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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qczmpjXVc9RkQrm64cf9cwC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005013402</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000574</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210681</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Treinamento F&#237;sico Resistido Atenua as Disfun&#231;&#245;es Ventriculares Esquerdas em Modelo de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6852-1230</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Le&#244;ncio Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3012-1327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6355-2492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ervilha</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ot&#225;vio Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1931-626X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Aparecida Fonseca da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7520-3097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6850-469X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Portes</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Martins Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3942-3353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Mateus Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6043-9256</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drummond</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Rios</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5354-7913</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7416-3529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9794-6972</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Emily Correna Carlo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4927-4024</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Natali</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vi&#231;osa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa , Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica , Vi&#231;osa , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Biologia Geral</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vi&#231;osa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa , Departamento de Biologia Geral , Vi&#231;osa , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vi&#231;osa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa , Departamento de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria , Vi&#231;osa , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Le&#244;ncio Lopes Soares &#8226; Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n. CEP 36570-900, Vi&#231;osa, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>leoncio.lopes@ufv.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soares LL, Natali AJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soares LL, Leite LB, Ervilha LOG, Silva BAF, Freitas MO, Portes AMO, Rezende LMT, Drummond FR, Reis ECC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Soares LL, Leite LB, Ervilha LOG, Portes AMO, Rezende LMT, Carneiro-Junior MA, Neves MM, Reis ECC, Natali AJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soares LL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Natali AJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soares LL, Natali AJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soares LL, Carneiro-Junior MA, Neves MM, Reis ECC, Natali AJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>574</fpage>
      <lpage>584</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A hipertrofia e a dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito observadas na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) prejudicam a din&#226;mica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) achatando o septo interventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Investigar se o treinamento f&#237;sico resistido (TFR) de intensidade baixa a moderada &#233; ben&#233;fico para fun&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis do VE e de cardiomi&#243;citos em ratos durante o desenvolvimento de HAP induzida por monocrotalina (MCT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Foram usados ratos Wistar machos (Peso corporal: ~ 200 g). Para avaliar o tempo at&#233; o poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ou seja, ponto de desfecho), os ratos foram divididos em dois grupos, hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo at&#233; a insufici&#234;ncia (HSI, n=6) e hipertens&#227;o com treinamento at&#233; a insufici&#234;ncia (HTI, n=6). Para testar os efeitos do TFR, os ratos foram divididos entre grupos de controle sedent&#225;rios (CS, n=7), hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo (HS, n=7) e hipertens&#227;o com treinamento (HT, n=7). A HAP foi induzida por duas inje&#231;&#245;es de MCT (20 mg/kg, com um intervalo de 7 dias). Os grupos com treinamento foram submetidos a um protocolo de TFR (subir escadas; 55-65% da m&#225;xima carga carregada), 5 dias por semana. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida em p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>O TFR prolongou o ponto de desfecho (~25%), melhorou a toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (~55%) e atenuou as disfun&#231;&#245;es de contratilidade de VE e de cardiomi&#243;citos promovidas pela MCT preservando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o encurtamento fracional, a amplitude do encurtamento, e as velocidades de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento nos cardiomi&#243;citos. O TFR tamb&#233;m preveniu os aumentos de fibrose e col&#225;geno tipo I no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo causados pela MCT, al&#233;m de manter as dimens&#245;es de mi&#243;citos e col&#225;geno tipo III reduzidas por MCT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O TFR de intensidade baixa a moderada &#233; ben&#233;fico para fun&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis de VE e cardiomi&#243;citos em ratos durante o desenvolvimento de HAP induzida por MCT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Condicionamento F&#237;sico Animal/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="52"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Aumentos na resist&#234;ncia da vasculatura pulmonar, causados principalmente pela disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, levam &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A resist&#234;ncia da vasculatura pulmonar sobrecarrega o ventr&#237;culo direito resultando em remodela&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e disfun&#231;&#227;o devido a hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa remodela&#231;&#227;o afeta a din&#226;mica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) por causa da intera&#231;&#227;o ventricular direta. Nessa estrutura, a din&#226;mica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; prejudicada pelo achatamento do septo interventricular, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> pois ela enfrenta enchimento diast&#243;lico precoce deficiente, volume diast&#243;lico final reduzido e remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Portanto, pacientes com HAP apresentaram um volume de acidente vascular cerebral <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e toler&#226;ncia a esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico reduzidos, o que afeta negativamente sua qualidade de vida e sobrevida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos t&#234;m o objetivo de reduzir a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar e a sobrecarga no ventr&#237;culo direito, e, assim, manter a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> J&#225; se demonstrou que pacientes com HAP podem manter a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meios n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, tais como a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No modelo experimental de HAP grave induzida por monocrotalina (MCT), por exemplo, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico pr&#233;vio ou precoce demonstrou promover benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares, tais como a atenua&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia, a disfun&#231;&#227;o e a remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa do ventr&#237;culo direito. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nosso grupo de pesquisa <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> relatou recentemente que a corrida volunt&#225;ria (ou seja, treinamento de alta intensidade intermitente) adia o in&#237;cio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e alivia a remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa do ventr&#237;culo direito e a disfun&#231;&#227;o de mi&#243;citos (ou seja, a contratilidade de mi&#243;citos e a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da ciclagem de Ca <sup>2</sup> intracelular) nesse modelo. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m demonstramos que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada previne a remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa do ventr&#237;culo direito, a contratilidade de mi&#243;citos e as defici&#234;ncias da ciclagem de Ca <sup>2</sup> . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O uso de treinamento f&#237;sico resistido (TFR) de intensidade baixa a moderada foi recomendado como parte de programas de treinamentos para promover a sa&#250;de e prevenir doen&#231;as cardiovasculares <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> incluindo as relacionadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HAP, interven&#231;&#245;es combinadas de exerc&#237;cios, incluindo aer&#243;bicos, treinamento de resist&#234;ncia e treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico, demonstraram ser seguras para esses pacientes e resultaram em melhorias significativas na pot&#234;ncia muscular, na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e na sobrevida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Apesar disso, embora o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico tenha demonstrado evitar a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nas condi&#231;&#245;es de linha de base e isovolum&#233;trica, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> na HAP induzida por MCT, o impacto do TFR na disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nesse modelo &#233; desconhecido.</p>
      <p>Embora os modelos animais tenham embasado a descoberta de novas terapias e o entendimento da fisiopatologia da HAP, o modelo de les&#227;o pulmonar do MCT em roedores usando a inje&#231;&#227;o de 60 mg/kg de massa corporal induz HAP grave em um processo subagudo, que &#233; limitado para simular a HAP cr&#244;nica humana. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, Whang et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> demonstraram que 40 mg/kg MCT divididos em duas inje&#231;&#245;es de 20 mg/kg com um intervalo de sete dias s&#227;o o que melhor imitam HAP cr&#244;nica com as altera&#231;&#245;es comuns na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares e do ventr&#237;culo direito observadas em seres humanos. Portanto, no presente estudo, usamos esse modelo em ratos para testar se o TFR de intensidade baixa a moderada &#233; ben&#233;fico para o VE e para fun&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis em mi&#243;citos durante o desenvolvimento de HAP induzida por MCT. A hip&#243;tese deste estudo &#233; de que o TFR de intensidade baixa a moderada &#233; ben&#233;fico para fun&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis de VE e mi&#243;citos em ratos durante o desenvolvimento de HAP induzida por MCT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do experimento e indu&#231;&#227;o da HAP</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> trinta e tr&#234;s ratos Wistar machos [Peso corporal: ~200 g] foram obtidos do laborat&#243;rio de animais da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brasil. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas de policarbonato transparentes, em uma sala com controle de temperatura (~22 &#176;C) e ~60% de umidade relativa, em ciclos de 12/12 h de luz/escuro, e tiveram acesso livre a &#225;gua e ra&#231;&#227;o comercial.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar o tempo at&#233; o poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 12 animais (~200 g) foram divididos em dois grupos, usando a randomiza&#231;&#227;o simples, hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo at&#233; a insufici&#234;ncia (HSI, n=6) e hipertens&#227;o com treinamento at&#233; a insufici&#234;ncia (HTI, n=6). Ap&#243;s as inje&#231;&#245;es de MCT, ratos dos grupos HSI e HTI foram eutanasiados quando apresentaram sinais cl&#237;nicos externos previamente validados de poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (por exemplo, perda de peso, dispneia, piloere&#231;&#227;o) e n&#227;o podiam mais se alimentar adequadamente, subir a escada (grupo HTI) ou mesmo se mover dentro da gaiola, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> que foi considerado um ponto de desfecho.</p>
        <p>Para testar se os efeitos do TFR eram ben&#233;ficos durante o desenvolvimento da HAP, 21 animais (~200 g) foram divididos entre grupos usando a randomiza&#231;&#227;o bloqueada: de controle sedent&#225;rios (CS, n=7), hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo (HS, n=7) e hipertens&#227;o com treinamento (HT, n=7). Animais dos grupos HS, HT e CS foram eutanasiados no dia do ponto de desfecho mediano (&#177; 1 dia) dos animais do grupo HSI (ou seja, 28 dias). O tempo mediano at&#233; o poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca representou o momento ap&#243;s o tratamento com MCT em que mais de 50% do grupo chegou ao dia do ponto de desfecho. Os animais nos grupos com treinamento foram submetidos a TFR, e aqueles nos grupos sedent&#225;rios foram mantidos em suas gaiolas.</p>
        <p>Para induzir a HAP, os animais dos grupos HSI, HTI, HS e HT receberam 2 inje&#231;&#245;es intraperitoneais de MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) de 20 mg/kg, com intervalos de 7 dias para induzir a insufici&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo direito. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Os animais de controle receberam inje&#231;&#245;es de solu&#231;&#227;o salina em volume equivalente.</p>
        <p>Os experimentos foram conduzidos de acordo com procedimentos internacionais para pesquisa com animais (Scientific Procedures; Act 1986). Todos os protocolos foram analisados e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional (n&#250;mero de protocolo 02/2019).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Treino de resist&#234;ncia e teste de carga m&#225;xima</title>
        <p>Os animais foram acostumados com o protocolo de TFR (adaptado de Hornberger e Farrar) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> por uma semana antes da primeira inje&#231;&#227;o de MCT ou solu&#231;&#227;o salina, sem carga adicional. O TFR consistiu em subir uma escada (1,1 m de altura, inclina&#231;&#227;o de 80&#186;) com intervalos de repouso de 2 minutos, sendo que a carga foi baseada em um teste de m&#225;xima carga carregada. O teste de m&#225;xima carga carregada foi realizado antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de MCT ou solu&#231;&#227;o salina (tempo 0) e no 14&#186;, 21&#186; e 28&#186; dia ap&#243;s as inje&#231;&#245;es. O teste consistiu em subir escada com carga inicial de 75% do peso corporal, que foi gradualmente aumentado e mais 15% nas subidas subsequentes at&#233; que o animal n&#227;o pudesse mais subir. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A carga foi presa &#224; cauda do rato e as subidas foram intercaladas com 2 minutos de intervalos de repouso. A m&#225;xima carga carregada foi usada como &#237;ndice de toler&#226;ncia de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico.</p>
        <p>Os animais exercitados foram submetidos a um programa de TFR, 5 vezes por semana durante o per&#237;odo experimental at&#233; o dia anterior ao da eutan&#225;sia, totalizando vinte sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio. A carga do TFR foi de 55-65% da m&#225;xima carga carregada seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Cada sess&#227;o de treinamento consistiu em 15 subidas intercaladas com intervalos de 60 segundos, sendo que a carga de treinamento foi ajustada ap&#243;s os testes de m&#225;xima carga carregada (14&#186; e 21&#186; dia).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia e coleta de amostras</title>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas no 28&#186; dia ap&#243;s a primeira inje&#231;&#227;o com MCT. Os animais foram anestesiados (Isoflurane 1,5% e100% de oxig&#234;nio em um fluxo constante de 1L/min; Isoflurane, BioChimico, Brasil) e as imagens foram obtidas enquanto os animais estavam em dec&#250;bito lateral. Estudos bidimensionais com uma taxa de amostragem r&#225;pida de 120 fps no modo M foram realizados usando o sistema de ultrassom MyLabTM30 (Esaote, G&#234;nova, It&#225;lia) e transdutores de frequ&#234;ncia nominal de 11 MHz. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional e modo M foram obtidos numa velocidade de digitaliza&#231;&#227;o de 200 mm ajustado de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, os seguintes par&#226;metros foram avaliados: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do VE; e encurtamento fracional (EF). Para caracterizar a HAP, a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) foi determinada.</p>
        <p>No dia do desfecho final mediano (&#177; 1 dia) dos animais do grupo HSI, animais dos grupos HS, HT e CS foram eutanasiados. Ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia, animais dos grupos CS, HS e HT tiveram seus cora&#231;&#245;es, ventr&#237;culos e pulm&#245;es dissecados, pesados e processados para an&#225;lises de interesse, conforme descrito abaixo. A t&#237;bia direita foi dissecada, e seu comprimento foi medido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histomorfometria</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas do VE foram realizadas conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Rapidamente, imediatamente ap&#243;s a coleta, fragmentos do VE foram fixados com o fixador Karnovsky (paraformalde&#237;do a 4% e glutaralde&#237;do a 4% em tamp&#227;o de fosfato a 0,1 M, pH 7,4) por 24 horas. Em seguida, os fragmentos foram desidratados em etanol, clarificados em xilol e embebidos em parafina. Os blocos foram cortados em se&#231;&#245;es de 5 &#956;m de espessura, montados em l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas e corados com hematoxilina e eosina para medir a &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal (AST), ou com vermelho Sirius para contar fibras de col&#225;geno e/ou com tricromo de Masson para contagem de fibrose card&#237;aca. Para evitar as an&#225;lises repetidas da mesma &#225;rea histol&#243;gica, as se&#231;&#245;es foram avaliadas em semiss&#233;ries, usando uma em cada 10 se&#231;&#245;es. As imagens digitais das l&#226;minas coradas com vermelho Sirius foram obtidas usando um microsc&#243;pio de luz polarizada (Olympus AX-70, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) conectado a uma c&#226;mera digital (Olympus Q Color-3, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) e as imagens das l&#226;minas coradas com hematoxilina e eosina e tricromo de Masson foram obtidas usando um microsc&#243;pio de luz (Olympus AX-70, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) conectado a uma c&#226;mera digital (Olympus Q Color-3, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). A quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de col&#225;geno e fibrose card&#237;aca foi realizada usando-se uma ferramenta de identifica&#231;&#227;o de cores espec&#237;fica usando o software Image-Pro Plus 4.5 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, EUA). A &#225;rea de se&#231;&#227;o transversal do mi&#243;cito foi medida usando-se uma ferramenta espec&#237;fica (medi&#231;&#227;o manual em software Image Pro-Plus 4.5).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento de mi&#243;citos no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o foi conectado a um sistema de perfus&#227;o retr&#243;grada de Langendorff e mi&#243;citos simples do VE isolados conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Resumidamente, o sistema de perfus&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o acontece via aorta com solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode contendo (em mM; Sigma-Aldrich, EUA): 130 NaCl, 1,43 MgCl2, 5,4 KCl, 0,75 CaCl2, 5,0 Hepes, 10,0 glicose, 20,0 taurina e 10,0 creatina, pH 7,4 por cerca de 5 minutos. A solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode foi substitu&#237;da por uma solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode contendo EGTA (0,1 mM) por 6 minutos. Em seguida, foi feita a perfus&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode contendo 1 mg/ml de colagenase tipo II (Worthington, EUA) e 0,1 mg/ml de protease (Sigma-Aldrich, EUA) por cerca de 12 minutos. Em seguida, o VE do cora&#231;&#227;o digerido foi retirado e cortado em pequenos fragmentos que foram colocados em um frasco c&#244;nico contendo a solu&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (colagenase e protease). As c&#233;lulas foram mecanicamente separadas agitando-se o frasco por 5 minutos. As c&#233;lulas dispersadas foram separadas do tecido n&#227;o dispersado por filtragem por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o. As c&#233;lulas isoladas foram armazenadas a 5&#176; C at&#233; o uso. Os mi&#243;citos isolados foram usados de 2 a 3 horas ap&#243;s o isolamento. As solu&#231;&#245;es usadas no procedimento de isolamento foram oxigenadas (O <sub>2</sub> 100% &#8211; White Martins, Brasil) e mantidas a 37&#176; C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de mi&#243;cito simples</title>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de mi&#243;citos do VE foi medida usando-se um sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o de ponta (Ionoptix, Milton, EUA) montado em um microsc&#243;pio invertido (Nikon Eclipse &#8211; TS100, Jap&#227;o) conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os mi&#243;citos foram colocados em um banho na mesa de um microsc&#243;pio invertido e superfusados com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode contendo, em mM (Sigma-Aldrich, EUA): 137 NaCl, 5,4 KCl, 0,33 NaH <sub>2</sub> PO <sub>4</sub> , 0,5 MgCl <sub>2</sub> , 5 HEPES, 5,6 glicose 1,8 CaCl <sub>2,</sub> pH 7,4 com 5N NaOH, a 37&#730; C. Apenas os mi&#243;citos que apresentam um padr&#227;o de estria&#231;&#227;o claro e regular (sarc&#244;mero), sem contra&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea na aus&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o externa e respondendo a estimula&#231;&#227;o de 1Hz com uma &#250;nica contra&#231;&#227;o foram testados. Os mi&#243;citos foram estimulados (Myopacer, Ionoptix, Milton, EUA) para se contrair a uma frequ&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o progressiva (1, 3, 5 e 7 Hz) usando eletrodos externos, e o encurtamento de c&#233;lula resultante medido por an&#225;lise de uma imagem de v&#237;deo da c&#233;lula usando-se a c&#226;mera e o software Ionoptix (Ionoptix, Milton, MA, EUA). O encurtamento da c&#233;lula foi expresso como % do comprimento da c&#233;lula em repouso.</p>
        <p>O comprimento e a largura do mi&#243;cito foram obtidos a partir da imagem de v&#237;deo da c&#233;lula; e o volume da c&#233;lula foi calculado conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi testada usando-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; DP, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, como mediana e faixa interquartil, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O ponto de desfecho, os par&#226;metros de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular e os par&#226;metros contr&#225;teis de cardiomi&#243;citos isolados apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, enquanto os par&#226;metros de exerc&#237;cio, peso corporal e dos &#243;rg&#227;os e &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal e morfometria da c&#233;lula isolada apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O ponto de desfecho foi testado pela curva de an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier pelo teste de Log-rank. A m&#225;xima carga carregada, o peso corporal, a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, o peso dos &#243;rg&#227;os e os par&#226;metros de c&#233;lula simples foram testados pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de via &#250;nica (ANOVA) ou de Kruskal-Wallis seguida de teste post-hoc de Dunn. A m&#225;xima carga carregada foi testada por medidas de ANOVA de via &#250;nica repetidas. As an&#225;lises ANOVA foram seguidas do teste de corre&#231;&#227;o de Tukey pareado. O teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson (X <sup>2</sup> ) foi usado para avaliar a propor&#231;&#227;o de animais que apresentaram achatamento do septo interventricular. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida em P &lt;0,05. A descri&#231;&#227;o dos dados, o n&#250;mero de ratos e mi&#243;citos s&#227;o apresentados nas legendas das tabelas e das figuras. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 6.01 (San Diego, CA, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1A</xref> ilustra que os animais do grupo HTI realizaram o protocolo de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia durante o desenvolvimento da HAP at&#233; apresentar sinais do poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A m&#225;xima carga carregada aumentou progressivamente at&#233; o 21&#186; dia e, depois disso, diminuiu at&#233; o n&#237;vel inicial no 35&#186; dia ap&#243;s a primeira inje&#231;&#227;o de MCT. Todos os animais dos grupos HSI e HTI apresentaram sinais de poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca - ponto de desfecho ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ); entretanto, os animais do grupo HTI tiveram um tempo mediano de ponto de desfecho mais longo (37 dias) do que aqueles no grupo de HSI (28 dias), indicando benef&#237;cios do treinamento resistivo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do treinamento resistido em poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ponto de desfecho) e toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. (A) M&#225;xima carga carregada de animais hipertensos at&#233; a insufici&#234;ncia, determinada pela m&#225;xima carga carregada ajustada para peso corporal, antes da inje&#231;&#227;o (dia 0) e no 14&#186;, 21&#186; e 28&#186; e 35&#186; dias ap&#243;s a primeira inje&#231;&#227;o de monocrotalina. (B) Ponto de desfecho, medido em dias para apresentar sinais de poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, foi significativamente mais curto em ratos em hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo at&#233; a insufici&#234;ncia (HSI, n=6) do que nos ratos em hipertens&#227;o com treinamento at&#233; a insufici&#234;ncia (HTI, n=6). **P &lt;0,01, an&#225;lise da curva de Kaplan-Meier pelo teste de Log-rank. (C) M&#225;xima carga carregada relativa para animais de controle, hipertensos, sedent&#225;rios e em treinamento, determinada conforme o painel A. Ratos em hipertens&#227;o com treinamento (HT, n=7) apresentaram maior ganho em carga carregada do que o grupo de controle sedent&#225;rio (CS, n=7) e o grupo de hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo (HS, n=7), a partir do 14&#186; dia. Medi&#231;&#245;es de ANOVA repetidas seguidas do teste de corre&#231;&#227;o de Tukey. aP &lt;0,05 vs. HS; bP &lt;0,05, vs. CS; *P &lt;0,05 vs. antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de MCT.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0574-10681-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ratos hipertensos do grupo de HT melhoraram sua toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ) durante o experimento. A m&#225;xima carga carregada no grupo HT foi mais alta no 21&#186; e no 28&#186; dias do que no dia 0. Al&#233;m disso, esses animais tiveram a m&#225;xima carga carregada mais alta no 14&#186;, 21&#186; e 28&#186;, comparados aos dos grupos CS e HS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou o achatamento do septo interventricular chamado de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em forma de &#8220;D&#8221; em animais dos grupos HS e HT ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> ), o que sugere sobrecarga de press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, caracter&#237;stica da HAP. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica foi maior no grupo HS do que no grupo CS, enquanto o grupo HT apresentou valores intermedi&#225;rios ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2D</xref> ). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, n&#227;o se encontrou nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre os grupos para a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ) ou ao encurtamento fracional ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C</xref> ). Apesar disso, &#233; importante observar que 3 dos 7 animais do grupo HS tiveram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;50% e 3 de 7 tiveram encurtamento fracional &lt;25%, indicativo de insufici&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por outro lado, nenhum dos animais treinados (HT), no mesmo per&#237;odo, apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;50% e apenas 1 de 7 teve encurtamento fracional &lt;25%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo avaliado no 28&#186; dia ap&#243;s a primeira inje&#231;&#227;o de monocrotalina. (A) Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas representativas (B) Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (C) Encurtamento fracional. (D) Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em forma de &#8220;D&#8221;. Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias &#177; DP (n=7 ratos em cada grupo), CS: controle sedent&#225;rios; HS: hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo; HT: hipertens&#227;o com treinamento; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A linha pontilhada indica os limites para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o prejudicada. Pain&#233;is B e C: ANOVA de uma via seguido de teste post hoc de Tukey. Painel D: Teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson (teste x2). *p &lt;0,05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0574-10681-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de HAP em animais do grupo HS foi caracterizada tamb&#233;m pelos valores de TAPSE. Animais do grupo HS apresentaram valores de TAPSE mais baixos (1,43 &#177; 0,23) do que os dos grupos CS (2,06 &#177; 0,17) e HT (2,13 &#177; 0,36).</p>
        <p>Os animais do grupo HS apresentaram menor peso corporal do que os dos grupos CS e HT ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a de peso do cora&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, os animais dos grupos HS e HT tiveram maior peso do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e propor&#231;&#227;o entre ventr&#237;culo direito e t&#237;bia do que os animais do grupo CS, o que indica a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito. Embora o peso do pulm&#227;o e a propor&#231;&#227;o entre pulm&#227;o e t&#237;bia serem maiores nos grupos HS e HT do que no grupo CS, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a entre peso de VE e propor&#231;&#227;o peso de VE e t&#237;bia entre os grupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dimens&#245;es dos mi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o grupo HS apresentou comprimento, largura e volume menores do que o grupo CS. O grupo HT apresentou valores intermedi&#225;rios entre os dos grupos CS e HS. Os animais dos grupos de HS apresentaram AST mais baixa em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais dos grupos CS e HT. Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na AST dos animais do grupo HT em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais do grupo CS, sugerindo um efeito ben&#233;fico do programa de treinamento resistido para prevenir a remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido no corpo e no peso dos &#243;rg&#227;os</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>CS</th>
                  <th>HS</th>
                  <th>HT</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso corporal final (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">298,6 &#177; 19,01</td>
                  <td align="center">276,3 &#177; 19,87 <sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">303,7 &#177; 20,98 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso do VD (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42 &#177; 0,03 <sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 &#177; 0,05 <sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso do VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso do pulm&#227;o (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 &#177; 0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">2,77 &#177; 0,41**</td>
                  <td align="center">2,38 &#177; 0,33**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o entre peso do VD e comprimento da t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11 &#177; 0,00*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11 &#177; 0,01*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o entre peso do VE e comprimento da t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18 &#177; 0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o entre peso do pulm&#227;o e comprimento da t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 &#177; 0,11**</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,09*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento do mi&#243;cito (&#181;m)</td>
                  <td align="center">132,3 &#177; 19,09</td>
                  <td align="center">122,5 &#177; 19,86**</td>
                  <td align="center">129,2 &#177; 21,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Largura do mi&#243;cito (&#181;m)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,12 &#177; 10,08</td>
                  <td align="center">41,75 &#177; 9,95*</td>
                  <td align="center">43,64 &#177; 9,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume do mi&#243;cito (pL)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,24 &#177; 3,97</td>
                  <td align="center">38,71 &#177; 3,18**</td>
                  <td align="center">42,62 &#177; 3,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Se&#231;&#227;o transversal do mi&#243;cito (&#181;m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">462,1 &#177; 21,86</td>
                  <td align="center">400,5 &#177; 43,34*</td>
                  <td align="center">492,2 &#177; 66,56 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias &#177; DP de 7 ratos e 10 c&#233;lulas em cada grupo. CS: controle sedent&#225;rios; HS: hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo; HT: hipertens&#227;o com treinamento; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; <sup>*</sup> p &lt;0,05 vs. CS; <sup>**</sup> p &lt;0,01 vs. CS; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt;0,05 vs. HS. ANOVA de uma via seguido de teste post hoc de Tukey.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref> mostra dados sobre as fibras de col&#225;geno e a fibrose do VE. Animais hipertensos (HS e HT) apresentaram uma alta porcentagem de col&#225;geno tipo I em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais do grupo de controle (CS) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref> ). Entretanto, os animais do grupo HT tiveram uma porcentagem menor de col&#225;geno tipo I em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais do grupo HS, mostrando o efeito protetor do TFR no avan&#231;o da HAP. Al&#233;m disso, os animais do grupo TH apresentaram uma porcentagem mais alta de col&#225;geno tipo III do que a dos animais sedent&#225;rios (CS e HS) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ). Animais hipertensos (HS e HT) tiveram uma alta porcentagem de col&#225;geno total em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais do grupo de controle ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3C</xref> ). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fibrose do VE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3D</xref> ), os animais do grupo HS apresentaram uma porcentagem mais alta, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais nos grupos CS e HT. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a porcentagem de fibrose nos animais dos grupos HT e CS, demonstrando um efeito ben&#233;fico do treinamento resistido na preven&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido na remodela&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (A) Porcentagem de col&#225;geno tipo I. (B) Porcentagem de col&#225;geno tipo III. (C) Porcentagem de col&#225;geno total. (D) Porcentagem de fibrose no VE. (E) Microfotografias representativas do tecido do VE corado com vermelho Sirius; (F) Microfotografias representativas do tecido do VE corado com tricromo de Masson. A seta azul indica col&#225;geno tipo I; A seta branca indica col&#225;geno tipo III; A seta preta indica fibrose card&#237;aca. Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como medianas acompanhadas da faixa interquartil de 10 imagens por animal em cada grupo (n=5 ratos em cada grupo). CS: controle sedent&#225;rios; HS: hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo; HT: hipertens&#227;o com treinamento. Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Dunn: * p &lt;0,05, e ** p &lt;0,01.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0574-10681-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de mi&#243;cito simples</title>
        <p>Sob estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, mi&#243;citos dos animais do grupo HS apresentaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o contra&#231;&#227;o-frequ&#234;ncia positiva nas frequ&#234;ncias 1, 3 e 5 Hz; a uma grandeza menor de encurtamento do que os animais dos grupos CS e HT ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Essa diferen&#231;a perdeu seu valor estat&#237;stico de 5 para 7 Hz, onde a rela&#231;&#227;o contra&#231;&#227;o-frequ&#234;ncia se tornou negativa. Al&#233;m disso, a velocidade de partida (um &#237;ndice de velocidade de contra&#231;&#227;o) foi mais lenta nas c&#233;lulas do grupo HS do que no grupo do CS acima da faixa de 1 a 7 Hz. Entretanto, na compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo HT, a velocidade mais baixa foi encontrada apenas em 1, 3 e 7 Hz. Da mesma forma, a velocidade de retorno (um &#237;ndice da velocidade de relaxamento) foi mais baixa no grupo HS do que no grupo de CS. Na compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo HT, a velocidade mais baixa foi encontrada apenas em 1 e 3 Hz.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido na contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento do mi&#243;cito do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>CS</th>
                  <th>HS</th>
                  <th>HT</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mediana (FIQ 25%-75%)</th>
                  <th>Mediana (FIQ 25%-75%)</th>
                  <th>Mediana (FIQ 25%-75%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Encurtamento (% c.c.r.)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (1 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,69 (5,74-9,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,26 (3,23-7,08)*</td>
                  <td align="center">7,89 (5,80-9,30) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (3 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,02 (5,47-10,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,08 (3,73-8,29)*</td>
                  <td align="center">7,70 (6,59-10,11) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (5 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,16 (6,06-10,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,74 (4,83-8,78)*</td>
                  <td align="center">8,26 (6,25-10,20) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (7 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,32 (4,86-9,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,04 (4,37-8,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,95 (5,41-8,90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Velocidade de partida</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (1 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">262,9 (191,8-330,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">189,2 (106,1-266,8)*</td>
                  <td align="center">250,7 (179,1-307,0) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (3 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">317,7 (222,6-411,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">250,2 (129,3-332,6)*</td>
                  <td align="center">288,5 (226,4-416,1) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (5 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">365,8 (246,7-473,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">303,3 (175,5-417)*</td>
                  <td align="center">342,4 (254,7-467,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (7 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">369,8 (284,4-472,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">322,2 (209,7-367,9)*</td>
                  <td align="center">344,9 (293,1-469,5) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Velocidade de retorno</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (1 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">229,0 (158,2-282,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">143,6 (76,53-220,7)*</td>
                  <td align="center">206,5 (148,4-274,1) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (3 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">254,6 (177,2-321,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">191,9 (97,98-254,2)*</td>
                  <td align="center">241,3 (159,2-323,8) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (5 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">273,3 (218,4-354,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">236,1 (126,9-279,6)*</td>
                  <td align="center">247,6 (178,4-353,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (7 Hz)</td>
                  <td align="center">285,2 (226,9-362,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">234,3 (153,5-293,8)*</td>
                  <td align="center">260,5 (202,9-356,9)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como medianas acompanhadas da faixa interquartil (FIQ) de 10 c&#233;lulas por animal em cada grupo (n=7 ratos em cada grupo). % c.c.r., porcentagem do comprimento da c&#233;lula em repouso; FE: frequ&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o; CS: controle sedent&#225;rios; HS: hipertens&#227;o com sedentarismo; HT: hipertens&#227;o com treinamento. <sup>*</sup> p &lt;0,05 vs. CS; <sup>**</sup> p &lt;0,01 vs. CS; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt;0,05 vs. HS. Kruskal-Wallis, seguido de teste post-hoc de Dunn.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo examinou se o TFR de intensidade baixa a moderada poderia demonstrar ser ben&#233;fico para as fun&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis de VE e mi&#243;citos em ratos durante o desenvolvimento de HAP induzida por MCT. Nossos achados demonstram pela primeira vez que ratos tratados com MCT (duas inje&#231;&#245;es de MCT de 20 mg/kg, com intervalo de 7 dias) subiram escada durante o desenvolvimento da HAP e aumentaram progressivamente sua toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. O &#237;ndice de toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico do nosso estudo, a m&#225;xima carga carregada, foi progressivamente mais alto no grupo HT em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos HS e CS durante o experimento. O modelo de TFR foi eficiente no aumento da for&#231;a muscular e outro modelo de hipertens&#227;o de ratos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> O aumento no peso corporal e na m&#225;xima carga carregada observado aqui sugere um efeito protetor do TFR contra a perda e disfun&#231;&#227;o e perda de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. Esse &#233; um achado interessante desde que a sarcopenia, a intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, e a letargia foram relatadas como caracter&#237;sticas desse modelo de HAP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> A pot&#234;ncia muscular demonstrou melhorar em pacientes com HAP em resposta a programas de exerc&#237;cios combinados (aer&#243;bicos + resistidos). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da for&#231;a muscular &#233; importante para indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, j&#225; que alivia a sobrecarga cardiovascular durante suas atividades rotineiras e foi associado &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o contra mortalidade global. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O programa de TFR usado no presente estudo expandiu o tempo at&#233; os animais exibirem sinais de poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ou seja, ponto de desfecho). Embora n&#227;o haja estudo sobre os efeitos do modelo de TFR em tal ponto de desfecho em ratos com HAP induzida por MCT, o prolongamento do ponto de desfecho em ratos injetados com MCT em resposta &#224; corrida volunt&#225;ria foi relatado por nosso grupo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e a sobrevida estendida em resposta a corrida na esteira foi demonstrada por outros, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> mais especificamente quando iniciada nos est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a. A sobrevida melhorada tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada em pacientes com HAP submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios combinados (aer&#243;bicos + resistidos). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso regime de TFR beneficiou os par&#226;metros funcionais e estruturais do VE em ratos injetados com MCT. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a ecocardiografia demonstrou que 42,86% dos ratos sedent&#225;rios injetados com MCT (grupo HS) tiveram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 50%, e 28,57% apresentaram encurtamento fracional abaixo de 25%, o que indica disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Entretanto, os animais treinados (grupo de HT) a presen&#231;a da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi mais baixa nos ratos sedent&#225;rios (grupo HS), o que sugere uma fun&#231;&#227;o protetora do exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia. Esses achados est&#227;o alinhados com as altera&#231;&#245;es causadas pelo TFR empregado no tecido do VE. Por exemplo, o TFR aumentou a porcentagem de col&#225;geno tipo III ao mesmo tempo em que reduziu a porcentagem de col&#225;geno tipo I e fibrose nos ratos com HAP induzida por MCT, demonstrando, portanto, o efeito protetor desse regime de exerc&#237;cios contra a disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa levando &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da HAP.</p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros de &#243;rg&#227;os demonstraram que ratos sedent&#225;rios injetados com MCT (grupo HS) apresentou valores do ventr&#237;culo direito (ou seja, peso do ventr&#237;culo direito, &#237;ndice de Fulton e propor&#231;&#227;o entre peso do ventr&#237;culo direito e comprimento da t&#237;bia) e pulm&#227;o (ou seja, peso do pulm&#227;o, propor&#231;&#227;o entre peso do pulm&#227;o e comprimento da t&#237;bia) mais altos do que o grupo de CS. Apesar de n&#227;o haver nenhuma mudan&#231;a no peso do VE e na propor&#231;&#227;o entre VE e comprimento da t&#237;bia, o comprimento, a largura e o volume de mi&#243;citos simples diminu&#237;ram pela MCT (CS &gt; HS). Entretanto, o TFR evitou esse tipo de redu&#231;&#227;o nas dimens&#245;es da c&#233;lula (HT = CS), o que indica a manuten&#231;&#227;o da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e sugere o efeito protetor do programa de TFR aplicado contra a remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Juntamente com a redu&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es dos mi&#243;citos, a MCT induziu a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de mi&#243;citos simples. Mi&#243;citos do grupo HS tiveram encurtamento menor e velocidades de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento mais altas do que o grupo CS. Mais importante, o TFR atenuou a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, j&#225; que esses par&#226;metros celulares do grupo HT foram semelhantes aos do grupo CS, indicando, assim, melhorias na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til dos mi&#243;citos do grupo HT em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo HS. As prote&#237;nas reguladoras do c&#225;lcio (ou seja, receptor de rianodina 2; fosfolambano e a ATPase 2 do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico gerenciam a for&#231;a e o tempo da contra&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos e s&#227;o relatadas como reguladas no ventr&#237;culo direito de ratos tratados com MCT. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rias investiga&#231;&#245;es posteriores sobre se o regime de TFR empregado aumenta a express&#227;o e a atividade dessas prote&#237;nas, embora esse efeito de exerc&#237;cio tenha sido demonstrado em ratos saud&#225;veis normotensos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerados juntos, nossos resultados demonstram que o TFR empregado durante o desenvolvimento da HAP induzida por MCT foi ben&#233;fico &#224; estrutura e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e dos mi&#243;citos, o que resultou em melhoria da toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e do tempo at&#233; o poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos animais.</p>
      <p>A partir das recomenda&#231;&#245;es de treinamento resistido para pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> utilizamos a intensidade de baixa a moderada. Considerando que se relata que o exerc&#237;cio de alta intensidade promove os maiores benef&#237;cios em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> e que os ratos injetados com MCT treinaram com carga progressiva at&#233; o tempo mediano do ponto de desfecho dos ratos sedent&#225;rios (28 dias), pode ser poss&#237;vel aumentar experimentalmente a intensidade do treinamento usando-se t&#233;cnicas de recompensa para aumentar os efeitos do treinamento resistido.</p>
      <p>Por fim, este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, a velocidade da subida n&#227;o &#233; controlada neste modelo. Segundo, a dura&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de treinamento est&#225; limitada pelos efeitos da MCT. Apesar disso, nossos resultados demonstraram efeitos positivos do programa de treinamento resistido no tempo de poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos achados demonstram que junto com o aumento do tempo para poss&#237;vel surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e na toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, o treinamento resistido de intensidade baixa a moderada atenua o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no modelo da HAP induzida por MCT. Portanto, o TFR de intensidade baixa a moderada &#233; ben&#233;fico para fun&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e dos mi&#243;citos nesse modelo. Esses resultados t&#234;m relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, j&#225; que corroboram os benef&#237;cios de sa&#250;de do treinamento resistido em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiopulmonar, incluindo HAP. Sugerimos que o treinamento resistido de intensidade baixa a moderada seja testado em pacientes com HAP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistance training regulates cardiac function through modulation of miRNA-214</article-title>
          <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>
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              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Neves</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Long</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graber</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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              <surname>Gladish</surname>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Le&#244;ncio Lopes Soares pela Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 02/2019. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resistance Exercise Training Mitigates Left Ventricular Dysfunctions in Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Model</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6852-1230</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Le&#244;ncio Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3012-1327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6355-2492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ervilha</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ot&#225;vio Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1931-626X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Aparecida Fonseca da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7520-3097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6850-469X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Portes</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Martins Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3942-3353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Mateus Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6043-9256</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drummond</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Rios</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5354-7913</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7416-3529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9794-6972</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Emily Correna Carlo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4927-4024</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Natali</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Vi&#231;osa, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Vi&#231;osa, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Departamento de Medicina Veterin&#225;ria, Vi&#231;osa, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Le&#244;ncio Lopes Soares &#8226; Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n. Postal code 36570-900, Vi&#231;osa, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: leoncio.lopes@ufv.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soares LL, Natali AJ; Acquisition of data: Soares LL, Leite LB, Ervilha LOG, Silva BAF, Freitas MO, Portes AMO, Rezende LMT, Drummond FR, Reis ECC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Soares LL, Leite LB, Ervilha LOG, Portes AMO, Rezende LMT, Carneiro-Junior MA, Neves MM, Reis ECC, Natali AJ; Statistical analysis: Soares LL; Obtaining financing: Natali AJ; Writing of the manuscript: Soares LL, Natali AJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Soares LL, Carneiro-Junior MA, Neves MM, Reis ECC, Natali AJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation observed in pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) damages the left ventricle (LV) dynamics by flattening the interventricular septum.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate whether low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise training (RT) is beneficial to LV and cardiomyocyte contractile functions in rats during the development of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats (Body weight: ~ 200 g) were used. To assess the time to potential heart failure onset (i.e., end point), rats were divided into sedentary hypertension until failure (SHF, n=6) and exercise hypertension until failure (EHF, n=6) groups. To test RT effects, rats were divided into sedentary control (SC, n = 7), sedentary hypertension (SH, n=7), and exercise hypertension (EH, n=7) groups. PAH was induced by two MCT injections (20 mg/kg, with 7 days interval). Exercise groups were submitted to an RT protocol (Ladder climbing; 55-65% of carrying maximal load), 5 times/week. Statistical significance was assumed at P &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>RT prolonged the end point (~25 %), enhanced the physical effort tolerance (~ 55%), and mitigated the LV and cardiomyocyte contractility dysfunctions promoted by MCT by preserving the ejection fraction and fractional shortening, the amplitude of shortening, and the velocities of contraction and relaxation in cardiomyocytes. RT also prevented increases in left ventricle fibrosis and type I collagen caused by MCT, and maintained the type III collagen and myocyte dimensions reduced by MCT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Low- to moderate-intensity RT benefits LV and cardiomyocyte contractile functions in rats during the development of MCT-induced PAH.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocytes, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Increases in the pulmonary vasculature resistance, mainly caused by endothelial dysfunction, leads to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The chronic pulmonary vasculature resistance overloads the right ventricle (RV), resulting in pathological remodeling,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and dysfunction because of hypertrophy and dilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Such remodeling affects the left ventricle (LV) dynamics because of the direct ventricular interaction. In this framework, the left ventricle dynamics are damaged by the interventricular septum flattening,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> as it faces impaired early diastolic filling, reduced end-diastolic volume, and adverse remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, PAH patients exhibit reduced stroke volume<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and physical effort tolerance, which negatively impacts their quality of life and survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pharmacological therapies aim to reduce pulmonary artery pressure and the overload to the RV, thereby maintaining the cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It has been demonstrated that patients with PAH may maintain the cardiac function by non-pharmacological means, such as practicing regular physical exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the experimental model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced severe PAH, for example, previous and early aerobic exercise have been shown to promote cardiovascular benefits, such as mitigation of right ventricular hypertrophy, dysfunction, and adverse remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Our research group<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> recently reported that voluntary running (i.e. intermittent high-intensity exercise) postpones the onset of heart failure, and lightens RV e adverse remodeling and myocyte dysfunction (i.e. myocyte contractility and intracellular Ca<sup>2</sup>cycling deterioration) in this model. Furthermore, our study also demonstrated that moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise prevents right ventricle adverse remodeling and myocyte contractility and Ca<sup>2</sup>cycling impairments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The use of low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise training (RT) has been recommended to compose exercise programs to promote health and prevent cardiovascular diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> including those related to left ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Regarding PAH, combined exercise interventions, including aerobic, resistance, and specific inspiratory muscle training proved safe for these patients and yielded significant improvements in muscle power, exercise capacity, and survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Nevertheless, while aerobic exercise has been demonstrated to prevent left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction in both baseline and isovolumic conditions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> in MCT-induced PAH, the impact of RT in the left ventricular dysfunction in this model is unknown.</p>
        <p>While the animal models have supported the discovery of new therapies and the understanding of PAH pathophysiology, the model of MCT lung injury in rodents using the injection of 60 mg/kg body mass induces severe PAH in a subacute process, which is limited in order to simulate human chronic PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In this sense, Whang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> demonstrated that 40 mg/kg MCT divided into two injections of 20 mg/kg with an interval of seven days better mimics chronic PAH with those common changes in the structure and function of pulmonary arteries and RV observed in humans. Therefore, the present study applied this model in rats to test whether low- to moderate-intensity RT might prove beneficial to LV and myocyte contractile functions during the development of MCT-induced PAH. The hypothesis of this study is that low- to moderate-intensity RT is beneficial to LV and myocyte contractile functions in rats during the development of MCT-induced PAH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental design and PAH induction</title>
          <p>After the definition of the sample size,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> thirty-three male Wistar rats [Body weight: ~200 g] were obtained from the animal laboratory at the Federal University of Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brazil. The animals were housed in transparent polycarbonate cages, kept in a room with a controlled temperature (~22 &#176;C) and ~60% relative humidity, under a 12/12 h light/dark cycles, and had free access to water and commercial chow.</p>
          <p>To assess the time to the onset of potential heart failure, 12 animals (~200 g) were divided into two groups, by using simple randomization: sedentary hypertension until failure (SHF, n = 6) and exercise hypertension until failure (EHF, n = 6). After the MCT injections, rats from the SHF and EHF groups were euthanized when they showed previously validated external clinical signs of potential heart failure onset (e.g., weight loss, dyspnea, piloerection) and could no longer feed properly, climb the ladder (EHF group), or even move in the cage,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> which was considered the end point.</p>
          <p>To test whether RT is beneficial during the development of PAH, 21 animals (~200 g) were divided into groups using blocked randomization: sedentary control (SC, n = 7), sedentary hypertension (SH, n = 7), and exercise hypertension (EH, n = 7). Animals from the SH, EH, and SC groups were euthanized at the median end point day (&#177; 1 day) of the SHF animals (i.e., 28 days). The median time to the onset of potential heart failure represented the moment after MCT treatment when more than 50% of the group reached the end point day. The animals in the exercise groups were submitted to RT while those in sedentary groups were maintained in their cages.</p>
          <p>To induce PAH, animals from the SHF, EHF, SH, and EH groups received 2 intraperitonial MCT (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) injections of 20 mg/kg, at a 7-day interval, to induce right ventricular failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Control animals received equivalent volume injections of saline.</p>
          <p>Experiments were conducted in accordance with international procedures for animal research (Scientific Procedures; Act 1986). All protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (protocol number 02/2019).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resistance training and maximal load test</title>
          <p>The animals were familiarized to the RT protocol (adapted from Hornberger and Farrar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> ) for one week before the first MCT or saline injection, with no additional load. RT consisted of climbing a ladder (1.1 m high; 80&#186; inclination) with 2 min resting intervals, with the load based on a maximal carrying load test. The maximal carrying load test was performed before MCT or saline injection (time 0) and on the 14<sup>th</sup>, 21<sup>st</sup>, and 28<sup>th</sup>day after injections. The test consisted of ladder climbing with an initial load of 75% of body weight, which was progressively increased by an additional 15% in the subsequent climbs until the animal could no longer climb.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> The load was fixed on the rat&#8217;s tail, and climbs were interspersed with 2 min resting intervals. The maximal carrying load was used as the physical effort tolerance index.</p>
          <p>Exercised animals were submitted to a RT program, 5 times/week during the experimental period until the day before euthanasia, totaling twenty exercise sessions. RT load was 55-65% of the maximal carrying load, following the recommendations for patients with cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Each training session consisted of 15 climbs, interspersed with 60-second intervals, with the training load adjusted after the maximal carrying load tests (14<sup>th</sup>and 21<sup>st</sup>day).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography and sample collection</title>
          <p>The echocardiographic evaluations were performed on the 28<sup>th</sup>day after the first MCT injection. The animals were anesthetized (Isoflurane 1.5% and 100% oxygen in a constant flow of 1L/min; Isoflurane, BioChimico, Brazil), and the images were obtained while the animals remained in the lateral decubitus position. Two-dimensional studies with a fast-sampling rate of 120 fps in M-mode were performed using the MyLabTM30 ultrasound system (Esaote, Genoa, Italia) and 11 MHz nominal frequency transducers. The two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography and M-mode was obtained at a scanning speed of 200 mm adjusted according to the heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> To evaluate LV function, the following parameters were assessed: LV ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS). To characterize the PAH, the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was determined.</p>
          <p>At the median end point day (&#177; 1 day) of the SHF animals, animals from SH, EH, and SC groups were euthanized. After euthanasia, animals from SC, SH, and EH groups had the heart, ventricles, and lungs dissected, weighed, and processed for analyses of interest, as described below. The right tibia was dissected, and its length was measured.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histomorphometry</title>
          <p>The histological analyses of the LV were performed as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Briefly, immediately after collection, fragments of the LV were fixed on the Karnovsky fixator (paraformaldehyde 4% and glutaraldehyde 4% in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) for 24 hours. The fragments were then dehydrated in ethanol, clarified in xylol, and embedded in paraffin. Blocks were cut into 5 &#956;m-thick sections, mounted on histological slides, and stained with Hematoxylin &amp; Eosin to measure the cross-sectional area (CSA), or with Sirius Red to count collagen fibers and/or with Masson&#8217;s trichrome for cardiac fibrosis count. To avoid repeated analyses of the same histological area, the sections were evaluated in semi-series, using one in every 10 sections. Digital images from Sirius Red stained slides were obtained using a polarized light microscope (Olympus AX-70, Tokyo, Japan) connected to a digital camera (Olympus Q Color-3, Tokyo, Japan), and images of slides stained with Hematoxylin &amp; Eosin and Masson&#8217;s trichrome were obtained using a light microscope (Olympus AX-70, Tokyo, Japan) connected to a digital camera (Olympus Q Color-3, Tokyo, Japan). The quantification of collagen types and cardiac fibrosis was performed using a specific color identification tool using the Image-pro Plus 4.5 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA). Myocyte CSA was measured using a specific tool (manual measurement in software image pro-plus 4.5).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolation of left ventricle myocytes</title>
          <p>The heart was attached to a Langendorff-retrograde perfusion system, and single LV myocytes were isolated as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Briefly, the heart perfused system via aorta with Tyrode solution containing (in mM; Sigma-Aldrich, USA): 130 NaCl, 1.43 MgCl2, 5.4 KCl, 0.75 CaCl2, 5.0 Hepes, 10.0 glucose, 20.0 taurine, and 10.0 creatine, pH 7.4 until for about 5 min. The Tyrode solution was exchanged to Tyrode solution containing EGTA (0.1 mM) for 6 min. The heart was then perfused with Tyrode solution containing 1 mg/ml collagenase type II (Worthington, USA) and 0.1 mg/ml protease (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for about 12 min. Next, the LV of the digested heart was removed and cut into small fragments, which were placed into a conical flask containing the enzymatic solution (collagenase and protease). The cells were mechanically separated by shaking the flask for 5 min. The dispersed cells were separated from the non-dispersed tissue by filtration through centrifugation. The isolated cells were stored at 5&#176;C until use. Isolated myocytes were used within 2 to 3 hours after isolation. The solutions used in the isolation procedure were oxygenated (O<sub>2</sub>100% - White Martins, Brazil) and maintained at 37&#186;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Single myocyte contractile function</title>
          <p>The contractile function of LV myocytes was measured using an edge detection system (Ionoptix, Milton, USA) mounted on an inverted microscope (Nikon Eclipse - TS100, Japan) as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Myocytes were placed in a bath on the stage of an inverted microscope and superfused with Tyrode&#8217;s solution containing, in mM (Sigma-Aldrich, USA): 137 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 0.33 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 0.5 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 5 HEPES, 5.6 glucose 1.8 CaCl<sub>2,</sub>pH 7.4 with 5N NaOH, at 37&#730;C. Only myocytes exhibiting a clear, regular striation (sarcomere) pattern, with no spontaneous contraction in the absence of external stimulation, and responding to 1Hz stimulation with a single twitch were tested. Myocytes were stimulated (Myopacer, Ionoptix, Milton, USA) to contract at a progressive stimulation frequency (1, 3, 5 and 7 Hz) using external electrodes, and the resultant cell shortening was measured by analyzing a video image of the cell using Ionoptix camera and software (Ionoptix, Milton, MA, USA). Cell shortening was expressed as % of resting cell length.</p>
          <p>The myocyte length and width were obtained from the video image of the cell; and the cell volume was calculated as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD for continuous variables with normal distribution and median accompanied by the interquartile range for continuous variables without normal distribution. The end point, ventricular remodeling parameters, and contractile parameters of isolated cardiomyocytes showed a non-normal distribution, while exercise parameters, body and organ weight, and cross-sectional area and isolated cell morphometry presented normal distribution. The end point was tested by the Kaplan-Meier curve analysis through the Log-rank test. Maximum carrying load, body weight, LV function, organ weight, and single cell parameters were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Dunn&#8217;s post hoc test. Maximum carrying load was tested by one-way repeated measures ANOVA. ANOVAs were followed by the pairwise Tukey correction test. Person&#8217;s Chi-squared test (X<sup>2</sup>) was used to assess the proportion of animals that presented intraventricular septum flattening. Statistical significance was assumed at P &lt; 0.05. Data description, numbers of rats and myocytes are given in the table and figure legends. All analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism, version 6.01 (San Diego, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Onset of potential heart failure and physical effort tolerance</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> illustrates that animals from the EHF group performed the resistance exercise protocol during the development of PAH until presenting signs of the onset of potential heart failure. The maximal carrying load increased progressively until day 21, and afterwards it decreased to the initial level on the 35<sup>th</sup>day after the first MCT injection. All animals from both SHF and EHF groups presented signs of the onset of potential heart failure - end point ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ); however, animals in the EHF group had a longer median end point time (37 days) than did those in SHF group (28 days), indicating benefits of resistance exercise.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Effect of resistance training on the onset of potential heart failure (end point) and physical effort tolerance. (A) Relative maximal carrying load of hypertensive animals until failure, determined by the maximal carrying load normalized to body weight, at pre-injection (day 0) and on the 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th day after the first monocrotaline injection. (B) End point, measured in days to present signs of the onset of potential heart failure, was significantly shorter in sedentary hypertension until failure (SHF, n = 6) than in exercise hypertension until failure (EHF, n = 6) rats. **P &lt; 0.01, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis by the Log-rank test. (C) Relative maximal carrying load of control, hypertensive sedentary and exercise animals, determined as in panel A. Exercise hypertension (EH, n=7) rats exhibited higher carrying load gain than sedentary control (SC, n=7) and sedentary hypertension (SH, n=7) from the 14th day on. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey correction test. aP &lt; 0.05 vs. SH; bP &lt; 0.05, vs. SC; *P &lt; 0.05 vs. Before MCT injection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0574-10681-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Hypertensive rats from the EH group improved their tolerance to physical effort ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ) throughout the experiment. The maximum carrying load in the EH group was higher on days 21 and 28 than on day 0. Moreover, these animals had a higher maximum carrying load on the 14<sup>th</sup>, 21<sup>st</sup>and 28<sup>th</sup>day, when compared to those in the SC and SH groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Left ventricular function and morphology</title>
          <p>The echocardiographic evaluation showed a flattening of the interventricular septum, called the D-shaped left ventricle, in animals from the SH and EH groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> ), which suggests RV pressure overload, characteristic in PAH. Such a morphological change was greater in the SH than in the SC group, while EH presented intermediate values ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2D</xref> ). Regarding the left ventricle function, no difference between the groups for ejection fraction ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure2B</xref> ) and fractional shortening ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C</xref> ) was found. Despite that, it is important to note that 3 out of 7 animals in the SH group presented an ejection fraction &lt; 50%, and 3 out of 7 presented fractional shortening &lt; 25%, indicative of left ventricular failure. By contrast, none of the exercised animals (EH), in the same period, showed an ejection fraction &lt; 50%, and only 1 out of 7 presented fractional shortening &lt; 25%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Effect of resistance exercise training on left ventricular function assessed on the 28th day after the first monocrotaline injection. (A) Representative echocardiograph images. (B) Ejection fraction. (C) Fractional shortening. (D) D-shaped left ventricle. Values are means &#177; SD (n = 7 rats in each group). SC: sedentary control; SH: sedentary hypertension; EH: exercise hypertension; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle. Dotted line indicates limits for the classification of impaired function. Panel B and C: One-Way ANOVA followed by the Tukey&#8217;s post hoc test. Panel D: Pearson&#8217; s Chi-squared test (x2 test). *p &lt; 0.05.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0574-10681-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The presence of PAH in animals from the SH group was also characterized by the TAPSE values. Animals from the SH group exhibited lower TAPSE values (1.43 &#177; 0.23) than did those from the SC (2.06 &#177; 0.17) and EH (2.13 &#177; 0.36) groups.</p>
          <p>Animals from the SH group presented lower body weight than did those from the SC and EH groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). Despite no difference between group for heart weight, animals from the SH and EH groups had higher RV weight and right ventricle-to-tibia ratio than did animals in the SC group, which indicates RV hypertrophy. While lung weight and lung weight-to-tibia ratio were higher in the SH and EH groups than in the SC group, no difference between groups for LV weight and LV weight-to-tibia ratio was found. Regarding left ventricle myocyte dimensions, the SH group presented a lower length, width, and volume than did the SC group. The EH group presented intermediate values between the SC and SH groups. Animals of the SH groups exhibited lower CSA when compared to animals in the SC and EH groups. By contrast, there was no difference in the CSA of animals in the EH group when compared to animals in the SC group, suggesting a beneficial effect of the resistance exercise program in preventing adverse left ventricle remodeling.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Effect of resistance exercise training on body and organ weights</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>SC</th>
                    <th>SH</th>
                    <th>EH</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Final BW (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">298.6 &#177; 19.01</td>
                    <td align="center">276.3 &#177; 19.87<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">303.7 &#177; 20.98<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart weight (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 0.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV weight (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33 &#177; 0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42 &#177; 0.03<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.44 &#177; 0.05<sup>*</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV weight (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74 &#177; 0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lung weight (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.65 &#177; 0.28</td>
                    <td align="center">2.77 &#177; 0.41**</td>
                    <td align="center">2.38 &#177; 0.33**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ratio of RV weight to tibia length (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09 &#177; 0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11 &#177; 0.00*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11 &#177; 0.01*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ratio of LV weight to tibia length (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17 &#177; 0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ratio of lung weight to tibia length (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45 &#177; 0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73 &#177; 0.11**</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.09*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocyte length (&#181;m)</td>
                    <td align="center">132.3 &#177; 19.09</td>
                    <td align="center">122.5 &#177; 19.86**</td>
                    <td align="center">129.2 &#177; 21.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocyte width (&#181;m)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.12 &#177; 10.08</td>
                    <td align="center">41.75 &#177; 9.95*</td>
                    <td align="center">43.64 &#177; 9.50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocyte volume (pL)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.24 &#177; 3.97</td>
                    <td align="center">38.71 &#177; 3.18**</td>
                    <td align="center">42.62 &#177; 3.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocyte CSA (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">462.1 &#177; 21.86</td>
                    <td align="center">400.5 &#177; 43.34*</td>
                    <td align="center">492.2 &#177; 66.56<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Data are mean &#177; SD of 7 rats and 10 cells in each group; SC: sedentary control; SH: sedentary hypertension; EH: exercise hypertension; BW: body weight; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; *p &lt; 0.05 vs. SC; **p &lt; 0.01 vs. SC; &#8224;p &lt; 0.05 vs. SH. One-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Left ventricular adverse remodeling</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows data on LV collagen fibers and fibrosis. Hypertensive animals (SH and EH) presented a higher percentage of type I collagen compared to animals in the control group (SC) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref> ). However, animals in the EH group had a lower percentage of type I collagen when compared to animals in the SH group, showing the protective effect of RT on the progression of PAH. In addition, animals in the EH group exhibited a higher percentage of type III collagen than those in the sedentary animals (SC and SH) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ). Hypertensive animals (SH and EH) had a higher percentage of total collagen, compared to animals in the control group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3C</xref> ). Concerning LV fibrosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3D</xref> ), animals in the SH group presented a higher percentage, compared to the those in the SC and EH groups. There was no difference between the percentage of fibrosis in animals from the EH and SC groups, showing a beneficial effect of resistance exercise on the prevention of pathological cardiac remodeling.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Effect of resistance exercise training on left ventricle remodeling. (A) Percentage of type I collagen. (B) Percentage of type III collagen. (C) Percentage of total collagen. (D) Percentage of fibrosis in the LV. (E) Representative photomicrographs of LV tissue stained with Sirius Red; (F) Representative photomicrographs of LV tissue stained with Masson&#8217;s trichrome. Blue arrow indicates type I collagen; White arrow indicates type III collagen; Black arrow indicates cardiac fibrosis. Values are presented as median accompanied by the interquartile range of 10 images per animal in each group (n = 5 rats in each group). SC: sedentary control; SH: sedentary hypertension; EH: exercise hypertension. Kruskal-Wallis, followed by the Dunn&#8217;s post hoc test: * P &lt; 0.05, and ** p &lt; 0.01.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0574-10681-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Single myocyte contractile function</title>
          <p>Under electrical stimulation, myocytes from SH animals showed a positive contraction-frequency relationship at the frequencies of 1, 3, and 5 Hz and a lower magnitude of shortening than those from the SC and EH groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). Such a difference lost its statistical difference from 5 to 7Hz, where the contraction-frequency relationship became negative. In addition, the departure velocity (an index of contraction velocity) was slower in cells from the SH group than in those from the SC group over the range of 1-7 Hz. However, when compared to the EH, the lower speed was found only at 1, 3, and 7 Hz. Likewise, the return velocity (an index of relaxation velocity) was slower in the SH group than in the SC group. When compared to the EH, the slower speed was found only at 1 and 3 Hz.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Effect of resistance exercise training on left ventricular myocyte contraction and relaxation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>SC</th>
                    <th>SH</th>
                    <th>EH</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Median (IQR 25%-75%)</th>
                    <th>Median (IQR 25%-75%)</th>
                    <th>Median (IQR 25%-75%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Shortening (% r.c.l.)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (1 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.69 (5.74-9.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.26 (3.23-7.08)*</td>
                    <td align="center">7.89 (5.80-9.30)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (3 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.02 (5.47-10.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.08 (3.73-8.29)*</td>
                    <td align="center">7.70 (6.59-10.11)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (5 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.16 (6.06-10.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.74 (4.83-8.78)*</td>
                    <td align="center">8.26 (6.25-10.20)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (7 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.32 (4.86-9.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.04 (4.37-8.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.95 (5.41-8.90)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Departure velocity</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (1 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">262.9 (191.8-330.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">189.2 (106.1-266.8)*</td>
                    <td align="center">250.7 (179.1-307.0)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (3 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">317.7 (222.6-411.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">250.2 (129.3-332.6)*</td>
                    <td align="center">288.5 (226.4-416.1)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (5 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">365.8 (246.7-473.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">303.3 (175.5-417)*</td>
                    <td align="center">342.4 (254.7-467.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (7 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">369.8 (284.4-472.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">322.2 (209.7-367.9)*</td>
                    <td align="center">344.9 (293.1-469.5)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Return velocity</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (1 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">229.0 (158.2-282.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">143.6 (76.53-220.7)*</td>
                    <td align="center">206.5 (148.4-274.1)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (3 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">254.6 (177.2-321.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">191.9 (97.98-254.2)*</td>
                    <td align="center">241.3 (159.2-323.8)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (5 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">273.3 (218.4-354.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">236.1 (126.9-279.6)*</td>
                    <td align="center">247.6 (178.4-353.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S.F. (7 Hz)</td>
                    <td align="center">285.2 (226.9-362.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">234.3 (153.5-293.8)*</td>
                    <td align="center">260.5 (202.9-356.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Data are presented as median accompanied by the interquartile range (IQR) of 10 cells per animal in each group (n = 7 rats in each group). % r.c.l., percentage of resting cell length; SF: stimulation frequency; SC: sedentary control; SH: sedentary hypertension; EH: exercise hypertension. *p &lt; 0.05 vs. SC; **p &lt; 0.01 vs. SC; &#8224;p &lt; 0.05 vs. SH. Kruskal-Wallis, followed by the Dunn&#8217;s post hoc test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study examined whether low- to moderate-intensity RT might prove beneficial to LV and myocyte contractile functions in rats during the development of MCT-induced PAH. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that rats treated with MCT (Two MCT injections of 20 mg/kg, at a 7-day interval) climbed the ladder during the development of PAH and progressively increased their tolerance to physical effort. Our study&#8217;s index of physical effort tolerance, the maximal carrying load, was progressively higher in the EH group compared to the SH and SC groups throughout the experiment. This model of RT was efficient in increasing muscle strength in another rat model of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> The increase in body weight and maximal carrying load observed here suggests a protective effect of RT against skeletal muscle loss and dysfunction. This is an interesting finding since sarcopenia, intolerance to physical effort, and lethargy are reported characteristics of this PAH model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Muscle power has proven to be improved in PAH patients in response to combined exercise (Aerobic + Resistance) programs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Moreover, the increase in muscle strength is important for hypertensive individuals, as it lightens the cardiovascular overload during their daily life activities and has been associated with protection against all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The RT program used in the present study expanded the time until the animals exhibited the signs of the onset of potential heart failure (i.e., end point). Although there is no study on the effects of the RT model on such an end point in rats with MCT-induced PAH, prolonged end point in rats injected with MCT in response to voluntary running has been reported by our group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and extended survival in response to treadmill running has been demonstrated by others,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> more markedly when started at the early stages of the disease. Enhanced survival has also been demonstrated in PAH patients submitted to combined exercise (Aerobic + Resistance) interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our RT regime benefited the LV functional and structural parameters in MCT-injected rats. Regarding left ventricular function, echocardiography showed that 42.86% of sedentary rats injected with MCT (SH group) had an ejection fraction below 50%, and 28.57% presented fractional shortening below 25%, which indicates left ventricular dysfunction. Nevertheless, in exercised animals (EH group) the presence of left ventricular disfunction was lower than in sedentary rats (SH group), thus suggesting a protective role of resistance exercise. These findings run in line with changes caused by the employed RT in the LV tissue. For instance, RT increased the percentage of type III collagen while it reduced the percentage of type I collagen and fibrosis in rats with MCT-induced PAH, thus showing the protective effect of this exercise regime against left ventricular dysfunction and adverse remodeling leading to mitigation of the PAH progression.</p>
        <p>The organ parameters showed that MCT-injected sedentary rats (SH group) exhibited higher RV (i.e. RV weight, Fulton&#8217;s index, and RV weight/tibia length ratio) and lung (i.e. Lung weight, lung weight/tibia length ratio) values than did the control group (SC). Despite no change in whole LV weight and LV to tibia length ratio, single myocyte length, width, and volume were decreased by MCT (SC &gt; SH). However, RT prevented this type of cell dimension reduction (EH = SC), which indicates the maintenance of the left ventricular mass and suggests the protective effect of the applied RT program against the left ventricular adverse remodeling.</p>
        <p>Along with reduction in myocyte dimensions, MCT induced single myocyte contractile dysfunction. Myocytes from the SH group had lower shortening and longer contraction and relaxation velocities than did those in the SC group. More importantly, RT mitigated the contractile dysfunction as these cell parameters in the EH group were similar to those in the SC group, thus indicating improvements in the contractile function in myocytes from the EH group relative to those from the SH group. The calcium regulatory proteins (i.e., Ryanodine receptor 2, Phospholamban, and Sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase 2a) manage the force and time course of cardiomyocyte contraction and are reported to be downregulated in the RV of MCT-treated rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Whether the employed RT regime increases the expression and activity of these proteins warrants further investigations, though such an exercise effect has been demonstrated in normotensive healthy rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Taken together, the present study&#8217;s results demonstrate that the RT employed during the development of MCT-induced PAH was beneficial to left ventricle and myocyte contractile structure and function, which resulted in enhanced tolerance to physical effort and time to the onset of potential heart failure in the animals.</p>
        <p>Considering resistance exercise recommendations for patients with cardiovascular diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> the present used low- to moderate-intensity. Considering that high-intensity exercise is reported to promote the highest benefits in patients with heart failure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> and that MCT-injected rats exercised with a progressive load until the median end point time of the sedentary rats (28 days), it might be possible to experimentally increase exercise intensity using reward techniques to expand the resistance exercise effects.</p>
        <p>Finally, this study has limitations. First, the speed of climbing is not controlled in this model. Second, the duration of the training period is limited by the effects of MCT. Despite that, our results showed positive effects of the resistance exercise program on both the time to the onset of potential heart failure, physical effort tolerance, and LV dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our findings demonstrate that along with the increase in the time to the onset of potential heart failure and in the physical effort tolerance, low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise mitigates the development of left ventricular dysfunctions in the MCT-induced PAH model. Therefore, low- to moderate-intensity RT is beneficial to left ventricular and myocyte contractile functions in this model. These results are of clinical relevance, as they support the health benefits of resistance exercise to individuals with cardiopulmonary disease, including PAH. We suggest that low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise should be tested in PAH patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Le&#244;ncio Lopes Soares, from Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa under the protocol number 02/2019. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
