bloqueios AV e arritmias ventriculares complexas (extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares pareadas/em salva, TVNS e TV polim&#243;rfica), especialmente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.13.3. Sotalol</title>
        <p>Droga antiarr&#237;tmica da classe III, pode provocar bradicardia sinusal, bloqueios AV, aumento do intervalo QTc (TV polim&#243;rfica).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.14. Efeito Diel&#233;trico</title>
        <p>Baixa voltagem do QRS em todo o tra&#231;ado (&lt;0,5 mV nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal e &lt;1,0 mV nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais). Pode ser decorrente de derrame peric&#225;rdico volumoso, derrame pleural, enfisema, DPOC, obesidade m&#243;rbida e anasarca. Hipotireoidismo e doen&#231;as infiltrativas card&#237;acas tamb&#233;m podem apresentar um padr&#227;o de baixa voltagem.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.15. Embolia Pulmonar</title>
        <p>Taquicardia sinusal, atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o no ramo direito, desvio agudo do eixo do QRS para direita, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (V1 a V3) e negativa&#231;&#227;o de ondas T de V1 a V3, preferencialmente. Pode ocorrer a cl&#225;ssica morfologia S1Q3T3.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11.1.16. Fen&#244;meno de Ashman (ou de Gounaux-Ashman) <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr"><sup>17</sup></xref> </title>
      <p>Condu&#231;&#227;o aberrante, em batimento de origem supraventricular, que segue um ciclo longo-ciclo curto, em raz&#227;o do aumento do per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o principalmente no ramo direito do His, sendo mais frequente na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. <sup><xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref> , <xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref> </sup> A manuten&#231;&#227;o da aberr&#226;ncia nos batimentos subsequentes &#233; decorrente da condu&#231;&#227;o transeptal retr&#243;grada oculta.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11.1.17. Hipotermia</title>
      <p>Bradicardia, presen&#231;a de entalhe final do QRS de grande amplitude e curta dura&#231;&#227;o (onda J ou de Osborn) e prolongamento do intervalo QT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11.1.18. Hipotireoidismo</title>
      <p>Pode apresentar, em casos graves (mixedema), bradicardia, baixa voltagem e altera&#231;&#227;o difusa da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11.1.19. Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas da hiperpotassemia e da hipocalcemia est&#225; relacionada a d&#233;ficit funcional renal importante.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11.1.20. Pericardite <xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr"><sup>154</sup></xref> </title>
      <p>As seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas podem ser vistas na fase aguda do processo inflamat&#243;rio, geralmente ocorrendo na sequ&#234;ncia abaixo:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>Depress&#227;o do segmento PR</italic> em D1, D2, aVF e de V2 a V6. Eleva&#231;&#227;o do mesmo segmento em aVR, podendo; tamb&#233;m; ocorrer em V1;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>Segmento ST</italic> &#8211; Eleva&#231;&#227;o difusa com concavidade superior com exce&#231;&#227;o de V1 e aVR. N&#227;o ocorrem ondas q associadas;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>Onda T</italic> &#8211; Na fase inicial se apresenta pouco aumentada e sim&#233;trica. Caracteristicamente n&#227;o apresenta invers&#227;o enquanto ocorrem manifesta&#231;&#245;es de eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST. Pode apresentar invers&#227;o na fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a, ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do ST. Quando esta ocorre, raramente &#233; profunda o suficiente para assemelhar-se ao padr&#227;o da onda T isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11.1.21. Quimioter&#225;picos <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> - <xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref> </title>
      <p>O advento dos novos quimioter&#225;picos tem propiciado uma sobrevida maior destes pacientes, tornando-se importante reconhecer esses efeitos. Anormalidades do ECG podem ocorrer em pacientes com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica induzida por drogas quimioter&#225;picas. Com uma patog&#234;nese complexa, as altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG podem depender tanto da a&#231;&#227;o t&#243;xica direta dos quimioter&#225;picos sobre o substrato eletrofisiol&#243;gico, como por agress&#227;o direta ao mioc&#225;rdio, endoc&#225;rdio e peric&#225;rdio por processos de isquemia, inflama&#231;&#227;o ou por radia&#231;&#227;o. Motivo pelo qual as altera&#231;&#245;es que acompanham a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas, mas podem, inclusive, preceder os sintomas, ou mesmo antes das altera&#231;&#245;es ao ecocardiograma. Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o melhor identificados com o sequenciamento do exame. Dentre eles temos a taquicardia sinusal, o achatamento ou invers&#227;o da onda T, o aumento do QT e a baixa voltagem.</p>
      <p>Algumas arritmias, por vezes graves como <italic>Torsades des Pointes</italic> , taquicardia/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, podem ocorrer no curso do tratamento.</p>
      <p>As mais conhecidas s&#227;o as antraciclinas, entretanto, h&#225; tamb&#233;m os agentes alquilantes (ciclofosfamida), anti-metab&#243;licos (5-Fluoroulacil), agentes anti-microt&#250;bulos (paclitaxel), drogas imunomoduladoras (talidomida) e terapias-alvo do c&#226;ncer.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>12. O ECG em Atletas</title>
      <sec>
        <title>12.1. A Import&#226;ncia do ECG do Atleta <xref rid="B159" ref-type="bibr">159</xref> - <xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">164</xref> </title>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, decorrentes de adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas ao treinamento (sem haver, necessariamente, a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas/estruturais), tornam a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG de um atleta um desafio. Com a inclus&#227;o do ECG de repouso na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o esportiva, devemos estar a par das recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Atualmente, os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, em atletas, podem ser divididos em tr&#234;s categorias:</p>
        <sec>
          <title>12.1.1. Achados Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos Normais (Grupo 1)</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Aumento da voltagem do QRS para SVE ou SVD;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce / eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST seguida de invers&#227;o da onda T (V1 a V4) em atletas negros;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Invers&#227;o da onda T (V1 a V3) em atletas com idade menor 16 anos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bradicardia sinusal / arritmia sinusal;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ritmo ect&#243;pico atrial ou juncional;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>BAV de 1&#186; grau;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>BAV de 2&#186; grau tipo I.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>12.1.2. Achados Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos Anormais (Grupo 2)</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Invers&#227;o de onda T nas outras situa&#231;&#245;es;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Depress&#227;o do segmento ST;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ondas Q patol&#243;gicas;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#8805; 160 ms;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Onda &#201;psilon;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Intervalo QT pro&#231;ongado;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bradicardia sinusal acentuada (&lt; 30bpm);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Intervalo Pr &#8805; 400 ms;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>BAV de 2&#186; grau tipo II;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>BAV de 3&#186; grau ou total;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Duas ou mais extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Taquiarritmias atriais;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Arritmias ventriculares.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>12.1.3. Achados Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos Lim&#237;trofes (Grupo 3)</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Desvio do eixo QRS para a esquerda (cima);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Desvio do eixo do QRS para a direita;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Aumento do &#225;trio direito;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bloqueio de ramo direito.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Aqueles atletas com ECG normal n&#227;o necessitam de mais investiga&#231;&#227;o, desde que sejam assintom&#225;ticos e sem hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca heredit&#225;ria e/ou morte s&#250;bita. Por outro lado, os com ECG com os achados do grupo 2 devem ser investigados sobre transtornos cardiovasculares patol&#243;gicos associados &#224; morte s&#250;bita em atletas. Todas as altera&#231;&#245;es mencionadas nesse grupo podem ser manifesta&#231;&#245;es estruturais no atleta. Finalmente, atletas com ECG lim&#237;trofe ser&#227;o dispensados de maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es desde que apresentem APENAS uma das altera&#231;&#245;es (grupo 3), al&#233;m de ser assintom&#225;tico e sem hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca heredit&#225;ria e/ou morte s&#250;bita. Caso apresente duas ou mais das altera&#231;&#245;es listadas (grupo 3), deve ser tamb&#233;m investigada a presen&#231;a de transtornos cardiovasculares patol&#243;gicos associados &#224; morte s&#250;bita em atletas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>13. O ECG em Crian&#231;as</title>
      <sec>
        <title>13.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora os princ&#237;pios gerais para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG da crian&#231;a e do adulto sejam bastante semelhantes, a an&#225;lise do ECG pedi&#225;trico constitui um desafio &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Tal fato se deve, em grande parte, &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos espec&#237;ficos na crian&#231;a ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.1</xref> ), relacionados &#224; idade e &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e fisiol&#243;gicas pr&#243;prias do desenvolvimento. <sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 13.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos normais e particulares da crian&#231;a</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PR mais curto que o do adulto e complexos QRS mais estreitos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desvio do S&#194;QRS para a direita &#233; normal no primeiro ano de vida</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ondas Q proeminentes nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e laterais</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A an&#225;lise da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; mais importante que a amplitude do QRS para o diagn&#243;stico das sobrecargas ventriculares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T negativa de V1 a V4 (at&#233; os 12 anos de idade)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda T b&#237;fida ou entalhada nas precordiais direitas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda U proeminente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es comuns e fisiol&#243;gicas do ritmo: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Onda U proeminente</p></list-item><list-item><p>Arritmia sinusal pronunciada, ritmo atrial baixo fisiol&#243;gico</p></list-item><list-item><p>Bloqueios atrioventriculares de primeiro grau e de segundo grau tipo I fisiol&#243;gicos</p></list-item><list-item><p>Extrass&#237;stoles atriais e ventriculares eventuais</p></list-item></list></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O ECG do rec&#233;m-nascido reflete as repercuss&#245;es da circula&#231;&#227;o fetal sobre o ventr&#237;culo direito e as altera&#231;&#245;es anatomofisiol&#243;gicas decorrentes da transi&#231;&#227;o para a circula&#231;&#227;o neonatal. At&#233; a 32 <sup>a</sup> semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; maior que o direito. A partir dessa fase at&#233; o final da gesta&#231;&#227;o, prevalece o ventr&#237;culo direito devido ao aumento progressivo da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. <sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup> Ao nascimento, a aera&#231;&#227;o dos pulm&#245;es leva &#224; queda acentuada da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, enquanto a remo&#231;&#227;o da placenta e fechamento do canal arterial elevam a resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica. <sup><xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">167</xref></sup> Em geral, ao final do primeiro m&#234;s de vida, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo se iguala ao direito para depois predominar anatomicamente sobre o ventr&#237;culo direito. <sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref> , <xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">167</xref> </sup> A maioria das mudan&#231;as adaptativas acontecem ao nascimento e durante o primeiro ano de vida. O amadurecimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, o crescimento corporal e altera&#231;&#245;es na posi&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o ocorrem de maneira progressiva at&#233; a fase adulta. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> Como resultado, o ECG normal muda rapidamente nas primeiras semanas de vida da crian&#231;a, e somente por volta dos dois a tr&#234;s anos de idade a crian&#231;a come&#231;a a apresentar gradativamente padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos semelhantes aos de um adulto. <sup><xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">167</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.2. Aspectos T&#233;cnicos</title>
        <p>O ECG de crian&#231;as deve incluir as doze deriva&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas, que podem ser complementadas pelas deriva&#231;&#245;es V3R e V4R quando h&#225; suspeita de sobrecarga das c&#226;maras direitas. <sup><xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">169</xref></sup> Artefatos s&#227;o comuns e em geral se devem a posicionamento inadequado dos eletrodos, deformidades na parede tor&#225;cica, e movimentos (volunt&#225;rios ou n&#227;o) pr&#243;prios de cada faixa et&#225;ria. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, a varia&#231;&#227;o nos valores normais de diversos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos com a idade faz da consulta a tabelas e gr&#225;ficos, pr&#225;tica corriqueira e necess&#225;ria. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> Grande parte desses valores, particularmente os relacionados ao primeiro ano de vida, deriva dos dados canadenses de Davignon et al., <sup><xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">171</xref></sup> que, apesar da exist&#234;ncia de estudos mais recentes, <sup><xref rid="B172" ref-type="bibr">172</xref></sup> permanecem como principal refer&#234;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.2</xref> ). Ainda &#233; discut&#237;vel se esses dados podem ser extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. H&#225;, atualmente, dois estudos baseados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Um deles, com quase cem rec&#233;m-nascidos a termo com ecocardiograma normal na primeira semana de vida, mostrou par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos diferentes dos de Davignon. <sup><xref rid="B173" ref-type="bibr">173</xref></sup> O segundo, numa popula&#231;&#227;o acima de um ano de idade, incluiu mais de um milh&#227;o de crian&#231;as. <sup><xref rid="B174" ref-type="bibr">174</xref></sup> A leitura computadorizada e autom&#225;tica do ECG tem acur&#225;cia question&#225;vel em pediatria e seu uso rotineiro ainda n&#227;o &#233; recomend&#225;vel. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 13.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de normalidade de acordo com a idade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>0-1 dia</th>
                  <th>1-3 dias</th>
                  <th>3-7 dias</th>
                  <th>7-30 dias</th>
                  <th>1-3 meses</th>
                  <th>3-6 meses</th>
                  <th>6-12 meses</th>
                  <th>1-3 anos</th>
                  <th>3-5 anos</th>
                  <th>5-8 anos</th>
                  <th>8-12 anos</th>
                  <th>12-16 anos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC</td>
                  <td align="center">94 - 155</td>
                  <td align="center">91 - 158</td>
                  <td align="center">90 - 166</td>
                  <td align="center">106 - 182</td>
                  <td align="center">120 - 179</td>
                  <td align="center">105 - 185</td>
                  <td align="center">108 - 169</td>
                  <td align="center">89 - 152</td>
                  <td align="center">73 - 137</td>
                  <td align="center">65 - 133</td>
                  <td align="center">62 - 160</td>
                  <td align="center">60 - 120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P (mV)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01 - 0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 - 0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 - 0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06 - 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 - 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 - 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 - 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 - 0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR D2 (segundos)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08 - 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08 - 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 - 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08 - 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08 - 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09 - 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09 - 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09 - 0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS (segundos)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 - 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 - 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 - 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 - 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 - 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 - 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 - 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 - 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 - 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 - 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 - 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 - 0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#194;QRS</td>
                  <td align="center">59 - 189</td>
                  <td align="center">64 - 197</td>
                  <td align="center">76 - 191</td>
                  <td align="center">70 - 160</td>
                  <td align="center">30 - 115</td>
                  <td align="center">7 - 105</td>
                  <td align="center">6 - 98</td>
                  <td align="center">7 - 102</td>
                  <td align="center">6 - 104</td>
                  <td align="center">10 - 139</td>
                  <td align="center">6 - 116</td>
                  <td align="center">9 - 128</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; mV: milivolts.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3. Par&#226;metros Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e suas Varia&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O ECG de crian&#231;a deve ser avaliado sistematicamente e de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.2</xref> ). Sua an&#225;lise deve considerar da mesma forma que no ECG de adulto: ritmo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, onda P (eixo, amplitude e dura&#231;&#227;o), condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, complexo QRS (eixo, dura&#231;&#227;o e morfologia), segmento ST, onda T e onda U. Devem ser realizados de rotina a medida do intervalo QT e o c&#225;lculo do QT corrigido. <sup><xref rid="B175" ref-type="bibr">175</xref></sup> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>13.3.1. Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Ritmo Sinusal</title>
          <p>A massa contr&#225;til e complac&#234;ncia ventricular s&#227;o relativamente menores na crian&#231;a, particularmente durante o primeiro ano de vida. Como resultado, seu d&#233;bito card&#237;aco depende basicamente da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), que &#233; bem mais elevada em crian&#231;as que em adultos. Um rec&#233;m-nascido saud&#225;vel pode apresentar FC de 150 a 230 bpm, conforme o seu grau de atividade. A FC normal aumenta do primeiro dia at&#233; o primeiro e o segundo m&#234;s de vida e retorna a valores pr&#243;ximos aos registrados ao nascimento no sexto m&#234;s. A partir de ent&#227;o, a FC cai progressivamente para, por volta dos 12 anos, chegar a valores considerados normais para adultos. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>13.3.1.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <p>
              <bold>13.3.1.1.1. Arritmia Sinusal</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Bastante frequente em crian&#231;as, em geral &#233; f&#225;sica e se relaciona &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup> &#201; menos pronunciada em frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas mais elevadas e em neonatos, principalmente na primeira semana de vida.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>13.3.1.1.2. Taquicardia Sinusal</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Ritmo sinusal com FC acima do 98 <sup>o</sup> percentil para a idade, em geral menor que 220 bpm. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> , <xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">171</xref> </sup> A taquicardia sinusal pode ter diversas causas, sendo as mais frequentes: atividade f&#237;sica, febre (aumento da FC em 10 bpm para cada grau Celsius de eleva&#231;&#227;o na temperatura corporal), anemia e desidrata&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> </p>
            <p>
              <bold>13.3.1.1.3. Bradicardia Sinusal</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca abaixo do 2 <sup>o</sup> percentil para a idade <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> , <xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">171</xref> </sup> ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.2</xref> ). Pode ter v&#225;rias etiologias, como infec&#231;&#245;es, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, hipotermia, hipotireoidismo e aumento da press&#227;o intracraniana. Em neonatos, a ocorr&#234;ncia de bradicardia sinusal transit&#243;ria pode estar associada &#224; passagem transplacent&#225;ria de anticorpos anti-Ro/SSA, principalmente em m&#227;es portadoras de l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico ou outras doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo. Por fim, pacientes com canalopatias card&#237;acas, como a s&#237;ndrome do QT longo tipo 3 e a s&#237;ndrome de Brugada, podem manifestar bradicardia sinusal.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>13.3.1.1.4. Outras Bradicardias</bold>
            </p>
            <p>O prolongamento s&#250;bito do intervalo P-P &#233; comum, ocorre em quase metade dos neonatos normais e um sexto dos adolescentes. Essas pausas com frequ&#234;ncia se relacionam a um aumento no t&#244;nus vagal <sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup> e algumas podem ser sucedidas por batimentos de escape supraventriculares ou ventriculares. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>13.3.2. A onda P e a Atividade El&#233;trica Atrial</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de ativa&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios permanecem relativamente constantes ao ECG em todas as idades. A determina&#231;&#227;o do eixo da onda P &#233; crucial para a determina&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o de origem do ritmo, do situs v&#237;scero-atrial e da posi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> O eixo da onda P (S&#194;P) sinusal est&#225; entre 0 e +90 graus. A onda P normal n&#227;o deve ultrapassar 0,12 s de dura&#231;&#227;o e 2,5 mm de amplitude, par&#226;metros que pouco variam nas diferentes faixas et&#225;rias da crian&#231;a ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.2</xref> ).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.2.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.2.1.1. Sobrecargas Atriais</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A sobrecarga atrial direita produz um aumento na amplitude da onda P, melhor visualizado em DII.</p>
        <p>A sobrecarga atrial esquerda se caracteriza pelo aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o total da onda P (conforme o percentil para a idade) e/ou da sua deflex&#227;o final em V1 (&gt; 40ms em dura&#231;&#227;o e &gt; 0,1 mV em amplitude). <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.2.1.2. Ritmo Juncional</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Caracterizado por mudan&#231;as na morfologia da onda P e diminui&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR, usualmente associadas &#224; lentifica&#231;&#227;o gradual da frequ&#234;ncia sinusal. O ritmo juncional pode ocorrer em at&#233; um ter&#231;o das crian&#231;as normais e tem dura&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel. &#201; mais comum durante o sono, mas pode ocorrer na vig&#237;lia e, em geral, n&#227;o tem significado patol&#243;gico.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>13.3.3. Intervalo PR e a Condu&#231;&#227;o Atrioventricular</title>
      <p>O intervalo PR aumenta com a idade, &#233; inversamente proporcional &#224; FC e varia conforme o t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.2</xref> ).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.3.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.3.1.1. Bloqueios Atrioventriculares</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Epis&#243;dios de bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau e de segundo grau tipo I ocorrem em cerca de 10% das crian&#231;as e at&#233; 20% dos adolescentes normais, eventualmente ocorrendo per&#237;odos de bloqueio atrioventricular do tipo 2:1. S&#227;o mais frequentes durante o sono, mas podem tamb&#233;m ocorrer na vig&#237;lia, principalmente em indiv&#237;duos vagot&#244;nicos e atletas. <sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os bloqueios atrioventriculares de segundo grau tipo II e avan&#231;ado, e o de terceiro grau (bloqueio atrioventricular total &#8211; BAVT) s&#227;o geralmente patol&#243;gicos, e podem ocorrer de maneira isolada ou se associar a malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas complexas. A forma isolada do BAVT cong&#234;nito incide em 1:20.000 nascidos vivos e comumente se relaciona &#224; passagem transplacent&#225;ria dos anticorpos maternos anti-Ro/SSA e anti-La/SSB. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.3.1.2. Intervalo PR curto e Pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O intervalo PR curto pode ser detectado nos casos de ritmos atriais baixos ou juncionais e em doen&#231;as de ac&#250;mulo, como as de Pompe e de Fabry. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref> , <xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>A pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular caracteriza-se pelo encurtamento do intervalo PR associado &#224; onda delta. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> A pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular intermitente n&#227;o &#233; incomum entre rec&#233;m-nascidos e crian&#231;as. Mesmo quando persistentes, as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas da pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o podem ser sutis em crian&#231;as e detectadas apenas atrav&#233;s das deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais m&#233;dias (V3-V4). A s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) tem incid&#234;ncia de 0,15 a 0,3% na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica em geral. Verifica-se aumento da preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular em indiv&#237;duos portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, anomalia de Ebstein, L-transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias e tumores card&#237;acos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>13.3.4. Atividade El&#233;trica Ventricular</title>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es mais acentuadas da atividade el&#233;trica ventricular ocorrem durante o primeiro ano de vida da crian&#231;a. Nos primeiros dias de vida, o eixo el&#233;trico do QRS (S&#194;QRS) orienta-se para a direita e para baixo no plano frontal, pode variar entre 55&#176; e 200 <sup>o</sup> e reflete o predom&#237;nio do VD sobre o VE, menos evidente nos tra&#231;ados de rec&#233;m-nascidos pr&#233;-termo, uma vez que no feto com menos de 32 semanas, o VE &#233; maior que o VD. &#192; medida que a crian&#231;a cresce, o S&#194;QRS se devia para a esquerda e, quando a crian&#231;a completa seis meses, est&#225; ao redor de 65&#186;. <sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup> No plano horizontal, o eixo do QRS orienta-se para a direita e para frente ao nascimento. Ainda durante a primeira semana de vida, o S&#194;QRS desvia-se para a esquerda, mas mant&#233;m orienta&#231;&#227;o anterior, resultando no aumento da onda R em V6 com persist&#234;ncia de R pura em V1. O desvio do eixo do QRS para tr&#225;s no plano horizontal &#233; gradativo. Desta forma, a onda R diminui lentamente em V1 no decorrer do primeiro ano de vida, mesmo quando j&#225; exibe padr&#245;es normais em V5 e V6. <sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup> A morfologia dos complexos QRS nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais muda durante o desenvolvimento da crian&#231;a e &#233; ditada pelas altera&#231;&#245;es do eixo de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular. Observam-se:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Amplitude da onda R de V1 cresce durante o primeiro m&#234;s de vida da crian&#231;a e depois diminui lentamente por v&#225;rios anos. Sua amplitude nessa deriva&#231;&#227;o deve ser &lt; 18 mm no primeiro ano de vida e &lt; 10 mm ap&#243;s;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Do nascimento at&#233; os seis meses, a R de V1 &#233; maior que a R de V6. A amplitude da R em V1 torna-se praticamente igual &#224; de V6 entre os seis e doze meses. A partir de ent&#227;o, a amplitude da R aumenta em V6 e diminui em V1 progressivamente;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Ondas Q s&#227;o normais e podem ser bastante pronunciadas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e precordiais laterais esquerdas, representando a ativa&#231;&#227;o septal, embora estejam ausentes em DI e aVL. A amplitude das ondas Q varia conforme a idade da crian&#231;a e a deriva&#231;&#227;o analisada. Sua dura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deve ultrapassar o valor de 0,03 s ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.2</xref> ).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Em neonatos, o QRS pode ser bastante estreito &#8211; em geral menor que 0,08 s. Sua dura&#231;&#227;o aumenta progressivamente com a idade, principalmente a partir do terceiro ano de vida ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.2</xref> ).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.4.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4.1.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es do Eixo e da Amplitude do QRS</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O desvio do eixo para a esquerda pode ser observado em diversas doen&#231;as, dentre elas defeitos do septo ventricular, atresia tric&#250;spide e s&#237;ndrome de WPW, mas pode ser uma variante do normal. O desvio do eixo para a direita pode acontecer na S&#237;ndrome de Noonan mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar importante e na sobrecarga de VD. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo direito: pode ser suspeitada na presen&#231;a de onda T positiva em V1 ap&#243;s a primeira semana de vida e do aumento das amplitudes da R, em V1, e da S, em V6. O padr&#227;o QR em V1 &#233; comumente visto nos casos de sobrecargas press&#243;ricas e o rSR&#8217; nos quadros de sobrecarga de volume do VD; <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: o ECG tem acur&#225;cia limitada para detec&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga do VE em crian&#231;as. Os sinais que mais auxiliam no diagn&#243;stico da SVE s&#227;o aumento da S em V1, aumento da amplitude da R em V6 e anormalidades da onda T em V5 e V6; <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Sobrecarga bicameral (VD + VE): resulta em complexos amplos e isodif&#225;sicos nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais m&#233;dias &#8211; sinal de Katz-Wachtel. A soma de R+S &gt; 60 mm em V4 &#233; bastante espec&#237;fica e pode ocorrer, por exemplo, nos casos de defeitos amplos do septo interventricular. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4.1.2. Altera&#231;&#245;es das Ondas Q</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Ondas Q patol&#243;gicas podem ser vistas em crian&#231;as com coron&#225;ria an&#244;mala, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, miocardites, miocardiopatias e distrofias musculares. <sup><xref rid="B175" ref-type="bibr">175</xref></sup> S&#227;o frequentes no ECG de pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, principalmente nas deriva&#231;&#245;es anterolaterais (V4 a V6, DI e aVL) e, geralmente, est&#227;o associadas a sinais de sobrecarga ventricular, altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST e da onda T. <sup><xref rid="B176" ref-type="bibr">176</xref></sup> Deve-se ressaltar que a presen&#231;a de onda Q em V1 &#233; sempre patol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4.1.3. Dist&#250;rbios da Condu&#231;&#227;o Intraventricular</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico do bloqueio de ramo em crian&#231;as &#233; determinado pela dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e a idade do paciente ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 13.2</xref> ). O bloqueio de ramo direito pode ocorrer em algumas formas de cardiopatia, como a anomalia de Ebstein, e ap&#243;s cirurgia corretiva de malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas, como a tetralogia de Fallot e a comunica&#231;&#227;o intraventricular. Formas cong&#234;nitas isoladas de bloqueio de ramo, tanto direito ou esquerdo, s&#227;o raras. Atresia tric&#250;spide, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo <italic>ostium primum</italic> , coron&#225;ria an&#244;mala e defeitos do septo atrioventricular podem se associar ao bloqueio divisional anterossuperior do ramo esquerdo. O achado de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo &#233; menos frequente em crian&#231;as. A presen&#231;a de BRE em pacientes com cardiomiopatias graves resulta de acometimento significativo do VE / sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e geralmente carrega um mau progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref> , <xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4.1.4. Onda &#201;psilon e a Cardiomiopatia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Ver item 10.1.2.1.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>13.3.5. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</title>
      <p>A repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; avaliada no ECG de superf&#237;cie atrav&#233;s da medida do intervalo QT e da an&#225;lise da morfologia do segmento ST, da onda T e da onda U, nas diferentes deriva&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.5.1. Intervalo QT</title>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT guarda rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8211; quanto maior a FC, menor o intervalo QT e vice-versa. Em crian&#231;as, certas peculiaridades devem ser analizadas: <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O intervalo QT deve ser medido em DII, V5 e V6 &#8211; utilizar o maior deles para o c&#225;lculo do QTc;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em FC mais altas, a onda P pode se sobrepor &#224; onda T, dificultando a mensura&#231;&#227;o do QT, principalmente se prolongado;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A onda U pode ser bastante proeminente em crian&#231;as e n&#227;o deve ser computada no intervalo QT se estiver bem separada da T. Quando ocorrer fus&#227;o entre T e U, ou se a U for bastante ampla (&gt;50% da T), a t&#233;cnica da tangente deve ser utilizada;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Nos casos de arritmia sinusal importante, o QTc deve ser calculado atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia das medidas obtidas em v&#225;rios ciclos card&#237;acos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aos 4 dias de vida, crian&#231;as de ambos os g&#234;neros t&#234;m QTc m&#233;dio de 400 &#177; 20 ms. Por volta dos dois meses, ocorre um prolongamento fisiol&#243;gico do QTc (m&#233;dia 410 ms), que diminui progressivamente at&#233; os seis meses, quando retorna aos valores registrados na primeira semana de vida;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O intervalo QTc normal em crian&#231;as &#233; de at&#233; 440 ms (percentil 97,5); <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Apesar de seu uso rotineiro como triagem cardiovascular em pediatria ainda estar em debate, o ECG tem papel crucial no diagn&#243;stico precoce de cardiopatias arritmog&#234;nicas letais que se manifestam na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia, com destaque para a s&#237;ndrome do QT longo (vide a seguir).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.1.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.1.1.1. S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Manifesta-se principalmente durante a inf&#226;ncia e a adolesc&#234;ncia &#8211; poucos pacientes t&#234;m sintomas durante o primeiro ano de vida. <sup><xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">177</xref></sup> Morte s&#250;bita &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial da SQTL em at&#233; 12% dos casos. <sup><xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">177</xref></sup> Apesar de a doen&#231;a ser relativamente rara, esfor&#231;os empregados para a sua triagem se justificam pela efic&#225;cia do tratamento precoce na preven&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico diferencial deve ser feito com causas secund&#225;rias de prolongamento do QTc &#8211; vide item 11 para maior detalhamento. Durante os primeiros meses de vida, filhos de m&#227;es portadoras de doen&#231;as autoimunes que expressam o Anti-Ro/SSA podem apresentar QTc bastante prolongado, achado em geral transit&#243;rio e que se normaliza por volta do sexto m&#234;s. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.1.1.2. S&#237;ndrome do QT Curto</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Ver item 10.1.1.2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.5.2. Segmento ST</title>
        <p>O desnivelamento do segmento ST deve ser sempre medido com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha isoel&#233;trica que geralmente est&#225; na altura do segmento PQ. Em neonatos e beb&#234;s, a altura do segmento TP (linha isoel&#233;trica entre onda T e onda P seguinte) &#233; mais indicada como refer&#234;ncia para a linha de base. <sup><xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">164</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2.1. Poss&#237;veis Altera&#231;&#245;es</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2.1.1. Desnivelamentos do Segmento ST</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Discretos desnivelamentos do ST s&#227;o comuns durante o primeiro m&#234;s de vida, quando em geral s&#227;o &lt; 2 mm. Supradesnivelamentos de at&#233; 3 mm ocorrem com alguma const&#226;ncia nas precordiais direitas e constituem achado normal, principalmente a partir de um ano de idade. <sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup> Sobrecargas ventriculares, cardiomiopatias, pericardites, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, anomalia coronariana, f&#225;rmacos, dentre outros, podem alterar a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, levando ao supra ou infradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Apesar de pouco sens&#237;vel, o infradesnivelamento do ST tem boa especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de sobrecarga ventricular. Casos de origem an&#244;mala do tronco coronariano esquerdo (saindo da art&#233;ria pulmonar) manifestam-se como infarto anterior extenso usualmente depois do primeiro m&#234;s de vida. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2.1.2. Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Vide item 9.1.2.1.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2.1.3. Padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Brugada</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o de Brugada &#233; raro em crian&#231;as e sua frequ&#234;ncia &#233; bem menor na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica que na adulta. <sup><xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">177</xref></sup> Maior detalhamento no item 10.1.1.3.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.5.3. Onda T</title>
        <p>Ao nascimento, ondas T positivas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas s&#227;o normais e se devem provavelmente &#224; adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do VD &#224;s novas caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas e menor elasticidade mioc&#225;rdica. Em crian&#231;as normais, ap&#243;s o segundo ou terceiro dia de vida, a onda T passa a se orientar para tr&#225;s e para a esquerda, tornando-se negativa em V1 ao final da primeira semana. Dos sete dias aos sete anos de idade, ondas T positivas em V1 em geral se associam &#224; SVD. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> A onda T pode permanecer negativa de V1 a V4 &#8211; padr&#227;o juvenil &#8211; at&#233; os 12-14 anos, quando se torna positiva de V2 a V6. A persist&#234;ncia de T negativas nessas deriva&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s essa idade pode ser considerada variante do normal em 1-3% dos casos e, portanto, deve ser investigada. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> , <xref rid="B178" ref-type="bibr">178</xref> , <xref rid="B179" ref-type="bibr">179</xref> </sup> Pericardites, miocardites, cardiomiopatias, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, sobrecargas ventriculares e dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos podem tamb&#233;m levar a altera&#231;&#245;es da T. Ondas T sim&#233;tricas, negativas e amplas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais n&#227;o s&#227;o incomuns em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. A presen&#231;a de les&#245;es cerebrais agudas graves em crian&#231;as pode cursar com ondas T negativas e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, em v&#225;rias deriva&#231;&#245;es, altera&#231;&#227;o conhecida como &#8220;T cerebral&#8221; (ver item 11.1.5).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.5.4. Onda U</title>
        <p>Nem sempre &#233; vis&#237;vel ao ECG, mas pode ser proeminente em crian&#231;as, em casos de hipocalemia, uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos e s&#237;ndrome do QT Longo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>13.4. Dist&#250;rbios do Ritmo Card&#237;aco</title>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de arritmias card&#237;acas em crian&#231;as seguem os utilizados para adultos. Vide item 3.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>13.5. Reconhecimento do Situs, da Posi&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca e da Invers&#227;o Ventricular</title>
      <p>O reconhecimento do <italic>situs</italic> atrav&#233;s do ECG baseia-se fundamentalmente na orienta&#231;&#227;o da onda P, que se inscreve positivamente em D1 e V6 no <italic>situs solitus</italic> e negativamente, no <italic>inversus</italic> . <sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup> Nesse caso, a invers&#227;o de eletrodos e o ritmo atrial esquerdo s&#227;o os principais diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais.</p>
      <p>No plano frontal, em pacientes com <italic>situs solitus</italic> e levocardia, o S&#194;P e o S&#194;QRS situam-se no quadrante inferior esquerdo. No <italic>situs inversus</italic> com dextrocardia, o eixo da P e do QRS est&#227;o localizados no quadrante inferior direito. O S&#194;P e o S&#194;QRS encontram-se em quadrantes diferentes quando h&#225; discord&#226;ncia entre <italic>situs</italic> e posi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, como na dextrocardia com <italic>situs solitus</italic> , que comumente se associa a cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas. <sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A orienta&#231;&#227;o dos primeiros vetores (5-20 ms) do QRS &#233; importante na determina&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos. Na invers&#227;o ventricular, os primeiros vetores orientam-se para a esquerda e n&#227;o se observam ondas Q em D1 e V6. <sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>14. O ECG durante Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</title>
      <sec>
        <title>14.1. Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial (ECA)</title>
        <p>Basicamente, o ECG do portador de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) se caracteriza pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de <italic>esp&#237;culas</italic> (artefato que resulta da emiss&#227;o de energia para estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial dos &#225;trios e/ou dos ventr&#237;culos).</p>
        <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o dos monitores implant&#225;veis ( <italic>Loop Recorder</italic> ), todos os demais DCEI (marca-passos, ressincronizadores card&#237;acos e cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis &#8211; <xref rid="t6" ref-type="table">Tabela 14.1</xref> ) s&#227;o capazes de emitir um impulso el&#233;trico (representado por esp&#237;cula), especialmente para tratamento de bradicardias; por isso, geralmente, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG do portador de DCEI n&#227;o permite identificar o tipo de dispositivo em uso. O funcionamento adequado, bem como o reconhecimento de disfun&#231;&#245;es do sistema, por outro lado, podem ser reconhecidos ao ECG. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da esp&#237;cula &#233; fundamental para o reconhecimento do ECG de um portador de dispositivo implant&#225;vel. A programa&#231;&#227;o de estimula&#231;&#227;o em modo unipolar ou bipolar determinar&#225; o tamanho da esp&#237;cula. Na primeira op&#231;&#227;o, a diferen&#231;a de potencial se d&#225; entre a carca&#231;a do gerador do dispositivo e a ponta do eletrodo, o que determinar&#225; uma diferen&#231;a de potencial com um vetor de grande amplitude. Consequentemente, observar-se-&#227;o esp&#237;culas com grande amplitude. Na segunda op&#231;&#227;o, bipolar, essa diferen&#231;a de potencial ocorre entre os polos na ponta do eletrodo, portanto, o vetor gerado pela diferen&#231;a de potencial ser&#225; pequeno e as esp&#237;culas registradas nesse modo apresentar-se-&#227;o pequenas (&#224;s vezes quase impercept&#237;veis).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 14.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tipos de DCEI e indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">DCEI</th>
                  <th>Propriedades b&#225;sicas</th>
                  <th>Indica&#231;&#227;o principal</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MP convencional</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e/ou ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">Bradiarritmias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ressincronizador</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estimula&#231;&#227;o atriobiventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CDI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e/ou ventricular e terapias anti-taquiarritmias ventriculares</td>
                  <td align="center">Preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CDI-RC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estimula&#231;&#227;o atriobiventricular Terapias anti-taquiarritmias ventriculares</td>
                  <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo Preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>DCEI: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; RC ressincronizador card&#237;aco.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os termos e a codifica&#231;&#227;o (c&#243;digo de 5 letras &#8211; <xref rid="t7" ref-type="table">Tabela 14.2</xref> ) utilizados para descrever as propriedades dos DCEI seguem uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o internacional (em ingl&#234;s) idealizada pela <italic>North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</italic> (NASPE) e pelo <italic>British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group</italic> (BPEG). <sup><xref rid="B180" ref-type="bibr">180</xref></sup> Na <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">Figura 14.1</xref> pode-se observar o algoritmo de identifica&#231;&#227;o do modo de opera&#231;&#227;o dos DCEI.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 14.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>C&#243;digo de 5 letras para identifica&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica do modo de opera&#231;&#227;o dos DCEI</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>I C&#226;mara Estimulada</th>
                  <th>II C&#226;mara Sentida</th>
                  <th>III Resposta &#224; Sensibilidade</th>
                  <th>IV Modula&#231;&#227;o em Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th>IV Fun&#231;&#245;es Multis&#237;tio</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">O: Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">O: Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">O: Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">O: Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">O: Nenhuma</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">V: Ventr&#237;culo</td>
                  <td align="center">V: Ventr&#237;culo</td>
                  <td align="center">T: Trigger</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">A: Atrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">A: &#193;trio</td>
                  <td align="center">A: &#193;trio</td>
                  <td align="center">I: Inibida</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">V: Ventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">D: Dual (A+V)</td>
                  <td align="center">D: Dual (A+V)</td>
                  <td align="center">D: Dual (A+V)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">D: Dual (A+V)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">S: C&#226;mara &#250;nica (A ou V)</td>
                  <td align="center">S: C&#226;mara &#250;nica (A ou V)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">R: Modula&#231;&#227;o em Frequ&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Trigger: deflagrar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 14.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algoritmo de interpreta&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma do portador de DCEI. 181 </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>14.1.1. Termos B&#225;sicos</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Esp&#237;cula &#8211; Corresponde ao est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico emitido pelo DCEI;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Captura &#8211; Despolariza&#231;&#227;o tecidual artificial provocada pela emiss&#227;o da esp&#237;cula;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Frequ&#234;ncia b&#225;sica &#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o (atrial e/ou ventricular) sem interfer&#234;ncia de batimentos espont&#226;neos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Intervalo atrioventricular (IAV) &#8211; Intervalo entre uma atividade atrial espont&#226;nea (sentida) ou estimulada (esp&#237;cula) e o est&#237;mulo ventricular;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Intervalo interventricular (IVV) &#8211; Intervalo entre duas esp&#237;culas ventriculares, program&#225;vel por telemetria, dispon&#237;vel em ressincronizadores card&#237;acos e que eventualmente pode ser identificada ao ECG de repouso;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Limite m&#225;ximo de frequ&#234;ncia (LMF) <italic>&#8211;</italic> Frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Nos geradores de c&#226;mara &#250;nica a frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima &#233; atingida com a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sensor de varia&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia. Nos geradores de c&#226;mara dupla a frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima &#233; alcan&#231;ada em resposta &#224; sensibilidade atrial (frequ&#234;ncia das ondas P) ou tamb&#233;m por ativa&#231;&#227;o do sensor.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sensibilidade <italic>&#8211;</italic> Capacidade de reconhecimento de eventos el&#233;tricos espont&#226;neos atriais (P) ou ventriculares (QRS);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Inibi&#231;&#227;o normal <italic>&#8211;</italic> A atividade estimulat&#243;ria &#233; inibida pelo ritmo intr&#237;nseco (aus&#234;ncia de esp&#237;culas).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>14.1.2. An&#225;lise das Caracter&#237;sticas Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas dos DCEI</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>DCEI normofuncionante <italic>&#8211;</italic> Quando se observa captura e sensibilidade normais;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Perda de captura atrial e/ou ventricular (intermitente ou persistente) <italic>&#8211;</italic> Aus&#234;ncia de despolariza&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara estimulada ( <italic>esp&#237;cula</italic> presente, mas sem deflagrar onda P ou QRS <italic>);</italic> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Falha de sensibilidade: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>c.1) Sensibilidade excessiva (&#8220; <italic>oversensing</italic> &#8221;) &#8211; Exagerada sensibilidade que resulta na identifica&#231;&#227;o equivocada de um sinal el&#233;trico que n&#227;o corresponde &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara relacionada (interfer&#234;ncia eletromagn&#233;tica, miopotenciais, onda T, etc);</p></list-item><list-item><p>c.2) Sensibilidade diminu&#237;da (&#8220; <italic>undersensing</italic> &#8221;) &#8211; Incapacidade de reconhecimento da despolariza&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Pode ocorrer por programa&#231;&#227;o inadequada ou por modifica&#231;&#245;es da capta&#231;&#227;o do sinal intr&#237;nseco (o sistema n&#227;o &#8220;enxerga&#8221; a onda P ou o QRS).</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Batimentos de fus&#227;o <italic>&#8211;</italic> Correspondem &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o artificial do tecido card&#237;aco de forma simult&#226;nea &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, provocando complexos h&#237;bridos. A <italic>esp&#237;cula</italic> do MP &#233; seguida de onda P (fus&#227;o atrial) ou QRS (fus&#227;o ventricular), cujas caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas s&#227;o intermedi&#225;rias entre batimento capturado e espont&#226;neo;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Batimentos de pseudofus&#227;o &#8211; Ativa&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea do tecido card&#237;aco, simult&#226;nea &#224; emiss&#227;o da <italic>esp&#237;cula</italic> do MP, que n&#227;o tem efeito sobre a onda P ou QRS (pseudofus&#227;o atrial e ventricular, respectivamente); a morfologia da onda que segue a <italic>esp&#237;cula</italic> &#233; igual &#224; onda espont&#226;nea;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Taquicardia mediada pelo marca-passo &#8211; Arritmia restrita aos DCEI atrioventriculares, caracterizada pela deflagra&#231;&#227;o ventricular a partir de onda P retr&#243;grada. Trata-se, portanto, de uma arritmia por movimento circular em que o sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial faz o papel de componente anter&#243;grado do circuito, cuja por&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada &#233; anat&#244;mica (via normal ou an&#244;mala);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Taquicardia conduzida pelo marca-passo <italic>&#8211;</italic> Taquiarritmia que envolve DCEI atrioventriculares, caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de arritmia supraventricular que, sentida pelo canal atrial, deflagra capturas ventriculares em frequ&#234;ncias elevadas, mantendo certas caracter&#237;sticas da arritmia espont&#226;nea;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Taquicardia induzida pelo marca-passo &#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es da sensibilidade ou interfer&#234;ncias eletromagn&#233;ticas que provocam arritmias atriais ou ventriculares.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>15. Tele-eletrocardiografia</title>
      <p>A telemedicina &#233; definida como a presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de atrav&#233;s do uso de informa&#231;&#227;o e tecnologias de comunica&#231;&#227;o, em situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais um profissional de sa&#250;de e um paciente (ou dois profissionais de sa&#250;de) n&#227;o se encontram no mesmo local. <sup><xref rid="B182" ref-type="bibr">182</xref></sup> Os sistemas de tele-eletrocardiografia (Tele-ECG) registram o tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico feito a dist&#226;ncia, por diferentes meios e tecnologias de transfer&#234;ncia de dados, com a an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico por um m&#233;dico distante do paciente, e retorno do laudo por meios eletr&#244;nicos. A tele-ECG est&#225; ligada ao pr&#243;prio desenvolvimento da eletrocardiografia &#8211; j&#225; em 1905, Einthoven descreveu a transmiss&#227;o transtelef&#244;nica do ECG do hospital acad&#234;mico at&#233; o laborat&#243;rio de fisiologia na Universidade de Leiden, a 1,5 km de dist&#226;ncia. <sup><xref rid="B183" ref-type="bibr">183</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Com o desenvolvimento do ECG (ECG) computadorizado <sup><xref rid="B184" ref-type="bibr">184</xref></sup> associado a sistemas capazes de transmitir os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos pela internet, tornou-se poss&#237;vel a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o do ECG, bem como seu laudo realizado por um especialista em tempo real, para localidades distantes dos grandes centros. Servi&#231;os de tele-ECG come&#231;aram a ser implementados no Brasil na primeira d&#233;cada do s&#233;culo XXI, com efeitos sobre a melhoria do acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e reconhecimento precoce de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas relevantes e potencialmente fatais. <sup><xref rid="B185" ref-type="bibr">185</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Para a implementa&#231;&#227;o e o funcionamento de um servi&#231;o de tele-ECG, uma infraestrutura espec&#237;fica &#233; necess&#225;ria ( <xref rid="t8" ref-type="table">Tabela 15.1</xref> ). A central de leitura dos ECG deve contar com uma equipe de cardiologistas, de especialistas em tecnologia da informa&#231;&#227;o (TI) e de suporte administrativo. Uma estrutura completa de TI com computadores, hardwares, softwares, sistema de prote&#231;&#227;o e armazenamento de dados &#233; imprescind&#237;vel para o funcionamento do servi&#231;o. As unidades remotas de sa&#250;de que realizar&#227;o o ECG devem ser preparadas com eletrocardi&#243;grafo digital aprovado pelos &#243;rg&#227;os federais respons&#225;veis, conex&#227;o com a internet, aparelhos e servi&#231;os para comunica&#231;&#227;o por &#225;udio ou v&#237;deo com a central, al&#233;m de treinamento operacional para todos os profissionais envolvidos. <sup><xref rid="B182" ref-type="bibr">182</xref> , <xref rid="B186" ref-type="bibr">186</xref> </sup> Recomenda-se a transmiss&#227;o do sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico original ou de imagens geradas pelo pr&#243;prio eletrocardi&#243;grafo ou por esc&#226;neres profissionais, evitando-se a digitaliza&#231;&#227;o com distor&#231;&#245;es ou baixa qualidade, que podem dificultar ou impedir a an&#225;lise do tra&#231;ado. <sup><xref rid="B182" ref-type="bibr">182</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 15.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas para implementa&#231;&#227;o da tele-eletrocardiologia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">NORMAS T&#201;CNICAS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Registro ANVISA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-1 (norma geral de seguran&#231;a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-1-1 (seguran&#231;a de sistemas eletrom&#233;dicos)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-1-2 (compatibilidade eletromagn&#233;tica)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-1-4 (sistemas eletrom&#233;dicos program&#225;veis)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-2-25 (seguran&#231;a de eletrocardi&#243;grafos)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-2-251 (norma de seguran&#231;a, incluindo desempenho essencial de eletrocardi&#243;grafos, gravador e analisador monocanal e multicanal)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PR&#201;-REQUISITOS M&#205;NIMOS GERAIS DA M&#193;QUINA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desktop ou notebook</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 entrada USB 2.0 ou 3.0 (ao menos)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leitor de CD/DVD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mem&#243;ria de 4GB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Processador Intel Pentium</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Windows 7, 8 ou 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HD de 250GB ou superior</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RECOMENDA&#199;&#213;ES</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Possuir 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Realizar tra&#231;ado com qualidade alta (1.200 amostra/segundo/canal)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A tele-eletrocardiografia tem se mostrado uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz para racionaliza&#231;&#227;o do acesso &#224; proped&#234;utica complementar, diagn&#243;stico precoce, prioriza&#231;&#227;o de encaminhamentos e organiza&#231;&#227;o de listas de espera nos sistemas de sa&#250;de, com melhora na rela&#231;&#227;o custo benef&#237;cio, bem como na assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de ( <xref rid="t9" ref-type="table">Tabela 15.2</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B187" ref-type="bibr">187</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 15.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Benef&#237;cios da tele-eletrocardiografia <xref rid="B187" ref-type="bibr"><sup>187</sup></xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico r&#225;pido permitindo identifica&#231;&#245;es de casos normais e diferentes do normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atendimento (pr&#233;) ao paciente em seu local de origem</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acesso a especialistas em acidentes e emerg&#234;ncias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo e custo dispendido pelo paciente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Agiliza&#231;&#227;o da triagem por especialistas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aux&#237;lio e orienta&#231;&#227;o a n&#227;o especialistas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Facilita gerenciamento dos recursos de sa&#250;de</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Na reabilita&#231;&#227;o, aumenta a seguran&#231;a do paciente p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coopera&#231;&#227;o e integra&#231;&#227;o de pesquisadores para compartilhamento de registros cl&#237;nicos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acesso a programas educacionais de forma&#231;&#227;o e qualifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Segunda opini&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o do tele-ECG pr&#233;-hospitalar em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, especialmente em &#225;reas rurais, apresentou impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o, bem como na mortalidade a longo prazo. <sup><xref rid="B188" ref-type="bibr">188</xref> , <xref rid="B189" ref-type="bibr">189</xref> </sup> Houve melhoria na detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial <sup><xref rid="B190" ref-type="bibr">190</xref></sup> e de algumas canalopatias, como s&#237;ndrome de Brugada. <sup><xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">191</xref></sup> Ademais, o uso dos bancos de dados dos servi&#231;os de tele-eletrocardiografia tamb&#233;m s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia para o desenvolvimento de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos nacionais. <sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O constante desenvolvimento da tecnologia voltada &#224; sa&#250;de abriu novas perspectivas no cen&#225;rio da tele-eletrocardiografia. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA) na eletrocardiografia se encontra em exponencial crescimento, com bons resultados no diagn&#243;stico autom&#225;tico de anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. <sup><xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">193</xref> , <xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref> </sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da intelig&#234;ncia artificial tamb&#233;m pode levar ao desenvolvimento de novos marcadores de risco cardiovascular. <sup><xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">195</xref></sup> O surgimento de aparelhos &#8220;vest&#237;veis&#8221; como a cinta com monitor card&#237;aco, o adesivo com registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, os <italic>smartphones</italic> e <italic>smartwatches</italic> possibilitou a identifica&#231;&#227;o mais precoce de poss&#237;veis arritmias card&#237;acas, principalmente a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. <sup><xref rid="B196" ref-type="bibr">196</xref></sup> Esses aparelhos port&#225;veis e de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o tornaram poss&#237;vel a r&#225;pida grava&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco durante o dia a dia do paciente, em qualquer ambiente ou hor&#225;rio, seguida de uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica imediata por IA. A maior limita&#231;&#227;o de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; o custo. N&#227;o podemos ignorar, como consequ&#234;ncias da modernidade, um poss&#237;vel aumento da carga de trabalho (registros e envios das informa&#231;&#245;es feitos pelos pacientes aos seus m&#233;dicos), os casos de falsos positivos decorrentes de artefatos, al&#233;m um aumento da carga emocional, em alguns pacientes, ao &#8220;descobrir&#8221; uma arritmia card&#237;aca. Esperamos que os pr&#243;ximos anos possam clarear o papel das novas metodologias e tecnologias na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, mas a expectativa &#233; que, com tais avan&#231;os, a eletrocardiografia ganhe novos usos e aplica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <year>2021</year>
          <month>02</month>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <comment>e009204</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.120.009204</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Departamento de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DCC/SBC), Grupo de Estudos de Eletrocardiografia (GEECG)</p>
        <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes respons&#225;vel:</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho (Coordenador), Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice de Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Corr&#234;a Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira &#8211; Gest&#227;o 2020/2021</p>
        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estas diretrizes se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>Na &#8220;Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre a An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos &#8211; 2022&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220623, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 119(4):638-680, na p&#225;gina 655 (Item 6.1.4.2 &#205;ndice de Sokolow Lyon), corrigir a frase &#8220;N&#227;o deve ser utilizado em atletas&#8221; para: &#8220;Isoladamente, n&#227;o deve ser utilizado em atletas.&#8221;</p>
        <p>Na p&#225;gina 666 (Item 12.1.2 Achados Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos Atuais (Grupo 2)), corrigir a frase &#8220;Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#8805; 160 ms&#8221; para: &#8220;Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#8805; 140ms;&#8221;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Guidelines</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports &#8211; 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4116-6835</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>God</surname>
            <given-names>Epotamenides Good</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Claudio Lupi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4200-9380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Faustino de A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5149-5566</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4613-4181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Ac&#225;cio Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Adail</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#233;rez-Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6189-068X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Madaloso</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Affonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6735-9294</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3962-9992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo Antonio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1349-1745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Miana de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8379-6192</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5336-1817</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Horacio Gomes</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grindler</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aziz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5700-078X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Sleiman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6313-4933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tobias</surname>
            <given-names>Nancy M. M. de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5788-1062</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanches</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0479-7945</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alkmin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atanes</surname>
            <given-names>Severiano Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-629X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOCOR, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lida (PUC), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Pinho, Valinhos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Eletrocardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimec, Vit&#243;ria Da Conquista, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Santa Casa da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica de Cardiologia Dr. Paulo Sanches, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Renascentista, Pouso Alegre, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Vale do Sapuca&#237; (UNIV&#193;S), Pouso Alegre, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Policl&#237;nica Macei&#243; SS, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspondence: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil &#8211; Postal code 20020-907. E-mail: diretrizes@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001" fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editors: Nelson Samesima, Carlos Alberto Pastore</p>
          <p>Reviewers: Epotamenides Good God, Hor&#225;cio Gomes P Filho, Jose Claudio Lupi Kruse, Marcelo Garcia Leal</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1001">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports &#8211; 2022</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2021</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Expert</th>
                <th align="left">Type of relationship with industry</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Ac&#225;cio Fernandes Cardoso</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adail Paixao Almeida</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alfredo Jos&#233; da Fonseca</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Andr&#233;s R. P&#233;rez-Riera</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Performance, in the previous year, as a medical auditor for health insurance companies or the like:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Consulting in Artificial Intelligence in Health for Unimed-BH Participation in government-related regulatory authorities or advocacy authorities in cardiology:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Working with the Ministry of Health in digital health agreements and support for Primary Health Care</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Braulio Luna Filho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bruna Affonso Madaloso</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- SBC - Basic Electrocardiography Course Clinical Research; Immune BioSolutions Inc.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Alberto Pastore</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Alberto Rodrigues de Oliveira</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cesar Jos&#233; Grupi</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Claudio Pinho</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dalmo Ant&#244;nio Ribeiro Moreira</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer, Abbott, Libbs, Astra Zeneca, Daichy Sankio</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elisabeth Kaiser</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Epotamenides Maria Good God</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Francisco Faustino de Albuquerque Carneiro de Fran&#231;a</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gabriela Miana de Mattos Paix&#227;o</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gilson Soares Feitosa Filho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Horacio Gomes Pereira Filho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jo&#227;o A Pimenta de Almeida</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jose Claudio Lupi Kruse</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jos&#233; Grindler</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jose Luis Aziz</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Astrazeneca: hypertension and diabetes; Daiichi Sankyo: hypertension and atrial fibrillation</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcelo Garcia Leal</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcos Sleiman Molina</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Owner of a private clinic in the city of Mogi das Cruzes</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mirella Facin</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nancy Maria Martins De Oliveira</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nelson Samesima</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Patricia Alves de Oliveira</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paulo C&#233;sar Ribeiro Sanches</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ricardo Alkmim Teixeira</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Daichii-Sankyo: Lixiana; Boehringer-Ingelheim: Pradaxa, Jardiance; Biotronik /Abbott / Medtronic: cardiac implantable electronic devices</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Biomedical: laser extraction baths</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severiano Atanes Netto</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Content</title>
        <p>Introduction</p>
        <p>1. Standards for the Analysis and Issuance of</p>
        <p>Electrocardiographic Reports</p>
        <p>1.1. Standards for Electrocardiographic Analysis</p>
        <p>1.2. The Electrocardiographic Report</p>
        <p>
          <bold>1.2.1. Descriptive Report</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>1.2.2. Final Report</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>1.2.3. Automated Report</bold>
        </p>
        <p>1 <bold>.2.4. Reports Via the Internet</bold> </p>
        <p>2. Tracing Technical Quality Analysis</p>
        <p>2.1. Tracing Technical Evaluation Criteria</p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.1. Calibration of the Electrocardiograph</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.2. Lead Reversal</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.2.1. Lead Switches</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.2.1.1. Transposition of Upper Limb Electrodes</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.2.2. Lower Limb Electrode Swapped for Upper Limb Electrodes</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.2.3. Left Arm Electrode Swapped for Left Leg Electrode</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.2.4. Precordial Electrode Reversals</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.2.5. Misplacement of the V1 and V2 Electrodes</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.3. Other Interferences</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.3.1. Muscle Tremors</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.3.2. Neurostimulation</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.3.3. Cold, Fever, Hiccups, and Psychomotor Agitation</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.3.4. &#8220;Large Precordial Electrode&#8221;</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.3.5. Baseline Wander</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.3.6. Other Electrical and Electromagnetic Interferences</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>2.1.3.7. Alterations Due to the Malfunction of Software and</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Computerized Electrocardiographic Signal Acquisition Systems</bold>
        </p>
        <p>3. Heart Rhythm Analysis</p>
        <p>3.1. Analysis of the P Wave, HR, and Rhythm</p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.1.1. Definition of Sinus Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.1.2. Frequency of the Sinus P Wave</bold>
        </p>
        <p>3.2. Analysis of Supraventricular Rhythm Alterations</p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.1. Definition of Cardiac Arrhythmia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.2. Supraventricular Arrhythmia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.3. Presence of Sinus P Wave</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.3.1. Sinus Arrhythmia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.3.2. Sinus Bradycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.3.3. Second-degree Sinoatrial Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.3.4. Interatrial Blocks (IAB)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.3.5. Sinus Tachycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.4. Absence of P Wave before the QRS</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.4.1. Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.4.2. Atrial Flutter</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.4.3. Junctional Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.4.4. Junctional Extrasystole</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.4.5. Common atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.4.6. Orthodromic AV Reciprocating Tachycardia (AVRT)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5. Occurrence of a Non-sinus P Wave Before the QRS Complex</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.1. Ectopic Atrial Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.2. Multifocal Atrial Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.3. Junctional Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.4. Delayed Atrial Beat</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.5. Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.6. Blocked or Non-conducted PAC</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.7. Atrial Tachycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.8. Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.9. Uncommon AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.5.10. Permanent Junctional Reciprocating Tachycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Coumel Tachycardia)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.6. Pauses</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.6.1. Sinus Arrest</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.6.2. Sinus Node Dysfunction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.7. Classification of Supraventricular Tachycardias Based on</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>the RP Interval</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.8. Supraventricular Arrhythmias with a Wide QRS Complex</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.8.1. Aberrant Conduction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.8.2. PAC with Aberrant Conduction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.8.3. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) with Aberrant Conduction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>3.2.8.4. Antidromic AV Reentrant Tachycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>4. AV Conduction</p>
        <p>4.1. Defining a Normal AV Conduction</p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.1. Delayed AV Conduction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.1.1. First-degree AV Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.1.2. Type I Second-degree AV Block (Mobitz I)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.1.3. Type II Second-degree AV Block (Mobitz II)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.1.4. 2:1 Second-degree AV Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.1.5. Advanced or High-grade Second-degree AV Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.1.6. Third-degree or Complete AV Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.1.7. Paroxysmal AV Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.2. Ventricular Pre-excitation</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.3. Other Mechanisms of Changes in the AV Relationship</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>(normal AV node conduction)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.3.1. AV Dissociation</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>4.1.3.2. Retrograde Atrial Activation</bold>
        </p>
        <p>5. Analysis of Ventricular Activation</p>
        <p>5.1. Normal Ventricular Activation</p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.1. Definition of a Normal QRS</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.2. Normal Electrical Axis in the Frontal Plane</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.3. Normal Ventricular Activation in the Transversal Plane</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4. Analysis of Ventricular Rhythm Alterations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.1. Definition of Cardiac Arrhythmia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.2. Ventricular Arrhythmia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3. Analysis of Ventricular Arrhythmias</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.1. Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.2. Ventricular Escape Beat</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.3. Ventricular Escape Rhythm &#8211; Idioventricular Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.4. Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.5. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.5.1. Monomorphic VT</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.5.2. Polymorphic VT</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.5.3. Torsades des Pointes (TdP)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.5.4. Bidirectional VT</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.5.5. VT Length</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.6. Fusion Beat</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.7. Supraventricular Capture Beat During Idioventricular Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.8. Ventricular Parasystole</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.3.9. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>5.1.4.4. Criteria for Differentiating Wide QRS Complex Tachycardias</bold>
        </p>
        <p>6. Cardiac Chambers hypertrophy</p>
        <p>6.1. Atrial hypertrophy</p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.1. Left Atrial Hypertrophy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.2. Right Atrial Hypertrophy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.3. Biatrial hypertrophy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.4. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.4.1. Romhilt-Estes Criteria</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.4.2. Sokolow-Lyon Index</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.4.3. Cornell Index</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.4.4. Peguero-Lo Presti</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.4.5. Changes in Ventricular Repolarization</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.5. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.5.1. QRS Axis</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.5.2. Tall R Wave</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.5.3. qR or qRs Morphology</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.5.4. rsR&#8217; Morphology</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.5.5. Ventricular Repolarization</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.5.6. Seattle Criteria for RVH</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.6. Biventricular Hypertrophy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.1.7. Differential Diagnoses for Increased QRS Amplitude</bold>
        </p>
        <p>7. Analysis of Intraventricular Blocks (Conduction Delay)</p>
        <p>7.1. Intraventricular Blocks<sup><xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref> , <xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.1. Left Bundle-Branch Block (LBBB)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.1.1. LBBB in Association with LVH</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.1.2. LBBB in Association with RVH (at Least 2 out of 3 Criteria)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.2. Right Bundle-Branch Block (RBBB)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.2.1. End Conduction Delay</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.3. Left Fascicular Blocks</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.3.1 Left Anterosuperior Fascicular Block (LAFB)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.3.2. Left Anteromedial Fascicular Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.3.3 Left Posteroinferior Fascicular Block (LPFB)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.4. Right Fascicular Blocks</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.4.1. Right Superior Fascicular Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.4.2. Right Inferior Fascicular Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.5. Bundle-Branch and Fascicular Blocks Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.5.1. LBBB in Association with LAFB</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.5.2. LBBB in Association with LPFB</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.5.3. RBBB in Association with LAFB</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.5.4. RBBB in Association with LPFB</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.5.5. RBBB in Association with LAFB and Left Anteromedial</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Fascicular Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.5.6. LAFB in Association with Left Anteromedial Fascicular Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.5.7. Masquerading Bundle-Branch Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.6. Special Situations Involving Intraventricular Conduction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.6.1. Peri-infarction Conduction Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.6.2. Peri-ischemia Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.6.3. QRS Complex Fragmentation (fQRS)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.6.4. Atypical LBBB</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>7.1.6.5 Parietal or Purkinje/Muscle or Focal Intraventricular Block</bold>
        </p>
        <p>8. Analysis of the ECG In Coronary Heart Disease</p>
        <p>8.1. Diagnostic Criteria for Myocardial Ischemia</p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.1.1. Presence of Ischemia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.1.2. Circumferential or Global Ischemia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.1.3. Secondary Changes</bold>
        </p>
        <p>8.2. Subendocardial and Subepicardial Injury</p>
        <p>Diagnostic Criteria</p>
        <p>8.3. Definition of Myocardial Fibrosis</p>
        <p>8.4. Topographic Analysis of Ischemia, Injury, and Necrosis</p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.4.1. ECG Topographic Analysis of Ischemic Manifestations (Meyers)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.4.2. ECG Topographic Analysis of Ischemic Manifestations in</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Association with Magnetic Resonance Imaging</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.4.3. Electrocardiographic Correlation with the</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Culprit Artery</bold>
        </p>
        <p>8.5. Particular Areas of Infarction</p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.5.1. Right Ventricle Myocardial Infarction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.5.2. Atrial Infarction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>8.6. Differential Diagnoses</p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.6.1. Subepicardial Ischemia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.6.2. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) with ST-segment Elevation</bold>
        </p>
        <p>8.7. Association of Myocardial Infarction with Bundle-Branch Blocks</p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.7.1. Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of RBBB</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>8.7.2. Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of LBBB</bold>
        </p>
        <p>9. Analysis of Ventricular Repolarization</p>
        <p>9.1. Ventricular Repolarization</p>
        <p>
          <bold>9.1.1. Normal Ventricular Repolarization</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>9.1.1.1. J-point</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>9.1.1.2. ST-Segment</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>9.1.1.3. T Wave</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>9.1.1.4. U Wave</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>9.1.1.5. QT interval and Corrected QT Interval (QTc)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>9.1.2. Variants of Ventricular Repolarization</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>9.1.2.1. Early Repolarization Pattern</bold>
        </p>
        <p>10. Channelopathies and Other Genetic Alterations</p>
        <p>10.1. Genetics and the ECG</p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.1. Channelopathies</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.1.1. Congenital Long QT Syndrome</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.1.2. Short QT Syndrome</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.1.3. Brugada Syndrome</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.1.4. Catecholaminergic Tachycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.2. Genetic Diseases with Primary Cardiac Involvement</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.2.1. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dysplasia)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.2.2. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.3. Genetic Diseases with Secondary Cardiac Involvement</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>10.1.3.1. Muscular Dystrophy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>11. Electrocardiographic Pattern in Specific</p>
        <p>Clinical Situations</p>
        <p>11.1. Clinical Conditions that Can Modify the ECG</p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.1. Digitalis Action</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.2. Drug-induced ST-T Changes</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.3. Electrical Alternans</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.4. T-wave Alternans (TWA)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.5. Acute Injury of the Central Nervous System</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.6. Interatrial Communication</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.7. COVID-19</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.8. Pericardial Effusion</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.9. Dextrocardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.10. Dextroposition</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.11. Electrolyte Imbalance</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.11.1. Hyperkalemia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.11.2. Hypokalemia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.11.3. Hypocalcemia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.11.4. Hypercalcemia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.12. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.13. Antiarrhythmic Drugs</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.13.1. Amiodarone</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.13.2. Propafenone</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.13.3. Sotalol</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.14. Dielectric Effect</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.15. Pulmonary Embolism</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.16. Ashman or Gounaux-Ashman Phenomenon</bold>
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.17. Hypothermia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.18. Hypothyroidism</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.19. Chronic Renal Failure</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.20. Pericarditis</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>11.1.21. Chemotherapy Drugs</bold>
        </p>
        <p>12. The ECG in Athletes</p>
        <p>12.1. The Importance of Understanding the Athlete&#8217;s ECG</p>
        <p>
          <bold>12.1.1. Normal ECG Findings (Group 1)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>12.1.2. Abnormal ECG Findings (Group 2)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>12.1.3. Borderline ECG Findings (Group 3)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>13. The ECG in Children</p>
        <p>13.1. Introduction</p>
        <p>13.2. Technical Aspects</p>
        <p>13.3. Electrocardiographic Parameters and their Variations</p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.1. Heart Rate and Sinus Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.1.1. Possible Alterations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.1.1.1. Sinus Arrhythmia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.1.1.2. Sinus Tachycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.1.1.3. Sinus Bradycardia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.1.1.4. Other Bradycardias</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.2. P wave and Atrial Electrical Activity</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.2.1. Possible Alterations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.2.1.1. Atrial Hypertrophy</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.2.1.2. Junctional Rhythm</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.3. PR Interval and AV Conduction</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.3.1. Possible Alterations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.3.1.1. AV Blocks</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.3.1.2. Short PR Interval and Ventricular Pre-excitation</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4. Ventricular Electrical Activity</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4.1. Possible Alterations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4.1.1. Changes in the QRS Axis and Amplitude</bold>
        </p>
        <p>1 <bold>3.3.4.1.2. Q-wave Alterations</bold> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4.1.3. Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.4.1.4. Epsilon Wave and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Cardiomyopathy (Dysplasia)</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5. Ventricular Repolarization</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.1. QT Interval</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.1.1. Possible Alterations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.1.1.1. Long QT Syndrome</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.1.1.2. Short QT Syndrome</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2. ST-Segment</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2.1. Possible Alterations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2.1.1. ST-Segment Deviations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2.1.2. Early Repolarization</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.2.1.3. Brugada Electrocardiographic Pattern</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.3. T Wave</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.5.4. U Wave</bold>
        </p>
        <p>13.4. Heart Rhythm Disorders</p>
        <p>13.5. Identification of Situs, Cardiac Position, and Ventricular Inversion</p>
        <p>14. The ECG during Cardiac Pacing</p>
        <p>14.1. Cardiac Pacing</p>
        <p>
          <bold>14.1.1. Basic Terms</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>14.1.2. Analysis of the Electrocardiographic Characteristics of CIED</bold>
        </p>
        <p>15. Tele-electrocardiography</p>
        <p>References</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>This review of electrocardiography guidelines is a result of advances in the understanding of various diseases, with important repercussions to the electrocardiographic tracing. Some professionals may imagine that electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation has not gone through changes with time; they certainly ignore recently described diseases and other health problems whose electrophysiological mechanisms are better understood now than in the past. Some electrocardiographic parameters are important prognostic markers in Chagas disease, and changes considered as predictors of mortality can be identified in the general population (ECG-age). A crucial question is: when to recommend an ECG?</p>
        <p>The ECG is a simple, low cost, non-invasive exam that provides an idea of an individual&#8217;s cardiac condition and can eventually identify situations with risk of sudden death. Therefore, ECG findings within normal limits may anticipate that the ventricular function should be normal or close to normal, which is an important factor at first contact with the patient.</p>
        <p>We believe that all persons should undergo an ECG at some point in their lives, and this examination should only be repeated in case of clinical need. Some guidelines state a class IIb indication for an ECG in asymptomatic individuals of the general population and a class IIa indication in case of hypertension and/or diabetes.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The possibility of transmitting ECG tracings by the internet allowed the diffusion of this technology in various underprivileged regions of our country and the achievement of better standards of health assistance. In recent years, a significant increase (with millions of analyzed ECGs) has been seen in studies of artificial intelligence and automatic interpretation systems as additional tools for electrocardiography. Some results were able to demonstrate the ability of these new systems to identify some arrhythmias, as well as predict their appearance, in addition to anticipating outcomes such as ischemic stroke. Therefore, we expect that this update helps standardize the issuing of electrocardiographic reports by medical doctors allowing easier electrocardiographic understanding.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Standards for the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports</title>
        <sec>
          <title>1.1. Standards for Electrocardiographic Analysis</title>
          <p>Three characteristics should be considered for an accurate electrocardiographic interpretation:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Age: ECG characteristics depend on age and are clearly seen in age groups of newborns, infants, children, and adolescents up to 16 years of age. In the first 2 groups, these changes are faster (Section 13). Adults may also show negative T waves exclusively in V1.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Body type: slender individuals sometimes have their hearts in the upright (vertical) position, and the resulting axes, especially the P wave and QRS complex, are normally shifted to the right with a clockwise rotation in the frontal plane leads. On the other hand, in short and broad individuals with hearts in horizontal position, deviations are usually to the left (frontal plane).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sex: In female adults, negative T waves are commonly observed in the right precordial leads, with a larger QTc than male individuals and children.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>1.2. The Electrocardiographic Report <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </title>
          <sec>
            <title>1.2.1. Descriptive Report</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Analysis of the rhythm and quantification of the heart rate (HR);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Analysis of the duration, amplitude, and morphology of the P wave, and duration of the PR interval;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Electrical axis determination: P wave, QRS complex, and T wave;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Analysis of the duration, amplitude, and morphology of the QRS complex;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Analysis of ventricular repolarization and description of ST-segment, T wave, QT, and U changes, when present.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>1.2.2. Final Report</title>
            <p>It should contain the synthesis of diagnoses listed in these guidelines. Abbreviations can be used in reports, scientific texts, and protocols, among other documents, between parentheses and after the standard diagnostic definition.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>1.2.3. Automated Report</title>
            <p>In recent years, technological development has brought significant improvements to the accuracy of automatic measurements made by the currently available equipment, making automated interpretation an important auxiliary tool for the medical report. However, the verification of automatic measurements by a medical doctor is of paramount importance. The simple use of automatic metric and vector measurements, as well as reports issued by these systems, if not revised, are not recommended.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>1.2.4. Reports Via the Internet</title>
            <p>Tele-ECG systems<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>send ECGs performed remotely to referral centers for report issuance. The technique for performing ECGs (by the performing units), as well as the interpretation and reports (by the referral centers), should follow the most recent national and international guidelines. These are a part of telecardiology, which also comprehends other examinations in this specialty that are performed, recorded, and transmitted from one site to another for remote interpretation. Some examples include the monitoring of pacemakers, Holter monitors, and the cardiac event recorder. Among the numerous benefits of telecardiology, we cite:</p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Pre-hospital care at the patient&#8217;s own location;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Reductions in time and costs for the patient;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Faster triage by specialists;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Access to specialists in case of accidents and emergencies;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Facilitated management of health care resources;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Increased safety of post-surgical patients during rehabilitation;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Cooperation and integration between researchers for sharing clinical records;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>ccess to educational programs of training and qualification.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>According to various authors, telecardiology is a socially and economically advantageous activity for service providers, sponsors, and patients. It is recognized as a useful tool in locations that are distant from large city centers.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Tracing Technical Quality Analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Tracing Technical Evaluation Criteria</title>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.1. Calibration of the Electrocardiograph</title>
            <p>In analogic equipment, calibration should always be verified. The normal pattern must have 1 mV (10 mm). On the other hand, in modern computerized equipment with digitized tracing, the calibrator pattern is verified automatically. Digital filters should follow internationally accepted recommendations, especially those from the AHA. For adults and adolescents, high-frequency filter cutoffs of at least 150 Hz should be used. For children, filter cutoffs of up to 250 Hz. Filters with lower frequencies can interfere when capturing pacemaker spikes. Low-frequency filters should use a 0.05 Hz cutoff. Some equipment use bidirectional filters.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.2. Lead Reversal</title>
            <p><xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2.1</xref> shows the correct position of peripheral electrodes &#8212; right arm (RA), left arm (LA), right leg (RL), and left leg (LL) &#8212; with their respective colors (red, yellow, black, and green).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f01001">
                <label>Figure 2.1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Positioning of peripheral electrodes.</title>
                </caption>
                <attrib>RA: right arm; LA: left arm; RL: right leg; LL: left leg.</attrib>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <sec>
              <title>2.1.2.1. Lead Switches</title>
              <p>
                <bold>2.1.2.1.1. Transposition of Upper Limb Electrodes</bold>
              </p>
              <p>DI leads with negative waves and aVR with positive waves.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.1.2.2. Lower Limb Electrode Swapped for Upper Limb Electrodes</title>
              <p>Isoelectric line or very small wave amplitudes in D2 (right arm) or D3 (left arm). Swapping upper limb electrodes with lower limb electrodes shows this pattern in D1 due to the negligible potential difference in the upper limbs.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.1.2.3. Left Arm Electrode Swapped for Left Leg Electrode</title>
              <p>This is the most difficult lead reversal to detect. The QRS axis tends to shift to the left. It may look like a normal ECG, but it produces the following alterations:</p>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Inverted P wave in D3;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Positions of D1 and D2 are changed; QRS voltage is higher in D1 and lower in D2;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>In D3, P, QRS, and T are inverted. Positions of aVL and aVF are also changed. The aVR lead does not change.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.1.2.4. Precordial Electrode Reversals</title>
              <p>The normal progression of the R wave from V1 to V6 is changed.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.1.2.5. Misplacement of the V1 and V2 Electrodes</title>
              <p>V1 and V2 electrodes incorrectly positioned above the second intercostal space may produce an rSr&#8217; pattern simulating end conduction delay (or an IRBBB pattern), or an rS morphology from V1 to V3 and a negative P wave in V1, simulating left atrial hypertrophy.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1.3. Other Interferences</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.3.1. Muscle Tremors</title>
          <p>Muscle tremors may interfere with the baseline, mimicking electrocardiographic changes such as atrial flutter and ventricular fibrillation<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>in patients with Parkinson&#8217;s disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.3.2. Neurostimulation</title>
          <p>Patients with central nervous system disorders who require electrical stimulation devices can present artifacts that mimic cardiac pacemaker spikes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.3.3. Cold, Fever, Hiccups, and Psychomotor Agitation</title>
          <p>These conditions produce baseline artifacts and can mimic arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.3.4. &#8220;Large Precordial Electrode&#8221;</title>
          <p>The use of conductive gel as a continuous strip on the precordium results in similar tracings in V1&#8211;V6, corresponding to the mean electric potential in these leads.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.3.5. Baseline Wander</title>
          <p>It may be caused by loose electrodes, movement of the limbs, breathing, or when the patient is in a wheelchair. When the patient is in a wheelchair, other artifacts can also be recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.3.6. Other Electrical and Electromagnetic Interferences</title>
          <p>These result from interferences from electrical lines or equipment and cell phones. Prior to performing the ECG, the patient should be requested to put away all metallic objects and cell phones. Transcutaneous pacemakers can produce spikes, which could be mistaken for a false capture. The filter used in the ECG is also important since it sometimes creates a false capture failure, which generates a pause represented by an isoelectric line between 2 beats.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> - <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.3.7. Alterations Due to the Malfunction of Software and Computerized Electrocardiographic Signal Acquisition Systems</title>
          <p>Data acquisition by computerized systems, in some older electrocardiographs, can seldom present specific problems that are not yet completely understood. In the absence of an electrocardiographic signal in one of the electrodes, for example, the system may counterbalance the other acquired signals and create bizarre QRS complexes. Twelve-lead simultaneous equipment, which automatically measure P wave and QRS durations, can overestimate these measurements because the software uses the first and the last wave (among the 12 leads) for generating these values.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Heart Rhythm Analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Analysis of the P Wave, HR, and Rhythm</title>
          <p>Population-based studies on normal electrocardiographic ranges have been used for many years as reference for our population, even though it is known that ethnic differences influence what is considered normal. In 2017, among all the information obtained by the ELSA-Brasil study, a research paper on the normal values for the Brazilian population without heart disease was published.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The parameters addressed on Section 3 refer to adult ECGs. Pediatric ECGs will be addressed on Section 13.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>3.1.1. Definition of Sinus Rhythm</title>
            <p>This is the physiological rhythm of the heart, originating from the upper right atrium and observed on the surface ECG as positive P waves in the D1, D2, and aVF leads regardless of the presence of a QRS complex. The P axis may vary from 0&#186; to +90&#186;. The maximum amplitude and duration of the normal P wave are 2.5 mm and 110 ms, respectively. Changes in its morphology may happen depending on the HR and orientation (P-wave axis) in the observed leads.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.1.2. Frequency of the Sinus P Wave</title>
            <p>The normal HR during waking hours ranges from 50 bpm to 99 bpm.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> - <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Analysis of Supraventricular Rhythm Alterations</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.1. Definition of Cardiac Arrhythmia</title>
          <p>Cardiac arrhythmia is due to abnormality of formation and/or conduction of the electrical impulse across the myocardium.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>After the definition (or not) of the presence of sinus rhythm, cardiac arrhythmia is investigated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.2. Supraventricular Arrhythmia</title>
          <p>This rhythm originates above the bundle of His. The site of origin of this arrhythmia should be identified whenever possible. When this is not possible, the generic term &#8220;supraventricular&#8221; will be used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.3. Presence of Sinus P Wave</title>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.3.1. Sinus Arrhythmia</title>
            <p>It is usually physiologic and depends on the autonomic nervous system, being characterized by a variation in PP intervals between 160 ms and 220 ms during sinus rhythm. Phasic variations are related to breathing (frequently seen in children), as opposed to nonphasic variations.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.3.2. Sinus Bradycardia</title>
            <p>Sinus bradycardia is a sinus rhythm with HR below 50 bpm.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.3.3. Second-degree Sinoatrial Block</title>
            <p>The second-degree exit block of sinus depolarization results in a lack of P wave in a cycle. Type I sinoatrial block is characterized by progressively shorter PP cycles before the block. Type II sinoatrial block shows no differences between PP cycles, and the pause corresponds to 2 previous PP cycles. Sinoatrial block I is not visible on a standard ECG. Third-degree blocks are seen as atrial or junctional escape rhythm.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.3.4. Interatrial Blocks (IAB)</title>
            <p>These are conduction delays between the right and left atria, which can be classified as first-degree (P wave duration of 120 ms or longer), second-degree (these patterns are transitory), and third-degree or advanced (P wave duration of 120 ms or longer, biphasic or plus-minus in the inferior wall, related with supraventricular arrhythmias and Bay&#233;s syndrome).<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> , <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> </sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3.2.3.5. Sinus Tachycardia</title>
            <p>Sinus Tachycardia is a sinus rhythm with a HR of 100 bpm or higher.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.4. Absence of P Wave before the QRS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.4.1. Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)</title>
          <p>Disorganized atrial electrical activity, with rates ranging from 450 to 700 beats/min and a variable ventricular response. The baseline can be isoelectric, with fine or coarse irregularities, or have a combination of these changes (f-waves). Regular RR intervals indicate atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. The ventricular response of an AFib can be calculated from a 6-s tracing (number of QRS complexes in this period and multiplied by 10). We then have the following possibilities of ventricular response (during resting ECG):</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>AFib rhythm with slow ventricular response, when HR is &#8804; 50 bpm;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>AFib rhythm with adequate HR control, when ventricular response is between 60 bpm and 80 bpm;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>AFib rhythm with inadequate HR control, when ventricular response is between 90 bpm and 110 bpm;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>AFib rhythm with rapid ventricular response, when HR is &gt; 110 bpm.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.4.2. Atrial Flutter</title>
          <p>Atrial flutter is an oganized atrial electrical activity (macroreentrant mechanism) across a large area of the right atrium. It is named typical atrial flutter when it runs through (and is dependent on) the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI). Macroreentry can occur both in the counterclockwise (90% of the cases) or clockwise (10%) directions. In the former, it is named typical atrial flutter and in the latter, it is named REVERSE typical atrial flutter. In a typical atrial flutter, the known F waves have rates of 240 bpm to 340 bpm and a characteristic pattern: a sawtooth aspect, being negative in the inferior leads and generally positive in V1. Varying degrees of AV conduction may occur, and when higher than 2:1, the detection of negative F waves is easier. On the other hand, F waves have higher rates in the reverse atrial flutter (between 340 bpm and 430 bpm). F waves are positive in the inferior leads, and also widened. When it comes to the ECG, it is not possible to differentiate between a REVERSE typical atrial flutter and left atrial tachycardia (originating from the right superior pulmonary vein). The so-called atypical atrial flutter does not go through the CTI. Therefore, this classification includes scar-related atrial tachycardias, atrial tachycardias arising from the inferior vena cava, and reentrant tachycardias originating from the mitral valve annulus, which are all very difficult to diagnose on the ECG (receiving the generic name of atrial tachycardia).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.4.3. Junctional Rhythm</title>
          <p>Junctional rhythm is an escape rhythm originating from the AV junction, with QRS which are similar or slightly different from sinus rhythm. This aberrancy is due to a different origin of the stimulus and not to phasic aberrant conduction, which depends on the stimulus being altered by phase 3 (early) or 4 (late) of the action potential. It can happen with no visible P wave on ECG. These &#8220;positions&#8221; of the P wave are due to the conduction velocities of electrical impulses to the atria and ventricles. By reaching the ventricles first and the atria second, the P wave is located within or after the QRS complex. Junctional escape rhythm is defined when HR is &lt; 50 bpm. Active junctional rhythm is determined when HR &gt; 50 bpm. Finally, tachycardia is defined if HR &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.4.4. Junctional Extrasystole</title>
          <p>Junctional extrasystole is an early ectopic beat originating from the AV junction. There are 3 possible electrocardiographic presentations for this phenomenon:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Negative P wave in the inferior leads with a short PR interval;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Lack of atrial activity preceding the QRS complex (P wave buried within the QRS);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Negative P wave in the inferior leads after the QRS complex;</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The QRS complex has similar morphology and duration to the baseline rhythm, although aberrant conduction may occur (see Items 3.2.8.1 and 3.2.8.2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.4.5. Common atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr"><sup>20</sup></xref> </title>
          <p>This type of tachycardia happens within the AV node, and nodal reentry is its electrophysiological mechanism. In ninety percent, one circuit uses a fast pathway (retrograde) and the other uses a slow pathway (anterograde) and it is called common AVNRT. When the QRS is narrow during tachycardia, pseudo S waves can be seen in the inferior leads and an rSr&#8217; (pseudo r&#8217;) morphology can be seen in V1, reflecting atrial activation from AV node to sinus node direction. This retrograde atrial activation, in most cases, occurs within 80 ms of QRS onset (RP &lt; 80 ms). Sometimes, the atrial activation wave is buried within the QRS and is thus not seen on the ECG. There are some similarities between common AVNRT and orthodromic AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). RP interval is used to distinguish them and it will be described next. In cases of common AVNRT with a wide QRS, differential diagnoses must consider monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.4.6. Orthodromic AV Reciprocating Tachycardia (AVRT)</title>
          <p>This type of reentrant tachycardia uses the normal conduction system in the anterograde direction and an accessory pathway in the retrograde direction. In general, the QRS is narrow and the P wave is retrograde, being more commonly located in the ST-segment. The P wave can present diverse morphologies, according to the location of the accessory pathway. The RP interval is &gt; 80 ms.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.5. Occurrence of a Non-sinus P Wave Before the QRS Complex</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.1. Ectopic Atrial Rhythm</title>
          <p>Ectopic atrial rhythm corresponds to atrial activity occurring in a different location from the anatomic region of the sinus node. Thus, the P wave has a different morphology (polarity) from that characterizing sinus rhythm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.2. Multifocal Atrial Rhythm</title>
          <p>It is originated from multiple atrial foci, with an HR &lt; 100 bpm, recognized on the ECG by the presence of at least 3 different P wave morphologies and 3 different PR intervals. PP and PR intervals are frequently variable, and one P wave is seen for each QRS complex; blocked P waves may occur.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.3. Junctional Rhythm</title>
          <p>As mentioned on Item 3.2.4.3, it is characterized by negative P waves in the D2, D3, and aVF leads, in addition to a short PR interval. Junctional escape rhythm is defined when HR &lt; 50 bpm. Active junctional rhythm is determined when HR is &gt; 50 bpm; junctional tachycardia is defined when HR &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.4. Delayed Atrial Beat</title>
          <p>A delayed atrial beat can be considered a &#8220;replacement&#8221; atrial beat. It is frequently seen when a temporary interruption of normal sinus automaticity occurs as a consequence of sinus node inhibition / failure. It can be from right or left atrium, usually late, and it has a P wave of non-sinus morphology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.5. Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)</title>
          <p>Premature atrial complex is an early atrial ectopic beat. It may recycle the baseline PP interval.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.6. Blocked or Non-conducted PAC</title>
          <p>Ectopic beat that originates from the atrium sometimes cannot be conducted to the ventricles, thus a premature P wave without a QRS complex can be seen. There are two main causes for the lack of conduction: a very early premature atrial complex that reaches the AV node within its absolute refractory period, or a previous His-Purkinje conduction system disease. PACs not conducted to ventricles may lead to bradycardia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.7. Atrial Tachycardia</title>
          <p>Atrial tachycardia is an atrial rhythm that originates from a region other than the sinus node (characterized by a P wave of a different morphology) with an atrial rate &gt; 100 bpm. Variable AV conduction is common.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.8. Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia</title>
          <p>It has the same characteristics of multifocal atrial rhythm with an atrial rate &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.9. Uncommon AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)</title>
          <p>Its location is exactly the same to common AVNRT (3.2.4.5), but the circuit activation happens in the reverse direction (10%). Ventricular activation occurs through the fast pathway (anterograde) and the atrial activation occurs through the slow pathway (retrograde) and it is called uncommon AVNRT; this is why retrograde atrial activation happens later, with a characteristic longer RP interval than PR. Therefore, uncommon AVNRT is not a differential diagnosis for common AVNRT or orthodromic AVRT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.5.10. Permanent Junctional Reciprocating Tachycardia (Coumel Tachycardia)</title>
          <p>Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia is a supraventricular tachycardia that uses a particular accessory pathway (with an exclusive and decremental retrograde conduction). It is characterized by tachycardia with a long RP interval and its differential diagnoses include those described on Items 3.2.5.7 and 3.2.5.9.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.6. Pauses</title>
        <p>Pauses are defined by a lack of P wave and QRS complex with an interval &gt; 1.5 s. Clinical significance is considered when longer than 2 s. The occurrence of pauses may be related to sinus arrest, non-conducted PAC, sinoatrial block, and AV block.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.6.1. Sinus Arrest</title>
          <p>Sinus arrest corresponds to a pause in sinus activity &gt; 1.5 times the basic PP cycle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.6.2. Sinus Node Dysfunction</title>
          <p>The inability of the sinus node to maintain HR above the physiological need for the present situation is named sinus node dysfunction. On the ECG, this abnormality (or dysfunction) encompasses sinus pause, sinoatrial block, sinus bradycardia, replacement rhythms, AFib, atrial flutter, and tachy-brady syndrome, among other disorders.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.7. Classification of Supraventricular Tachycardias Based on the RP Interval</title>
        <p>The RP interval is a commonly used measure for characterizing supraventricular tachycardia. Its measurement is done from the beginning of the QRS complex to the following P wave (RP). Depending on the position of this P wave, the RP interval can be short (P wave before the midpoint of 2 consecutive QRS) or long (P wave located after the midpoint of 2 QRS). Therefore, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias can be divided into:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Short RP (normally up to 120&#8211;140 ms), as observed in common AVNRT and orthodromic AVRT;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Long RP, as observed in atrial tachycardia, uncommon AVNRT, and Coumel tachycardia (permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia).<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2.8. Supraventricular Arrhythmias with a Wide QRS Complex</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.8.1. Aberrant Conduction</title>
          <p>Supraventricular stimulus with hampered propagation in the conduction system, generating a QRS complex of different morphology when compared to the baseline QRS complex; it may resemble a bundle-branch block pattern, a fascicular block pattern, or both.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.8.2. PAC with Aberrant Conduction</title>
          <p>PAC with aberrant conduction is an early P wave followed by a QRS complex with a bundle-branch block pattern or fascicular block pattern, or both.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.8.3. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) with Aberrant Conduction</title>
          <p>It is a generic denomination for the aforementioned tachycardias presenting with aberrant conduction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2.8.4. Antidromic AV Reentrant Tachycardia</title>
          <p>Reentrant tachycardia uses an accessory pathway in an anterograde direction and the conduction system in a retrograde direction. The aberrant QRS is characterized by the presence of ventricular pre-excitation. Differential diagnoses must consider ventricular tachycardia. The presence of 1:1 retrograde atrial depolarization favors accessory pathway conduction involvement and AV dissociation is diagnostic of ventricular tachycardia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. AV Conduction</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Defining a Normal AV Conduction</title>
          <p>The period from the beginning of the P wave until the beginning of the QRS complex determines the PR interval, when there is atrial activation and physiological delay in the AV junction and/or the His-Purkinje system. Its duration is 120&#8211;200 ms, considering a maximum HR of 90 bpm. The PR interval varies according to HR and age.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1. Delayed AV Conduction <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> - <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </title>
            <p>Before studying them it is essential to remember the normal decremental conduction related to the AV node, which is an important electrophysiological characteristic of the AV node. This property refers to a reduction in the conduction velocity of the electrical impulse in the AV node, and it can be estimated through the PR interval on conventional ECG. This interval is considered normal in adults when between 120 ms and 200 ms, depending on age and HR.</p>
            <p>Delayed AV conduction occurs when atrial impulses have a delay or fail to reach the ventricles.</p>
            <p>Anatomically, abnormal AV node delayed conduction can be located in the AV node itself (nodal block), in the His-Purkinje bundle (intra-His block), or below this structure (infra-His block). Nodal conduction delays normally present narrow QRS complexes (&lt; 120 ms) and have a good prognosis; these are expressed by an increased PR interval. On the other hand, intra- and infra-His delays usually have wide QRS complexes and worse disease progression. In these cases, a normal PR interval is uncommon.</p>
            <p>We highlight that the AV node is greatly influenced by the autonomic nervous system; therefore, in situations where parasympathetic tone prevails (during sleep, in athletes), first-degree AV block and/or type I second-degree AV block may be seen, even without AV node lesion.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.1.1. First-degree AV Block</title>
              <p>In this case, the PR interval is &gt; 200 ms in adults, for an HR between 50 bpm and 90 bpm.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.1.2. Type I Second-degree AV Block (Mobitz I)</title>
              <p>In this case, AV conduction gradually slows down (Wenckebach phenomenon). Typically, there is a progressive increase in the PR interval; these increases are gradually shorter until AV conduction is blocked and a sinus beat cannot be conducted. Therefore, there is a gradual increase in the PR interval with simultaneous shortening of RR intervals until a P wave is blocked. This cycle may be repeated for variable periods, where the PR interval immediately after the blocked beat should be the smallest, and the next interval should have the largest proportional increase when compared to the ones that follow. The ratios for this block may vary such as 5:4; 4:3; 3:2 conduction.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.1.3. Type II Second-degree AV Block (Mobitz II)</title>
              <p>An abrupt failure of AV conduction happens in this situation. There is 1:1 AV conduction with a fixed PR interval, then a sudden P wave is blocked followed by new 1:1 AV conduction with a similar PR interval to the previous ones. The block is located at an intra/infra-His Purkinje site.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>4.1.1.4. 2:1 Second-degree AV Block</bold>
              </p>
              <p>It is characterized by alternating conducted and blocked sinus P waves. Most of 2:1 AV blocks are located at an intra/infra His-Purkinje site. The diagnosis of non-conducted PAC should be excluded.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.1.5. Advanced or High-grade Second-degree AV Block</title>
              <p>AV conduction happens in less than 50% of all sinus beats in a 3:1 ratio, 4:1 ratio, or higher. In general, AV conduction is noticed by a constant PR interval for each beat conducted. Most of them are located at an intra/infra His-Purkinje site. Junctional escapes may occur.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.1.6. Third-degree or Complete AV Block</title>
              <p>Stimuli of sinus origin are unable to reach and depolarize the ventricles; a focus below the blocked region, therefore takes ventricular rhythm control. As a result, there is no relationship between atrial and ventricular electrical activities (AV dissociation), which is translated on the ECG as P waves unrelated with QRS complexes. The rate of the sinus rhythm is higher than that of the ventricular escape rhythm. Third-degree AV block may be intermittent or permanent. AV Blocks originating from the supra-Hisian region may present escapes that resemble the baseline ECG. On the other hand, an infra-Hisian origin shows large QRS complexes.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.1.7. Paroxysmal AV Block</title>
              <p>Paroxysmal AV block is a series of a sudden, consecutive blocked P waves.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1.2. Ventricular Pre-excitation <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> - <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> </title>
        <p>In patients with ventricular pre-excitation, muscle fibers remain within the fibrous tissue and act as accessory pathways for conducting the electrical impulse between the atria and ventricles. These additional pathways may be located in any part of the AV annulus ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.1</xref> ). The classical pattern is characterized by a PR interval &lt; 120 ms during sinus rhythm in adults and &lt; 90 ms in children (varying with age and HR); a slurring (delta wave) on the initial portion of the QRS complex close to the P wave; QRS duration &gt; 120 ms in adults and &gt; 90 in children; and secondary changes in ST-segment and T wave. These ECG findings with the diagnosis of symptomatic paroxysmal SVT characterizes Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. The accessory pathway can be anatomically located using 12-lead ECG. Left-sided pathways are the most common (50% of the cases), followed by posteroseptal pathways (25%), right-sided pathways (15%), and anteroseptal pathways (10%). Anterior regions of the AV annulus are superior; this way, local accessory pathways determine activation in the superoinferior direction, with a positive delta wave in the inferior leads. On the other hand, the basal posterior region is inferior, with a consequently negative delta wave in the inferior leads. Differential diagnosis should occasionally be performed with a short PR interval and no delta wave, which are present in Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome,<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup>and a normal PR interval with ventricular pre-excitation, which is present in fasciculoventricular pathways such as the Mahaim variant.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 4.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Accessory pathway sites on the tricuspid and mitral valve annuli</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Accessory pathways can be divided when the QRS complex is predominantly positive (R) in V1 and V2, which indicates a left accessory pathway. When the QRS complex is negative (QS or rS), the accessory pathway is located to the right. Left-sided accessory pathways appear on the ECG as a negative delta wave in the D1 and/or aVL leads, a positive delta wave in the D2, D3, and aVF leads, and in V1 and V2. Right-sided accessory pathways present a positive delta wave in D1, D2, and aVL leads, and a normally negative one in D3 and aVR leads, as well as V1. The frontal plane QRS axis is shifted leftwards. On the other hand, posteroseptal pathways show a negative delta wave in D2, D3, and aVF. The importance of recognizing the locations of anteroseptal and midseptal pathways concerns their proximity to the bundle of His, which is associated with a higher risk during catheter ablation. In both locations, the delta wave is positive in the D1, D2, and aVL leads, while it is negative in D3 and aVR and positive/isoelectric in aVF, with a normal QRS axis. In 80% of the cases, the R/S transition occurs in V2.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The analysis of QRS complexes in V1 and V2 will define whether they are located to the right or to the left.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup>Several algorithms can be used to localize the accessory pathway based either on the polarity of the QRS complex or the accessory pathway.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref> - <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> </sup>It is important to note that diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and familial forms of glycogen storage disease (Fabry disease) may mimic the presence of pre-excitation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1.3. Other Mechanisms of Changes in the AV Relationship (normal AV node conduction)</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.3.1. AV Dissociation</title>
          <p>AV dissociation is caused by the following mechanisms: replacement, interference, AV block, and arrhythmia.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup>Two dissociated rhythms take place, one is of atrial origin (usually a sinus rhythm with a regular PP interval), and the other is of junctional or ventricular origin, also with a regular RR interval. Both foci rates are similar (isorhythmic dissociation). Ventricular rhythm may be hyperautomatic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.3.2. Retrograde Atrial Activation</title>
          <p>Retrograde atrial activation can be observed when the activation is originated from junctional or ventricle sites stimulation. There is a retrograde conduction, usually through the AV node or an accessory pathway. It is mandatory that a negative P wave after a QRS complex is found in the inferior leads.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Analysis of Ventricular Activation</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Normal Ventricular Activation</title>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.1. Definition of a Normal QRS</title>
            <p>The QRS complex is considered normal when its duration is &lt; 120 ms in all leads and its amplitude is 5&#8211;20 mm in the frontal plane leads and 10&#8211;30 mm in the precordial leads, with a normal orientation of the electrical axis.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> , <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> </sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.2. Normal Electrical Axis in the Frontal Plane</title>
            <p>The normal limits of the frontal plane QRS axis are normally -30&#186; and +90&#186;.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.3. Normal Ventricular Activation in the Transversal Plane</title>
            <p>It is expected a smooth transition of the typical rS morphology in V1 to the qR pattern in V6. So, from V1 to V6 there is a progressive increase of the r wave and decrease of the S wave amplitudes. In general, intermediate RS pattern (transition zone) occurs in V3 or V4.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.1.4. Analysis of Ventricular Rhythm Alterations</title>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.4.1. Definition of Cardiac Arrhythmia</title>
              <p>Cardiac arrhythmia can be defined as a change in frequency, formation, and/or conduction of the electrical impulse across the myocardium.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.4.2. Ventricular Arrhythmia</title>
              <p>Ventricular arrhythmia is an arrhythmia that originates below the bundle of His, usually seen with a wide QRS.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.4.3. Analysis of Ventricular Arrhythmias</title>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.1. Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC)<sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup></bold>
              </p>
              <p>PVC is a beat that originates in the ventricle before it is expected, in most cases with a postextrasystolic pause and recycling the RR interval. In the absence of a pause, it is named interpolated PVC. PVCs usually have a QRS &gt; 120 ms. Exceptionally they can be &lt; 120 ms (PVCs originating from the ventricular septum or close to the conduction system). Regarding their morphology, they can be monomorphic (the same morphology at the same lead) or polymorphic (two or more morphologies at the same lead). According to their recurrence, they can be classified as isolated, paired, bigeminal, trigeminal, quadrigeminal, or concealed.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.2. Ventricular Escape Beat</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Ventricular escape beat is characterized when ventricular depolarization occurs late. It appears due to the temporary inhibition of anatomically higher rhythms.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.3. Ventricular Escape Rhythm &#8211; Idioventricular Rhythm</bold>
              </p>
              <p>An idioventricular rhythm It originates in the ventricles, with a HR &lt; 40 bpm, and replaces anatomically higher rhythms that were inhibited or blocked.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.4. Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm</bold>
              </p>
              <p>An accelerated idioventricular rhythm originates in the ventricle (wide QRS), with HR &gt; 40 bpm (50&#8211;130 bpm, more frequently 70&#8211;85 bpm) as a result of increased automaticity. It is not a subsidiary rhythm and competes with the baseline rhythm of the heart. It is usually self-limited and associated with ischemic myocardial disease (reperfusion/ischemia).<sup><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></sup></p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.5. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)</bold>
              </p>
              <p>VT is a cardiac rhythm that presents three or more successive beats at a rate &gt; 100 bpm.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.5.1. Monomorphic VT</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Monomorphic VT is characterized by uniform QRS morphology in the same lead.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.5.2. Polymorphic VT</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Polymorphic VT is a fast ventricular rhythm with 3 or more different wide QRS morphologies.<sup><xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup></p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.5.3. Torsades des Pointes (TdP)</bold>
              </p>
              <p>TdP is a wide QRS polymorphic tachycardia with a QRS that &#8220;rotates&#8221; around the baseline (twisting motion). It is normally preceded by long-short cycles (sinus beat-PVC) and is due to a long QT interval in sinus rhythm, which can be congenital or secondary to medications, electrolyte imbalance, or certain heart diseases.<sup><xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></sup></p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.5.4. Bidirectional VT<sup><xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup></bold>
              </p>
              <p>Tachycardia of ventricular origin where the right bundle-branch (or rarely the left bundle-branch) is constantly blocked, while the anterosuperior and posteroinferior divisions of the left bundle-branch are blocked in an alternating mode, beat by beat. In the frontal plane, a beat with positive QRS is alternated with a beat with negative QRS, generating the bidirectional aspect. This type of arrhythmia is related with digitalis toxicity, severe myocardial disease due to advanced cardiomyopathy, and cases with no structural heart disease such as catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia; it usually precedes polymorphic VT.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.5.5. VT Length</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Sustained: a tachycardia that lasts &gt; 30 s or is associated to symptoms of hemodynamic instability. Non-sustained: a tachycardia that lasts &lt; 30 s and there is no symptoms of hemodynamic instability.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.6. Fusion Beat</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Fusion beat corresponds to a beat that is generated from two sites: an activation from the ventricle and another from the atria. Electrocardiographically, it presents a P wave followed by a wide QRS (a hybrid morphology between a supraventricular beat and a beat of ventricular origin). Fusion beats are seen in the following situations: ventricular pre-excitation, VT, parasystole, and some PVCs.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.7. Supraventricular Capture Beat During Idioventricular Rhythm</bold>
              </p>
              <p>This is a beat originating from the atrium that can overcome the anatomical or functional conduction block in the AV junction and completely or partially depolarize the ventricle; in case of partial depolarization, a fusion beat occurs.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.8. Ventricular Parasystole</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Ventricular parasystole corresponds to the beat that originates from a ventricular site and competes with the sinus rhythm (a parallel pacemaker with a permanent entry block and occasional exit block). It is electrocardiographically visible for its own rate, fusion beats, periods of interectopic intervals with a multiple denominator, and variable coupling intervals.<sup><xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></sup></p>
              <p>
                <bold>5.1.4.3.9. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)</bold>
              </p>
              <p>VF is characterized by bizarre and chaotic waves, with variable amplitude and ventricular rate. It corresponds to one of the clinical presentations of cardiac arrest. It can be preceded by VT or TdP that degenerated into VF.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>5.1.4.4. Criteria for Differentiating Wide QRS Complex Tachycardias <xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref> - <xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref> </title>
              <p>Most wide QRS complex tachycardias (80%) are of ventricular origin, and the presence of structural heart disease reinforces this possibility. AV dissociation, fusion beats, and/or capture beats (with different QRS) strongly suggest a VT diagnosis. Some algorithms, such as those by Brugada and by Vereckei<sup><xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></sup>(widely known) and others, help differentiate those wide QRS tachycardias ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 5.1</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref> - <xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref> </sup>Figures 5.1 and 5.2 show ECG features of Brugada and Steuer criteria for diagnosing VT.</p>
              <p>
                <table-wrap id="t2001">
                  <label>Table 5.1</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Electrocardiographic criteria for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction from ventricular tachycardia</title>
                  </caption>
                  <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <colgroup width="13%">
                      <col/>
                      <col/>
                      <col/>
                      <col/>
                      <col/>
                      <col/>
                      <col/>
                      <col/>
                    </colgroup>
                    <thead>
                      <tr>
                        <th align="left">Autor</th>
                        <th>Wellens<sup>49</sup>(1978)</th>
                        <th>Brugada<sup>46</sup>(1991)</th>
                        <th>Steuer<sup>51</sup>(1994)</th>
                        <th>Vereckei<sup>54</sup>(2008)</th>
                        <th>Pava<sup>55</sup>(2010)</th>
                        <th>Jastrzebski<sup>56</sup>or VT Escore (2016)</th>
                        <th>Santos Neto<sup>57</sup>(2021)</th>
                      </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                      <tr>
                        <td rowspan="7">Findings and steps of analysis for each algorithm</td>
                        <td align="center">AV dissociation</td>
                        <td align="center">Absence of RS in the precordial leads</td>
                        <td align="center">Predominantly negative QRS complexes from V4 to V6</td>
                        <td align="center">Initial R wave in the aVR lead</td>
                        <td align="center">Interval from the onset of the QRS complex to the apex of the R wave &#8805; 50 ms in the D2 lead</td>
                        <td align="center">Dominant R wave in the V1 lead</td>
                        <td align="center">Predominantly negative polarity in 4 leads: DI, D2, V1, and V6</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="center">QRS complex &gt; 140 ms (RBBB)</td>
                        <td align="center">RS &#8805; 100 ms</td>
                        <td align="center">QS complex in one or more leads from V2 to V6</td>
                        <td align="center">Initial r or q &gt; 40 ms</td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td align="center">Initial r wave &gt; 40 ms in V1 or V2</td>
                        <td align="center">Predominantly negative polarity in 3 out of 4 leads</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="center">QRS complex &gt; 160 ms (LBBB)</td>
                        <td align="center">AV dissociation</td>
                        <td align="center">AV dissociation</td>
                        <td align="center">Notch on the descending limb of a predominantly negative QRS</td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td align="center">Notch on the S wave in the V1 lead</td>
                        <td align="center">Predominantly negative polarity in 2 out of 4 leads</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="center">QRS axis beyond -30&#186;</td>
                        <td align="center">Morphological criteria</td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td align="center">Rela&#231;&#227;o Vi/Vt &#8804; 1</td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td align="center">Initial R wave in the aVR lead</td>
                        <td> </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="center">Mono or biphasic QRS in V1 (RBBB)</td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td align="center">Interval from the onset of the QRS complex to the apex of the R wave &#8805; 50 ms in the DII lead</td>
                        <td> </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="center">QR or QS in V6 (LBBB)</td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td align="center">Absence of RS in the precordial leads</td>
                        <td> </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td> </td>
                        <td align="center">AV dissociation</td>
                        <td> </td>
                      </tr>
                    </tbody>
                  </table>
                </table-wrap>
              </p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f03001">
                  <label>Figure 5.1</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Examples of Brugada criteria for diagnosing ventricular tachycardia.</title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
              </p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f04001">
                  <label>Figure 5.2</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Steuer criteria for diagnosing ventricular tachycardia.</title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Cardiac Chambers hypertrophy</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Atrial hypertrophy</title>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.1. Left Atrial Hypertrophy</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>P wave duration: &#8805; 120 ms (D2 lead), sometimes a P wave with two peaks (right and left atrial components &#8805; 40 ms);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Morris Index: P wave with an increased negative component in V1 lead (negative component of &#8805; 1 mm<sup>2</sup>).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.2. Right Atrial Hypertrophy</title>
            <p>Isolated right atrial hypertrophy is rare but is frequently associated with right ventricular hypertrophy. ECG findings:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>P waves amplitude: &gt; 0.25 mV or 2.5 mm (D2 lead);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>V1 lead: positive initial portion &gt; 0.15 mV or 1.5 mm;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Some indirect signs: Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi (low-voltage QRS complex in V1 with an abruptly QRS amplitude increase in V2) and Sodi-Pallares (QR, Qr, qR, or qRS complexes in V1).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.3. Biatrial hypertrophy</title>
            <p>There are both characteristics of right and left atrial hypertrophy.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.1.4. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> - <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref> </title>
            <p>Although the echocardiogram has a high accuracy for identifying LVH, the ECG has important prognostic significance when abnormal. The currently used criteria include:</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.1.4.1. Romhilt-Estes Criteria <xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr"><sup>66</sup></xref> </title>
              <p>According to these criteria, LVH is present when 5-point score is achieved. Limitations: LBBB, RBBB, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation.</p>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p><italic>3 points</italic>:  increased QRS amplitude (&#8805; 20 mm in the frontal plane and/or &#8805; 30 mm in the transversal plane); strain pattern (free of digitalis influence); Morris index;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><italic>2 points</italic>:  left QRS axis deviation beyond -30&#186;;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><italic>1 point</italic>:  increased ventricular activation time (VAT) or intrinsicoid deflection &gt; 40 ms; increased QRS duration (&gt; 90 ms) in V5 and V6; and a strain pattern under digitalis influence.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>6.1.4.2. Sokolow-Lyon Index <xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr"><sup>60</sup></xref> </title>
              <p>LVH is considered when the sum of S wave amplitude (V1 lead) + R wave amplitude (V5/V6 lead) is &#8805; 35 mm. In young people, this threshold can be 40 mm. This index should not be used in athletes.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>6.1.4.3. Cornell Index <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr"><sup>58</sup></xref> </title>
              <p>LVH is considered when the sum of R wave amplitude (aVL lead) + S wave amplitude (V3 lead) is &#8805; 28 mm in men and &#8805; 20 mm in women.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>6.1.4.4. Peguero-Lo Presti <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref> , <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref> </title>
              <p>LVH is considered when the sum of the deepest S wave in all 12 leads + S wave in V4 is &#8805; 28 mm in men and &#8805; 23 mm in women.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>6.1.4.5. Changes in Ventricular Repolarization</title>
              <p>A flat T wave in the left leads (D1, aVL, V5, and V6), or a strain pattern (ST depression &#8805; 0.5 mm with a negative and asymmetrical T wave).</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.5. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy <xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref> - <xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref> </title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.5.1. QRS Axis</title>
          <p>A QRS axis shift located to the right beyond +110&#176; - frontal plane.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.5.2. Tall R Wave</title>
          <p>A tall R wave in V1 and V2 (R/S ratio &#8805; 1), and deep S waves in the opposite leads (V5 and V6).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.5.3. qR or qRs Morphology</title>
          <p>A qR or qRs morphology in V1 (or V1 and V2) is one of the most specific signs of RVH. It indicates an increased intraventricular pressure (systolic).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.5.4. rsR&#8217; Morphology</title>
          <p>A triphasic pattern (rsR&#8217;), with prominent R wave in the right precordial leads V1 and V2. It indicates an increased intraventricular pressure (diastolic) with an enlarged chamber.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.5.5. Ventricular Repolarization</title>
          <p>ECG can present a strain pattern (ST-segment depression with a negative T wave) in the right precordial leads (V1, V2, and, sometimes, V3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.5.6. Seattle Criteria for RVH</title>
          <p>RVH is considered when the sum of R wave in V1 + S wave in V5&#8211;V6 &gt; 10.5 mm (and right axis deviation &gt; 120&#186;).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.6. Biventricular Hypertrophy</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>a) Frontal plane QRS axis deviated to the right, associated with voltage criteria for LVH;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>b) An ECG typical of RVH, associated with one or more of the following features: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>b.1) deep Q waves in V5 and V6 and in inferior leads;</p></list-item><list-item><p>b.2) Increased R wave voltage in V5 and V6;</p></list-item><list-item><p>b.3) Sokolow-Lion criterion for LVH (S in V1-V2 + R in V5-V6);</p></list-item><list-item><p>b.4) Intrinsicoid deflection in V6 &#8805; 40 ms.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>c) Large biphasic QRS complexes, with R-S &gt; 50 mm, in mid-precordial leads (V2 to V4 - Katz-Wachtel phenomenon).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1.7. Differential Diagnoses for Increased QRS Amplitude <xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr"><sup>73</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Increased QRS amplitude is most commonly seen with ventricular hypertrophy. However, QRS may be increased in normal individuals in the following situations:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Children, adolescents, and young adults;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Slender individuals;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Athletes;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Women who underwent mastectomy surgery;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Vagotonia.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Analysis of Intraventricular Blocks (Conduction Delay)</title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Intraventricular Blocks <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref> , <xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref> </title>
          <p>Although the concept of &#8220;bundle-branch block&#8221; is well established in the literature, various degrees of delays in the intraventricular propagation of electrical impulses can occur, leading to changes in the morphology and duration of the QRS complex. These changes in intraventricular conduction may be fixed or intermittent, and also rate-dependent. These blocks may be caused by structural changes in the His-Purkinje conduction system or in the ventricular myocardium (necrosis, fibrosis, calcification, infiltrative diseases, or vascular insufficiency), or functional changes (due to the relative refractory period of part of the conduction system), generating aberrant intraventricular conduction.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.1.1. Left Bundle-Branch Block (LBBB) <xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref> , <xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref> </title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Wide QRS &#8805; 120 ms (as an essential condition); classical manifestations of LBBB, however, width &#8805; 130 ms in women and &#8805; 140 ms in men);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Absence of a q wave in D1, aVL, V5, and V6; variants may have a q wave in aVL only.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Wide R waves, with notches and/or mid-terminal slurring in D1, aVL, V5, and V6;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Delayed r wave progression from V1 to V3 (sometimes with QS complexes);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Intrinsicoid deflection in V5 and V6 &#8805; 50 ms.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>QRS axis between -30&#186; and +60&#186;;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>ST-segment depression and asymmetrical T wave opposed to the mid-terminal delay.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <sec>
              <title>7.1.1.1. LBBB in Association with LVH <xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref> - <xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref> </title>
              <p>The electrocardiographic diagnosis of LVH in association with LBBB is not trivial due to changes in the QRS complex inherent to the LBBB. Studies show variable results regarding the accuracy of electrocardiographic criteria for LVH:</p>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Left atrial hypertrophy;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>QRS duration &gt; 150 ms;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>R wave in aVL &gt; 11 mm;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>S waves in V2 &gt; 30 mm and in V3 &gt; 25 mm;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>QRS axis beyond -40&#186;;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Sokolow-Lyon Index &#8805; 35 mm.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>7.1.1.2. LBBB in Association with RVH <xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr"><sup>80</sup></xref> (at Least 2 out of 3 Criteria)</title>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Low voltage in the precordial leads;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Prominent R wave in aVR;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>R/S ratio &lt; 1 in V5.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.2. Right Bundle-Branch Block (RBBB) <xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref> , <xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref> </title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Wide QRS &#8805; 120 ms as an essential condition;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Slurred S waves in D1, aVL, V5, and V6;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>qR waves with slurred R wave in aVR;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>rSR&#8217; or rsR&#8217; with thickened R&#8217; in V1;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Variable QRS axis, usually shifted to the right in the frontal plane;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Asymmetrical T wave opposed to the delay of the end of the QRS complex.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.2.1. End Conduction Delay</title>
          <p>This expression may be used when there is a subtle conduction disturbance in the right bundle-branch. It can be a normal variant and sometimes is also called incomplete right bundle-branch block.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.3. Left Fascicular Blocks <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref> - <xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref> </title>
        <p>A conduction delay that affects one of the left bundle-branch divisions may generate an upward/leftward shift (LAFB) or a downward/rightward shift (LPFB) or an anterior shift (left anteromedial fascicular block) of the QRS axis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.3.1 Left Anterosuperior Fascicular Block (LAFB) <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref> - <xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref> </title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>QRS axis &#8805; -45&#186;;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>rS complex in D2, D3 and aVF with an S3 greater than S2; QRS duration &lt; 120 ms;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>S wave amplitude &#8805; 15 mm in D3 (or equivalent area);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>qR complex in D1 and aVL with an intrinsicoid deflection time &#8805; 50 ms or qRs complex with a minimal &#8220;s&#8221; wave in D1;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>qR complex in aVL with slurred R wave;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Slow r wave progression from V1 to V3;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Presence of S wave from V4 to V6.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.3.2. Left Anteromedial Fascicular Block <xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref> - <xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">90</xref> </title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>qR complex from V1 to V4.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ncreasing R wave from V1 to V3 (&#8805; 15 mm) and decreasing QRS complex amplitude from V4 to V6;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>QRS duration &lt; 120 ms;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>No deviation of the frontal plane QRS axis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>T waves generally negative in the right precordial leads.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>All the mentioned criteria are valid in the absence of RVH, septal hypertrophy, or old lateral myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.3.3 Left Posteroinferior Fascicular Block (LPFB) <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref> - <xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref> , <xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref> , <xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref> </title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Frontal plane QRS axis shifted to the right &gt; +90&#186;;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>qR complex in D2, D3 and aVF with R3 &gt; R2 and an intrinsicoid deflection &gt; 50 ms;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>R wave in D3 &gt; 15 mm (or equivalent area);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Intrinsicoid deflection duration increased in aVF, V5&#8211;V6 &#8805; 50 ms;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>rS complex duration &lt; 120 ms in D1; slower R wave progression may occur from V1&#8211;V3;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>S wave from V2 to V6.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>All these criteria are valid in the absence of a slender body type, RVH, and old lateral myocardial infarction.<sup><xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref> , <xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.4. Right Fascicular Blocks <xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr"><sup>82</sup></xref> </title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.4.1. Right Superior Fascicular Block</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>rS complex in D2, D3, and aVF with S2 &gt; S3 (differentiating it from the LAFB);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Rs complex with an S wave &gt; 2 mm in D1, rS complex duration &lt; 120 ms, rS complex in D1 or D1, D2, and D3 (S1, S2, S3);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Slurred S waves in V1&#8211;V2/V5&#8211;V6 or, eventually, rSr&#8217; complex in V1 and V2;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>qR complex with slurred R wave in aVR.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.4.2. Right Inferior Fascicular Block</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>R wave in D2 &gt; R wave in D3;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>rS complex duration &lt; 120 ms in D1;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Frontal plane QRS axis shifted to the right &gt; +90&#186;;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Slurred S waves in V1&#8211;V2/V5&#8211;V6 or, eventually, rSr&#8217; complex in V1 and V2;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>qR complex with slurred R wave in aVR.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Given the difficulty in recognizing right fascicle blocks, the term &#8220;intraventricular end conduction delay&#8221; may be used.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.5. Bundle-Branch and Fascicular Blocks Association <xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr"><sup>93</sup></xref> </title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.5.1. LBBB in Association with LAFB</title>
          <p>An LBBB with a frontal plane QRS axis shifted to the left, beyond -30&#186;, suggests the presence of LAFB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.5.2. LBBB in Association with LPFB</title>
          <p>An LBBB with a frontal plane QRS axis shifted downwards and to the right, beyond +60&#186;, suggests an association with LPFB, RVH, or congenital heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.5.3. RBBB in Association with LAFB</title>
          <p>An RBBB with a frontal plane QRS axis shifted to the left, beyond -30&#186;, suggests the presence of LAFB.<sup><xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref> , <xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.5.4. RBBB in Association with LPFB</title>
          <p>An RBBB with a frontal plane QRS axis shifted downwards and to the right, beyond +120&#186;, suggests an association with LPFB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.5.5. RBBB in Association with LAFB and Left Anteromedial Fascicular Block</title>
          <p>RBBB in association with LAFB and left anteromedial fascicular block follows the same bundle-branch and fascicular block criteria described above.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.5.6. LAFB in Association with Left Anteromedial Fascicular Block</title>
          <p>LAFB and left anteromedial fascicular block follows the same fascicular block criteria described above.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.5.7. Masquerading Bundle-Branch Block <xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">96</xref> , <xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref> </title>
          <p>RBBB pattern in V1 (R or rR&#8217; complex) and an LBBB pattern in the frontal plane leads with LAFB. The S wave in D1 is normally absent or below 1 mm. In the presence of these associations, axis deviations are more prominent.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1.6. Special Situations Involving Intraventricular Conduction</title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.6.1. Peri-infarction Conduction Block <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr"><sup>98</sup></xref> </title>
          <p>QRS complex duration is increased in the presence of an abnormal Q wave due to myocardial infarction (inferior or lateral leads). QRS complex final portion is increased (QR complex).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.6.2. Peri-ischemia Block <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref> , <xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref> </title>
          <p>Peri-ischemia block occurs when there is a transient increase in QRS complex duration with ST-segment elevation (acute phase).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.6.3. QRS Complex Fragmentation (fQRS) <xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref> , <xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref> </title>
          <p>Presence of notches in the R or S waves in 2 contiguous leads in the absence of bundle-branch block. With a narrow QRS, notches are more clearly seen in the inferior leads. With bundle-branch block more than 2 notches are needed. This diagnosis should be differentiated from end conduction delays when the notch appears in the S wave in V1 and V2. The more leads with fragmentation are observed, the worse the prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.6.4. Atypical LBBB <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr"><sup>101</sup></xref> </title>
          <p>In a patient with previous LBBB with a new infarction, there are deep and wide Q waves, a QS complex pattern in V1&#8211;V4, and QR complex in V5&#8211;V6, with QRS fragmentation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1.6.5 Parietal or Purkinje/Muscle or Focal Intraventricular Block <xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr"><sup>102</sup></xref> </title>
          <p>This dromotropic disturbance is located between the Purkinje fibers and the muscle. It is seen in severe hypertrophies and cardiomyopathies. May be associated with LAFB or LVH, and the duration of the QRS complex is &#8805; 120 ms, without LBBB morphology or LBBB with LAFB morphology.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Analysis of the ECG In Coronary Heart Disease</title>
        <p>It is important to highlight that a normal ECG does not exclude the presence of a coronary event. Specific clinical guidelines for acute coronary syndromes should be followed.<sup><xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref> , <xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref> </sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Diagnostic Criteria for Myocardial Ischemia <xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr"><sup>105</sup></xref> </title>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.1. Presence of Ischemia</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p><italic>Hyperacute phase</italic> &#8211; peaked and symmetrical T wave as the initial presentation;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><italic>Subendocardial ischemia</italic> &#8211; positive, symmetrical, and peaked T wave;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><italic>Subepicardial ischemia</italic> &#8211; negative, symmetrical, and peaked T wave. This alteration is currently attributed to a pattern of reperfusion or edema instead of real ischemia of the subepicardial region.<sup><xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.2. Circumferential or Global Ischemia <xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref> , <xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref> </title>
            <p>A peculiar situation during an angina episode, with ST-segment depression in 6 or more leads, particularly in V4&#8211;V6, along with negative T waves associated with an ST-segment elevation &gt; 0.5 mm in aVR.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.3. Secondary Changes</title>
            <p>Secondary changes in the T wave are those not fitting within the definition of ischemic waves, especially due to asymmetry and the presence of other diagnostic characteristics such as chamber hypertrophy or intraventricular blocks.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Subendocardial and Subepicardial Injury: Diagnostic Criteria</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Subepicardial injury</italic> &#8211; J-point and ST-segment elevation, with upper concavity or convexity (more specific) of the segment in 2 contiguous leads, of at least 1 mm in the frontal plane and left precordial leads. In precordial leads (V1 to V3), ST-segment elevation should be &#8805; 1.5 mm in women, &#8805; 2 mm in men aged 40 years or older, and &#8805; 2.5 mm in men aged less than 40 years;<sup><xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Subendocardial injury</italic><sup><xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref></sup>&#8211; J-point and ST-segment depression, horizontal or downsloping &#8805; 0.5 mm, in 2 contiguous leads, at 60 ms after the J-point.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Note: to diagnose injury one should consider the concomitant presence of changes in the T wave and ST-segment, recognized in at least 2 concordant leads.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.3. Definition of Myocardial Fibrosis</title>
        <p>An area with fibrosis (old myocardial infarction) is considered when ventricular activation does not occur as expected and does not suggest intraventricular conduction disturbance. Myocardial fibrosis (old myocardial infarction) is characterized by pathological Q waves in 2 contiguous leads, with duration &#8805; 40 ms, associated or not with amplitude &gt; 25% of the QRS amplitude, or a reduced R wave in an area where it is expected and should be present.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4. Topographic Analysis of Ischemia, Injury, and Necrosis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.1. ECG Topographic Analysis of Ischemic Manifestations (Meyers)</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Anteroseptal wall &#8211; V1, V2, and V3 leads;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Anterior wall &#8211; V1, V2, V3, and V4 leads;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Anterolateral wall &#8211; V4 to V5, V6, D1, and aVL leads;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Extensive anterior wall &#8211; V1 to V6, D1, and aVL leads;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Lateral wall &#8211; D1 and aVL leads and/or V5 and V6 leads;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Inferior wall &#8211; D2, D3, and aVF leads.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Note: The term &#8220;posterior wall&#8221; should no longer be used due to current evidence indicating that the recording of leads V7&#8211;V9 refers to the lateral wall.<sup><xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.2. ECG Topographic Analysis of Ischemic Manifestations in Association with Magnetic Resonance Imaging <xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr"><sup>111</sup></xref> </title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Septal wall &#8211; Q wave in V1 and V2 leads;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Anteroapical wall &#8211; Q wave in V1, V2 to V3&#8211;V6 leads;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Anteromedial wall &#8211; Q wave (qS complex or r wave) in D1, aVL, occasionally in V2 and V3 leads;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Lateral wall &#8211; Q wave (qR1 complex or r wave) in D1, aVL, V5&#8211;V6 and/or RS complex in V1 lead;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Inferior wall &#8211; Q wave in D2, D3, and aVF leads.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The sites mentioned above present the best anatomic correlations in acute coronary syndromes with ST-segment elevation and in necrosis (when present). Topographic sites may vary in the case of cardiomegaly or major structural alterations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.3. Electrocardiographic Correlation with the Culprit Artery (Table 8.1) <xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr"><sup>112</sup></xref> </title>
          <p>In <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 8.1</xref> we find the correlation between the culprit artery and the wall/ventricular segment involved.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 8.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Correlation between culprit artery and wall/ventricular segment (adapted from Selvester RH et al.) 112</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.5. Particular Areas of Infarction</title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5.1. Right Ventricle Myocardial Infarction</title>
          <p>ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads (V1, V3R, V4R, V5R, and V6R), particularly with ST-segment elevation &gt; 1 mm in V4R. ST-segment elevation in right ventricle infarctions appears for a short period of time due to the low oxygen consumption of the right ventricular muscle. In general, this infarction is associated with low inferior wall and/or lateral wall infarctions of the left ventricle.<sup><xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5.2. Atrial Infarction</title>
          <p>Atrial infarction can be recognized by the presence of PR segment elevation &gt; 0.5 mm. It can be associated with atrial arrhythmias.<sup><xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.6. Differential Diagnoses <xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr"><sup>115</sup></xref> </title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.6.1. Subepicardial Ischemia</title>
          <p>It should be differentiated from secondary changes in ventricular repolarization in LVH or bundle-branch blocks (asymmetrical T wave).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.6.2. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) with ST-segment Elevation</title>
          <p>It should be differentiated from:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Early repolarization;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pericarditis and myocarditis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Former AMI with dyskinetic area and persistent ST-segment elevation (left ventricular aneurysm);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Acute pancreatitis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hyperkalemia;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Catecholaminergic syndromes;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Brugada syndrome.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.7. Association of Myocardial Infarction with Bundle-Branch Blocks</title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.7.1. Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of RBBB</title>
          <p>The electrocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial infarction is not hindered by the presence of an RBBB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.7.2. Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of LBBB</title>
          <p>The presence of an LBBB hinders the recognition of an associated myocardial infarction. In LBBB, the conduction delay begins with the disappearance of the first vector and mid to terminal ventricular activation impairment. In septal infarctions, a larger and wider R wave is seen (as opposed to the usually small or absent r wave in LBBB) in V1 and/or V2, associated with a q wave in V5 and V6. In lateral infarctions, we notice slurred or notched S waves in the ascending phase. Inferior infarctions result in slurred or notched S waves in D2, D3, and aVF.<sup><xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref></sup></p>
          <p>ST-segment deviations may allow the identification of recent myocardial infarction, according to criteria defined by Sgarbossa et al. Five points or more indicate a high accuracy in the identification of myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation.<sup><xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>5 points: ST-segment elevation &#8805; 1mm concordant with the QRS/T;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>3 points: ST-segment depression &#8805; 1 mm in V1, V2, and V3;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>2 points: ST-segment elevation &#8805; 5 mm discordant with the QRS/T.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Analysis of Ventricular Repolarization</title>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1. Ventricular Repolarization</title>
          <p>The analysis of ventricular repolarization is extremely complex, as it represents the interaction of various systems that can be expressed through segments and electrical waves. The repolarization phenomenon received greater attention after the recognition of its contribution to the risk stratification of major arrhythmic events and sudden cardiac death.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>9.1.1. Normal Ventricular Repolarization</title>
            <p>Ventricular repolarization comprehends the period between the end of the QRS and the end of the T wave (or U wave, when present). In this context, the following elements should be analyzed:</p>
            <sec>
              <title>9.1.1.1. J-point</title>
              <p>J-point is located at the end of the QRS complex. Its position is used to identify ST-segment deviations.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>9.1.1.2. ST-Segment</title>
              <p>ST-segment is located between the J-point and the T wave. It should be at the same level as the PR segment. Variation up to 0.5 mm (up or down) is considered within the normal range.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>9.1.1.3. T Wave</title>
              <p>A normal T wave is asymmetrical, with a slower onset and a faster ending. It is also positive in almost all leads, and its amplitude corresponds to 10%-30% of the QRS amplitude. It is always negative in aVR and may be negative only in V1 and/or D3.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>9.1.1.4. U Wave</title>
              <p>U wave is the last and smallest deflection in the ECG. When present, it occurs soon after the T wave and before the P wave of the next cycle. Its polarity is the same as that of the preceding T wave, and in most cases its amplitude corresponds to 5%-25% of the preceding T wave. In general, it is visible only in low heart rates and its genesis is attributed to the following:</p>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Late repolarization of the Purkinje fibers;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Slow repolarization of papillary muscles;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Late residual potentials in the septum;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Electromechanical coupling;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>M cell activity;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Delayed afterdepolarization (triggered activity).</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>9.1.1.5. QT interval and Corrected QT Interval (QTc)</title>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p><italic>QT &#8211;</italic> Measurement from the beginning of the QRS to the end of the T wave. It represents the total duration of ventricular electrical activity;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><italic>QTc &#8211;</italic> QT is modified by the heart rate. In general, its correction (QTc) uses the Bazett formula:</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
              <disp-formula id="e1001">
                <mml:math>
                  <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi>
                      <mml:msup>
                        <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo>
                      </mml:msup>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:msqrt>
                      <mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
                    </mml:msqrt>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:math>
              </disp-formula>
              <p><sup>*</sup>QT measured in milliseconds and RR distance measured in seconds.</p>
              <p>The Bazett formula,<sup><xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref></sup>although widely used for calculating QTc, presents limitations for HRs below 60 bpm or above 90 bpm. In these cases, linear formulas such as those by Framingham<sup><xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref></sup>and Hodges<sup><xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref></sup>should be used.</p>
              <p>QT and QTc values do not need to be reported, but they should always be checked for normality. QTc values vary with gender and are accepted as normal when up to 450 ms for men and 470 ms for women. For children, the upper limit of normality is 460 ms,<sup><xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref></sup>and QT is considered short when below 340 ms.<sup><xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref></sup></p>
              <p>The measurement of the QT interval in bundle-branch blocks is controversial, and a simplified correction was recently proposed by Bogossian: QTm = QT<sub>LBBB</sub>- 0.5 QRS<sub>LBBB</sub>.<sup><xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.1.2. Variants of Ventricular Repolarization</title>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1.2.1. Early Repolarization Pattern</title>
          <p>Historically, the ECG with &#8220;early repolarization&#8221; has always been considered normal. Some publications have associated the slurring or notching of the final portion of the QRS (also named early repolarization) with a higher death rate; thus caused scientific turmoil regarding the benignity of this condition. Early repolarization is characterized by the mandatory presence of a notch or slurring of the final portion of the QRS complex; J-point elevation may or may not be found.<sup><xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref></sup></p>
          <p>J wave with a straightened aspect of the ST in the inferior leads (or associated with lateral leads) may be an electrical marker of ventricular tachyarrhythmias risk.<sup><xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref> - <xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>In the last decades, great advances have linked the ventricular repolarization features to risk stratification of major arrhythmic events and sudden cardiac death. These include the dispersion of ventricular repolarization as a marker of the non-uniform recovery of myocardial excitability and the recognition of cyclic (macrovolt or microvolt) T-wave alternans. It is important to consider significant changes in polarity, duration, and morphology of the electric phenomena described above as ventricular repolarization alterations.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Channelopathies and Other Genetic Alterations</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1. Genetics and the ECG</title>
          <p>In recent years, the improvement of genetic mapping techniques allowed a deeper understanding and differentiation of potentially fatal clinical conditions with characteristic electrocardiographic patterns. Within this group, we highlight conditions that affect structurally normal hearts, such as channelopathies and others with myocardium involvement such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>10.1.1. Channelopathies</title>
            <p>Cardiac channelopathies are a result of genetic mutations or malfunctioning of ion channels, resulting in important modifications of the action potential. Some specific electrocardiographic findings associated with syncope (at rest or triggered by exercise), as well as ventricular arrhythmias in structurally normal hearts, should raise the hypothesis of channelopathies.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>10.1.1.1. Congenital Long QT Syndrome <xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref> , <xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref> </title>
              <p>Congenital long QT syndrome was the first described and most studied channelopathy. It allowed the understanding of the relationship between molecular biology and genetics, and the association with clinical manifestations, risk stratification, and treatment. Congenital long QT syndrome represents the main cause of a negative autopsy in cases of sudden death among young people.</p>
              <p>Its main characteristic is the prolongation of the QTc on the ECG, with values &gt; 460 ms. Clinically the presence of syncope or cardiac and respiratory arrest triggered by emotional and physical stress should raise the hypothesis of long QT syndrome. People with this condition are at a high risk of polymorphic VT, syncope, and sudden death (when polymorphic VT degenerates into VF). <italic>Torsades des pointes</italic> (TdP) is a polymorphic VT in a person with long QT. Although 16 genes have been linked to mutations associated with long QT syndrome (LQT), 3 of them correspond to 75% of all diagnosed cases: KCNQ1 (LQT1), KCNH2 (LQT2), and SCN5A (LQT3). Some triggers are gene-specific: exercise is more strongly associated with LQT1, emotional stress is associated with LQT2, and bradycardia is associated with LQT3. Characteristics on the ECG include:</p>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p>LQT1: T wave with a wide base and delayed beginning;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>LQT2: T wave with low amplitude, usually with notch;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>LQT3: delayed T wave, with a huge ST-segment.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>10.1.1.2. Short QT Syndrome <xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref> - <xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref> </title>
              <p>Described in 2000, short QT syndrome is characterized by a short QT interval (&lt; 340 ms) associated with AFib and sudden cardiac death. There is increased activity of potassium channels (phase 3 of the action potential) resulting in shortening of the QT interval. Genes related with this syndrome are KCNH2, KCNQ1, and KCNJ2. When the ECG highlights short QTc (&lt; 370 ms) and a distance &lt; 120 ms between the J point and the peak of the T wave, a diagnosis of short QT is suspected.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>10.1.1.3. Brugada Syndrome <xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref> - <xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref> </title>
              <p>Brugada syndrome is a channelopathy caused by sodium channels defect. In most cases it happens in the right ventricular epicardium, affecting men more than women (8:1). Some individuals present syncope and or/cardiac arrest due to VF, besides family history of sudden death. In many cases, these events happen during rest and sleep, and may also be triggered by hyperthermia and some medications, culminating in sudden death.</p>
              <p>Brugada syndrome has a dominant autosomal inheritance and is responsible for 20% of all sudden deaths with a normal heart at autopsy. It is a genetically heterogeneous condition, involving at least 13 genes. More than 200 mutations have been described, most of them occur in genes that affect the sodium channels (SCN5A) and it can be identified in only 20% to 25% of all cases.</p>
              <p>A J-point elevation &#8805; 2 mm in V1 and V2 leads, followed by a slow ST-segment depression with upward convexity and a T-wave inversion, characterizes the type 1 pattern. The diagnosis of Brugada syndrome is made by the electrocardiographic finding of the type 1 pattern in association with symptoms.</p>
              <p>Type 2 pattern is characterized by a J-point elevation in V1 and V2 &lt; 2 mm and a saddle-shaped ST-segment. This pattern is highly suspect but does not confirm the diagnosis. Its transient pattern hinders diagnosis, and in doubtful cases, ECG should be recorded with upper precordial leads. The electrodes are positioned in the second and third right and left intercostal spaces, which allow better assessment of the right ventricle outflow tract. This electrode position increases ECG sensitivity for type 1 pattern diagnoses.<sup><xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">138</xref></sup></p>
              <p>Brugada phenotype is characterized by the presence of Brugada type 1 ECG pattern in a person with no history of aborted sudden death or syncope, or sudden death in first-degree relatives.</p>
              <p>Brugada phenocopy is not the same as Brugada phenotype, and is characterized by an electrocardiographic pattern that is presumably identical to the syndrome, but caused by many other conditions. It presents a transmural gradient (epicardium to endocardium) resulting from a sharp notch on the epicardial action potential, mediated by I<sub>to</sub>channels and by the loss of the action potential dome. Among the described situations, there are metabolic alterations, mechanical compression by extra-cardiac structures, ischemia, myocardial/pericardial disease, and some medications.<sup><xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref></sup>The ECG with Brugada pattern disappears after the resolution of these conditions.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>10.1.1.4. Catecholaminergic Tachycardia <xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref> , <xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref> </title>
              <p>Catecholaminergic tachycardia affects individuals during childhood and adolescence. Some of them report syncopal episodes and a family history of sudden death. Hereditary or sporadic mutations in ryanodine channels, responsible for regulation of the intracellular calcium, are responsible for 50% to 60% of all cases of catecholaminergic polymorphic VT. The resting ECG may be normal or with sinus bradycardia and/or U waves. Bidirectional ventricular arrhythmia triggered by exercise testing or isoproterenol infusion is typical.</p>
              <p>Other frequent findings include PVC, which are usually isolated, intermittent, bigeminal, and paired, increasing in density with exercise.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1.2. Genetic Diseases with Primary Cardiac Involvement</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1.2.1. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (Dysplasia) <xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref> - <xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref> </title>
          <p>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease with primary involvement of the right ventricle. There is a replacement of myocytes with fibrofatty tissue and it is associated with arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden death. ECG is characterized by a low voltage and longer duration QRS complex in V1/V2 (epsilon wave, present in 30% of the cases), associated with negative, rounded, and asymmetrical T waves from V1 to V4. It is associated with PVC originating from the right ventricle (LBBB morphology) and may have a superior or inferior orientation. The finding of negative T waves up to V6 suggests left ventricle involvement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1.2.2. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy <xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref> , <xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref> </title>
          <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary heart disease with genetic basis. It has mostly autosomal dominant inheritance, affects 1:500 live births. There are several described mutations and with severe segmental or diffuse ventricular hypertrophy. In almost 75% the ECG is altered, and in the pediatric population it has a good sensitivity.<sup><xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref></sup>It is characterized by rapid and deep Q waves in the inferior and/or precordial (lateral) leads, generally associated with classical ECG signs of LVH and accompanied by characteristic ST-T changes (deep and negative T waves).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1.3. Genetic Diseases with Secondary Cardiac Involvement</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1.3.1. Muscular Dystrophy <xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr"><sup>148</sup></xref> </title>
          <p>Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that predominantly affect voluntary muscles. In some of them, there is respiratory and heart muscle involvement. The most common ECG findings are tall R wave in V1 and V2 (R/S ratio &gt; 1), deep Q wave in V6, D1, and aVL, right bundle-branch conduction delay, QS complexes in D1, aVL, D2, and D3, and abnormal ventricular repolarization.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11. Electrocardiographic Pattern in Specific Clinical Situations</title>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1. Clinical Conditions that Can Modify the ECG</title>
          <p>Besides heart diseases, some peculiar ECG pattern can be recognized due to systemic diseases, metabolic disorders, and use of medications. In some of them, such as long QT, WPW, and Brugada syndrome, the ECG is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test.<sup><xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref></sup>On the other hand, its sensitivity decreases in conditions such as myocardial infarction, pericarditis, and digitalis toxicity, although it is still one of the main diagnostic methods in clinical practice. Myocardial infarction and WPW syndrome, due to their prevalence and importance, are analyzed in separate chapters of this guideline. Other situations were grouped in this section.</p>
          <p>We will now analyze the highly specific diagnostic features for the following conditions, in alphabetical order. However, we recommend that the terms &#8220;ECG suggestive of&#8221; or &#8220;ECG consistent with&#8221; should be used in the final ECG reports.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.1. Digitalis Action</title>
            <p>The use of digitalis can be recognized by ST-T depression with upper concavity (reverse tick or Salvador Dali sagging) and shortened QTc interval. Several arrhythmias may occur in case of digitalis toxicity, especially PVC. Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia and atrial tachycardia (variable AV conduction) is highly suggestive of digitalis toxicity, as well as bradiarrhythmias (first-degree AV block and type I second-degree AV block).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.2. Drug-induced ST-T Changes</title>
            <p>Drugs that interfere with the ST-T (increasing QTc interval) can be found on the following electronic address: <underline>http://www.azcert.org/medical-pros/drug-lists/drug-lists.cfm</underline> .<sup><xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.3. Electrical Alternans</title>
            <p>Electrical alternans is characterized by alternately higher and lower QRS amplitudes. It is cyclic and not related with the respiratory cycle, in successive QRS complexes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.4. T-wave Alternans (TWA)</title>
            <p>The clinical applicability of T-wave alternans has been increasingly investigated. TWA is characterized by beat by beat modification of amplitude, shape, and orientation of the T wave (J-point and/or ST-segment). It may be intermittent or permanent. On the 12-lead ECG, these variations may be macroscopic (macrovolt alternans) or so small that computerized algorithms are required for its analysis (microvolt alternans).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.5. Acute Injury of the Central Nervous System</title>
            <p>Hemorrhagic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) can produce giant negative T waves (more rarely positive) simulating subepicardial ischemia that is called cerebral T wave. Increased QTc interval can also be observed. All ECG alterations are reversible after CNS treatment.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.6. Interatrial Communication</title>
            <p>An individual with an interatrial communication can present a right end conduction delay and, sometimes, RVH. If an upward and leftward deviation of the QRS axis is also present it is related with the <italic>ostium primum</italic> defect. Supraventricular arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation/flutter, is not uncommon.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>1.1.7. COVID-19</title>
            <p>Cardiac impairment due to COVID-19 may reach 44% of severe cases; electrocardiographic alterations were observed in up to 93% of hospitalized patients with critical illness. The reasons for myocardial alterations with changes in the ECG include cytokine storm, hypoxic injury, electrolyte imbalance, plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, microthrombi, or direct endothelial or myocardial injury. The ECG may present supraventricular tachycardia (sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AVNRT), malignant ventricular arrhythmia (monomorphic and polymorphic VT and VF), bradycardia, and AV blocks (second- and third-degree), increased QT interval, RBBB and LBBB, QRS axis rightward deviation, ST-segment elevation or depression, T-wave inversion, pathological Q waves, and signs of pulmonary thromboembolism (sinus tachycardia/atrial fibrillation, RVH, RBBB, T-wave inversion from V1 to V3, S1Q3T3 pattern). Moreover, COVID-19 can uncover the Brugada pattern in individuals with this disease.<sup><xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.8. Pericardial Effusion</title>
            <p>In pericardial effusion, ECG can present dielectric effect (see Item 11.14), sinus tachycardia, and electrical alternans.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.9. Dextrocardia</title>
            <p>Individuals with dextrocardia present negative P, QRS and T waves in D1 and V6. Positive QRS complexes in V1 and negative QRS in V6 are also observed (main differential diagnosis with reversal of the upper limb electrodes).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.10. Dextroposition</title>
            <p>Individuals with dextroposition may manifest a negative or minus-plus P wave in D1, a deep Q wave in D1 and aVL, and qRS complexes in the right precordial leads.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>11.1.11. Electrolyte Imbalance</title>
            <sec>
              <title>11.1.11.1. Hyperkalemia</title>
              <p>ECG changes depend on serum potassium concentrations, and they occur sequentially: symmetrical T wave with increased amplitude and a narrow base, decreased QTc interval, intraventricular conduction delay (wide QRS), and decreased P wave amplitude until its disappearance, with sinoventricular rhythm.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>11.1.11.2. Hypokalemia</title>
              <p>ECG can present increased U wave amplitude; ST-segment and T-wave depression; increased QTU interval. The QT interval should preferably be measured in the aVL lead because the U wave tends to be more isoelectric.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>11.1.11.3. Hypocalcemia</title>
              <p>In patients with hypocalcemia, ECG can show flattening and increased duration of the ST-segment with an increase in the QTc interval.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>11.1.11.4. Hypercalcemia</title>
              <p>In patients with hypercalcemia, ECG can show shortening and eventual disappearance of the ST-segment, with a consequent shortening of the QT interval.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.12. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)</title>
        <p>COPD frequently presents ECG with dielectric effect (see Item 11.1.14); rightward QRS axis shift; rS complex from V1 to V6. Right chambers hypertrophy is associated to heart disease and a rightward shift of the P axis, near +90&#186; (P <italic>pulmonale</italic> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.13. Antiarrhythmic Drugs</title>
        <p>Antiarrhythmic drugs can be related with proarrhythmia. In the following sections, we will present the drugs that can change the ECG.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.13.1. Amiodarone</title>
          <p>Amiodarone is a Class III antiarrhythmic drug; it may cause PR interval prolongation, sinus bradycardia, increased QTc (with no increase in the dispersion of repolarization), and T wave alterations. All of them are more clearly seen in the precordial leads with bifid or flattened T waves. These changes can also be observed in the frontal plane leads (it differentiates them from bifid T waves in children, which are limited to the precordial leads).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.13.2. Propafenone</title>
          <p>Propafenone is a Class IC antiarrhythmic drug that may cause AV blocks and complex ventricular arrhythmias (paired PVC, nonsustained VT, and polymorphic VT), especially in patients with coronary artery disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1.13.3. Sotalol</title>
          <p>Sotalol is a Class III antiarrhythmic drug and may cause sinus bradycardia, AV blocks, and increased QTc interval (with polymorphic VT).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.14. Dielectric Effect</title>
        <p>Dielectric effect can present an ECG with low QRS voltage (&lt; 0.5 mV in the frontal plane and &lt; 1.0 mV in the precordial leads). It may result from a large pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, emphysema, COPD, morbid obesity, or anasarca. Hypothyroidism and infiltrative heart diseases can also present a low voltage pattern.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.15. Pulmonary Embolism</title>
        <p>Patients with pulmonary embolism can present sinus tachycardia, right end conduction delay, acute QRS axis rightward deviation, ST-segment depression (V1 to V3), and negative T waves from V1 to V3. The classical S1Q3T3 pattern may occur.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.16. Ashman or Gounaux-Ashman Phenomenon <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr"><sup>17</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Ashman phenomenon is an aberrant conduction of a beat from supraventricular origin. It can happen after a long-short cycle. Due to its characteristic long refractory period (compared to the left bundle-branch) the aberrancy occurs more frequently at the right bundle-branch. Irregular rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia favor this phenomenon.<sup><xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref> , <xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref> </sup>Concealed transeptal retrograde conduction is responsible for the following consecutive beats with aberrancy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.17. Hypothermia</title>
        <p>Patients with hypothermia can present bradycardia, prolonged QT interval and J wave or Osborn wave (notch with large amplitude and short duration at the final portion of a QRS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.18. Hypothyroidism</title>
        <p>In severe cases (myxedema), it may present bradycardia, low voltage, and diffuse alterations of ventricular repolarization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.19. Chronic Renal Failure</title>
        <p>Patients with chronic renal failure can present ECG abnormalities related to hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia (discussed elsewhere), and these findings can be associated with decreased renal function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.20. Pericarditis <xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr"><sup>154</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>The following electrocardiographic alterations may be seen in the acute phase of the inflammatory process, usually in this order:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>PR-segment depression</italic> in D1, D2, aVF, and from V2 to V6. PR segment elevation in aVR; it may also occur in V1;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>ST segment</italic> &#8211; diffuse elevation with upper concavity, except for V1 and aVR. There are no associated Q waves;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>T wave</italic> &#8211; slightly increased and symmetrical in the initial phase. Characteristically, it is not inverted in the presence of ST elevations. It may be inverted in the chronic phase of the disease, after normalization of the ST segment, but rarely with enough depth to resemble the ischemic T-wave pattern.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1.21. Chemotherapy Drugs <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> - <xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref> </title>
        <p>The development of new chemotherapy drugs has increased patient&#8217;s survival. ECG abnormalities may occur in patients with chemotherapy-induced myocardial injury. These alterations are characterized by a complex pathogenesis and may depend both on the direct toxicity of chemotherapy drugs (with electrophysiological substrate) and on direct injure to the myocardium, endocardium, and pericardium (due to ischemia, inflammation, or radiation); this is why alterations accompanying cardiac dysfunction are unspecific and can precede symptoms, even before ECG alterations appear. Electrocardiographic findings are better identified through with serial ECGs. These include sinus tachycardia, T-wave flattening or inversion, increased QT interval, and low QRS voltage.</p>
        <p>Some arrhythmias, such as TdP, and VT/VF may occur during treatment. The most well-known drugs are anthracyclines; however, alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide), antimetabolites (5-fluorouracil), antimicrotubule agents (paclitaxel), immunomodulating drugs (thalidomide), and targeted therapy can cause cardiac damage.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>12. The ECG in Athletes</title>
        <sec>
          <title>12.1. The Importance of Understanding the Athlete&#8217;s ECG <xref rid="B159" ref-type="bibr">159</xref> - <xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">164</xref> </title>
          <p>Many physiological adaptations occur during sport training and some of them can lead to specific electrocardiographic findings, even without anatomical/structural changes. That&#8217;s why the interpretation of athletes&#8217; ECGs becomes a challenging task. With the inclusion of the resting ECG in pre-participation evaluations, we should be aware of specific recommendations for this population. At the present time, athlete&#8217;s ECG findings can be divided into 3 categories:</p>
          <sec>
            <title>12.1.1. Normal ECG Findings (Group 1)</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Increased QRS voltage for LVH or RVH;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Right bundle-branch conduction delay;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Early repolarization/ST-segment elevation;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>ST-segment elevation followed by T-wave inversion (V1 to V4) in black athletes;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>T-wave inversion (V1 to V3) in athletes aged less than 16 years;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Sinus bradycardia/sinus arrhythmia;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Ectopic atrial rhythm or junctional rhythm;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>First-degree AV block;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Type I second-degree AV block.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>12.1.2. Abnormal ECG Findings (Group 2)</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>T wave inversion in other situations;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>ST-segment depression;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pathological Q waves;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>LBBB;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>QRS duration &#8805; 160 ms;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Epsilon wave;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Ventricular pre-excitation;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Prolonged QT interval;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Brugada type 1 pattern;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Severe sinus bradycardia (&lt; 30 bpm);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pr interval &#8805; 400 ms;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Type II second-degree AV block;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Third-degree AV block;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Two or more PVC;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Atrial tachyarrhythmias;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>12.1.3. Borderline ECG Findings (Group 3)</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Upward and leftward QRS axis deviation;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Left atrial hypertrophy;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Upward and rightward QRS axis deviation;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Right atrial hypertrophy;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>RBBB.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Athletes with a normal ECG do not need further investigation if they are asymptomatic and have no family history of hereditary heart diseases and/or sudden death. On the other hand, athletes with findings of group 2 should undergo investigation of pathological cardiovascular conditions associated with sudden death. All findings mentioned in this group (2) could be manifestations of structural alterations. Finally, athletes with a borderline ECG (and asymptomatic and no family history of hereditary heart diseases and/or sudden death) are exempted from further investigation if they present only one of the findings in group 3. If these athletes present 2 or more findings from group 3, pathological cardiovascular conditions associated with sudden death in athletes should be investigated.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13. The ECG in Children</title>
        <sec>
          <title>13.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>Although the general principles for the interpretation of children&#8217;s and adults&#8217; ECGs are similar, the analysis of pediatric ECGs constitutes a challenge for clinical practice. This is mainly due to electrocardiographic patterns that are specific in children ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 13.1</xref> ). Such patterns are related with age and anatomical/ physiological changes intrinsic to human development.<sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 13.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Normal electrocardiographic findings in children</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Shorter PR interval and narrower QRS complexes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>A right QRS axis deviation in the first year of life</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prominent Q waves in the inferior and lateral leads</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>The analysis of ventricular repolarization is more important than QRS amplitude in the diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Early repolarization</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negative T wave from V1 to V4 until 12 years of age</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bifid or notched T wave in the right precordial leads</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prominent U wave</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Common and physiological rhythm findings: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Prominent U wave</p></list-item><list-item><p>inus arrhythmia, ectopic atrial rhythm</p></list-item><list-item><p>First-degree and type I second-degree AV blocks</p></list-item><list-item><p>Sporadic atrial and ventricular extrasystoles</p></list-item></list></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The ECG of newborns reflects the hemodynamic effects of the fetal circulation on the right ventricle, as well as anatomical and physiological changes resulting from the transition to neonatal circulation. Up to 32 weeks of pregnancy, the left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle. From this phase and until the end of pregnancy, the right ventricle prevails due to the progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.<sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup>During birth, lung aeration leads to a sharp drop in pulmonary arterial pressure, while the removal of the placenta and closure of the arterial duct increase systemic vascular resistance.<sup><xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">167</xref></sup>In general, at the end of the first month of life, the left ventricle size equals the right ventricle, and then anatomically prevails over it.<sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref> , <xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">167</xref> </sup>Most of these adaptive changes happen after birth and before the first year of life. Maturation of the autonomic nervous system, physical growth, and changes in the position of the heart occur progressively up to adult age.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup>As a result, the normal ECG changes rapidly during the first weeks of life, and the child starts to gradually present electrocardiographic patterns that are similar to those of an adult only by the age of 2 to 3 years.<sup><xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">167</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>13.2. Technical Aspects</title>
          <p>The ECG of children should include the classical 12 leads, which may be complemented by V3R and V4R leads in case of suspected right chamber hypertrophy.<sup><xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">169</xref></sup>Artifacts are common and usually caused by inadequate electrode placement, chest wall deformities, and movements (voluntary or not) that are intrinsic to each age group.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Reference tables and graphs of age-related variations of electrocardiographic parameters are frequently consulted (necessary task).<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup>Most of these values, particularly considering the first year of life, derive from Canadian data by Davignon et al.<sup><xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">171</xref></sup>Despite the publication of more recent studies<sup><xref rid="B172" ref-type="bibr">172</xref></sup>this continue to be the main reference in clinical practice ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 13.2</xref> ). It is still debatable whether these data may be extrapolated to the general public. To date, 2 studies have been published based on the Brazilian population. One of them, including almost 100 term newborns with a normal ECG in the first week of life, showed electrocardiographic parameters that were different from those published by Davignon.<sup><xref rid="B173" ref-type="bibr">173</xref></sup>The second study, with a population over 1 year of age, included more than a million children.<sup><xref rid="B174" ref-type="bibr">174</xref></sup>Another controversial situation is the computerized and automatic ECG reports. It has questionable accuracy in pediatrics and its routine use is not yet recommended.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>13.3. Electrocardiographic Parameters and their Variations</title>
          <p>The pediatric ECG should be systematically evaluated according to the patient&#8217;s age group (Table 13.2), and its analysis should consider the same criteria as that in adults: rhythm, heart rate, P wave (axis, amplitude, and duration), AV conduction, QRS complex (axis, amplitude, duration, and morphology), ST-segment, T wave, and U wave. Measurement of the QT interval and QTc calculation should be routinely performed.<sup><xref rid="B175" ref-type="bibr">175</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>13.3.1. Heart Rate and Sinus Rhythm</title>
            <p>Contractile mass and ventricular compliance are relatively lower in children, particularly during the first year of life. As a result, their cardiac output depends basically on the HR, which is much higher in children than in adults. A healthy newborn can present HR between 150&#8211;230 bpm. Normal HR increases from the date of birth until the first and second months of life; on the sixth month, it returns to values similar to those of the first day. From this point on, HR progressively decreases and, around 12 years-old, it reaches values considered normal for adults.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
            <sec>
              <title>13.3.1.1. Possible Alterations</title>
              <p>
                <bold>13.3.1.1.1. Sinus Arrhythmia</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Very frequent in children, it is generally phasic and associated with breathing.<sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup>It is less noticeable in higher HR and in newborns, especially in the first week of life.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>13.3.1.1.2. Sinus Tachycardia</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Sinus tachycardia is considered when sinus rhythm presents HR above the 98th percentile for the age (in general lower than 220 bpm).<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> , <xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">171</xref> </sup>Sinus tachycardia may have various causes, of which the most frequent are: physical activity, fever (10-bpm increase in HR for each 1&#186;C increase in body temperature), anemia, and dehydration.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup></p>
              <p>
                <bold>13.3.1.1.3. Sinus Bradycardia</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Sinus bradycardia is considered when sinus rhythm presents HR below the second percentile for the age<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> , <xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">171</xref> </sup>( Table 13.2 ). It may have various etiologies, such as infections, respiratory failure, hypothermia, hypothyroidism, and increased intracranial pressure. In newborns, the occurrence of transient sinus bradycardia can be associated with the transplacental passage of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, especially in mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus or other connective tissue diseases. Patients with cardiac channelopathies such as LQT3 and Brugada syndromes may also manifest sinus bradycardia.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>13.3.1.1.4. Other Bradycardias</bold>
              </p>
              <p>A sudden prolongation of the PP interval is common and occurs in almost half of all normal newborns and one-sixth of adolescents. These pauses are frequently related with an increased vagal tone<sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup>and some of them can be followed by supraventricular or ventricular escape beats.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.2. P wave and Atrial Electrical Activity</title>
        <p>The characteristics of atrial activation remain relatively constant in all ages. P wave axis is very important to establish the rhythm site of origin, visceroatrial situs, and cardiac position.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup>The sinus P-wave axis is between 0 and +90 degrees. The normal P wave should not exceed 0.12 s and 2.5 mm (duration and amplitude); these parameters present few variations in different pediatric age groups ( Table 13.2 ).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>13.3.2.1. Possible Alterations</title>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.2.1.1. Atrial Hypertrophy</bold>
          </p>
          <p>P-wave amplitude is increased in right atrial hypertrophy, which is more clearly seen in D2 lead. Left atrial hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in P-wave duration (according to the age percentile) and/or its negative deflection in V1 (&gt; 40 ms in duration and &gt; 0.1 mV in amplitude).<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.2.1.2. Junctional Rhythm</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Junctional rhythm is characterized by a negative P wave in inferior leads (preceding, concomitant, or after the QRS complex). It can occur in up to one-third of normal children. It is more common during sleep, but it can happen during waking hours; in general, it does not have any pathological significance.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.3. PR Interval and AV Conduction</title>
        <sec>
          <title>The PR interval increases with age, and presents an inverse relationship with HR. It varies according to autonomic tone ( Table 13.2 ).</title>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.3.1. Possible Alterations</title>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.3.1.1. AV Blocks</bold>
        </p>
        <p>First-degree and type I second-degree AV block episodes occur in around 10% of normal children and up to 20% of normal adolescents. There are occasional periods of 2:1 AV block. They are more common during sleep, but can happen during waking hours, especially in individuals with vagotonia and in athletes.<sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Type II and advanced second-degree AV block, as well as third-degree AV block, are usually pathological and can occur isolated or in association with complex cardiac malformations. The isolated form of congenital third-degree AV block affects 1:20 000 live births and is usually related with the transplacental passage of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <bold>13.3.3.1.2. Short PR Interval and Ventricular Pre-excitation</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A short PR interval can be detected in cases of junctional or other ectopic atrial rhythm. Pompe and Fabry diseases can also present it.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref> , <xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Ventricular pre-excitation is characterized by a shortened PR interval with a delta wave.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup>Intermittent ventricular pre-excitation is not uncommon among newborns and children. Even when ventricular pre-excitation is persistent, the typical ECG pattern can be subtle. In these cases, the mid-precordial leads (V3-V4) can show them better. Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome has an incidence of 0.15% to 0.3% in the pediatric population. An increased prevalence of ventricular pre-excitation is observed in individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Ebstein anomaly, L-transposition of the great arteries, and cardiac tumors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.4. Ventricular Electrical Activity</title>
        <p>The most prominent changes in ventricular electrical activity occur during a child&#8217;s first year of life. In the first days of life, the frontal plane QRS axis is directed downward and to the right, varying between 55&#186; and 200&#186; and reflects the predominance of the right ventricle over the left ventricle. It is less evident in tracings of preterm newborns, since fetuses with less than 32 weeks of gestational age have a larger left ventricle in comparison with the right ventricle. As the infant grows, the QRS axis deviates to the left, and when the baby reaches 6 months, it is at 65&#186;.<sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup>On the transversal plane, QRS axis is directed rightwards and anterior at birth. Still in the first week of life, the QRS axis deviates to the left and maintains an anterior orientation, resulting in an increased R wave in V6 with persistent pure R waves in V1. On the transversal plane, the posterior QRS axis deviation is progressive. Thus, the R wave decreases slowly in V1 throughout the first year of life, even when exhibiting normal patterns in V5 and V6.<sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup>The morphology of QRS complexes in the precordial leads changes with the child development. This is explained by the modification of the ventricular electrical activation axis. The following aspects are present:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>The amplitude of the R wave in V1 increases during the first month of life and slowly decreases over the following several years. The amplitude, in this lead, should be &lt; 18 mm in the first year of life and &lt; 10 mm after this period;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>From birth to the sixth month of life, the R wave should be larger in V1 than in V6. R wave amplitude in V1 becomes virtually equal to that in V6 between 6 and 12 months of age. From this point on, it increases in V6 and progressively decreases in V1;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Q waves are normal and can be very pronounced in the inferior and left precordial leads, and represent the septum activation, although they are absent in D1 and aVL. The Q waves amplitude varies with the child&#8217;s age and with the ECG lead. Its duration should not exceed 0.03 s ( Table 13.2 ).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>In newborns, the QRS complex can be very narrow (in general, below 0.08 s). Its duration increases progressively with age, especially from the third year of life on ( Table 13.2 ).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>13.3.4.1. Possible Alterations</title>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.4.1.1. Changes in the QRS Axis and Amplitude</bold>
          </p>
          <p>A leftward axis deviation is present in many conditions, such as ventricular septal defects, tricuspid atresia, and WPW syndrome, but it can also be a normal variant. A rightward axis deviation can happen in Noonan syndrome, even in the absence of major pulmonary hypertension and in the presence of RVH.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>RVH: should be suspected in the presence of a positive T wave in V1 after the first week of life and increased amplitudes of the R wave in V1 and S wave in V6. The QR pattern in V1 is usually seen in cases of pressure overload, and the rSR&#8217; is seen in cases of right ventricular volume overload;<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>LVH: the ECG has limited accuracy for detecting LVH in children. The signs that help the most when diagnosing LVH are an increased S wave in V1, increased R wave amplitude in V6, and T wave abnormalities in V5 and V6;<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Biventricular hypertrophy: wide and isodiphasic complexes in the mid-precordial leads &#8212; the Katz-Wachtel phenomenon. The R + S waves sum &gt; 60 mm in V4 is very specific and can occur, for example, in cases of large ventricular septal defects.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.4.1.2. Q-wave Alterations</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Pathological Q waves can be seen in children with anomalous coronary artery, ventricular pre-excitation, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and muscular dystrophies;<sup><xref rid="B175" ref-type="bibr">175</xref></sup>they are frequent in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, especially in the anterolateral leads (V4 to V6, D1 and aVL). In general, these are associated with signs of ventricular hypertrophy and ST-segment and T wave alterations.<sup><xref rid="B176" ref-type="bibr">176</xref></sup>It should be noted that the presence of a Q wave in V1 is always pathological.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.4.1.3. Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Bundle-branch blocks diagnosis is determined by QRS duration and the patient&#8217;s age ( Table 13.2 ). RBBB can occur in some heart diseases such as Ebstein anomaly and after corrective surgery for congenital malformations such as Fallot tetralogy and interventricular communication. Isolated congenital forms of RBBB or LBBB are rare. Tricuspid atresia, ostium primum interatrial communication, anomalous coronary artery, and AV septal defects may be associated with left anterior fascicular block. LBBB is less frequent in children. The presence of LBBB in patients with severe cardiomyopathy is due to significant left ventricle/conduction system impairment. LBBB is generally associated with a poor prognosis.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref> , <xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.4.1.4. Epsilon Wave and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (Dysplasia)</bold>
          </p>
          <p>See item 10.1.2.1.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.3.5. Ventricular Repolarization</title>
        <p>Ventricular repolarization is evaluated by measurement of the QT interval and the analysis of ST-segment morphology, T wave, and U wave in different leads.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>13.3.5.1. QT Interval</title>
          <p>The QT interval presents an inverse relationship with the heart rate &#8212; the higher the HR, the shorter the QT interval, and vice-versa. In children, some peculiarities should be analyzed:<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The QT interval should be measured in D2, V5, and V6 &#8211; use the longest one for calculating QTc;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In higher heart rates, the P wave may overlap with the T wave and make QT measurement more difficult, especially in case of prolonged P wave;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The U wave can be very prominent in children and should not be included in the QT interval if well separated from the T wave. In case of fusion between T and U waves, or when the U wave is too wide (&gt; 50% of the T wave), the tangent method should be used;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In cases of sinus arrhythmia, QTc should be calculated through the mean value of measurements obtained in various cardiac cycles;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>At 4 days old, children of both sexes have a mean QTc of 400 &#177; 20 ms. Around 2 months of life, there is a physiological prolongation of the QTc (mean value 410 ms); it then decreases progressively until 6 months of life, when it returns to the values recorded in the first week;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In children, a normal QTc is up to 440 ms (97.5th percentile).<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Although its routine use in pediatric cardiovascular screening is still under debate, the ECG has a crucial role in the early diagnosis of life-threatening arrhythmic heart diseases manifested during childhood and adolescence, mainly long QT syndrome (see below).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.5.1.1. Possible Alterations</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.5.1.1.1. Long QT Syndrome</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Long QT syndrome manifests predominantly during childhood and adolescence &#8212; few patients have symptoms during the first year of life.<sup><xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">177</xref></sup>Sudden death is the initial presentation of long QT syndrome in up to 12% of the cases.<sup><xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">177</xref></sup>Although this disease is relatively rare, the effort employed in its screening is justified by the efficacy of early treatment and prevention of sudden death.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup>Differential diagnoses should include secondary causes of QTc prolongation &#8212; see Section 11 for more details. During the first months of life, the infants of mothers with autoimmune diseases that express anti-Ro/SSA antibodies can present a very prolonged QTc, which is normally a transient finding that normalizes around the sixth month of life.<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.5.1.1.2. Short QT Syndrome</bold>
          </p>
          <p>See item 10.1.1.2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>13.3.5.2. ST-Segment</title>
          <p>ST-segment should always be evaluated and the J-point position is fundamental to identify ST-segment elevation or depression. Thus, J-point position should be compared to the isoelectric line, which is usually at the level of the PQ segment. In newborns and infants, the TP segment (isoelectric line between the T wave and the following P wave) is more commonly used as reference for the baseline.<sup><xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">164</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.5.2.1. Possible Alterations</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.5.2.1.1. ST-Segment Deviations</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Slight ST-segment deviations are common during the first month of life (usually &lt; 2 mm). ST-segment elevation up to 3 mm can be seen in the right precordial leads and is considered a normal finding (specially from 1 year of age).<sup><xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">168</xref></sup>Ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathies, pericarditis, ventricular pre-excitation, anomalous coronary artery origin, and medications, among other factors, may alter ventricular repolarization and lead to ST-segment elevation or depression. Despite its low sensitivity, ST-segment depression presents good specificity for diagnosing ventricular hypertrophy. Cases of anomalous origin of the left coronary branch (arising from the pulmonary artery) are manifested as an extensive anterior infarction (usually after the first month of life).<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.5.2.1.2. Early Repolarization</bold>
          </p>
          <p>See item 9.1.2.1.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>13.3.5.2.1.3. Brugada Electrocardiographic Pattern</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Brugada pattern is rare in children and it has a much lower frequency than among adults.<sup><xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">177</xref></sup>For more details, see item 10.1.1.3.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>13.3.5.3. T Wave</title>
          <p>During birth, positive T waves in the right precordial leads are normal and are probably due to the physiological adaptation of the right ventricle to new hemodynamic characteristics and lower myocardial elasticity. In normal children, after the second or third day of life, the T wave vector is deviated posteriorly and to the left. Thus, the T wave becomes negative in V1 at the end of the first week. From 7 days to 7 years of life, positive T waves in V1 are usually associated with RVH.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup>The T wave can remain negative from V1 to V4 (juvenile T-wave pattern) until age 12&#8211;14 years, when it becomes positive from V2 to V6. The presence of negative T waves in these leads after this period can be considered a normal variant in 1&#8211;3% of the cases, but they must be investigated.<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref> , <xref rid="B178" ref-type="bibr">178</xref> , <xref rid="B179" ref-type="bibr">179</xref> </sup>Pericarditis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, myocardial ischemia, ventricular hypertrophy, and hydroelectrolytic imbalance may also lead to changes in the T wave. Symmetrical, negative, and wide T waves are not uncommon in the precordial leads in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In cases of children with severe acute brain injury large negative T waves in various leads can be seen. This is known as &#8220;cerebral T waves&#8221; (Item 11.1.5).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>13.3.5.4. U Wave</title>
          <p>U Wave is not always visible on the ECG, but it can be prominent in children, in cases of hypokalemia, with antiarrhythmic drugs, and long QT syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.4. Heart Rhythm Disorders</title>
        <p>The electrocardiographic criteria used for assessing cardiac arrhythmias in children follow those used for adults (see Section 3).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>13.5. Identification of Situs, Cardiac Position, and Ventricular Inversion</title>
        <p>The identification of <italic>situs</italic> through the ECG is fundamentally based on the orientation of the P wave, which is positive in D1 and V6 in <italic>situs solitus</italic> and negative in <italic>situs inversus</italic> .<sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup>In this case, electrode reversal and left atrial rhythm are the main differential diagnoses.</p>
        <p>In patients with <italic>situs solitus</italic> and levocardia, the P wave axis and the QRS axis are in the left lower quadrant (frontal plane). In <italic>situs inversus</italic> with dextrocardia, the P wave axis and the QRS axis are in the right lower quadrant. The P wave axis and the QRS axis are located in different quadrants when there is a disagreement between <italic>situs</italic> and cardiac position, such as in dextrocardia with <italic>situs solitus</italic> (which is usually associated with complex congenital heart diseases).<sup><xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">170</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The orientation of the first (5&#8211;20 ms) QRS vectors is important for determining the position of the ventricles. In case of ventricular inversion, the first vectors are directed towards the left and Q waves are not seen in D1 and V6.<sup><xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">166</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>14. The ECG during Cardiac Pacing</title>
        <sec>
          <title>14.1. Cardiac Pacing</title>
          <p>Basically, the ECG of an individual with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) is characterized by the presence or absence of spikes (artifacts resulting from pulse energy emission by pacing).</p>
          <p>Except for implantable monitors (loop recorders), all other CIED (pacemakers, cardiac resynchronization devices, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators &#8211; <xref rid="t6001" ref-type="table">Table 14.1</xref> ) are capable of emitting spikes, especially for treating bradycardias. So, the identification of the type of CIED based on ECG interpretation frequently is not possible. On the other hand, proper device functioning, as well as dysfunctions, can be recognized on the ECG. Pacing configuration, unipolar or bipolar, determines the size of the spike. In unipolar pacing, potential difference is established between the pulse generator and the lead tip, which potential difference results in a large amplitude vector. Consequently, the spikes should have large amplitudes too. In bipolar pacing, potential difference is established between the anode and cathode on the lead tip; the vector generated by the potential difference should thus be small and the spikes recorded in this mode should also be small (sometimes almost imperceptible).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 14.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Types of CIED and their classical indications.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">CIED</th>
                    <th>Basic properties</th>
                    <th>Main indication</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Conventional pacemaker</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Atrial and/or ventricular pacing</td>
                    <td align="center">Bradiarrhythmias</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cardiac resynchronization device</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Atriobiventricular pacing</td>
                    <td align="center">Refractory heart failure with LBBB</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Atrial and/or ventricular pacing and therapies for ventricular tachyarrhythmia</td>
                    <td align="center">Prevention of sudden cardiac death</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization device</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Atriobiventricular pacing Anti-ventricular tachyarrhythmia therapies</td>
                    <td align="center">Refractory heart failure with LBBB Prevention of sudden cardiac death</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>CIED: cardiac implantable electronic devices.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The terms and codes (5-letter code &#8211; <xref rid="t7001" ref-type="table">Table 14.2</xref> ) used for describing CIED properties follow an international standard by the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (Naspe) and the British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group (BPEG).<sup><xref rid="B180" ref-type="bibr">180</xref></sup> <xref rid="f06001" ref-type="fig">Figure 14.1</xref> illustrates the algorithm for identifying the mode of operation of CIED.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7001">
              <label>Table 14.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>5-letter code for electrocardiographic identification of the mode of operation of CIED</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>I Chambers paced</th>
                    <th>II Chambers sensed</th>
                    <th>III Response to sensing</th>
                    <th>IV Rate modulation</th>
                    <th>IV Multisite pacing</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">O: none</td>
                    <td align="center">O: none</td>
                    <td align="center">O: none</td>
                    <td align="center">O: none</td>
                    <td align="center">O: none</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">V: ventricle</td>
                    <td align="center">V: ventricle</td>
                    <td align="center">T: trigger</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">A: atrium</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">A: atrium</td>
                    <td align="center">A: atrium</td>
                    <td align="center">I: Inhibited</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">V: ventricle</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">D: dual (A+V)</td>
                    <td align="center">D: dual (A+V)</td>
                    <td align="center">D: dual (A+V)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">D: dual (A+V)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">S: Single-chamber (A or V)</td>
                    <td align="center">S: Single-chamber (A or V)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">R: rate modulation</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 14.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Algorithm for interpretation of ECG of individuals with CIED. 181</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0638-20623-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>14.1.1. Basic Terms</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Spike &#8212; corresponds to the electrical impulse emitted by the CIED;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Capture &#8212; artificial tissue depolarization after the spike;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Basic rate &#8212; atrial/ventricular pacing rate without interference of spontaneous beats;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>AV interval (AVI) &#8212; interval between spontaneous (sensed) or paced (spike) atrial activity and ventricular pacing;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Interventricular interval (IVI) &#8212; interval between 2 ventricular spikes, programmable by telemetry, available in cardiac resynchronization devices, and that can be sometimes identified on a resting ECG;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Maximum rate limit (MRL) &#8212; maximum pacing rate. In single-chamber devices, the maximum rate is reached with the activation of an adaptive rate pacing sensor. In dual-chamber devices, the maximum rate is reached in response to atrial sensitivity (frequency of P waves) or also by rate sensor activation;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Sensitivity &#8212; ability to recognize atrial (P waves) or ventricular (QRS complex) spontaneous electrical events;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Normal inhibition &#8212; the pacing activity is inhibited by the intrinsic rhythm (no spikes).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>14.1.2. Analysis of the Electrocardiographic Characteristics of CIED</title>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Normal device operation &#8212; when normal capture and sensitivity are observed;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Loss of atrial and/or ventricular capture (intermittent or persistent) &#8212; absence of depolarization in the paced chamber (presence of a spike, but without triggering a P wave or QRS complex);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Sensitivity failure: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>c.1) Excessive sensitivity (oversensing) &#8212; inappropriate sensitivity, resulting in the misidentification of spurious electrical signal that does not correspond to depolarization inhibiting spikes emission (electromagnetic interference, myopotentials, T wave, etc.);</p></list-item><list-item><p>c.2) Reduced sensitivity (undersensing) &#8212; inability to recognize spontaneous depolarization. It may occur due to inadequate programming or due to changes in the intrinsic signal (the system does not &#8220;see&#8221; the P wave or QRS complex).</p></list-item></list> </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fusion beats &#8212; correspond to the artificial activation of cardiac tissue simultaneously to spontaneous depolarization, resulting in hybrid complexes. The pacemaker spike is followed by a P wave (atrial fusion) or a QRS complex (ventricular fusion), which morphology is in between capture and spontaneous beats;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pseudofusion beats &#8212; spontaneous activation of cardiac tissue, concurrent with the device spike, which has no effect on the P wave or QRS complex (ventricular and atrial pseudofusion, respectively). The morphology of the wave following the spike is similar to that of the spontaneous beat;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia &#8212; restricted to AV CIED and characterized by ventricular triggering from a retrograde P wave. Therefore, this arrhythmia is caused by a circular movement in which the artificial pacing is the anterograde component of the circuit and the retrograde component is anatomic (normal or anomalous pathway);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pacemaker-conducted tachycardia &#8212; tachyarrhythmia also involving AV CIED, characterized by the presence of supraventricular arrhythmia that, when perceived by the atrial channel, triggers ventricular capture at high rate, maintaining some characteristics of spontaneous arrhythmia;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pacemaker-induced tachycardia &#8212; changes in sensitivity or electromagnetic interference that cause atrial or ventricular arrhythmias caused by inadequate pacing.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>15. Tele-electrocardiography</title>
        <p>Telemedicine is the remote delivery of health care services with the use of information and communication technologies in situations where one (or two) health care professionals and the patient are not physically present.<sup><xref rid="B182" ref-type="bibr">182</xref></sup>Tele-ECG systems record the electrocardiographic tracing obtained at a distance through different means and data transfer technologies. A remote physician analyzes and interprets the electrocardiographic tracing, and the report is made and sent electronically. Tele-ECG is related to ECG development. In 1905, Einthoven described the transtelephonic transmission of the ECG from the university hospital to the physiology laboratory at the University of Leiden, located 1.5 km away.<sup><xref rid="B183" ref-type="bibr">183</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With the advent of the computerized ECG<sup><xref rid="B184" ref-type="bibr">184</xref></sup>and systems capable of transmitting electrocardiographic tracings via the internet, the ECG with the specialist report became available in locations far from large counties centers. Tele-ECG units began to be implemented in Brazil in the 2000s, improving access to the electrocardiographic diagnosis and early recognition of relevant electrocardiographic abnormalities that could be fatal.<sup><xref rid="B185" ref-type="bibr">185</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Specific infrastructure is required to implement and run a tele-ECG department ( <xref rid="t8001" ref-type="table">Table 15.1</xref> ). The central ECG interpretation unit should have a team of cardiologists, information technology (IT) specialists, and administrative assistants. Complete IT infrastructure with computers, hardware, software, and data protection and storage systems are vital for proper functioning. The remote health care units that perform the ECG should have a digital electrocardiograph (approved by the corresponding federal agencies), internet connection, equipment, and services that allow audio or video communication, in addition to training all professionals involved.<sup><xref rid="B182" ref-type="bibr">182</xref></sup>We recommend that the original electrocardiographic signal be transmitted from images generated by the electrocardiograph itself or by professional scanners, avoiding low-quality digitization or image distortions that could hinder or prevent the ECG analysis.<sup><xref rid="B182" ref-type="bibr">182</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8001">
            <label>Table 15.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Technical requirements for implementing tele-ECG</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">TECHNICAL STANDARDS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ANVISA registration</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-1 (general safety standard)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-1-1 (safety of electromedical systems)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-1-2 (electromagnetic compatibility)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-1-4 (programmable electromedical systems)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-2-25 (safety of electrocardiographs)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABNT NBR IEC 60601-2-251 (safety standard, including the essential performance of electrocardiographs, single- and multi-channel recorders and analyzers)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MINIMUM EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desktop or laptop computer</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At least 1 USB port (2.0 or 3.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CD/DVD drive</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4 GB memory</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intel Pentium&#174; processor</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Windows 7, 8, or 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>250GB hard drive or more</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RECOMMENDATIONS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12 leads</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High-quality tracing (1200 samples/second/channel)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Tele-ECG has been shown to be an effective strategy in the rationalization of access to complementary propaedeutics, early diagnostics, prioritization of referrals, and organization of waitlists in health care systems, improving cost-effectiveness and health care assistance ( <xref rid="t9001" ref-type="table">Table 15.2</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B187" ref-type="bibr">187</xref></sup>Especially in rural areas, the prehospital tele-ECG performed in patients with acute coronary syndrome reduced door-to-balloon time and long-term mortality.<sup><xref rid="B188" ref-type="bibr">188</xref></sup>The detection of AF<sup><xref rid="B190" ref-type="bibr">190</xref></sup>and some channelopathies such as Brugada syndrome was also improved.<sup><xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">191</xref></sup>Moreover, the use of tele-ECG databases is essential for nationwide epidemiological studies.<sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t9001">
            <label>Table 15.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Benefits of the tele-ECG <xref rid="B187" ref-type="bibr"><sup>187</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <th/>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quick electrocardiographic diagnosis, enabling the identification of normal and abnormal cases</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prehospital care at the patient&#8217;s location</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Access to specialists in case of accidents and emergencies</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reductions in time and costs for the patient</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Faster triage by specialists</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Help and guidance to non-specialists</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Easy management of health care resources</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Increased safety of postoperative patients during rehabilitation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cooperation and integration between researchers for sharing clinical records</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Access to educational programs of training and qualification</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A second opinion</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The constant growth of healthcare-related technology extended new perspectives in tele-ECG. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in ECG is increasing exponentially, with good results in the automatic diagnosis of electrocardiographic abnormalities,<sup><xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">193</xref></sup>and in the development of new cardiovascular risk markers.<sup><xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">195</xref></sup>The wearable equipment such as the chest strap HR monitor, adhesive ECG patches, smartphones, and smartwatches allowed the early identification of possible cardiac arrhythmias, especially AF.<sup><xref rid="B196" ref-type="bibr">196</xref></sup>These portable and easy-to-use devices allowed fast HR recording in the patient&#8217;s daily life, in any environment and at any time, followed by automatic and real-time interpretation via AI. A significant limitation of this technology still is the cost. As a consequence of modern techniques, we cannot ignore a possible increase in workload (recording and sending information from patients to their physicians), false-positive cases resulting from artifacts, and the increased emotional burden to some patients when &#8220;discovering&#8221; a cardiac arrhythmia. The following years should elucidate the role of new methodologies and technologies in clinical practice. However, with these advancements, we believe the ECG can reach new uses and applications.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These guidelines are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
          <p><bold>Development:</bold> Department of Clinical Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DCC/SBC), Electrocardiography Study Group (GEECG)</p>
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Council responsible:</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho (Coordinator), Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice de Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Corr&#234;a Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira &#8211; Management 2020/2021</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>
            <bold>October 2022 Issue, vol. 119 (4), pages 638-680</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the &#8220; Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports &#8211; 2022&#8221;, with DOI number: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220623">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220623</ext-link>, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 119(4):638-680, on page 655 (Item 6.1.4.2 Sokolow-Lyon Index), correct the phrase &#8220;This index should not be used in athletes&#8221; to: &#8220;Alone, this index should not be used in athletes.&#8221;</p>
          <p>On page 665 (Item 12.1.2 Abnormal ECG Findings (Group 2)), correct the phrase &#8220;QRS duration &#8805; 160 ms&#8221; to: &#8220;QRS duration &#8805; 140 ms;&#8221;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
