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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mqLVXXPvndFX6Mnz63fMhjM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220645</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220645</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Gene da Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) no Contexto Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7405-6822</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Denise da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesu&#237;no</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#225;lia Santos Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas , Goi&#226;nia , GO &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Denise da Silva Pinheiro &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas - Alameda Flamboyant, Campus Samambaia, UFG LACES/ICB/UFG. CEP 74001-970, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil E-mail: <email>denisepinheirobiomed@hotmail.com</email> , <email>facasealuz@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>602</fpage>
      <lpage>603</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Predisposi&#231;&#227;o Gen&#233;tica para Doen&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Associa&#231;&#227;o Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aridialquilfosfatase/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas/sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Paraoxonase 1 (PON1)</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo de Nucleot&#237;deo &#218;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), e mais especificamente a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), continuam como as mais importantes causas de mortes por doen&#231;as n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis no Brasil e no mundo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De forma que esfor&#231;os cient&#237;ficos t&#234;m sido empreendidos na identifica&#231;&#227;o de novos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e na elucida&#231;&#227;o de perfis genot&#237;picos de risco a DAC e outras DCV no campo da gen&#233;tica m&#233;dica de associa&#231;&#227;o a doen&#231;as. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, um gene que tem sido extensivamente estudado &#233; o da paraoxonase (PON) , o qual apresenta tr&#234;s isoformas em cluster de genes: PON1, PON2 e PON3, com localiza&#231;&#227;o no cromossomo 7q21.3-22.1. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> PON1 constitui o membro da fam&#237;lia de paraoxonases mais estudado devido ao seu destacado papel em vias de catabolismo de lipoprote&#237;nas, sendo inclusive apontada como um marcador bioqu&#237;mico da capacidade antioxidante das part&#237;culas de HDL-colesterol. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>PON1 &#233; uma enzima &#233;ster hidrolase c&#225;lcio-dependente multifuncional que se encontra associada &#224;s part&#237;culas de HDL-colesterol. Apresenta propriedades antioxidantes e antiaterog&#234;nicas por hidrolisar o colesterol da LDL oxidado e produtos da peroxida&#231;&#227;o de fosfolip&#237;dios. Desta forma, confere prote&#231;&#227;o &#224;s membranas celulares e neutraliza os efeitos da oxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, desempenhando importante papel cardioprotetivo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Polimorfismos das enzimas paraoxonases, particularmente a isoforma PON1, t&#234;m sido associadas com altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e implicadas na patogenia da DAC conforme demonstrado em alguns estudos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> embora deva-se ressaltar a heterogeneidade de resultados na literatura conforme apontado em amplos estudos de metan&#225;lise, que conclu&#237;ram pela associa&#231;&#227;o fraca ou ausente para os principais polimorfismos estudados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dentre os quais, ressalta-se dois polimorfismos na regi&#227;o codificante do gene, com substitui&#231;&#227;o na prote&#237;na de Glutamina (Q) por Arginina (R) na posi&#231;&#227;o 192 (rs662 ou A192G) e Leucina por Metionina na posi&#231;&#227;o 55 (rs854560 ou A55T) e o polimorfismo rs705379 (ou T[-107]C) na regi&#227;o promotora do gene, os quais tem sido relatados por influenciar a atividade ou a express&#227;o da enzima.</p>
    <p>Neste contexto, deve-se destacar o trabalho de Soflaei et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o dos polimorfismos da PON1 mencionados (rs662, rs854560, rs705379) com DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o do Ir&#227; da regi&#227;o nordeste do pa&#237;s, pela compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com DAC definida angiograficamente (grupo com angiografia positiva - obstru&#231;&#227;o com estenose coronariana &gt;50% em pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria [N=266] e grupo com angiografia negativa - n&#227;o obstru&#231;&#227;o com estenose &lt; 30% nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias [N=335]). Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma significativa associa&#231;&#227;o do alelo G (isoforma 192R da PON1) do polimorfismo rs662 com o aumento do risco a doen&#231;a (gen&#243;tipo GG: OR = 2,424, IC 95% [1,123-5,233]; Alelo G: OR = 1,663, IC 95% [1,086-2,547]), apresentando consist&#234;ncia com resultados de outros estudos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> inclusive com outro estudo conduzido no oeste do Ir&#227;, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e com achados de metan&#225;lise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O referido estudo tamb&#233;m explorou a associa&#231;&#227;o da atividade da PON1 (fen&#243;tipo) com DAC, n&#227;o tendo verificado diferen&#231;a entre os grupos estudados, por&#233;m confirmou o efeito dos polimorfismos avaliados sobre o n&#237;vel de atividade dosada da PON1, tendo observado maior atividade da paraoxonases, que seria ben&#233;fico, nos portadores do perfil genot&#237;pico de risco (alelo G ou gen&#243;tipo GG de rs662). Este achado aparentemente paradoxal de avalia&#231;&#227;o de gen&#243;tipo de risco e perfil de atividade da PON1 t&#234;m sido explicado, conforme discutido no estudo, pela diferen&#231;a entre o que &#233; medido como atividade da enzima no ensaio bioqu&#237;mico de hidr&#243;lise do paraoxon (atividade paraoxonase) e sua atividade de prote&#231;&#227;o antioxidante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao LDL-colesterol, que envolve outro s&#237;tio ativo na enzima, de forma que os portadores do alelo G (isoforma 192R) teriam, na verdade, uma atividade biol&#243;gica reduzida da PON1 no que se refere a prote&#231;&#227;o antioxidante, como evidenciado no estudo de Aviram et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> sinalizando um aspecto importante a ser considerado nos estudos de atividade desta enzima, devido ao seu car&#225;ter multifuncional.</p>
    <p>De forma relevante na realidade atual, os estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica t&#234;m permitido o desenvolvimento da medicina personalizada pela aplica&#231;&#227;o dos achados cient&#237;ficos obtidos na constru&#231;&#227;o de pain&#233;is de testes gen&#233;ticos por grupos de doen&#231;as, incluindo pain&#233;is espec&#237;ficos para as DCV, que j&#225; se encontram inclusive dispon&#237;veis &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em alguns laborat&#243;rios especializados. Os avan&#231;os no n&#237;vel de conhecimento relacionados ao efeito de variantes gen&#233;ticas em mecanismos moleculares subjacentes &#224; fisiopatologia de doen&#231;as, como tem sido observado para os genes da paraoxonase na DAC, t&#234;m o potencial de propiciar o desenvolvimento de pain&#233;is gen&#233;ticos mais acurados de forma a impactar decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e abordagens no aconselhamento gen&#233;tico.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o do Gen&#243;tipo e Fen&#243;tipo da Paraoxonase-1 com Angiografia Positiva para Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Paraoxanase 1 (PON1) Gene in the Context of Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7405-6822</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Denise da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesu&#237;no</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#225;lia Santos Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas,Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Denise da Silva Pinheiro &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas - Alameda Flamboyant, Campus Samambaia, UFG LACES/ICB/UFG. Postal Code 74001-970, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil E-mail: denisepinheirobiomed@hotmail.com, facasealuz@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Association Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Aryldialkylphosphatase/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins/blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Paraoxanase 1 (PON 1)</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD), and more specifically Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), continue to be the most important causes of death from non-communicable diseases in Brazil and in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Therefore, scientific efforts have been made to identify new biochemical markers and in the elucidation of genotypic risk profiles for CAD and other CVDs in the field of disease-association medical genetics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this sense, a gene that has been extensively studied is the paraoxanase (PON) gene, which has three gene cluster isoforms: PON1, PON2 and PON3, located on chromosome 7q21.3-22.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> PON1 is the most studied member of the paraoxanases family due to its prominent role in lipoprotein catabolism pathways, being even pointed out as a biochemical marker of the antioxidant capacity of HDL-cholesterol particles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>PON1 is a multifunctional calcium-dependent ester hydrolase enzyme that is associated with HDL-cholesterol particles. It has antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties by hydrolyzing oxidized LDL cholesterol and phospholipid peroxidation products. In this way, it provides protection to cell membranes and neutralizes the effects of lipid oxidation, playing an important cardioprotective role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Polymorphisms of paraoxonase enzymes, particularly the PON1 isoform, have been associated with lipid alterations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CAD, as demonstrated in some studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> although the heterogeneity of results in the literature should be highlighted, as pointed out in extensive meta-analysis studies, who concluded that there was a weak or absent association for the main polymorphisms studied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Among which, two polymorphisms in the coding region of the gene stand out, with replacement of the Glutamine (Q) by Arginine (R) at protein position 192 (rs662 or A192G) and Leucine by Methionine at position 55 (rs854560 or A55T) and rs705379 polymorphism (or T[-107]C) in the promoter region of the gene, which have been reported to influence enzyme activity or expression.</p>
      <p>In this context, it is worth highlighting the work of Soflaei et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> who evaluated the association of the mentioned PON1 polymorphisms (rs662, rs854560, rs705379) with CAD in the population of Iran in the northeast region of the country, by comparing patients with angiographically defined CAD (group with positive angiography - obstruction with stenosis coronary artery disease &gt;50% in at least one coronary artery [N=266] and group with negative angiography - non-obstruction with stenosis &lt; 30% in coronary arteries [N=335]). The results obtained indicated a significant association of the G allele (192R isoform of PON1) of the rs662 polymorphism with increased disease risk (GG genotype: OR = 2.424, 95% CI [1.123-5.233]; G allele: OR = 1.663, 95% CI [1.086-2.547]), which is consistent with results from other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> including another study conducted in western Iran,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and with meta-analysis findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The aforementioned study also explored the association of PON1 activity (phenotype) with CAD, not finding any difference between the groups studied, but it confirmed the effect of the polymorphisms evaluated on the level of measured activity of PON1, having observed greater activity of paraoxanase, which would be beneficial, in carriers of the genotypic risk profile (G allele or GG genotype of rs662). This apparently paradoxical finding of risk genotype assessment and PON1 activity profile has been explained, as discussed in the study, by the difference between what is measured as enzyme activity in the biochemical paraoxon hydrolysis assay (paraoxanase activity) and its activity of antioxidant protection in relation to LDL-cholesterol, which involves another active site in the enzyme, so that carriers of the G allele (192R isoform) would actually have a reduced biological activity of PON1 with regard to antioxidant protection, such as evidenced in the study by Aviram et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> indicating an important aspect to be considered in studies of the activity of this enzyme, due to its multifunctional character.</p>
      <p>Currently, genetic association studies have allowed the development of personalized medicine through the application of scientific findings obtained in the construction of panels of genetic tests by groups of diseases, including specific panels for CVD, which are already available to the public in some specialized laboratories. Advances in the level of knowledge related to the effect of genetic variants on molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of diseases, as has been observed for the paraoxanase genes in CAD, have the potential to foster the development of more accurate genetic panels to impact therapeutic decisions and approaches in genetic counseling.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Association of Paraoxonase-1 Genotype and Phenotype with Angiogram Positive Coronary Artery Disease</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
