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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MNX3pvYXYxJDDrnHcjT5knz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005014201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000627</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210753</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210753</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novidades e Reflex&#245;es sobre o Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro , Niter&#243;i , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i , Niter&#243;i , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro &#8211; Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Correia ETO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia ETO, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>627</fpage>
      <lpage>630</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico/efeito de drogas</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>Mineralocorticoides</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonista Adren&#233;rgicos Beta</kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os fen&#243;tipos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) podem ser divididos em categorias de acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8211; IC com FE preservada (ICFEp; FE &#8805; 50%); IC com FE levemente reduzida (ICFElr; FE 41-49%) e IC com FE reduzida (ICFEr; FE&#8804;40%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, as diferen&#231;as entre os fen&#243;tipos da IC v&#227;o al&#233;m da FE. Enquanto a ICFEp desenvolve-se a partir de uma intera&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades que leva &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural e sintomas da IC, a ICFEr geralmente desenvolve-se devido a um insulto card&#237;aco que reduz o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, embora m&#250;ltiplas terapias possam melhorar o progn&#243;stico da ICFEr, somente os inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose-2 (SGLT2i) melhoraram os desfechos da ICFEp, demonstrado em um ensaio controlado randomizado (ECR). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesta carta cient&#237;fica, avaliamos evid&#234;ncias de terapias farmacol&#243;gicas com potencial benef&#237;cio na ICFEp.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento das etiologias da ICFEp e condi&#231;&#245;es associadas</title>
        <p>O manejo das etiologias da ICFEp e comorbidades (p.ex., hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, obesidade, anemia, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica) &#233; essencial para evitar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e reduzir hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com cardiomiopatia causada por amiloidose por transtirretina tamb&#233;m se beneficiam de tafamidis, que reduziu em 30% e 32% o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas e interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o a placebo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRAs), e inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor da angiotensina</title>
        <p>ECRs anteriores, tais como o PEP-CHF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o CHARM-Preserved <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e o I-PRESERVE <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> n&#227;o mostraram benef&#237;cio significativo dos IECA ou BRAs em pacientes com ICFEp. Khan et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> confirmaram esses achados, mas demonstraram, em uma an&#225;lise agrupada dos ECRs, uma tend&#234;ncia de menor risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em seguida, sacubitril/valsartana surgiu como um medicamento promissor para melhorar desfechos na ICFEp, mas falhou em demonstrar benef&#237;cio em seu desfecho prim&#225;rio de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC ou morte cardiovascular no ensaio PARAGON-HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, mulheres com ICFEp podem se beneficiar do sacubitril/valsartana, uma vez que o f&#225;rmaco reduziu em 27% o desfecho prim&#225;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, em uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo pr&#233;-especificada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias de uma meta-an&#225;lise de ECRs mostrou que o sacubitril/valsartana levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de NT-pro-BNP e melhora da qualidade de vida de pacientes com ICFEp. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Assim, pode-se preferir sacubitril/valsartana a BRAs ou IECA em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona devido a comorbidades.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Antagonista dos receptores mineralocorticoides (ARMs)</title>
        <p>No ensaio TOPCAT, a espironolactona n&#227;o reduziu o desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte cardiovascular, parada card&#237;aca abortada ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em pacientes com ICFEp em compara&#231;&#227;o a placebo, embora tenha sido eficaz em pacientes como n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Enquanto pacientes nas Am&#233;ricas tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 18% no risco do desfecho prim&#225;rio com a espironolactona, pacientes na R&#250;ssia e na Ge&#243;rgia n&#227;o tiveram melhora no progn&#243;stico com a medica&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Tal fato pode ser explicado por diferen&#231;as na randomiza&#231;&#227;o, pacientes que n&#227;o tomaram a medica&#231;&#227;o, e taxas de eventos mais baixas na R&#250;ssia e na Ge&#243;rgia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias de uma meta-an&#225;lise mostraram que a espironolactona reduziu interna&#231;&#245;es, melhorou a classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) e reduziu n&#237;veis do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B em pacientes com ICFEp. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diur&#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Devido a quest&#245;es &#233;ticas em se realizar ECRs para o uso de diur&#233;ticos, seus efeitos sobre o progn&#243;stico em longo prazo na ICFEp s&#227;o desconhecidos. No entanto, uma an&#225;lise p&#243;s-hoc do ensaio CHAMPION mostrou que ajustes na terapia com diur&#233;ticos e vasodilatadores de acordo com a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar reduziu em 46% a raz&#227;o de incid&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em pacientes com ICFEp classe III da NYHA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Isso refor&#231;a a necessidade de se controlar edema pulmonar e perif&#233;rico, e indica que diur&#233;ticos n&#227;o s&#243; controlam sintomas como tamb&#233;m reduzem interna&#231;&#245;es por IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose-2 (SGLT2i)</title>
        <p>Dados do ensaio EMPEROR-Preserved mostrou que a empagliflozina reduziu o risco de desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em pacientes com ICEFp em compara&#231;&#227;o a placebo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria, a empagliflozina tamb&#233;m reduziu interna&#231;&#245;es por IC que requeriam cuidado intensivo, interna&#231;&#245;es que requeriam droga vasopressora ou inotr&#243;picos positivos, e a necessidade de se intensificar terapia com diur&#233;ticos em pacientes ambulatoriais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Ainda, a probabilidade de melhora na classe funcional da NYHA foi maior nos pacientes que receberam empagliflozina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Betabloqueadores e outras terapias</title>
        <p>Em uma meta-an&#225;lise de ECRs, os betabloqueadores n&#227;o reduziram o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas ou morte cardiovascular em pacientes com ICFEp em ritmo sinusal ou com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Tanto a digoxina como terapias cujo alvo era a via do &#243;xido n&#237;trico/monofosfato c&#237;clico de guanosina n&#227;o mostraram sucesso na melhora dos desfechos na ICFEp. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Detalhes de ECRs de fase III que investigaram tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos em pacientes com ICFEp est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Ap&#243;s rever as evid&#234;ncias aqui descritas, n&#243;s delineamos uma proposta de terapia tripla com o potencial de melhorar os desfechos de pacientes com ICFEp, ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ensaios controlados randomizados de fase III de terapias farmacol&#243;gicas para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                  <th>Droga</th>
                  <th>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Mortalidade por todas as causas</th>
                  <th>Mortalidade cardiovascular</th>
                  <th>Mortalidade cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC</th>
                  <th>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PEP-CHF <sup>5</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Perindopril</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice de motilidade da parede do VE &#8805; 1,4, IC sintom&#225;tica tratada com diur&#233;ticos, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, idade &#8805; 70 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 1,09 (0,75-1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,98 (0,63-1,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,86 (0,61-1,20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHARM-Preserved <sup>6</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Candesartana</td>
                  <td align="center">FEVE &gt; 40%, NYHA II-IV, Hist&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,99 (0,80-1,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,89 (0,77-1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,85 (0,72-1,01)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I-PRESERVE <sup>7</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Irbesartana</td>
                  <td align="center">FEVE &#8805; 45%, NYHA III-IV ou NYHA II com interna&#231;&#227;o por IC nos &#250;ltimos seis meses, idade &#8805; 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 1,00 (0,88-1,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 1,01 (0,86-1,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,96 (0,84-1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,95 (0,81-1,10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PARAGON-HF <sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Sacubitril-Valsartana</td>
                  <td align="center">IC com FEVE &#8805; 45%, NYHA II-IV, aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo ou hipertrofia do VE e BNP &#8805; 300 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP &#8805; 900 pg/mL ou interna&#231;&#227;o por IC nos &#250;ltimos nove meses</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,97 (0,84-1,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,95 (0,79-1,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">RaR: 0,87 (0,75&#8211;1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">RaR: 0,85 (0,72-1,00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TOPCAT <sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">FEVE &#8805; 45%, &#8805; 1 sinal de IC e &#8805; um sintoma de IC, interna&#231;&#227;o por IC nos &#250;ltimos nove meses, ou BNP &#8805; 100 pg/mL, NT-proBNP &#8805; 360 pg/mL, idade &#8805; 50 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,91 (0,77-1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,90 (0,73-1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,89 (0,77-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR: 0,83 (0,69-0,99)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EMPEROR-Preserved <sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Empagliflozina</td>
                  <td align="center">IC com FEVE &#8805; 40%, NYHA II-IV, idade &#8805;18 anos, NT-proBNP &gt; 300 pg/mL ou NT-proBNP &gt; 900 pg/mL para pacientes com IC e FA</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 1,00 (0,87-1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR: 0,91 (0,76-1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR: 0,79 (0,69-0,90)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR: 0,73 (0,61-0,88)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DIG-PEF <sup>18</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">IC com FEVE &gt; 45%, RS</td>
                  <td align="center">RiR: 0,99 (0,76-1,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">RiR: 1,00 (0,73-1,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">RiR: 0,88 (0,70-1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">RiR: 0,79 (0,59-1,04)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HR: hazard ratio; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RaR: rate ratio; RiR: risk ratio; RS: ritmo sinusal; NR: n&#227;o reportado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Proposta de terapia tripla para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; CV: cardiovascular; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ARMs: antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides; SGLT2i: inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose-2; somente a empagliflozina tem evid&#234;ncias de um ensaio randomizado robusto. 3 An&#225;lises p&#243;s-hoc dos ensaios CHAMPION e TOPCAT podem corroborar o uso de diur&#233;ticos e ARMs. 11-13,15 </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0627-10753-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, a empagliflozina &#233; a &#250;nica terapia farmacol&#243;gica com dados robustos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o que apoiem seus benef&#237;cios na ICFEp. Contudo, como discutido acima, uma combina&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos, ARMs e SGLT2i pode reduzir a mortalidade e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ICFEp. Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios outros ECRs investigando novas terapias para a ECFEp.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>New Insights into Medical Therapy for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro &#8211; Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal code 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: etocorreia@outlook.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Correia ETO; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Correia ETO Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume/drug effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Mineralocoirticoids</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) phenotypes can be divided into categories according to the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) &#8211; HF with preserved EF (HFpEF; EF &#8805; 50%); HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF; EF 41-49%) and HF with reduced EF (HFrEF; EF &#8804; 40%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, HF phenotypes differ beyond just a different EF. While HFpEF develops from an interplay of comorbidities that lead to structural heart disease and HF symptoms, HFrEF usually develops due to a cardiac insult that reduces cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Moreover, while multiple therapies can improve the prognosis of HFrEF, only sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improved outcomes in HFpEF in a randomized controlled trial (RCT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this letter, we explore evidence for medical therapies that could benefit HFpEF patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Treatment of HFpEF etiologies and associated conditions</title>
          <p>The management of HFpEF etiologies and comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, obesity, anemia, chronic kidney disease) is essential to avoid disease progression and reduce hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy also benefit from tafamidis, that reduced by 30% and 32% the risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) hospitalizations, respectively, compared with placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin Inhibitors</title>
          <p>Previous RCTs, such as the PEP-CHF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> CHARM-Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and I-PRESERVE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> showed no significant benefit of ACEi or ARBs in HFpEF patients. Khan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> confirmed these findings but showed, in a pooled analysis of RCTs, a trend towards reduced HF hospitalization risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Subsequently, sacubitril/valsartan has emerged as a promise to improve outcomes in HFpEF, but failed to meet its primary endpoint of HF hospitalization or CV death in the PARAGON-HF trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nonetheless, women with HFpEF may benefit from sacubitril/valsartan, since it reduced by 27% the primary outcome compared with placebo in a prespecified subgroup analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Evidence from a meta-analysis of RCTs showed that sacubitril/valsartan led to reductions in NT-proBNP and improvements in quality of life in HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Hence, sacubitril/valsartan could be preferred over ARBs or ACEi in patients with indications for renin-angiotensin system inhibitors due to comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs)</title>
          <p>In the TOPCAT trial, spironolactone did not reduce the primary outcome of CV death, aborted cardiac arrest or HF hospitalization in HFpEF patients compared with placebo, although it was effective among patients with elevated natriuretic peptides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Surprisingly, while patients in the Americas experienced an 18% risk reduction of the primary outcome, in Russia and Georgia, spironolactone did not improve prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This can be explained by differences in randomization, patients that did not take the drug, and lower event rates in Russia and Georgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Additional evidence from a meta-analysis showed that spironolactone reduced hospitalizations, improved New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and decreased levels of b-type natriuretic peptide in HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diuretics</title>
          <p>Due to ethical issues in conducting RCTs for diuretic use, their effects on long-term prognosis in HFpEF are unknown. However, a post-hoc analysis of the CHAMPION trial showed that changes in diuretic and vasodilator therapies according to pulmonary artery pressure reduced by 46% the incidence rate ratio of HF hospitalization in HFpEF with NYHA class III.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This reinforces the need of controlling peripheral and pulmonary edema and indicates that diuretics not only control HF symptoms but may also reduce HF hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sodium&#8211;glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)</title>
          <p>Data from the EMPEROR-Preserved trial showed empagliflozin reduced the risk for the primary endpoint of CV death or HF hospitalization in HFpEF patients compared with placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In an exploratory analysis, empagliflozin also reduced HF hospitalizations that required intensive care, hospitalizations that required vasopressors or positive inotropes, and the need for diuretic intensification in outpatients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Moreover, patients assigned to empagliflozin were more likely to have improved NYHA class.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Beta-blockers and other therapies</title>
          <p>In a meta-analysis of RCTs, beta-blockers did not reduce the risk for all-cause mortality or CV death in HFpEF patients with sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Digoxin and therapies targeting the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway also failed to improve endpoints in HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Phase III RCTs that investigated pharmacological therapies in HFpEF patients are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . After reviewing the evidence presented above, we outlined a triple therapy proposal with potential to improve outcomes of HFpEF patients, that is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Phase III randomized controlled trials of pharmacological therapies in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study</th>
                    <th>Drug</th>
                    <th>Inclusion Criteria</th>
                    <th>All-Cause Mortality</th>
                    <th>CV Mortality</th>
                    <th>CV Death or HF Hospitalization</th>
                    <th>HF Hospitalization</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PEP-CHF<sup>5</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Perindopril</td>
                    <td align="center">LV wall motion index &#8805; 1.4, symptomatic HF treated with diuretic, diastolic dysfunction, age &#8805; 70 years</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 1.09 (0.75-1.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.98 (0.63-1.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.86 (0.61-1.20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHARM-Preserved<sup>6</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Candesartan</td>
                    <td align="center">LVEF &gt; 40%, NYHA II-IV, history of CV hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.99 (0.80-1.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.89 (0.77-1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.85 (0.72-1.01)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I-PRESERVE<sup>7</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Irbesartan</td>
                    <td align="center">LVEF &#8805; 45%, NYHA III-IV or NYHA II with HF hospitalization in the past 6 months, age &#8805; 60 years</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 1.00 (0.88-1.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 1.01 (0.86-1.18)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.96 (0.84-1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.95 (0.81-1.10)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PARAGON-HF<sup>9</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Sacubitril-Valsartan</td>
                    <td align="center">HF with LVEF &#8805; 45%, NYHA II-IV, left atrial enlargement or LV hypertrophy and BNP &#8805; 300 pg/mL or NT-proBNP &#8805; 900 pg/mL or HF hospitalization in the last 9 months</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.97 (0.84-1.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.95 (0.79-1.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">RaR: 0.87 (0.75&#8211;1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">RaR: 0.85 (0.72-1.00)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TOPCAT<sup>11</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Spironolactone</td>
                    <td align="center">LVEF &#8805; 45%, &#8805; 1 HF sign and &#8805; 1 HF symptom, HF hospitalization within the past 12 months, or BNP &#8805; 100 pg/mL or NT-proBNP &#8805; 360 pg/mL, age &#8805; 50 years</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.91 (0.77-1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.90 (0.73-1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.89 (0.77-1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR: 0.83 (0.69-0.99)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EMPEROR-Preserved<sup>3</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Empagliflozin</td>
                    <td align="center">HF with LVEF &#8805; 40%, NYHA II-IV, age &#8805; 18 years, NT-proBNP &gt; 300 pg/mL or NT-proBNP &gt; 900 pg/mL for patients with HF and AF</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 1.00 (0.87-1.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">HR: 0.91 (0.76-1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR: 0.79 (0.69-0.90)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR: 0.73 (0.61-0.88)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DIG-PEF<sup>18</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Digoxin</td>
                    <td align="center">HF with LVEF &gt; 45%, SR</td>
                    <td align="center">RiR: 0.99 (0.76-1.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">RiR: 1.00 (0.73-1.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">RiR: 0.88 (0.70-1.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">RiR: 0.79 (0.59-1.04)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; HR: hazard ratio; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal-pro hormone b-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RaR: rate ratio; RiR: risk ratio; SR: sinus rhythm; NR: not reported.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <caption>
                <title>A Triple Therapy Proposal for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose 2 cotransporter inhibitor. Only empagliflozin has evidence from a robust randomized trial. 3 Post-hoc analyses of the CHAMPION and TOPCAT trials may support the use of diuretics and MRA. 11-13,15</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0627-10753-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Empagliflozin is the only pharmacological therapy with robust randomized data to support its benefit in HFpEF to this date. However, as discussed above, a combination of diuretics, MRAs and SGLT2i may reduce mortality and hospitalization in HFpEF. Future RCTs investigating novel therapies for HFpEF are needed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
