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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">n5Fb64hwDMndMWXvS4Gd7GP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001104</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000564</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210763</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210763</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Bloqueio Atrioventricular e Mortalidade em Pacientes de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria: O Estudo CODE</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1349-1745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Miana de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Emilly M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel P. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Renato R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Derick M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jamil de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade da Sa&#250;de e Ecologia Humana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vespasiano</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade da Sa&#250;de e Ecologia Humana, Vespasiano, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Superintend&#234;ncia Estadual do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de em Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Superintend&#234;ncia Estadual do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de em Minas Gerais (SEMS-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriela Miana de Mattos Paix&#227;o &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Avenida Alfredo Balena, 110. CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gabimiana@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Paix&#227;o GMM, Quadros AB, Cabral DPR, Coelho RR, Ribeiro AL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira DM, Nascimento JS, Gomes PR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Paix&#227;o GMM, Lima EM, Oliveira DM, Nascimento JS, Gomes PR, Ribeiro AL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lima EM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ribeiro AL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Paix&#227;o GMM, Quadros AB, Cabral DPR, Coelho RR, Ribeiro AL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Paix&#227;o GMM, Ribeiro AL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>564</fpage>
      <lpage>571</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) descreve um comprometimento na condu&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios para os ventr&#237;culos. Embora o curso cl&#237;nico do BAV tenha sido avaliado, os achados s&#227;o de pa&#237;ses de alta renda e, portanto, n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o latina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre BAV e mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes do estudo CODE (Clinical Outcomes in Digital Electrocardiology), maiores de 16 anos que realizaram eletrocardiograma (ECG) digital de 2010 a 2017. Os ECGs foram relatados por cardiologistas e por software automatizado. Para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre BAV e mortalidade, foram utilizados o modelo log-normal e as curvas de Kaplan-Meier com valores de p bicaudais &lt; 0,05 considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu 1.557.901 pacientes; 40,23% eram homens e a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 51,7 (DP &#177; 17,6) anos. Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 3,7 anos, a mortalidade foi de 3,35%. A preval&#234;ncia de BAV foi de 1,38% (21.538). Os pacientes com BAV de primeiro, segundo e terceiro graus foram associados a uma taxa de sobrevida 24% (taxa de sobrevida relativa [RS] = 0,76; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 0,71 a 0,81; p &lt; 0,001), 55% (RS = 0,45; IC de 95%: 0,27 a 0,77; p = 0,01) e 64% (RS = 0,36; IC de 95%: 0,26 a 0,49; p &lt; 0,001) menor quando comparados ao grupo controle, respectivamente. Os pacientes com BAV 2:1 tiveram 79% (RS = 0,21; IC de 95%: 0,08 a 0,52; p = 0,005) menor taxa de sobrevida do que o grupo controle. Apenas Mobitz tipo I n&#227;o foi associado a maior mortalidade (p = 0,27).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> BAV foi um fator de risco independente para mortalidade geral, com exce&#231;&#227;o do BAV Mobitz tipo I.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O n&#243; atrioventricular (AV) &#233; respons&#225;vel pela conex&#227;o el&#233;trica entre os &#225;trios e os ventr&#237;culos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de atraso ou interrup&#231;&#227;o na condu&#231;&#227;o AV &#233; denominada bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> que &#233; classificado em tr&#234;s graus, de acordo com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma (ECG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As causas conhecidas do BAV s&#227;o v&#225;rias, incluindo cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, doen&#231;a degenerativa do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, medicamentos e aumento do t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia do BAV varia entre 0,6% a 6,04% na literatura, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e do grau de BAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia &#233; geralmente maior em idosos e em homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O BAV de primeiro grau &#233; o mais comum e pode ser encontrado com frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O curso cl&#237;nico do BAV de primeiro grau tem sido avaliado em estudos com amostras de base comunit&#225;ria, como a coorte de Framingham.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com BAV de primeiro grau t&#234;m maior risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> morte, acidente vascular cerebral ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; descrito que, em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, o BAV de alto grau est&#225; associado a um risco aumentado de morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudo prospectivo sobre o valor progn&#243;stico de todos os graus de BAV em uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral, o que limita a compreens&#227;o do significado dessas anormalidades no ambiente ambulatorial. De fato, estudos anteriores do nosso grupo mostraram que anormalidades do ECG consideradas prognosticamente importantes, como a s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o t&#234;m impacto progn&#243;stico em um ambiente comunit&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em contraste, o risco de mortalidade para um paciente com bloqueio de ramo direito &#233; quase t&#227;o alto quanto o de um paciente com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> embora este &#250;ltimo seja considerado um marcador de risco muito mais forte na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica geral. O estudo CODE (Clinical Outcomes in Digital Electrocardiology) &#233; um grande banco de dados que compreende todos os ECGs realizados majoritariamente em unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de pela Rede Telessa&#250;de de Minas Gerais, Brasil, no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O banco de dados de ECG foi vinculado ao Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade nacional e pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas em uma popula&#231;&#227;o que &#233; representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Assim, no presente estudo, objetivamos descrever a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco do BAV e, principalmente, avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o BAV e a mortalidade geral nesta grande coorte brasileira de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo utilizando um banco de dados de ECGs digitais da Rede Telessa&#250;de de Minas Gerais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Foi analisado o conjunto de dados do estudo CODE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que compreende todos os ECGs v&#225;lidos realizados em pacientes maiores de 16 anos pela Rede Telessa&#250;de de Minas Gerais de 2010 a 2017. Foram exclu&#237;dos exames sem tra&#231;ados v&#225;lidos ou com problemas t&#233;cnicos. Nos pacientes que realizaram mais de um ECG, foi analisado apenas o primeiro exame.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram coletados por meio de um question&#225;rio padronizado, que incluiu idade, sexo e comorbidades autorreferidas, tais como: hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo, doen&#231;a de Chagas, infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
        <p>Os ECGs foram realizados pelo profissional da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria local, utilizando eletrocardi&#243;grafos digitais da Tecnologia Eletr&#244;nica Brasileira, modelo ECGPC (S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) ou Micromed Biotecnologia, modelo ErgoPC (Bras&#237;lia, Brasil).</p>
        <p>Um software espec&#237;fico, desenvolvido internamente, foi capaz de capturar o tra&#231;ado do ECG, fazer o upload do ECG e do hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico do paciente e, ent&#227;o, envi&#225;-los para o centro de an&#225;lise da Rede Telessa&#250;de de Minas Gerais pela internet. As informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, tra&#231;ados de ECG e relat&#243;rios foram armazenados em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico. Os laudos de ECG foram gerados em modelo de texto livre por cardiologistas e, tamb&#233;m, interpretados e codificados automaticamente em c&#243;digos de Glasgow e Minnesota pelo programa de an&#225;lise de ECG de Glasgow 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (vers&#227;o 28.4.1, emitido em 16 de junho de 2009).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio atrioventricular</title>
        <p>Os laudos m&#233;dicos foram realizados por uma equipe de 14 cardiologistas treinados, utilizando crit&#233;rios padronizados. Cada ECG foi interpretado por apenas um cardiologista. O diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de BAV foi dividido em: BAV de primeiro grau, BAV de segundo grau Mobitz tipo I, BAV de segundo grau Mobitz tipo II, BAV 2:1, BAV de alto grau e BAV de terceiro grau<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). No presente estudo, n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos Mobitz tipo II devido &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia (7 casos) e BAV de alto grau (6 casos) foi agrupado em BAV de terceiro grau para an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio atrioventricular3</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Tipo de BAV</th>
                  <th align="left">Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Primeiro grau</td>
                  <td>Ondas P associadas &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular 1:1 e intervalo PR &gt; 200 ms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo grau Mobitz tipo I</td>
                  <td>Ondas P com frequ&#234;ncia constante (&lt; 100 bpm) com uma &#250;nica onda P peri&#243;dica n&#227;o conduzida associada a ondas P antes e depois da onda P n&#227;o conduzida, com intervalos PR inconstantes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo grau Mobitz tipo II</td>
                  <td>Ondas P com frequ&#234;ncia constante (&lt; 100 bpm) com uma &#250;nica onda P peri&#243;dica n&#227;o conduzida associada a outras ondas P antes e depois da onda P n&#227;o conduzida com intervalos PR constantes (excluindo bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2:1</td>
                  <td>Ondas P com uma frequ&#234;ncia constante (ou quase constante devido &#224; arritmia sinusal ventriculof&#225;sica) (&lt; 100 bpm) onde 1 em cada 2 ondas P conduz para os ventr&#237;culos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alto grau</td>
                  <td>&#8805; 2 ondas P consecutivas a uma taxa fisiol&#243;gica constante que n&#227;o conduzem para os ventr&#237;culos, com evid&#234;ncia de alguma condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro grau</td>
                  <td>Nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os laudos de ECG foram gerados como um texto livre n&#227;o organizado. Para reconhecer o diagn&#243;stico de BAV entre mais de um milh&#227;o de relat&#243;rios, foi usado o aprendizado de m&#225;quina hier&#225;rquico de texto livre. Primeiramente, o texto foi pr&#233;-processado removendo palavras de parada e gerando n-gramas. Em seguida, utilizou-se o modelo de classifica&#231;&#227;o denominado <italic>Lazy Associative Classifier,</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que foi constru&#237;do com um dicion&#225;rio de 2.800 amostras criado manualmente por especialistas com base em textos de diagn&#243;sticos reais. O relat&#243;rio final foi obtido imputando os resultados da <italic>Lazy Associative Classifier</italic> a uma &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o para desambigua&#231;&#227;o de classes. A &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o foi treinada usando o conjunto original de dados. O modelo de classifica&#231;&#227;o foi testado em 4.557 laudos m&#233;dicos rotulados manualmente por 2 cardiologistas com 99% de acur&#225;cia, 100% de valor preditivo positivo e 99% de sensibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de BAV foi considerado automaticamente quando houve concord&#226;ncia entre o laudo do cardiologista e o laudo autom&#225;tico no c&#243;digo de Glasgow ou Minnesota. Nos casos em que houve discord&#226;ncias entre o laudo m&#233;dico e um dos programas autom&#225;ticos, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o manual de 9.038 ECGs por uma equipe treinada. N&#227;o foram considerados os casos em que o BAV foi diagnosticado por apenas um dos sistemas autom&#225;ticos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). O grupo controle foi composto por pacientes sem nenhum tipo de BAV.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama para diagn&#243;stico de bloqueio atrioventricular no banco de dados de ECG. BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0564-10763-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Liga&#231;&#227;o probabil&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A coorte eletr&#244;nica foi obtida ligando os dados dos exames de ECG (nome, sexo, data de nascimento, cidade de resid&#234;ncia) e os do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade nacional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> utilizando m&#233;todos padr&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o probabil&#237;stica (FRIL: <italic>fine-grained record linkage</italic> software, v. 2.1.5, Atlanta, GA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O programa R (vers&#227;o 3.4.3, Viena, &#193;ustria) foi utilizado para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram relatados como contagens e porcentagens; as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram relatadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP). O desfecho foi mortalidade por todas as causas, incluindo todos os c&#243;digos da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as na certifica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica da causa de &#243;bito. Foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a normalidade dos dados. O m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizado para estimar as curvas de sobrevida para todas as causas de &#243;bito. Utilizamos o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a (TRV) para ajustar os dados para o melhor modelo param&#233;trico, uma vez que a suposi&#231;&#227;o proporcional para o modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox foi violada. No TRV, o modelo generalizado, representado pelo modelo de regress&#227;o gamma generalizado, foi comparado com os demais modelos de interesse (Weibull e log-normal). Optamos por trabalhar com o modelo log-normal, pois a log-probabilidade desse modelo era maior e a an&#225;lise de res&#237;duos indicou que a distribui&#231;&#227;o log-normal foi a melhor escolha para esses dados. A taxa de sobrevida relativa (SR) foi utilizada como medida de associa&#231;&#227;o, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. SR &lt; 1 significa maior risco de mortalidade e SR &gt; 1 significa risco menor. Valores de p bicaudais &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Em total, foram inclu&#237;dos 1.557.901 pacientes; 40,23% eram homens e a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 51,67 (DP &#177; 17,58) anos. Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 3,7 anos, a mortalidade foi de 3,35%. A preval&#234;ncia de BAV foi de 1,38% (21.538); 1,32% (20.644) correspondendo ao BAV de primeiro grau, 0,02% (273) ao BAV de segundo grau e 0,04% (621) ao BAV de terceiro grau. Dentre esses, 273 casos eram de BAV de segundo grau, 212 eram Mobitz tipo I e 61 eram 2:1. As condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de todos os pacientes est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados basais dos pacientes, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de bloqueio atrioventricular e respectivo grau</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Sem BAV n = 1.536.363</th>
                <th>BAV de primeiro grau n = 20.644</th>
                <th>OR* ajustado</th>
                <th>BAV de segundo grau n = 273</th>
                <th>OR* ajustado</th>
                <th>BAV de terceiro grau n = 621</th>
                <th>OR* ajustado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">64,9 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">61,7 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">66,6 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">615.097 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">11.176 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">164 (60,1)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">286 (46,1)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">492.488 (32,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9370 (45,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (1,19-1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (36,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,69-1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">298 (48,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 (1,01-1,39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">100.844 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1826 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,05-1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,52-1,36)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,78-1,37)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">107.346 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1384 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,85-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,57-1,43)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (0,90-1,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">33.134 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1336 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,76 (2,60-2,92)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6,04 (4,16-8,50)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (13,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5,75 (4,52-7,23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">11.286 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">304 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,48 (1,31-1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">11 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 (0,93-3,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">11.029 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">231 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (1,00-1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (0,20-1,49)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) ou n&#250;mero (%). BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; OR: odds ratio. *Idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo atual, doen&#231;a de Chagas e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo, idade e condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, os pacientes com BAV de primeiro, segundo e terceiro graus foram associados a uma taxa de sobrevida 24%, 55% e 64% menor quando comparado ao grupo controle, respectivamente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida dividida por subtipo de BAV, apenas o segundo grau Mobitz tipo I n&#227;o foi associado a maior mortalidade. Pacientes com BAV 2:1 tiveram taxa de sobrevida 79% menor do que o grupo controle, enquanto os com BAV de terceiro grau tiveram 64% ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, de acordo com o subtipo de bloqueio atrioventricular. BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0564-10763-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valor progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com subtipos de bloqueio atrioventricular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>SR (IC de 95%)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tipo de BAV</th>
                <th>Modelo 1: N&#227;o ajustado</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Modelo 2: Ajustado para idade e sexo</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Modelo 3: Ajustado para vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro grau</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,23-0,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 (0,69-0,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 (0,71-0,81)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mobitz I</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 (0,13-0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,33-1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 (0,34-1,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2:1</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,02-0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,08-0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 (0,09-0,52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terceiro grau</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 (0,08-0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34 (0,25-0,46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 (0,26-0,49)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; SR: taxa de sobrevida relativa. *Idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo atual, doen&#231;a de Chagas e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta grande coorte eletr&#244;nica com mais de um milh&#227;o de pacientes, o BAV foi associado a maior risco de mortalidade geral. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de BAV, apenas o Mobitz tipo I n&#227;o apresentou risco aumentado de mortalidade, comparado ao grupo controle.</p>
      <p>Em pacientes com cardiopatia estrutural, o BAV de primeiro grau tem sido descrito como um fator de risco para desfechos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Por outro lado, estudos longitudinais anteriores na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, que inclu&#237;ram principalmente homens jovens e de meia-idade, verificaram que o intervalo PR prolongado tem um curso benigno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Devemos destacar que esses dados vieram de uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica com vigil&#226;ncia limitada e uma amostra relativamente baixa de pacientes com BAV. Mais recentemente, uma publica&#231;&#227;o da coorte de Framingham<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mudou esse paradigma. Ap&#243;s 20 anos de seguimento, o prolongamento do PR foi associado ao aumento do risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, implante de marcapasso e &#243;bito<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> . Um grande estudo de ECG dinamarqu&#234;s com 288.181 pacientes confirmou o maior risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial associado &#224; presen&#231;a do primeiro BAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, foi encontrada uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 24% na sobrevida de pacientes com PR &gt; 200 ms, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo e condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, em contraste com um estudo anterior na popula&#231;&#227;o finlandesa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Devem ser apontadas algumas diferen&#231;as entre essas coortes. A coorte brasileira era mais velha (m&#233;dia de idade 51,7 versus 44 anos) e tamb&#233;m incluia pacientes idosos. Analisamos cerca de 1,5 milh&#227;o de ECG contra 10 mil. A doen&#231;a de Chagas foi relativamente prevalente e teve forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de BAV, independente do grau. As diferen&#231;as sociais entre os dois pa&#237;ses tamb&#233;m podem ter contribu&#237;do. O acesso aos servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos de sa&#250;de e a educa&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o completamente desiguais em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda e podem ter impacto progn&#243;stico na popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido que BAV Mobitz tipo II irrevers&#237;vel, BAV de alto grau e BAV de terceiro grau s&#227;o indica&#231;&#245;es para estimula&#231;&#227;o permanente, mesmo em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade &#233; esperada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> pois a les&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o AV &#233; mais grave e a cardiopatia est&#225; frequentemente relacionada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O progn&#243;stico no BAV 2:1 est&#225; intimamente relacionado ao local do BAV: nodal ou infranodal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No presente estudo, o BAV 2:1 no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 79% na sobrevida relativa, provavelmente indicando um bloqueio infranodal. O BAV Mobitz tipo I, por outro lado, n&#227;o foi associado a maior mortalidade em nossa coorte.</p>
      <p>BAV Mobitz tipo I frequentemente tem progn&#243;stico benigno, principalmente em pacientes jovens sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Pode ser um BAV mediado vagal que n&#227;o apresenta comprometimento anat&#244;mico da condu&#231;&#227;o AV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> n&#227;o evoluindo, portanto, para BAV de alto grau. Em pacientes mais velhos, a hist&#243;ria natural pode ser diferente, e eles podem se beneficiar de um marcapasso permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> N&#227;o realizamos suban&#225;lise em pacientes idosos e a presen&#231;a de sintomas &#233; desconhecida.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares frequentemente procuram atendimento em unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de, principalmente em munic&#237;pios pequenos e remotos. Os servi&#231;os de tele-eletrocardiografia desempenham um papel importante nesse cen&#225;rio, principalmente por reconhecerem anormalidades de ECG potencialmente fatais que s&#227;o diagnosticadas erroneamente pelo m&#233;dico local.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em nosso servi&#231;o, o BAV de segundo grau foi estatisticamente maior nos ECGs assinalados como eletivos do que naqueles com prioridade de emerg&#234;ncia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> . Os desfechos dos pacientes podem mudar com o encaminhamento precoce ao hospital e consequente implante de marcapasso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Os dados de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para toda a nossa coorte e, portanto, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no presente artigo. No entanto, futuros trabalhos est&#227;o planejados nesta &#225;rea para avaliar a jornada dos pacientes em nosso sistema de sa&#250;de a partir do diagn&#243;stico de BAV por ECG.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O nosso estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram autorrelatados e, portanto, podem ter sido subnotificados. O software <italic>Lazy Associative Classifier</italic> usado para classificar laudos de ECG tem boa precis&#227;o, sensibilidade e valor preditivo positivo, mas pode cometer erros. Para minimizar esse problema, inclu&#237;mos a classifica&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de Glasgow e Minnesota no algoritmo diagn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, foi realizada a revis&#227;o manual de mais de 9.000 ECGs para confirmar a presen&#231;a de BAV. A liga&#231;&#227;o probabil&#237;stica tamb&#233;m apresenta alguns problemas, tais como sensibilidade menos que perfeita e a possibilidade de pares falsos. Portanto, definimos um alto ponto de corte para pares verdadeiros e realizamos revis&#227;o manual</p>
        <p>para os casos duvidosos. Ainda n&#227;o temos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sintomas ou dados de interna&#231;&#227;o, mas os dados de procedimentos de marcapasso em cada grupo estar&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em breve para an&#225;lise e t&#234;m sido planejados trabalhos futuros sobre esse tema.</p>
        <p>Apesar disso, nosso estudo traz novos dados sobre o progn&#243;stico do BAV, visto que avalia uma popula&#231;&#227;o latina de um centro de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com mais de um milh&#227;o de pacientes. Os nossos achados s&#227;o consistentes e podem constituir uma ferramenta &#250;til para direcionar pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e recursos de financiamento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de BAV foi associada a um risco aumentado de mortalidade geral na popula&#231;&#227;o da Rede Telessa&#250;de de Minas Gerais. Nos pacientes com BAV de segundo e terceiro grau, apenas aqueles com Mobitz tipo I n&#227;o apresentaram maior risco de mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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  </back>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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        <article-title>Association between Atrioventricular Block and Mortality in Primary Care Patients: The CODE Study</article-title>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel P. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Renato R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Derick M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jamil de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade da Sa&#250;de e Ecologia Humana, Vespasiano, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Superintend&#234;ncia Estadual do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de em Minas Gerais (SEMS-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gabriela Miana de Mattos Paix&#227;o &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Avenida Alfredo Balena, 110. Postal code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gabimiana@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Paix&#227;o GMM, Quadros AB, Cabral DPR, Coelho RR, Ribeiro AL; Acquisition of data: Oliveira DM, Nascimento JS, Gomes PR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Paix&#227;o GMM, Lima EM, Oliveira DM, Nascimento JS, Gomes PR, Ribeiro AL; Statistical analysis: Lima EM; Obtaining financing: Ribeiro AL; Writing of the manuscript: Paix&#227;o GMM, Quadros AB, Cabral DPR, Coelho RR, Ribeiro AL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Paix&#227;o GMM, Ribeiro AL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Atrioventricular block (AVB) describes an impairment of conduction from the atria to the ventricles. Although the clinical course of AVB has been evaluated, the findings are from high-income countries and, therefore, cannot be extrapolated to the Latinx population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>Evaluate the association between AVB and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Patients from the CODE (Clinical Outcomes in Digital Electrocardiology) study, older than 16 years who underwent digital electrocardiogram (ECG) from 2010 to 2017 were included. ECGs were reported by cardiologists and by automated software. To assess the relationship between AVB and mortality, the log-normal model and the Kaplan-Meier curves were used with two-tailed p-values &lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The study included 1,557,901 patients; 40.2% were men, and mean age was 51.7 (standard deviation &#177; 17.6) years. In a mean follow-up of 3.7 years, the mortality rate was 3.35%. The AVB prevalence was 1.38% (21,538). Patients with first-, second-, and third-degree AVB were associated with 24% (relative survival rate [RS] = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-0.81; p &lt; 0.001), 55% (RS = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.27-0.77; p = 0.01), and 64% (RS = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.26-0.49; p &lt; 0.001) lower survival rate when compared to the control group, respectively. Patients with 2:1 AVB had 79% (RS = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08-0.52; p = 0.005) lower survival rate than the control group. Only Mobitz type I was not associated with higher mortality (p = 0.27).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>AVB was an independent risk factor for overall mortality, with the exception of Mobitz type I.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block/complications, Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The atrioventricular (AV) node is responsible for the electrical connection between the atria and ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The presence of delay or interruption in AV conduction is called atrioventricular block (AVB),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> which is classified into three degrees, according to the electrocardiogram (ECG) presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> There are several known causes of AVB, including ischemic heart disease, degenerative conduction system disease, congenital heart disease, connective tissue disease, inflammatory diseases, medications, and increased autonomic tonus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>AVB prevalence varies between 0.6% to 6.04% in the literature, depending on the population studied and the degree of AVB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The prevalence is usually higher in the elderly and in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> First-degree AVB is the most common, and can be frequently found in outcome patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The clinical course of first-degree AVB has been evaluated in studies from community-based samples, such as the Framingham cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Patients with first-degree AVB have a higher risk of atrial fibrillation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> death, stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is also described that, in patients with acute myocardial infarction, high-degree AVB is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nonetheless, there is no prospective study on the prognostic value of all degrees of AVB in a general population, which limits the understanding of the significance of these abnormalities in an outpatient setting. Indeed, previous studies from our group showed that ECG abnormalities that are considered prognostically important, such as pre-excitation syndrome, have no prognostic impact in a community setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In contrast, the risk of mortality for a patient with right bundle branch block (BBB) is almost as high as that of a patient with left BBB,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> even though the latter is considered a much stronger marker of risk in general cardiology practice. The CODE (Clinical Outcomes in Digital Electrocardiology) study is a large database that comprises all ECGs performed mostly at primary health care facilities by the Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2010 to 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The ECG database was linked to the Brazilian Mortality Information System and can provide epidemiological information in a population that is representative of the general population. Thus, in the present study, we aim to describe the prevalence and risk factors of AVB and, mainly, to evaluate the association between AVB and overall mortality in this large primary care Brazilian cohort.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>We conducted a retrospective study using a database of digital ECGs from the Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais (TNMG),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The CODE dataset,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> which comprises all valid ECGs performed in patients over 16 years old by the TNMG from 2010 to 2017, was analyzed. Exams without valid tracings or with technical problems were excluded. In patients who underwent more than one ECG, only the first exam was analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Clinical data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, which included age, sex, and self-reported comorbidities, such as: hypertension, diabetes, smoking, Chagas disease, previous myocardial infarction, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
          <p>ECGs were performed by the local primary care professional, using digital electrocardiographs by Tecnologia Eletr&#244;nica Brasileira, model ECGPC (S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) or Micromed Biotecnologia, model ErgoPC 13 (Brasilia, Brazil).</p>
          <p>Specific software, developed in-house, was capable of capturing ECG tracing, uploading the ECG and the patient&#8217;s clinical history, and sending them to the TNMG analysis center through the internet. The clinical information, ECG tracings, and reports were stored in a specific database. The ECG reports were generated in a free text model by cardiologists and, also, automatically interpreted and coded into Glasgow and Minnesota codes by the Glasgow 12-lead ECG analysis program (release 28.4.1, issued on June 16, 2009).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of atrioventricular block</title>
          <p>The medical reports were performed by a team of 14 trained cardiologists using standardized criteria. Each ECG was interpreted by only one cardiologist. The electrocardiographic diagnosis of AVB was divided into: first-degree AVB, second-degree Mobitz type I AVB, second-degree Mobitz type II, 2:1 AVB, high-degree AVB, and third-degree AVB<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). In this study, we did not include Mobitz type II because of the low prevalence (7 cases) and high-degree AVB (6 cases) was grouped into third-degree AVB for the analysis.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Definition and classification of atrioventricular block3</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Type of AVB</th>
                    <th align="left">Definition</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>First-degree</td>
                    <td>P waves associated with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction and a PR interval &gt; 200 ms</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second-degree Mobitz type I</td>
                    <td>P waves with a constant rate (&lt; 100 bpm) with a periodic single nonconducted P wave associated with P waves before and after the nonconducted P wave with inconstant PR intervals</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second-degree Mobitz type II</td>
                    <td>P waves with a constant rate (&lt; 100 bpm) with a periodic single nonconducted P wave associated with other P waves before and after the nonconducted P wave with constant PR intervals (excluding 2:1 atrioventricular block)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2:1</td>
                    <td>P waves with a constant (or near constant rate because of ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia) rate (&lt; 100 bpm) where every other P wave conducts to the ventricles</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High-degree</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 2 consecutive P waves at a constant physiologic rate that do not conduct to the ventricles with evidence of some atrioventricular conduction</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third-degree</td>
                    <td>No evidence of atrioventricular conduction</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AVB: atrioventricular block.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>ECG medical reports were generated as an unorganized free text. In order to recognize AVB diagnosis among more than a million reports, hierarchical free-text machine learning was used. First, the text was preprocessed by removing stop words and generating n-grams. Then, we used the classification model called Lazy Associative Classifier,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which was built with a 2800-sample dictionary manually created by specialists based on text from real diagnoses. The final report was obtained by imputing the Lazy Associative Classifier results to a decision tree for class disambiguation. The decision tree was trained using the original dataset. The classification model was tested on 4557 medical reports manually labeled by 2 cardiologists with 99% accuracy, 100% positive predictive value, and 99% sensibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Electrocardiographic diagnosis of AVB was considered automatically when there was agreement between the cardiologist report and the automatic report from Glasgow or Minnesota code. In the cases where there were discordances between the medical report and one of the automatic programs, manual revision of 9038 ECGs was carried out by trained staff. Cases where AVB were diagnosed by only one of the automatic systems were not considered ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The control group was composed of patients without any type of AVB.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Diagram for atrioventricular block diagnosis in the ECG database. AVB: atrioventricular block.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0564-10763-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Probabilistic linkage</title>
          <p>The electronic cohort was obtained linking data from the ECG exams (name, sex, date of birth, city of residence) and those from the Brazilian Mortality Information System,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> using standard probabilistic linkage methods (FRIL: fine-grained record linkage software, v.2.1.5, Atlanta, GA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>R program (version 3.4.3, Vienna, Austria) was used for statistical analysis. Categorical data were reported as counts and percentages; continuous variables were reported as mean and standard deviation (SD). The endpoint was all-cause mortality, including all International Classification of Diseases codes in the medical certification of cause of the death. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of the data. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival curves for all causes of death. We used the likelihood ratio test (LRT) to adjust data for the best parametric model, since the proportional assumption for the Cox regression model was violated. In the LRT, the generalized model, represented by the generalized gamma regression model, was compared with the other models of interest (Weibull and log-normal). We chose to work with the log-normal model, since the log-likelihood of this model was higher and the residual analysis indicated that log-normal distribution was a better choice for this data. Relative survival rate (RS) was used as the measure of association, with a confidence interval of 95%. RS &lt; 1 means higher risk of mortality, and RS &gt; 1 means lower risk. Two-tailed p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 1,557,901 patients were included; 40.23% were men, and mean age was 51.67 (SD &#177; 17.58) years. In a mean follow-up of 3.7 years, the mortality rate was 3.35%. The prevalence of AVB was 1.38% (21,538); 1.32% (20,644) corresponding to first-degree AVB, 0.02% (273) to second-degree AVB, and 0.04% (621) to third-degree AVB. Among these 273 cases of second-degree AVB, 212 were Mobitz type I, and 61 were 2:1. The clinical conditions of all patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados basais dos pacientes, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de bloqueio atrioventricular e respectivo grau</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Without AVB n = 1,536,363</th>
                  <th>First-degree AVB n = 20,644</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR*</th>
                  <th>Second-degree AVB n = 273</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR*</th>
                  <th>Third-degree AVB n = 621</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.5 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.9 (16.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">61.7 (19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">66.6 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center">615.097 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.176 (54.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (60.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">286 (46.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">492.488 (32.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9370 (45.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 (1.19-1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (36.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.69-1.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (48.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18 (1.01-1.39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">100.844 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1826 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 (1.05-1.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 (0.52-1.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (8.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (0.78-1.37)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">107.346 (7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1384 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.85-0.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93 (0.57-1.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21 (0.90-1.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas disease</td>
                  <td align="center">33.134 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1336 (6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.76 (2.60-2.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (12.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.04 (4.16-8.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (13.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.75 (4.52-7.23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">11.286 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.48 (1.31-1.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.80 (0.93-3.10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">11.029 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">231 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14 (1.00-1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64 (0.20-1.49)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or number (%). AVB: atrioventricular block; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;OR: odds ratio. *Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, Chagas disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>After adjustment for sex, age, and clinical conditions, patients with first-, second-, and third-degree AVB were associated with 24%, 55%, and 64% lower survival rate when compared to the control group, respectively ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). In the survival analysis divided by subtype of AVB, only the second-degree Mobitz type I was not associated with higher mortality. Patients with 2:1 AVB had 79% lower survival rate than the control group, while third-degree AVB had 64% ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curves, according to the subtype of atrioventricular block. 1dAVb: first-degree atrioventricular block; 2dAVb: second-degree atrioventricular block; 3dAVb: third-degree atrioventricular block; MI: Mobitz type I.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0564-10763-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prognostic value of patients with subtypes of atrioventricular block</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>RS (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Type of AVB</th>
                  <th>Model 1: Unadjusted</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Model 3: Adjusted for clinical variables*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>First-degree</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24 (0,23-0,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 (0,69-0,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 (0,71-0,81)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mobitz I</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26 (0,13-0,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 (0,33-1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 (0,34-1,24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2:1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05 (0,02-0,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 (0,08-0,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21 (0,09-0,52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Third-degree</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11 (0,08-0,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34 (0,25-0,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36 (0,26-0,49)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AVB: atrioventricular block; CI: confidence interval; RS: relative survival rate. *Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, Chagas disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this large electronic cohort with more than one million patients, AVB was associated with higher risk of overall mortality. Regarding the type of AVB, only Mobitz type I did not have an increased risk of mortality, compared to the control group.</p>
        <p>In patients with structural heart disease, first-degree AVB has been described as a risk factor for adverse outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> On the other hand, previous longitudinal studies in the general population that mainly included young and middle-age men found that prolonged PR interval has a benign course.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> We should highlight that this data came from a specific population with limited surveillance and a relatively low sample of patients with AVB. More recently, a publication from the Framingham cohort<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> changed this paradigm. After 20 years of follow up, PR prolongation was associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation, pacemaker implantation, and death<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> . A large Danish ECG study with 288,181 patients confirmed the higher risk for atrial fibrillation associated with the presence of the first AVB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our population, a 24% reduction in the survival rate of patients with PR &gt; 200 ms, after adjustment for age, sex and clinical conditions were found, contrary to a previous study in the Finnish population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Some differences between these cohorts must be pointed out. The Brazilian cohort was older (mean age 51.7 versus 44 years), and it also included elderly patients. We analyzed about 1.5 million ECG versus 10,000. Chagas disease was relatively prevalent and it had a strong association with the presence of AVB, regardless of the degree. The social differences between both countries might also have contributed. Access to public health services and population education are completely unequal in low- and middle-income countries and may have a prognostic impact on the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is well established that irreversible Mobitz type II, high and third-degree AVB are indications for permanent pacing, even in asymptomatic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Their association with mortality is expected,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> since AV conduction injury is more severe, and heart disease is often related.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The prognosis in 2:1 AVB is intimately related to the site of the AVB: nodal or infranodal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In the present study, 2:1 AVB in the 12-lead ECG was associated with a 79% reduction in relative survival, probably indicating an infranodal block. Mobitz type I AVB, on the other hand, was not associated with higher mortality in our cohort.</p>
        <p>Mobitz type I AVB frequently has a benign prognosis, especially in young patients without cardiac disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> It can be a vagal mediated AVB that does not have an anatomical involvement of AV conduction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and it does not, therefore, progress to a high-degree AVB. In older patients, the natural history can be different, and they might benefit from a permanent pacemaker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> We did not perform a sub-analysis in elderly patients, and the presence of symptoms is unknown.</p>
        <p>Patients with cardiovascular emergencies often seek health assistance in primary care units, especially in small and remote counties. Tele-electrocardiography services play an important role in this setting, mainly for recognizing potentially life-threatening ECG abnormalities that are misdiagnosed by the local physician.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In our service, second-degree AVB was statistically higher in the ECGs assigned as elective than in those with emergency priority.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Patients&#8217; outcomes could change with early referral to the hospital and consequent pacemaker implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Hospitalization data was not available for our entire cohort and, therefore, was not included in this paper. Nonetheless, further work in this field is planned to evaluate patients&#8217; journey in our healthcare system from the ECG diagnosis of AVB.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has limitations. The clinical data was self-reported and, thus, might have been underreported. The Lazy Associative Classifier software used to classify ECG reports has good accuracy, sensibility, and positive predictive value, but it may make errors. In order to minimize this problem, we included the Glasgow and Minnesota automatic classification in the diagnostic algorithm. Furthermore, manual revision of more than 9,000 ECGs was conducted to confirm the presence of AVB. The probabilistic linkage also has some issues, such as less than perfect sensitivity and the possibility of false pairs. Therefore, we defined a high cutoff point for true pairs and conducted manual revision for the doubtful cases. We still do not have information on symptoms or hospitalization data, but data from pacemaker procedures in each group will soon be available for analysis, and future work on this topic has been planned.</p>
          <p>Nevertheless, our study brings new data on AVB prognosis, as it evaluates a Latinx population from a primary care centers with more than one million patients. Our findings are consistent and might be a useful tool to direct public health policies and funding resources.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The presence of AVB was associated with an increased risk of overall mortality in the TNMG population. In patients with second and third-degree AVB, only those with Mobitz type I did not have a higher risk of mortality.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Gabriela Miana de Mattos Paix&#227;o, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais under the protocol number 68496317.7.00005149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by IATS/CNPq and FAPEMIG.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
