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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dv7stS9JzbxV8sKm44PgbmH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005013405</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000587</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210843</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de Rec&#233;m-Nascidos Normais na Primeira Semana de Vida &#8211; Estudo Observacional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Marina de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4116-6835</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-629X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krebs</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Lucia Jornada</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Werther Brunow de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto da Crian&#231;a (ICr) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Alberto Pastore &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 &#8211; AB. CEP 05493-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pimenta MS, Samesima N, Pastore CA, Krebs VLJ, Carvalho WB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pimenta MS, Krebs VLJ, Leal GN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pimenta MS, Samesima N, Pastore CA, Krebs VLJ, Leal GN, Carvalho WB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Samesima N; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Pastore CA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pimenta MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>587</fpage>
      <lpage>592</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O per&#237;odo neonatal &#233; marcado por muitas altera&#231;&#245;es importantes no sistema cardiovascular, principalmente na primeira semana de vida. Diferentemente da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, estudos sobre dados de eletrocardiograma (ECG) no per&#237;odo neonatal s&#227;o escassos. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a descrever altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em uma coorte de rec&#233;m-nascidos com ecocardiogramas normais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Analisar padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de rec&#233;m-nascidos a termo, sem anomalias morfol&#243;gicas ou funcionais card&#237;acas, e comparar os resultados com a literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Neste estudo observacional, ecocardiogramas e resultados de ECG de 94 neonatos divididos em tr&#234;s grupos et&#225;rios (at&#233; 24 horas, entre 25 e 72 horas, e entre 73 e 168 horas de vida) foram avaliados e comparados com aqueles descritos por Davignon et al. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Diferen&#231;as significativas na dire&#231;&#227;o da onda T foram detectadas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 (p= 0,04), V2 (p= 0,02), V3 (p= 0,008) e V4 (p= 0,005). Houve diferen&#231;as entre nossos resultados e a literatura atual na maioria dos par&#226;metros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Rec&#233;m-nascidos a termo com menos de 24 horas de vida apresentaram significativamente mais ondas T positivas que aqueles com mais horas de vida. Encontramos muitas diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros de ECG em compara&#231;&#227;o aos descritos por Davignon et al., particularmente nas amplitudes de P, Q, R, S, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, R/S e R+S. Esses achados indicam a necessidade de mais estudos para uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o definitiva do ECG em rec&#233;m-nascidos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O per&#237;odo neonatal &#233; marcado por muitas altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e hemodin&#226;micas, especialmente na primeira semana de vida, quando ocorre a transi&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o fetal para neonatal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No feto, a placenta &#233; um leito vascular de baixa resist&#234;ncia, e o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) &#233; o ventr&#237;culo dominante, respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 60% do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. O cora&#231;&#227;o trabalha com uma carga de trabalho quase constante, com circula&#231;&#227;o de alto volume e baixa resist&#234;ncia. Ap&#243;s a sec&#231;&#227;o do cord&#227;o umbilical e a primeira respira&#231;&#227;o, ocorrem diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e aumento na resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica. A press&#227;o e o fluxo no VD diminuem e a p&#243;s-carga aumenta quando a placenta &#233; removida, e o d&#233;bito do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) aumenta em duas vezes com o aumento no fluxo de sangue pulmonar. O <italic>foramen ovale</italic> e o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> se fecham, e a predomin&#226;ncia ventricular muda do VD para o VE, com subsequente aumento no tamanho e n&#250;mero dos cardiomi&#243;citos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o se sabe se essas altera&#231;&#245;es circulat&#243;rias nos primeiros dias de vida podem levar a diferentes padr&#245;es no eletrocardiograma (ECG). Altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas s&#227;o avaliadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica por meio de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio, ausculta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca) e exames complementares (p.ex. ecocardiograma, lactato s&#233;rico, e bicarbonato de s&#243;dio). Contudo, diferentemente da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, estudos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos no per&#237;odo neonatal s&#227;o escassos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em neonatos a termo sem malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular normal durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e compar&#225;-los com os achados descritos por Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Este &#233; o primeiro estudo correlacionando os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos com ecocardiograma normal em uma coorte de neonatos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo observacional, entre agosto de 2016 e julho de 2018, foram avaliados resultados de ECG e ecocardiogramas de neonatos em seus primeiros sete dias de vida (168 horas), todos nascidos em uma unidade neonatal terci&#225;ria em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (aprova&#231;&#227;o n&#250;mero CPE 272/13/2016; CAPPesq 1.662.356) e conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica dispensou o estudo da necessidade de um termo de consentimento, uma vez que os exames de ECG e ecocardiograma s&#227;o rotinas na unidade neonatal.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram idade gestacional (IG) entre 37 e 41 semanas e seis dias, e menos de 169 horas de idade p&#243;s-natal. Malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas foram exclu&#237;das por ecocardiograma nas primeiras 169 horas de vida. Todos os rec&#233;m-nascidos apresentaram fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular normal durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Rec&#233;m-nascidos com malforma&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas importantes, tais como anormalidades neurol&#243;gicas e cromoss&#244;micas, IG inferior a 37 semanas ou maior ou igual a 42 semanas, ou com anormalidades no ecocardiograma tais como malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, defeito do septo, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar persistente, limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais, e evolu&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular anormal durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;das.</p>
        <p>Os rec&#233;m-nascidos forma divididos por idade p&#243;s-natal em tr&#234;s grupos: at&#233; 24 horas, entre 25 e 72 horas, e entre 73 e 168 horas de vida para possibilitar a compara&#231;&#227;o de nossos achados com os descritos por Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (Philips PageWriter TC20&#169;, Koninklijke Philips, N.V.) foi realizada e analisada em todos os rec&#233;m-nascidos por um &#250;nico investigador, treinado, n&#227;o cego. Eletrodos com gel s&#243;lido adesivo foram posicionados sobre os ombros direito e esquerdo, cristas il&#237;acas e V1-V6 como recomendado por diretrizes <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Os ombros e as cristas il&#237;acas foram escolhidos em vez dos bra&#231;os e pernas devido &#224; movimenta&#231;&#227;o corporal intensa natural do rec&#233;m-nascido, a fim de se reduzir ru&#237;dos e melhorar sinais do ECG. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Posicionamento dos eletrodos do eletrocardiograma em rec&#233;m-nascidos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0587-10843-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram avaliados:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm, automaticamente medida pelo aparelho),</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- eixo QRS no plano frontal (&#176;),</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- amplitude (mm) e dura&#231;&#227;o (ms) da onda P e dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR no DII (ms),</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- amplitude de: onda Q em DIII, aVF e V5-V6, onda R em aVR, V1-V2 e V4-V6, e ondas S em V1-V2 e V4-V6 (mm),</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- raz&#227;o R/S em V1 e V6,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, intervalos QT e QTc (corrigido pela f&#243;rmula de Bazzet) em V2 (ms), e</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- dura&#231;&#227;o da onda T (ms) e orienta&#231;&#227;o (+ / -) em todas as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
        <p>Um ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler detalhado foi realizado em todos os indiv&#237;duos por um cardiologista pedi&#225;trico experiente de plant&#227;o. O equipamento usado foi um Philips CX50 (Koninklijke Philips N.V.), com transdutores multifrequenciais S8-3 e S12-4. Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em modo M do &#225;trio esquerdo, VD, VE, parede posterior, e di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE foram obtidas seguindo-se as diretrizes da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi obtida pelo m&#233;todo Teichholz e considerado normal se maior ou igual a 55%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas qualitativas das m&#227;es e rec&#233;m-nascidos foram descritas em frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas. Caracter&#237;sticas quantitativas foram descritas utilizando-se medidas de resumo (m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o) para todos os indiv&#237;duos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram descritos de acordo com doen&#231;as maternas tais como hipertens&#227;o (ausente, prim&#225;ria, gestacional, prim&#225;ria + gestacional), e diabetes mellitus (ausente, tipo 1, tipo 2, gestacional). Com base no peso ao nascer, os neonatos foram classificados como pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG), adequado para a idade gestacional (AIG), e grande para a idade gestacional (GIG); os valores foram descritos como medidas de resumo, e comparados quanto &#224;s categorias de interesse por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia ( <italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA), seguido por compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni quando p&lt;0,05. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foi realizado o teste de normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados Kolmogorov-Smirnov, e a presun&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi aceita para a maioria dos par&#226;metros avaliados. Como essa &#233; uma presun&#231;&#227;o relativamente fraca da ANOVA, ela foi conduzida para todas as vari&#225;veis sem que houvesse perda de poder nas an&#225;lises, uma vez que o teorema central do limite garante a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia, mesmo sem normalidade dos dados.</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros foram descritos em curvas de percentis e comparados com valores normais de acordo com os percentis descritos por Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa IBM-SPSS para Windows vers&#227;o 22.0. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, houve 2883 nascidos vivos na unidade neonatal, 1916 nascidos a termo. Exames de ecocardiogramas foram conduzidos em 753 rec&#233;m-nascidos; 310 eram nascidos a termo e, desses, 191 n&#227;o apresentavam nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica significativa.</p>
      <p>O exame de ECG foi realizado em 113 rec&#233;m-nascidos, e 19 foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentarem importantes malforma&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas, principalmente anomalias do sistema nervoso central ou s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas. A s&#233;rie final do presente estudo foi composta 94 pacientes.</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos rec&#233;m-nascidos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Os percentis dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos estudos est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos por idade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ), os rec&#233;m-nascidos com menos de 24 horas de vida tiveram uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de ondas T positivas em compara&#231;&#227;o a rec&#233;m-nascidos com mais horas de vida (25-72 horas e 73-168 horas) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 (p = 0,04), V2 (p = 0,02), V3 (p = 0,008), e V4 (p = 0,005).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do rec&#233;m-nascidos avaliados (n=94)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Grupo et&#225;rio (horas de vida)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804;24 horas</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>25-72 horas</td>
                <td align="center">46 (49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>73-168 horas</td>
                <td align="center">37 (39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o (peso)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PIG</td>
                <td align="center">9 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIG</td>
                <td align="center">77 (82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GIG</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Parto</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vaginal</td>
                <td align="center">31 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>F&#243;rceps</td>
                <td align="center">9 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ces&#225;rea</td>
                <td align="center">54 (57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">53 (56)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">40 (43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminado</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IG (semanas)</td>
                <td align="center">38,6 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso ao nascer (gramas)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3184 (551)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IG: idade gestacional; PIG: pequeno para a idade gestacional; AGA: adequado para a idade gestacional; GIG: grande para a idade gestacional; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentis dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th colspan="3">&lt;24horas de vida</th>
                <th colspan="3">24-72 horas de vida</th>
                <th colspan="3">73-168 horas de vida</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="9" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>5%</th>
                <th>50%</th>
                <th>95%</th>
                <th>5%</th>
                <th>50%</th>
                <th>95%</th>
                <th>5%</th>
                <th>50%</th>
                <th>95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">92,14</td>
                <td align="center">122,09</td>
                <td align="center">152,04</td>
                <td align="center">98,91</td>
                <td align="center">122,72</td>
                <td align="center">146,53</td>
                <td align="center">102,18</td>
                <td align="center">131,05</td>
                <td align="center">159,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl P DII (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PR DII (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">70,55</td>
                <td align="center">92,73</td>
                <td align="center">114,91</td>
                <td align="center">71,43</td>
                <td align="center">99,13</td>
                <td align="center">126,83</td>
                <td align="center">73,40</td>
                <td align="center">98,38</td>
                <td align="center">123,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT V2 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">227,59</td>
                <td align="center">301,82</td>
                <td align="center">376,04</td>
                <td align="center">206,84</td>
                <td align="center">293,48</td>
                <td align="center">380,12</td>
                <td align="center">202,20</td>
                <td align="center">274,05</td>
                <td align="center">345,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QRS axis ( &#176; )</td>
                <td align="center">54,61</td>
                <td align="center">126,36</td>
                <td align="center">198,12</td>
                <td align="center">61,59</td>
                <td align="center">128,75</td>
                <td align="center">195,91</td>
                <td align="center">58,09</td>
                <td align="center">134,44</td>
                <td align="center">210,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl Q DIII (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl Q aVF (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl Q V5 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl Q V6 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl R aVR (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl R V1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">1,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl R V2 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">1,35</td>
                <td align="center">2,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">1,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">1,27</td>
                <td align="center">2,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl R V4 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">2,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">2,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">2,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl R V5 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,41</td>
                <td align="center">2,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">1,30</td>
                <td align="center">2,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
                <td align="center">1,29</td>
                <td align="center">2,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl R V6 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">2,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">1,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl S V1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">2,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl S V2 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">1,40</td>
                <td align="center">2,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,34</td>
                <td align="center">2,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,08</td>
                <td align="center">2,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl S V4 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,21</td>
                <td align="center">3,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">1,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">1,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl S V5 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
                <td align="center">2,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">1,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ampl S V6 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
                <td align="center">1,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">1,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>R/S V1</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
                <td align="center">2,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">2,10</td>
                <td align="center">5,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">2,38</td>
                <td align="center">5,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>R/S V5</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">5,26</td>
                <td align="center">18,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">3,03</td>
                <td align="center">8,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">3,41</td>
                <td align="center">11,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>R/S V6</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">5,31</td>
                <td align="center">17,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">3,32</td>
                <td align="center">9,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">3,17</td>
                <td align="center">8,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>R + S V2 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">-9,16</td>
                <td align="center">-0,46</td>
                <td align="center">8,25</td>
                <td align="center">-11,73</td>
                <td align="center">-1,44</td>
                <td align="center">8,86</td>
                <td align="center">-7,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,88</td>
                <td align="center">11,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>R + S V4 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">-14,88</td>
                <td align="center">5,23</td>
                <td align="center">25,33</td>
                <td align="center">-3,11</td>
                <td align="center">5,98</td>
                <td align="center">15,07</td>
                <td align="center">-3,29</td>
                <td align="center">6,97</td>
                <td align="center">17,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S V2 + R V5 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,68</td>
                <td align="center">2,81</td>
                <td align="center">3,94</td>
                <td align="center">1,19</td>
                <td align="center">2,64</td>
                <td align="center">4,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">2,38</td>
                <td align="center">3,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S V1 + R V6 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">2,25</td>
                <td align="center">3,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">2,14</td>
                <td align="center">3,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">1,81</td>
                <td align="center">2,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dur QRS V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">40,00</td>
                <td align="center">40,00</td>
                <td align="center">40,00</td>
                <td align="center">30,60</td>
                <td align="center">44,78</td>
                <td align="center">58,97</td>
                <td align="center">27,41</td>
                <td align="center">46,49</td>
                <td align="center">65,56</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Ampl: amplitude; bpm: batimentos por minuto; Dur: dura&#231;&#227;o; mm: mil&#237;metros; ms: milissegundos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de onda T por grupo et&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="4" scope="col">Horas de vida</th>
                <th rowspan="3" scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">&#8804;24</th>
                <th scope="col">25-72</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">73-168</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Onda T em V1. n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Positiva</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">8 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negativa</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">23 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (62)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Minus-plus</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">15 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (32)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Onda T em V2. n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Positiva</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">7 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negativa</td>
                <td align="center">4 (36)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">21 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (62)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Minus-plus</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">18 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (27)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Onda T em V3. n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positiva</td>
                <td align="center">8 (73)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">12 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (13)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negativa</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">15 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (54)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plus-minus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Minus-plus</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">18 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (32)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Onda T em V4. n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2"> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positiva</td>
                <td align="center">10 (91)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">27 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (35)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negativa</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">10 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (57)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plus-minus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Minus-plus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Onda T em V5. n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td colspan="2"> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positiva</td>
                <td align="center">10 (91)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">34 (74)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (59)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negativa</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">8 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (32)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plus-minus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Minus-plus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>T Orientation V6. n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td colspan="2"> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positiva</td>
                <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">36 (78)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (70)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negativa</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (24)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plus-minus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Minus-plus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Teste ANOVA</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao se comparar os valores encontrados com os valores estimados extra&#237;dos do estudo de Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ), detectamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em v&#225;rios par&#226;metros em todos os grupos et&#225;rios (&#8804;24 horas, entre 25e 72 horas, e entre 73 e 168 horas de vida), tais como amplitude das ondas P, Q, R e S, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, e rela&#231;&#227;o entre R e S (R/S e R+S).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Raz&#227;o de amplitude/dura&#231;&#227;o de alguns par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos entre o estudo de Pimenta et al. e o de Davignon et al.2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="3">Horas de vida</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&lt;24</th>
                <th>25-72</th>
                <th>73-168</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Amplitude da onda P (DII)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Amplitude da onda Q</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DIII</td>
                <td align="center">3,41</td>
                <td align="center">2,83</td>
                <td align="center">2,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>aVF</td>
                <td align="center">3,33</td>
                <td align="center">2,30</td>
                <td align="center">3,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V5</td>
                <td align="center">1,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V6</td>
                <td align="center">1,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Amplitude da onda R</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V2</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V5</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V6</td>
                <td align="center">3,15</td>
                <td align="center">2,60</td>
                <td align="center">2,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Amplitude da onda S</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V2</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V6</td>
                <td align="center">1,68</td>
                <td align="center">2,68</td>
                <td align="center">1,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (V5)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>R / S</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V1</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V5</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V6</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>R + S (V2)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>S em V1 + R (V6)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
                <td align="center">1,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Intervalo PR (DII)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Amplitude da onda R</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>aVR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V5</td>
                <td align="center">1,41</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Amplitude da onda S (V5)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ondas R + S (V4)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ondas S em V2 + R (V5)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diferentemente da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, estudos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos no per&#237;odo neonatal s&#227;o escassos. Em 1979, Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> publicaram achados de ECG de 2141 crian&#231;as, 549 com idade inferior a sete dias. At&#233; hoje, esse &#233; o maior estudo em rec&#233;m-nascidos, e a maioria das diretrizes de interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ECG em neonatos s&#227;o baseadas nesse estudo. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; provas de que os neonatos estudados de fato n&#227;o tinham malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas que pudessem influenciar par&#226;metros de ECG.</p>
      <p>&#201; esperado que altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ocorram nos primeiros dias de vida devido a importantes mudan&#231;as circulat&#243;rias nesse per&#237;odo. Assim, Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> dividiram os rec&#233;m-nascidos em tr&#234;s grupos (&#8804;24 horas, entre 25 e 72 horas, e entre 73 e 168 horas de vida). Em nosso estudo, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas na dire&#231;&#227;o da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1, V2, V3 e V4 entre os mesmos grupos et&#225;rios. A maior propor&#231;&#227;o de ondas T positivas nos grupos mais novos pode ser explicada pela maior press&#227;o pulmonar nessa fase, levando a uma repolariza&#231;&#227;o inicial do VD. Com a diminui&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica na press&#227;o pulmonar que ocorre nos primeiros de vida, pode-se esperar uma mudan&#231;a na repolariza&#231;&#227;o para o padr&#227;o infantil, levando a uma propor&#231;&#227;o menor de ondas T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais (V1 a V4). A an&#225;lise da onda T n&#227;o foi realizada no trabalho de Davignon. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nos outros par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados.</p>
      <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos nossos resultados com os valores obtidos do estudo de Davignon et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> observamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em v&#225;rios par&#226;metros em todos os grupos et&#225;rios, em particular nas amplitudes de ondas (P, Q, R,S), dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e rela&#231;&#227;o entre R e S (R/S e R+S). Calculamos uma raz&#227;o simples em alguns par&#226;metros de ECG entre nossos resultados e os de Davignon, para enfatizar as diferen&#231;as encontradas (como mencionamos acima) &#8211; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> .</p>
      <p>Essas diferen&#231;as indicam que os par&#226;metros de normalidade de ECG propostos no estudo de Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> podem n&#227;o ser os mais adequados para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ECG de rec&#233;m-nascidos brasileiros hoje. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a antropom&#233;trica entre popula&#231;&#245;es (Canad&#225; x Brasil), no estudo canadense, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> n&#227;o houve rastreamento de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, exames de imagem ou acompanhamento dos rec&#233;m-nascidos. Portanto, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que, de fato, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> n&#227;o apresentava nenhuma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
      <p>Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo puseram em quest&#227;o a aplicabilidade dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de normalidade relatados por Davignon et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> para rec&#233;m-nascidos a termo de at&#233; sete dias de vida, para outras nacionalidades e etnias.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de um ECG em um rec&#233;m-nascido &#233; limitada por uma s&#233;rie de dificuldades, como o pequeno tamanho do t&#243;rax para posicionamento dos eletrodos, e o fato de serem extremamente agitados. Assim, decidimos que todos os exames seriam executados pelo mesmo m&#233;dico para minimizar a influ&#234;ncia do posicionamento dos eletrodos. Isso levou a um n&#250;mero limitado de rec&#233;m-nascidos estudados. &#201; importante ressaltar que provavelmente mais diferen&#231;as sejam encontradas se um maior n&#250;mero de rec&#233;m-nascidos for estudado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo correlacionando achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos com ecocardiograma normal em uma coorte de rec&#233;m-nascidos. Rec&#233;m-nascidos a termo com at&#233; 24 horas de vida apresentaram significativamente mais ondas T positivas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com mais horas de vida. Muitas diferen&#231;as foram encontradas na compara&#231;&#227;o com os par&#226;metros propostos por Davignon et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> indicando que mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o definita de ECG nos rec&#233;m-nascidos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Marina de Souza Pimenta pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Electrocardiographic Evaluation of Normal Newborns in the First Week of Life &#8211; Observational Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Marina de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4116-6835</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-629X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krebs</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Lucia Jornada</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Werther Brunow de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto da Crian&#231;a (ICr) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Carlos Alberto Pastore &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 &#8211; AB. Postal Code 05493-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pimenta MS, Samesima N, Pastore CA, Krebs VLJ, Carvalho WB; Acquisition of data: Pimenta MS, Krebs VLJ, Leal GN; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Pimenta MS, Samesima N, Pastore CA, Krebs VLJ, Leal GN, Carvalho WB; Statistical analysis: Samesima N; Obtaining financing: Pastore CA; Writing of the manuscript: Pimenta MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The neonatal period is marked by major changes in the cardiovascular system, especially in the first week of life. Unlike the adult population, studies on electrocardiogram (ECG) data in the neonatal period are scarce. This is the first study to describe electrocardiographic changes in a cohort of newborns with normal echocardiograms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To analyze the electrocardiographic patterns of a population of full-term NB, without any cardiac morphological or functional anomalies, and compare the results with the literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>In this observational study, echocardiograms and ECG results from 94 newborns divided in three age groups (up to 24 hours, between 25 and 72 hours, and between 73 and 168 hours of life) were evaluated and compared with those reported by Davignon et al. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>There were significant differences in T-wave direction in leads V1 (p= 0.04), V2 (p= 0.02), V3 (p= 0.008) and V4 (p= 0.005) between the three age groups. There were differences between our findings and the current literature in most of the parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Term newborns within 24 hours of life showed significantly more positive T waves than older ones. Many differences from the Davignon&#8217;s ECG parameters were found, particularly in the P, Q, R, S amplitudes, QRS duration, R/S and R+S. These findings indicate that more studies are needed for a definitive interpretation of the ECG in newborns.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocytes, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Infant, Newborn</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The neonatal period is marked by many hemodynamic and anatomical cardiovascular changes, especially in the first week of life, when the transition of the circulation pattern from fetal to neonatal occurs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the fetus, the placenta is a low-resistance vascular bed and the right ventricle (RV) is the dominant ventricle, responsible for approximately 60% of the cardiac output. The heart works with an almost constant workload, with a high-volume and low-resistance circulation. After the cut of the umbilical cord and the first breath there is a decrease in the pulmonary vascular resistance and an increase in the systemic vascular resistance. Right ventricular pressure and flow drops while the afterload increases as the placenta is removed and the left ventricular (LV) outflow increases by two-fold due to the increased pulmonary blood flow. The <italic>foramen ovale</italic> and <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> close and the ventricular predominance change from the RV to the LV, with subsequent increase in cardiomyocyte size and number.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is not known whether these circulatory changes in the first days of life can lead to different patterns in the electrocardiogram (ECG). Hemodynamic changes are assessed in the clinical practice through clinical parameters (heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory pattern, heart auscultation) and complementary exams (e.g. echocardiogram, serum lactate and sodium bicarbonate). However, unlike the adult population, electrocardiographic studies in the neonatal period are scarce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to describe the ECG findings in term neonates without cardiac malformations and normal cardiovascular function during hospital stay, and to compare them with the findings by Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This is the first study correlating ECG findings with normal echocardiogram in a cohort of newborns.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>In this observational study, from August 2016 to July 2018, ECG results and echocardiograms of newborns during their first seven days of life (168 hours) were evaluated, all born at a tertiary neonatal unit in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics</title>
          <p>The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (approval number 272/13/2016; CAPPesq 1.662.356) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Commission waived the need for a patient&#8217;s consent form since the ECG and echocardiographic examinations are routine at the neonatal unit.</p>
          <p>The inclusion criteria were gestational age (GA) between 37 and 41 weeks and 6 days, and less than 169 hours of postnatal age. Cardiac malformation was excluded using echocardiogram in the first 169 hours of life. All newborns had normal cardiovascular function during hospital stay.</p>
          <p>Newborns with major non-cardiac malformations, such as neurological and chromosomal abnormalities, GA less than 37 weeks or equal to or above 42 weeks, or with abnormalities in the echocardiogram such as cardiac malformations (complex heart anomaly, valve dysfunction, major sept defect, aortic coarctation), persistent pulmonary hypertension, functional impairment or with abnormal cardiovascular function during hospitalization were excluded.</p>
          <p>Newborns were divided by post-natal age in three groups: up to 24 hours, between 25 and 72 hours and between 73 and 168 hours of life to enable the comparison of our findings with those reported by Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>12-Lead ECG</title>
          <p>Simultaneous twelve-lead ECG (Philips PageWriter TC20&#169;, Koninklijke Philips, N.V.) was performed and analyzed in all neonates by a single trained not blinded investigator. Solid gel tab electrodes were positioned on the right and left shoulders, right and left iliac crests and V1-V6 as recommended by guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The shoulders and iliac crests were preferred over the right/left arms and legs due to the commonly excessive movement of the newborn, in order to reduce noise and improve ECG signals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Positioning of electrocardiogram electrodes in newborns</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0587-10843-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The following parameters were assessed:</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- heart rate (bpm, automatically measured by the device),</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- frontal plane QRS axis (&#176;),</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- P wave amplitude (mm) and duration (ms) and duration of PR interval in DII (ms),</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- amplitude of: Q wave in DIII, aVF and V5-V6, R wave in aVR, V1-V2 and V4-V6, and S waves in V1-V2 and V4-V6 (mm),</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- R/S ratio in V1 and V6,</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- QRS duration, QT and QTc interval (corrected by Bazzet&#8217;s formula) in V2 (ms), and</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- T wave duration (ms) and orientation (+ / -) in all 12 leads.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiogram</title>
          <p>A detailed two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler was performed in all subjects by the on-call experienced pediatric cardiologist. The equipment used was a Philips CX50 (Koninklijke Philips N.V.), with multifrequency transducers S8-3 and S12-4. M-mode echocardiographic measurements of left atrium, RV, left ventricle, posterior wall, and LV diastolic and systolic diameters were obtained following the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> LV ejection fraction was obtained by Teichholz method and was considered normal when equal to or greater than 55%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Qualitative characteristics of mothers and newborns were described as absolute and relative frequencies. Quantitative characteristics were described using summary measures (mean and standard deviation) for all subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ECG parameters were described according to maternal diseases such as hypertension (none, primary, gestational, primary + gestational) and diabetes mellitus (none, type 1, type 2, gestational). Based on their birth weight, the newborns were classified as small for GA (SGA), appropriate for GA (AGA), or large for GA (LGA); the values were described as summary measures and compared for the categories of interest using analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons when p&lt;0.05.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov data distribution normality test was performed, and the assumption of normality was accepted for most of the parameters evaluated. As this is a weaker assumption of ANOVA, it was conducted for all variables without loss of power in the analyses, since the central limit theorem guarantees the normality of distribution of the mean, even with no normality of the data.</p>
          <p>The parameters were described in percentile curves and compared with normal values according to the percentiles reported by Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The analyses were performed using the IBM-SPSS for Windows version 22.0 software. The value of p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>During the study period, there were 2,883 live births in the neonatal unit. Of these, 1,916 were full-term newborns. Echocardiograms were performed in 753 babies; 310 of them were full-term newborns, of whom 191 did not have any significant anatomical changes.</p>
        <p>ECGs of 113 newborns were performed, 19 of whom were excluded because of major non-cardiac malformations, mainly anomalies of the central nervous system or genetic syndromes. The final series of the present study consisted of 94 patients.</p>
        <p>Clinical characteristics of the newborns are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The percentiles of the ECG parameters studied are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . In the comparison between-age groups (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ), newborns with less than 24 hours of life had a significantly higher proportion of positive T waves compared to NB in the older groups (25&#8211;72 hours and 73&#8211;168 hours) in leads V1 (p = 0.04), V2 (p = 0.02), V3 (p = 0.008), and V4 (p = 0.005).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical characteristics of the newborns evaluated in the study (n=94)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Number (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age groups (hours of life)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804;24 hours</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>25-72 hours</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (49)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>73-168 hours</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classification (body weight)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SGA</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AGA</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (82)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LGA</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Delivery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vaginal</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Forceps</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cesarean</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (56)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (43)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indeterminate</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">average (SD)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GA (weeks)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.6 (1.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Weight at birth (grams)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,184 (551)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>GA: gestational age; SGA: small for GA; AGA: appropriate for GA; LGA: large for GA; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percentiles of the electrocardiographic parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Parameter</th>
                  <th colspan="3">&lt;24 hours of life</th>
                  <th colspan="3">24-72 hours of life</th>
                  <th colspan="3">73-168 hours of life</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="9" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>5%</th>
                  <th>50%</th>
                  <th>95%</th>
                  <th>5%</th>
                  <th>50%</th>
                  <th>95%</th>
                  <th>5%</th>
                  <th>50%</th>
                  <th>95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">92.14</td>
                  <td align="center">122.09</td>
                  <td align="center">152.04</td>
                  <td align="center">98.91</td>
                  <td align="center">122.72</td>
                  <td align="center">146.53</td>
                  <td align="center">102.18</td>
                  <td align="center">131.05</td>
                  <td align="center">159.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl P DII (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR DII (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.55</td>
                  <td align="center">92.73</td>
                  <td align="center">114.91</td>
                  <td align="center">71.43</td>
                  <td align="center">99.13</td>
                  <td align="center">126.83</td>
                  <td align="center">73.40</td>
                  <td align="center">98.38</td>
                  <td align="center">123.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT V2 (ms)</td>
                  <td>227.59</td>
                  <td>301.82</td>
                  <td>376.04</td>
                  <td>206.84</td>
                  <td>293.48</td>
                  <td>380.12</td>
                  <td>202.20</td>
                  <td>274.05</td>
                  <td>345.90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS axis ( &#176; )</td>
                  <td align="center">54.61</td>
                  <td align="center">126.36</td>
                  <td align="center">198.12</td>
                  <td align="center">61.59</td>
                  <td align="center">128.75</td>
                  <td align="center">195.91</td>
                  <td align="center">58.09</td>
                  <td align="center">134.44</td>
                  <td align="center">210.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl Q DIII (mm)</td>
                  <td>0.03</td>
                  <td>0.41</td>
                  <td>0.79</td>
                  <td>0.05</td>
                  <td>0.34</td>
                  <td>0.64</td>
                  <td>0.02</td>
                  <td>0.36</td>
                  <td>0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl Q aVF (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl Q V5 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl Q V6 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl R aVR (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl R V1 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25</td>
                  <td align="center">2.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl R V2 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">2.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl R V4 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center">1.74</td>
                  <td align="center">2.71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57</td>
                  <td align="center">2.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57</td>
                  <td align="center">2.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl R V5 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.41</td>
                  <td align="center">2.48</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30</td>
                  <td align="center">2.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  <td align="center">1.29</td>
                  <td align="center">2.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl R V6 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26</td>
                  <td align="center">2.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17</td>
                  <td align="center">1.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl S V1 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1.75</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">2.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl S V2 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40</td>
                  <td align="center">2.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34</td>
                  <td align="center">2.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">2.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl S V4 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21</td>
                  <td align="center">3.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl S V5 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  <td align="center">2.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ampl S V6 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">1.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.51</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R/S V1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37</td>
                  <td align="center">2.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">2.10</td>
                  <td align="center">5.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">2.38</td>
                  <td align="center">5.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R/S V5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">5.26</td>
                  <td align="center">18.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">3.03</td>
                  <td align="center">8.63</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">3.41</td>
                  <td align="center">11.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R/S V6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">5.31</td>
                  <td align="center">17.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">3.32</td>
                  <td align="center">9.46</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">3.17</td>
                  <td align="center">8.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R + S V2 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-9.16</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.46</td>
                  <td align="center">8.25</td>
                  <td align="center">-11.73</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.44</td>
                  <td align="center">8.86</td>
                  <td align="center">-7.37</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88</td>
                  <td align="center">11.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R + S V4 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-14.88</td>
                  <td align="center">5.23</td>
                  <td align="center">25.33</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.11</td>
                  <td align="center">5.98</td>
                  <td align="center">15.07</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.29</td>
                  <td align="center">6.97</td>
                  <td align="center">17.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S V2 + R V5 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.68</td>
                  <td align="center">2.81</td>
                  <td align="center">3.94</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">2.64</td>
                  <td align="center">4.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">2.38</td>
                  <td align="center">3.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S V1 + R V6 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">2.25</td>
                  <td align="center">3.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14</td>
                  <td align="center">3.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">1.81</td>
                  <td align="center">2.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dur QRS V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.00</td>
                  <td align="center">40.00</td>
                  <td align="center">40.00</td>
                  <td align="center">30.60</td>
                  <td align="center">44.78</td>
                  <td align="center">58.97</td>
                  <td align="center">27.41</td>
                  <td align="center">46.49</td>
                  <td align="center">65.56</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Ampl: amplitude; bpm: beats per minute; Dur: duration; hl: hours of life; mm: millimeters; ms: milliseconds.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Electrocardiographic T-wave parameters by age groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" scope="col">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="4" scope="col">Hours of life</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">&#8804;24</th>
                  <th scope="col">25-72</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">73-168</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">T-wave in V1. n (%)</td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                  <td>0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Positive</td>
                  <td>5 (45)</td>
                  <td colspan="2">8 (17)</td>
                  <td>2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Negative</td>
                  <td>3 (27)</td>
                  <td colspan="2">23 (50)</td>
                  <td>23 (62)</td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Minus-plus</td>
                  <td>3 (27)</td>
                  <td colspan="2">15 (33)</td>
                  <td>12 (32)</td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">T-wave in V2. n (%)</td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                  <td>0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Positive</td>
                  <td>6 (54)</td>
                  <td colspan="2">7 (15)</td>
                  <td>4 (11)</td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Negative</td>
                  <td>4 (36)</td>
                  <td colspan="2">21 (46)</td>
                  <td>23 (62)</td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minus-plus</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">18 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (27)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>T-wave in V3. n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">12 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negative</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">15 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (54)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plus-minus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minus-plus</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">18 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (32)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>T-wave in V4. n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (91)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">27 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (35)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negative</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">10 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (57)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indeterminate</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plus-minus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minus-plus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>T-wave in V5. n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (91)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">34 (74)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (59)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negative</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">8 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (32)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indeterminate</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plus-minus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minus-plus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>T-wave in V6. n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">36 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (70)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negative</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (24)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indeterminate</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plus-minus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minus-plus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>ANOVA test</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When comparing the values found with the estimated values extracted from the study by Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ), we noticed statistically significant differences in several parameters in all age groups (&lt;24 hours, between 25 and 72 hours and between 73 and 168 hours of life), such as amplitude of P, Q, R and S waves, QRS duration and R-S relationship (R/S and R+S).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Electrocardiographic standards ratio between Pimenta et al. and Davignon et al. 2 for newborn</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Hours of life</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&lt;24</th>
                  <th>25-72</th>
                  <th>73-168</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>P wave amplitude (DII)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Q wave amplitude</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DIII</td>
                  <td align="center">3.41</td>
                  <td align="center">2.83</td>
                  <td align="center">2.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>aVF</td>
                  <td align="center">3.33</td>
                  <td align="center">2.30</td>
                  <td align="center">3.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">2.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R wave amplitude</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.15</td>
                  <td align="center">2.60</td>
                  <td align="center">2.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S wave amplitude</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.68</td>
                  <td align="center">2.68</td>
                  <td align="center">1.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>QRS complex duration (V5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R / S</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R + S (V2)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S in V1 + R (V6)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.87</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64</td>
                  <td align="center">1.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PR interval (DII)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R wave amplitude</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>aVR</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1.32</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.41</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S wave amplitude (V5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R + S waves (V4)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S waves in V2 + R (V5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Unlike the adult population, electrocardiographic studies in the neonatal period are scarce. In 1979, Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> published ECG findings of 2,141 children, 549 of them under seven days of life. So far, this is the largest study on newborns, and most guidelines of ECG interpretation in neonates are based on this study. Nevertheless, there is no proof that the newborn studied, in fact, had no cardiac malformation that could influence ECG parameters.</p>
        <p>It is expected that ECG changes occur in the first days of life, due to significant circulatory changes in this period. Thus, Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> divided the newborns in three age groups (&lt;24 hours, between 25 and 72 hours and between 73 and 168 hours of life). In our study, significant differences were found in the direction of the T waves in leads V1, V2, V3 and V4 between the same age groups. The higher proportion of positive T waves in the younger age groups can be explained by the higher pulmonary pressure found in this early phase, leading to an initial repolarization of the RV. With the physiological drop in pulmonary pressure that occurs in the first days of life, a change in ventricular repolarization to the infantile pattern can be expected, leading to a lower proportion of positive T waves in precordial leads (V1 to V4). T wave analysis was not done in Davignon&#8217;s work. There was no statistical difference in the other electrocardiographic parameters studied.</p>
        <p>When comparing our results with the estimated values extracted from the study by Davignon et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> we observed statistically significant differences in several parameters in all age groups, particularly in wave amplitudes (P, Q, R, S), QRS duration and R-S relationship (R/S and R+S). We did a simple ratio within some ECG parameters between our results and Davignon&#8217;s to emphasize the differences found (mentioned above) &#8211; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> .</p>
        <p>These differences indicate that the parameters of electrocardiographic normality proposed by Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> may not be the optimal ones for interpreting ECG of Brazilian newborns today.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition to the possible anthropometric difference between populations (Canada x Brazil), in the Canadian study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> there were was no cardiac screening, image examination or follow-up of the newborns. Therefore, no evidence was presented that, in fact, the study population in their study did not have any structural heart disease.</p>
        <p>The results obtained in the present study have called into question the applicability of the electrocardiographic parameters of normality reported by Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> for term newborns with up to seven days of life, to other nationalities and ethnicities.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The performance of an ECG on a newborn is fraught with difficulties, since besides dealing with their small chest size to deploy the electrodes, they are also highly agitated. In this way, we decided to have all the ECGs performed by the same physician, to minimize the influence of electrodes positioning. This led to a limited number of newborns studied. It is important to note that it is likely that more differences will be found if a greater number of newborns are studied.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This is the first study correlating ECG findings with normal echocardiogram in a cohort of newborns. Term newborns within 24 hours of life showed significantly more positive T waves than the elders. Many differences from the parameters proposed by Davignon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> were found and indicate that more studies are needed for a definitive interpretation of the ECG in newborns.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2001">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marina de Souza Pimenta, from pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
