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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MctFyhTNcXnY9pjB9yRhJJG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000635</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220143</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220143</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o Septal com Radiofrequ&#234;ncia e Uso de Novas Tecnologias em Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica no Laborat&#243;rio de Eletrofisiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6697-7074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2491-3632</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mayrink</surname>
            <given-names>Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vandoni</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Mario Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Linhares</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Italo Bruno dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castello</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Angiocardio Hemodin&#226;mica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Grupo Angiocardio Hemodin&#226;mica &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Muhieddine Chokr &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de arritmias card&#237;acas &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar,44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>muhieddinechokr@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>635</fpage>
      <lpage>637</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrofisiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Prezado Editor,</p>
    <p>Lemos com grande interesse o artigo &#8220;Abla&#231;&#227;o septal com cateteres e radiofrequ&#234;ncia guiada pela ecocardiografia para tratamento de pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CHO): Experi&#234;ncia inicial&#8221;, publicado recentemente por Valdigem et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>Nesse estudo, os autores avaliaram os efeitos da abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) do septo interventricular com redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente ventr&#237;culo-arterial e melhora de classe funcional em 12 pacientes com CHO. Cateteres com pontas s&#243;lidas de 8 mm de comprimento foram utilizados para aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF termo controlada. A intensidade de energia foi de 80 Watts com temperatura m&#225;xima de 60 <sup>0</sup> C. A regi&#227;o de maior gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi o alvo para abla&#231;&#227;o e identificada pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. Os autores observaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos gradientes obtidos de 96,8&#177;34 mmHg para 36,1&#177;23 mmHg (p=0,0001) no seguimento de 1 ano, com melhora cl&#237;nica em todos os pacientes da s&#233;rie. Conclu&#237;ram que a abla&#231;&#227;o septal com RF &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz, segura e uma nova op&#231;&#227;o para tratamento de pacientes com CHO com gradiente elevados e sintom&#225;ticos. Parabenizamos os autores pelos bons resultados ao utilizar tecnologia de f&#225;cil acessibilidade e ao trazer novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre um procedimento ainda em desenvolvimento.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de agosto de 2020 a janeiro de 2021, realizamos abla&#231;&#227;o com RF do septo interventricular em dois pacientes (homem de 44 anos e mulher de 38 anos de idade) com CHO sintom&#225;tica, refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, ambos com seguimento superior a 12 meses. Entretanto, diferentemente da t&#233;cnica descrita por Valdigem et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> utilizamos novas tecnologias de imagem, como mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico (MEA) e o ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). O MEA permitiu delimitar a localiza&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular e conferiu maior seguran&#231;a na aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF (evitar o bloqueio do ramo esquerdo ou atrioventricular total). A constru&#231;&#227;o da geometria pelo MEA dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito tamb&#233;m forneceu informa&#231;&#227;o importante na delimita&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea a ser abordada. O ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (ICE) permitiu acompanhar a produ&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es de RF no septo interventricular e a evolu&#231;&#227;o do edema pr&#243;ximo &#224; via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante o procedimento, sem a necessidade de um ecocardiografista. Adicionalmente, a abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia foi otimizada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres com ponta irrigada, e as les&#245;es foram controladas pelo software VISITAG SURPOINT (J&amp;J) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref></sup> para uniformizar sua profundidade.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Mapa eletroanat&#244;mico Carto 3 do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo. Pode-se observar o ponto de maior espessamento septal (25 mm). Os pontos em vermelho representam a regi&#227;o onde foi aplicada radiofrequ&#234;ncia. B) In&#237;cio da aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Os pontos amarelos representam as &#225;reas a serem evitadas em que foi identificado sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. C) Hiperecogenicidade da regi&#227;o septal, avaliada continuamente com ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia. &#201; poss&#237;vel identificar cateter em al&#231;a apoiado sobre a regi&#227;o septal. D) Ao t&#233;rmino do procedimento, observado intenso edema na regi&#227;o septal, associado a hiperecogenicidade pr&#243;ximo a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0635-20143-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de interrup&#231;&#227;o do procedimento utilizado por Valdigem et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> foi a queda aguda de 25% no gradiente ventr&#237;culo-arterial. No entanto, alguns autores sugerem que a abla&#231;&#227;o septal excessiva para atingir esses &#237;ndices agudamente pode provocar aumento paradoxal e agudo do gradiente com risco de congest&#227;o pulmonar importante ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nossa impress&#227;o &#233; que o uso de uma estrat&#233;gia puramente anat&#244;mica, com aplica&#231;&#245;es septais logo acima do ramo esquerdo, tendo como alvo um <italic>Ablation Index</italic> entre 600 e 700, usando cateter irrigado de 3,5 mm (50 Watts e 43 <sup>0</sup> C) e avalia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do edema da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com o ICE, pode tornar o procedimento mais seguro.</p>
    <p>As diversas s&#233;ries publicadas at&#233; o momento n&#227;o valorizam o gradiente imediato sugerindo que o maior benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente ocorre entre 9 e 12 meses da abla&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nossos pacientes tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do gradiente intraventricular, com redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 91&#177;22 mmHg para 27&#177;14 mmHg cerca de 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento &#237;ndice, e redu&#231;&#227;o no primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 22&#177;6 mmHg, ambos com melhora significativa dos sintomas e atualmente em classe funcional II. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateter irrigado, permite a realiza&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es mais previs&#237;veis, mas pode contribuir com quadros de congest&#227;o pulmonar como descrito pelos autores. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea do ICE para acompanhar as aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF tamb&#233;m pode evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>&#8220;Stem Pops&#8221;</italic> , fato comum em aplica&#231;&#245;es prolongadas e com alta energia. Adicionalmente, o ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco auxilia na monitora&#231;&#227;o do risco de aplica&#231;&#245;es excessivas ao acompanhar a forma&#231;&#227;o de edema septal. Apesar disso, um dos nossos pacientes apresentou quadro de congest&#227;o pulmonar imediatamente ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, que foi resolvido com uso de diur&#233;ticos e ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva. Tanto a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateter irrigado como o edema importante na via de sa&#237;da podem ter contribu&#237;do para o quadro apresentado pela paciente. Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios a fim de comparar diferentes t&#233;cnicas bem como padronizar qual seria a forma ideal de criar as les&#245;es, que minimizem o risco de aumentos agudos de gradiente ventr&#237;culo-arterial ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <response id="R1" response-type="reply" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valdigem</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paladino</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Parab&#233;ns pelo interesse no procedimento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> acreditamos que novos protocolos de abla&#231;&#227;o e em especial dos cuidados de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio devem ser estimulados, visto que mesmo a forma de libera&#231;&#227;o de energia e a localiza&#231;&#227;o do ponto de aplica&#231;&#227;o da radiofrequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o s&#227;o um consenso entre os autores (note que Lawrenz em publica&#231;&#227;o de agosto de 2021, apresentou dados com aplica&#231;&#227;o bilateral e apenas em septo direito).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s revis&#227;o cuidadosa dos primeiros 40 casos realizados por nosso grupo (publica&#231;&#227;o pendente) pudemos observar que diferen&#231;as relacionadas a morfologia do septo interventricular podem ser importantes na escolha do local de in&#237;cio da abla&#231;&#227;o. Septos com hipertrofia mais homog&#234;nea tendem a apresentar migra&#231;&#227;o do gradiente no sentido apical. Assim, abla&#231;&#227;o guiada apenas pela anatomia pode resultar em les&#245;es mais extensas sem necessidade. Tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer gradientes medioventriculares residuais que implicariam numa segunda abordagem.</p>
      <p>Outro benef&#237;cio do uso do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) seria a localiza&#231;&#227;o do ponto de real in&#237;cio do gradiente. N&#227;o raramente, o gradiente se inicia mais na regi&#227;o apical que do que na regi&#227;o mais espessa do septo, marcado pelo ponto de maior <italic>aliasing</italic> , evidenciado pelo mapeamento de fluxo a cores ao ecocardiograma ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). O ETE apresenta imagens com melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do que o ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco, informa&#231;&#227;o que &#233; extremamente importante para adequado alinhamento do cateter.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ETE intraprocedimento com e sem color (a 150&#176;): avalia&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, identifica&#231;&#227;o do SAM e sua localiza&#231;&#227;o. Nessa angula&#231;&#227;o conseguimos identificar mais facilmente o local de maior acelera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo e o grau do refluxo mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <alternatives>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MctFyhTNcXnY9pjB9yRhJJG/cf8c1a6cf5afaaef1181d9009cee0a49f5ff3178.tif"/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MctFyhTNcXnY9pjB9yRhJJG/6ed123b9cbae721507f105e517ea3db130a2b14b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MctFyhTNcXnY9pjB9yRhJJG/230623c07b5a773014461378187f94886b8335af.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
          </alternatives>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica diferencia as curvas de obstru&#231;&#245;es valvares (na estenose a&#243;rtica) da subvalvar, por meio da imagem espectral do Doppler cont&#237;nuo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ). Tal informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental nos casos de estenoses sequenciais, como ocorre nos casos de abla&#231;&#227;o septal por radiofrequ&#234;ncia pr&#233;-TAVI (em que esse m&#233;todo tem demonstrado um papel promissor).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Registro do Doppler cont&#237;nuo com as curvas relacionadas &#224; estenose a&#243;rtica e &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o subvalvar.</title>
          </caption>
          <alternatives>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MctFyhTNcXnY9pjB9yRhJJG/925490416b9b2f487f112303610b957adde17f2d.tif"/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MctFyhTNcXnY9pjB9yRhJJG/df24bf50b86abe1f329a1efd37709d2e6d2a47c0.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MctFyhTNcXnY9pjB9yRhJJG/39a10d612365075ed760d95553689e093f89e484.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
          </alternatives>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, o ETE fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre estruturas adjacentes ao ponto de aplica&#231;&#227;o da radiofrequ&#234;ncia, permitindo a pronta identifica&#231;&#227;o de intercorr&#234;ncias poss&#237;veis como les&#245;es em cordas tend&#237;neas, ou c&#250;spide anterior da valva mitral.</p>
      <p>Um dos par&#226;metros indicadores de sucesso no intraprocedimento &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o do refluxo mitral, decorrente da redu&#231;&#227;o no deslocamento sist&#243;lico anterior do aparato valvar mitral devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Mais uma vez parabenizamos os autores pelas suas considera&#231;&#245;es e pelo esfor&#231;o em simplificar o procedimento e aumentar sua propaga&#231;&#227;o. Colocamo-nos &#224; disposi&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise conjunta de dados e trocas de experi&#234;ncias.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ref-list>
        <ref id="B6">
          <label>1</label>
          <mixed-citation>1. Chokr M, Mayrink M, Vandoni PMP, Linhares PV, Sousa IBS, Castello J&#250;nior HJ, et al. Septal Ablation with Radiofrequency and the Use of New Technologies in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in an Electrophysiology Laboratory. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(4):634-637.</mixed-citation>
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                <surname>Chokr</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
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                <surname>Mayrink</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
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                <surname>Vandoni</surname>
                <given-names>PMP</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Linhares</surname>
                <given-names>PV</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Sousa</surname>
                <given-names>IBS</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Castello</surname>
                <given-names>HJ</given-names>
                <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Septal Ablation with Radiofrequency and the Use of New Technologies in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in an Electrophysiology Laboratory</article-title>
            <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
            <year>2022</year>
            <volume>119</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>634</fpage>
            <lpage>637</lpage>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
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          <mixed-citation>2. Lawrenz T, Lawin D, Radke K, Stellbrink C. Acute and Chronic Effects of Endocardial Radiofrequency Ablation of Septal Hypertrophy in HOCM. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2021;32(10):2617-24. doi: 10.1111/jce.15203.</mixed-citation>
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              <name>
                <surname>Lawrenz</surname>
                <given-names>T</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Lawin</surname>
                <given-names>D</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Radke</surname>
                <given-names>K</given-names>
              </name>
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                <surname>Stellbrink</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Acute and Chronic Effects of Endocardial Radiofrequency Ablation of Septal Hypertrophy in HOCM</article-title>
            <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
            <year>2021</year>
            <volume>32</volume>
            <issue>10</issue>
            <fpage>2617</fpage>
            <lpage>2624</lpage>
            <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jce.15203.</issue-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
      </ref-list>
    </back>
  </response>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Septal Ablation with Radiofrequency and the Use of New Technologies in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in an Electrophysiology Laboratory</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6697-7074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2491-3632</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mayrink</surname>
            <given-names>Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vandoni</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Mario Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Linhares</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Italo Bruno dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castello</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Angiocardio Hemodin&#226;mica &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Muhieddine Chokr &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de arritmias card&#237;acas &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar,44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: muhieddinechokr@hotmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrophysiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Dear Editor,</p>
      <p>We have read, with great interest, the article &#8220;Septal ablation with catheters and radiofrequency guided by echocardiography for treatment in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (OHC): First experience&#8221;, published recently by Valdigem et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> in the journal <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> .</p>
      <p>In this study, the authors evaluated the effects of endocardial ablation by radiofrequency (RF) of the interventricular septum with reduction of the ventricular-arterial gradient and improvement in functional class in 12 patients with OHC. Catheters with solid 8-mm tips were used to apply the thermo-controlled RF. The energy intensity was of 80 Watts, with a maximum temperature of 60&#186;C. The target for ablation was the region with the highest gradient in the left ventricle outflow tract and was identified by the transesophageal echocardiogram. The authors observed an average reduction of the gradients obtained from 96.8&#177;34 mmHg to 36.1&#177;23 mmHg (p=0.0001) during a 1-year follow-up, with a clinical improvement in all patients of the series. They concluded that the septal ablation with RF is an effective, safe strategy and represents a new option to treat OHC patients with high and symptomatic gradients. We would like to congratulate the authors for their fine results in using a technological device that is of easy access, as well as for bringing new and relevant information about the procedure, which is still under development.</p>
      <p>From August 2020 to January 2021, our team conducted an ablation with RF of the interventricular septum in two patients (a 44-year-old man and a 38-year-old woman) with symptomatic OHC, who were refractory to clinical treatment, both undergoing follow-up for more than 12 months. However, in contrast to the technique described by Valdigem et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> we used new imaging techniques, including electroanatomic mapping (EAM) and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The EAM allowed us to define the localization of the intraventricular conduction system and conferred greater safety in the application of RF (avoiding the left bundle branch block or complete atrioventricular block). The geometric construction produced by the EAM of the left and right ventricles also provided important information on the definition of the area to be treated. The ICE allowed us to follow the production of the lesions of RF in the interventricular septum and the evolution of the edema near the left ventricle outflow track during the procedure, without the need for an echocardiographer. Additionally, the ablation with radiofrequency was optimized with the use of irrigated-tipped catheters, and the lesions were controlled by the VISITAG SURPOINT (J&amp;J)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref></sup> software in order to standardize its depth.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Carto 3-guided electroanatomic maps of the right and left ventricle. This picture shows the point with the largest septal thickness (25 mm). The points in red represent the region where the radiofrequency was applied. B) Beginning of the application of radiofrequency. The yellow points represent the areas to be avoided in which the conduction system was identified. C) Hyperechogenicity of the septal region, evaluated continually using the intracardiac echocardiogram during the application of radiofrequency. It is possible to identify the catheter in the strap resting on the septal region. D) At the end of the procedure, an intense edema is observed in the septal region, associated with hyperechogenicity near the left ventricle outflow tract.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0635-20143-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The procedure&#8217;s interruption criteria used by Valdigem et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> was an acute 25% drop in the ventricular-arterial gradient. However, some authors suggest that the excessive septal ablation to reach these indexes can acutely provoke a paradoxical and acute increase of the gradient with the risk of significant pulmonary congestion after the ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Our impression is that the use of a purely anatomic strategy, with septal applications directly above the left branch, with an Ablation Index target of between 600 and 700, using an 3.5-mm irrigated catheter (50 Watts and 43&#186;C) and a continuous evaluation of the edema of the left ventricle outflow tract with the ICE, may well make the procedure safer.</p>
      <p>The wide range of series published to date do not give value to the immediate gradient, suggesting that the greatest benefit in the reduction of the gradient occurs between 9 and 12 months of ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Our patients witnessed a significant reduction of the interventricular gradient, with an average drop from 91&#177;22 mmHg to 27&#177;14 mmHg, approximately 12 months after the initial procedure, and a further reduction in the first post-operative day of 22&#177;6 mmHg, both with a significant improvement in the symptoms. The patient is currently at the functional class II level. The use of an irrigated catheter can cause more predictable lesions, but it can also contribute in treating pulmonary congestion, as described by the authors. The simultaneous use of the ICE to follow up on the RF applications can also prevent the occurrence of <italic>&#8220;Stem Pops&#8221;</italic> , a common fact in prolonged applications and with high energy. Additionally, the intracardiac echocardiogram aids in monitoring the risk of excessive applications by accompanying the formation of a septal edema. Nevertheless, one of our patients presented a medical condition of immediate pulmonary congestion after the ablation, which was resolved with the use of diuretics and non-invasive ventilation. Both the use of the irrigated catheter as well as the significant edema in the outflow tract may have contributed to the medical condition presented by the patient. Further studies are warranted in order to compare different techniques, as well as to standardize what would be the ideal means through which to create the lesions, which minimize the risk of acute increases in the ventricular-arterial gradient after the ablation.</p>
    </body>
    <response id="R2" response-type="reply" xml:lang="en">
      <front-stub>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Reply</article-title>
        </title-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Congratulations for your interest in the procedure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> we believe that new protocols for ablation and especially for post-operative care should be encouraged, given that even the way of releasing the energy and the localization of the point where the radiofrequency is applied are not a consensus among authors (note that Lawrenz, in a publication in August 2021, presented data with a bilateral application and only in the right septum).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>After a careful review of the first 40 cases carried out by our research group (publication pending), we observed that differences related to the morphology of the interventricular septum can be significant in the choice of the location to begin the ablation. More homogeneous hypertrophic septa tend to present a migration from the gradient in the apical direction. Thus, the ablation guided only by the anatomy can result in more extensive lesions unnecessarily. Moreover, residual medioventricular gradients can also occur, which would require a second approach.</p>
        <p>Another benefit for the use of the transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) would be the localization of the real point where the gradient began. More often, the gradient begins in the apical region than in the thicker region of the septum, marked by the point of greater aliasing, illustrated by the color flow mapping echocardiogram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). The TEE presents images with a better visualization of the left ventricle outflow tract than does the intracardiac echocardiogram, information that is of utmost importance for the adequate alignment of the catheter.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Intra-procedure TEE with and without color (at 150&#176;): evaluation of the mitral valve, identification of the SAM and its localization. From this angle, we were able to more easily identify the location of greater acceleration of the flow and the degree of mitral valve regurgitation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0635-20143-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The echocardiographic evaluation differentiates the shapes of valvular obstructions (in aortic stenosis) from the subvalvar obstructions, through the spectral image of the Continuous Doppler ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ). This information is essential in cases of sequential stenosis, as occurs in the cases of septal ablation by pre-TAVI radiofrequency (in which this method has shown a promising role).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Continuous Doppler image with the shapes related to aortic stenosis and subvalvar obstruction</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0635-20143-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Furthermore, the TEE provides information about the adjacent structures, including the application of radiofrequency, enabling the ready identification of possible complications, such as lesions in tendinous cords, or the anterior cusp of the mitral valve.</p>
        <p>One of the main parameters of success in the intra-procedure is the reduction in mitral regurgitation, resulting from the reduction in the systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve due to the reduction in the obstruction of the left ventricle outflow tract.</p>
        <p>Once again, we would like to congratulate the authors for their considerations and for their efforts to simplify the procedure and increase its diffusion. If it should be of your interest, we are willing to participate in joint analyses and sharing of experiences.</p>
      </body>
    </response>
  </sub-article>
</article>
