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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NBVjwpqzjKPbKJtY5ZS3qMj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000572</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220643</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220643</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bloqueio Atrioventricular de 1&#186; Grau: Um Achado nem Sempre Benigno!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Unidade de Arritmia - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Tan Chen Wu &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Unidade de Arritmia - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>tanchen.cardio@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>572</fpage>
      <lpage>573</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) de 1&#186; grau se caracteriza pela presen&#231;a de ritmo sinusal, condu&#231;&#227;o AV 1:1 e intervalo PR &gt; 200ms. A preval&#234;ncia varia de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria, sendo relativamente rara na popula&#231;&#227;o &lt; 60 anos (1%), com aumento para 6% nos indiv&#237;duos &gt; 60 anos. A preval&#234;ncia descrita na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral varia de 2 a 14%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na maioria dos casos (75%), &#233; devido a um bloqueio proximal ou nodal que tende a melhorar a condu&#231;&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR com manobras que levam ao aumento do t&#244;nus adren&#233;rgico e/ou infus&#227;o de atropina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Habitualmente considerado como o achado benigno, o prolongamento do intervalo PR ou BAV de 1&#186; grau tem seu progn&#243;stico questionado mais recentemente, por evid&#234;ncias de ser o fator independente no aumento do risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), de implante de marca-passo card&#237;aco <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e de mortalidade de todas as causas. Na coorte de Framingham, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> a presen&#231;a de BAV 1&#186; grau &#233; considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de FA, fato confirmado em estudos subsequentes em outras bases populacionais com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre prolongamento do PR e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou FA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o do BAV de 1&#186; grau com desfecho desfavor&#225;vel tamb&#233;m foi observada em pacientes com cardiopatia estrutural em uma coorte descrita por Higuchi et al. em 414 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH). Aproximadamente 1/4 da coorte demonstrou prolongamento do intervalo PR &#8805;200ms, que se associou em an&#225;lises multivariadas com morte relacionada &#224; CMH (RR ajustado 2,41; 95% CI, 1.27&#8211;4.58), e desfecho combinado de morte s&#250;bita ou eventos arr&#237;tmicos potencialmente letais (RR ajustado 2,60; 95% CI, 1,28&#8211;5,2). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O fato vem acrescido do reconhecimento nos &#250;ltimos anos de cardiomiopatia atrial, com implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, principalmente em pacientes portadores de FA. Um dos fatores etiol&#243;gicos, a inflama&#231;&#227;o, base para diversos processos patol&#243;gicos, tem o seu papel cada vez mais definido no remodelamento atrial, o qual pode ser consequ&#234;ncia ou reflexo das doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas e metab&#243;licas como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, insufici&#234;ncia renal, apneia do sono e obesidade al&#233;m dos processos locais como estiramento atrial, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e fatores gen&#233;ticos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria que envolve estresse oxidativo, altera&#231;&#245;es na regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio, produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos, miofibroblastos e matriz extracelular e a apoptose causa a fibrose atrial, revelada no eletrocardiograma pelo prolongamento do intervalo PR ou BAV e aumento do di&#226;metro e volume atrial no ecocardiograma. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar o fator progn&#243;stico de todos os BAV em uma popula&#231;&#227;o latina, Paix&#227;o et al. do estudo CODE ( <italic>Clinical Outcomes in Digital Electrocardiology</italic> ), avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o BAV e mortalidade geral em uma coorte brasileira de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, com 1.557.901 pacientes, em um seguimento m&#233;dio de 3,7 anos, baseado em banco de dados com eletrocardiogramas realizados majoritariamente em unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de. Destes, 40% eram homens e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 51 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de BAV foi de 1,38%, a maioria de 1&#186; grau (1,32% - 20.644), com 0,02% (273) e 0,04% (621) de 2&#186; e 3&#186; grau respectivamente. Os pacientes com BAV de 1&#186;, 2&#186; e 3&#186; graus foram associados a uma taxa de sobrevida de 24% (RS= 0,76; IC de 95%: 0,71 a 0,81; p &lt; 0,001), 55% (RS = 0,45; IC de 95%: 0,27 a 0,77; p = 0,01) e 64% (RS = 0,36; IC de 95%: 0,26 a 0,49; p &lt; 0,001) menor quando comparados ao grupo controle, respectivamente, e que somente os pacientes com BAV 2&#186; grau Mobitz I (212 pacientes), na an&#225;lise de sobrevida dividida por subtipo de BAV, n&#227;o foram associados a maior mortalidade, ao contr&#225;rio dos pacientes com BAV 2:1 (61 pacientes), com taxa de sobrevida de 79% menor do que o grupo controle. Al&#233;m de confirmar o pior progn&#243;stico, com a menor sobrevida, nos pacientes com BAV 2&#186; grau (exceto os de Mobitz I) e 3&#186; grau, o estudo reafirmou a redu&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida tamb&#233;m em pacientes com BAV de 1&#186; grau. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que a m&#233;dia de idade foi semelhante a outros estudos (56 anos) que mostraram desfechos semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BAV de 1&#186; grau em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise realizado por Kwok et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> com 400.750 paciente na qual observou o aumento do risco relativo de 1,24 (95% CI 1.02-1.51) para mortalidade, 1,39 (95% CI 1.18-1.65) para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 1,45 (95% CI 1.23-1.71) para FA. Curiosamente, n&#227;o houve aumento de mortalidade cardiovascular nesta metan&#225;lise, dado n&#227;o avaliado pelo estudo CODE. Outra particularidade na coorte brasileira &#233; a presen&#231;a relativamente frequente de doen&#231;a de Chagas, causa frequente de BAV.</p>
    <p>Com as evid&#234;ncias atuais, o BAV de 1&#186; grau deve ser visto com mais aten&#231;&#227;o e o eletrocardiograma, apesar de todo o avan&#231;o na cardiologia, com exames diagn&#243;sticos por imagens cada vez mais detalhados e espec&#237;ficos, permanece como uma ferramenta simples, dispon&#237;vel, &#250;til e fundamental na nossa rotina.</p>
  </body>
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          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euaa214.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Szil&#225;gyi J, S&#225;ghy L. Atrial Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation. Comorbidities and Markers of Disease Progression Predict Catheter Ablation Outcome. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2021;17(2):217-29. doi: 10.2174/1573403X16666200721153620.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Szil&#225;gyi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;ghy</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation. Comorbidities and Markers of Disease Progression Predict Catheter Ablation Outcome</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rev</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>217</fpage>
          <lpage>229</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1573403X16666200721153620.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Paix&#227;o GMM, Lima EM, Quadros AB, Cabral DPR, Coelho RR, Oliveira DM, et al. Association between Atrioventricular Block and Mortality in Primary Care Patients: The CODE Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(4):564-571.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quadros</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabral</surname>
              <given-names>DPR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between Atrioventricular Block and Mortality in Primary Care Patients: The CODE Study</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Bloqueio Atrioventricular e Mortalidade em Pacientes de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria: O Estudo CODE</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>First-Degree Atrioventricular Block: A Finding Not Always Benign!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Unidade de Arritmia - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Tan Chen Wu &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Unidade de Arritmia - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: tanchen.cardio@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>First-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) is characterized by sinus rhythm, AV conduction 1:1 and PR interval &gt; 200ms. The prevalence varies according to age group, relatively rare in the population &lt; 60 years (1%), with an increase to 6% in individuals &gt; 60 years. The reported prevalence in the general population ranges from 2 to 14%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In most cases (75%), it is due to a proximal or nodal block that tends to improve conduction with a reduction in the PR interval with maneuvers that lead to an increase in adrenergic tone and/or atropine infusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Usually considered a benign finding, PR interval prolongation or first-degree AV block has its prognosis more recently questioned due to emerging evidence that it is the independent factor in the increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), cardiac pacemaker implantation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and all-cause mortality. In the Framingham cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> the presence of first-degree AV block is considered a risk factor for the development of AF, a fact confirmed in subsequent studies in other community-based cohort with the demonstration of the association between PR prolongation and heart failure and/or AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The relationship between first-degree AVB and the unfavorable outcome was also observed in patients with structural heart disease in a cohort described by Higuchi et al. in 414 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Approximately 1/4 of the cohort demonstrated PR interval prolongation &#8805;200ms, which was associated in multivariate analyzes with HCM-related death (adjusted RR 2.41;95%CI, 1.27&#8211;4.58), and the potentially lethal arrythmic endpoint of sudden death or life-threatening arrhythmic events (adjusted RR 2.60;95% CI, 1.28&#8211;5.2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This fact is compounded by the recognition in recent years of atrial cardiomyopathy, with prognostic implications, especially in patients with AF. One of the etiological factors, inflammation, the basis for several pathological processes, has its role increasingly defined in atrial remodeling, which can be a consequence or reflection of systemic and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, renal failure, sleep apnea and obesity in addition to local processes such as atrial wall stretch, myocardial infarction and genetic factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The inflammatory reaction that involves oxidative stress, alterations in calcium regulation, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts as well as extracellular matrix and apoptosis causes atrial fibrosis, revealed on the electrocardiogram by the prolongation of the PR or AVB interval and increased in the atrial diameter and volume on echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In order to assess the prognostic factor of all AVBs in a Latino population, Paix&#227;o et al. from the CODE (Clinical Outcomes in Digital Electrocardiology) study evaluated the association between AVB and overall mortality in a Brazilian cohort of primary care, with 1,557,901 patients, with a mean follow-up of 3.7 years, based on a database with electrocardiograms performed mostly in primary health units. Of these, 40% were men, and the mean age was 51. The prevalence of AVB was 1.38%, the majority of the first degree (1.32% - 20,644), with 0.02% (273) and 0.04% (621) of the second and third degree, respectively. Patients with first, second and third degree AVB was associated with 24% (RS= 0.76; 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.81; p &lt; 0.001), 55% (RS = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.77; p = 0.01) and 64% (RS = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.49; p &lt; 0.001) lower survival rate when compared to the control group, respectively, and only Mobitz I AVB (212 patients), in the analysis of survival divided by AVB subtype, were not associated with higher mortality, unlike patients with AVB 2:1 (61 patients), with a 79% lower survival rate than the control group. Beside worst prognosis, with the lowest survival, in patients with second-degree (except Mobitz I) and third-degree AVB, the study reaffirmed the reduction in survival in patients with first-degree AVB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is worth mentioning that the mean age was similar to other studies (56 years old) that showed similar outcomes concerning first-degree AVB in a systematic review and meta-analysis carried out by Kwok et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> with 400,750 patients in which they observed an increase in the relative risk of 1, 24 (95% CI 1.02-1.51) for mortality, 1.39 (95% CI 1.18-1.65) for heart failure and 1.45 (95% CI 1.23-1.71) for AF. Interestingly, there was no increase in cardiovascular mortality in this meta-analysis, data not evaluated by the CODE study. Another particularity in the Brazilian cohort is the relatively frequent presence of Chagas disease, a frequent cause of AVB.</p>
      <p>With current evidence, the first-degree AVB should be viewed more carefully, and the electrocardiogram, despite all the advances in cardiology, with increasingly detailed and specific diagnostic imaging tests, remains a simple, available, useful, and fundamental tool in our routine.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1001">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Association between Atrioventricular Block and Mortality in Primary Care Patients: The CODE Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
