<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">f6hFPdHzBdWGkKP5kZKJnjv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005012202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000553</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210625</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210625</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Agudos da Bebida Energ&#233;tica sobre Par&#226;metros Auton&#244;micos e Cardiovasculares em Indiv&#237;duos com Diferentes Capacidades Cardiorrespirat&#243;rias: Um Ensaio Controlado, Randomizado, Crossover e Duplo Cego</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8679-7166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benjamim</surname>
            <given-names>Cicero Jonas R</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8114-9055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garner</surname>
            <given-names>David M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C.M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valenti</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Engr&#225;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mar&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo (CESNA), UNESP, Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (EEFERP/USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de e Ci&#234;ncias da Vida</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Oxford Brookes University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Oxford</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e M&#233;dicas, Faculdade de Sa&#250;de e Ci&#234;ncias da Vida, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford - Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNIFESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor E. Valenti &#8226; UNESP. Av. Hygino Muzzi Filho, 737. Mirante. CEP 17525-900, Marilia, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>vitor.valenti@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Porto AA, Ferreira C, Valenti VE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Porto AA, Gonzaga LA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Benjamim CJR, Vanderlei LCM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gonzaga LA, Vanderlei LCM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Porto AA, Gonzaga LA, Benjamim CJR, Bueno Jr. CR, Garner DM, Valenti VE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bueno Jr. CR, Garner DM, Vanderlei LCM, Ferreira C, Valenti VE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>553</fpage>
      <lpage>561</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Tem-se sugerido que o consumo de bebidas energ&#233;ticas (BEs) possa afetar a atividade cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigar os efeitos agudos da ingest&#227;o de BE sobre a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) recupera&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico moderado em homens de diferentes capacidades cardiorrespirat&#243;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este &#233; um estudo randomizado, duplo cego, crossover, controlado por placebo. Vinte e oito jovens adultos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (pico de VO2): (1) pico de VO2 alto (AO) &#8211; pico de VO2 &gt; 52,15 mL/Kg/min, e (2) pico de VO2 baixo (BO) - pico de VO2 &lt;52,15 mL/Kg/min. Os indiv&#237;duos de ambos os grupos foram submetidos a dois protocolos de exerc&#237;cios em ordem aleat&#243;ria: exerc&#237;cio moderado aer&#243;bico (60% de pico de VO2) ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de 250 mL de &#225;gua (protocolo placebo) ou 250 mL de BE (protocolo BE). Durante os testes de exerc&#237;cio, foram registrados valores de par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios e de VFC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas para o &#237;ndice de LF (unidades normalizadas) entre &#8220;repouso&#8221; e &#8220;Rec1&#8221; nos grupos de AO e BO durante o protocolo BE. Para a raz&#227;o LF/HF, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre &#8220;repouso&#8221; e Rec1 nos grupos AO e BO nos protocolos BE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A ingest&#227;o aguda de BE retardou a recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria baixa e indiv&#237;duos com capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria alta.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Bebidas Energ&#233;ticas</kwd>
        <kwd>Suplementos Nutricionais</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Cardiovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As bebidas energ&#233;ticas (BEs) s&#227;o amplamente consumidas no meio esportivo para melhorar o estado de alerta e o desempenho, e seu uso &#233; principalmente atribu&#237;do ao seu teor de cafe&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De acordo com o Comit&#234; Ol&#237;mpico Internacional<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e a Sociedade Internacional de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Esportiva,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> a cafe&#237;na &#233; considerada um suplemento ergog&#234;nico capaz de aumentar o desempenho f&#237;sico durante o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Presume-se que outros componentes das BE (por exemplo, vitaminas e minerais) tenham sinergismo com a cafe&#237;na e a taurina, podendo, assim, potencializar seus efeitos. No entanto, essas quest&#245;es n&#227;o foram totalmente elucidadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos estudos foram realizados sobre os potenciais efeitos das BEs no sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, os resultados mostram que um consumo modesto de BEs, o que corresponde a 200 mg de cafe&#237;na, n&#227;o causa risco &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular. No entanto, o consumo agudo de aproximadamente 1000mL de BE foi associado a um aumento nos efeitos cardiovasculares adversos (por exemplo, intervalo QT prolongado e taquicardias).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda, a literatura cient&#237;fica tem destacado que o uso de estimulantes pode aumentar o risco de eventos card&#237;acos adversos durante e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio tem sido demonstrado como um preditor importante de eventos card&#237;acos adversos e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Sua an&#225;lise tem sido cada vez mais utilizada como uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva, mas confi&#225;vel, para avaliar a adapta&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico (SNA) (reativa&#231;&#227;o vagal) a v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A variabilidade da FC (VFC) avalia as flutua&#231;&#245;es nos intervalos entre batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos (intervalos RR), o que reflete a fun&#231;&#227;o do SNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Indiv&#237;duos sadios e fisicamente ativos apresentam uma r&#225;pida recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, o que permite adapta&#231;&#227;o adequada do SNA e baixo risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Assim, o uso de compostos pode atrasar a recupera&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, rompendo, assim, o controle auton&#244;mico da FC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica tem mostrado que o consumo moderado de cafe&#237;na isolada (por exemplo, 3-6mg/kg ou 300-400mg em uma &#250;nica dose) pode atrasar a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recentemente, foi publicado que a cafe&#237;na exerce maiores efeitos sobre indiv&#237;duos com uma baixa capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, medida pelo VO2max, no que diz respeito &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At&#233; o presente momento, estudos que avaliaram os efeitos das BEs sobre a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC n&#227;o os comparou entre popula&#231;&#245;es de diferentes perfis cardiorrespirat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Uma dose modesta de aproximadamente 250mL de BE parece n&#227;o afetar a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos treinados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, nenhum estudo levou em considera&#231;&#227;o a capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;rio dos indiv&#237;duos e, portanto, ainda existe uma lacuna na literatura.</p>
      <p>Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos agudos da ingest&#227;o de BE sobre a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC e cardiovascular ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos moderados em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino com diferentes capacidades cardiorrespirat&#243;rias. Os participantes foram divididos de acordo com o pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (pico de VO2 pico).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os padr&#245;es definidos pelo grupo CONSORT ( <italic>Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials</italic> ). Este &#233; um estudo crossover, duplo cego, randomizado, e controlado com placebo. O estudo foi avaliado e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da UNIFESP (n&#250;mero do registro: CEP-2200/11). Todos os pacientes que concordaram em participar do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento. Os detalhes dos protocolos experimentais est&#227;o registrados no Clinical Trials.gov (primeira publica&#231;&#227;o em 28 de setembro de 2016) (n&#250;mero de protocolo NCT02917889, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02917889).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>O estudo foi realizado com jovens adultos fisicamente ativos recrutados por m&#237;dia social. Exclu&#237;mos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o eram considerados fisicamente ativos segundo o question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica (IPAQ, <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial</title>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram primeiramente entrevistados para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados como idade (anos), peso corporal (Kg), altura (cm), e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ). As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram realizadas de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es previamente publicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O protocolo experimental consistiu em tr&#234;s fases, com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de 48 horas para permitir adequada recupera&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido entre 17h30 e 21h30 para padroniza&#231;&#227;o das flutua&#231;&#245;es circadianas, em uma sala silenciosa com umidade entre 60 e 70%, e temperatura entre 23<sup>o</sup>C e 24<sup>o</sup>C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os indiv&#237;duos foram orientados a se absterem de bebida alco&#243;lica ou de realizarem exerc&#237;cios exaustivos 24 horas antes de cada se&#231;&#227;o e evitar o consumo de alimentos e bebidas cafeinadas 24 horas antes do procedimento experimental. Os indiv&#237;duos foram aconselhados a vestirem roupas confort&#225;veis apropriadas para se exercitarem, e a consumirem uma refei&#231;&#227;o leve duas horas antes dos procedimentos.</p>
        <p>Seguindo recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Col&#233;gio Americano da Medicina do Esporte (ACSM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> para evitar desidrata&#231;&#227;o dos participantes durante o exerc&#237;cio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> os participantes foram orientados a beberem 500mL de &#225;gua duas horas antes dos testes.</p>
        <p>Na primeira fase do estudo, o VO2max de cada participante foi definido. Na segunda fase, os indiv&#237;duos seguiram o protocolo placebo (PP) (250mL de &#225;gua) ou o protocolo de BE (BP) (250mL de BE) 15 minutos antes do exerc&#237;cio. Na terceira fase, os participantes seguiram o protocolo contr&#225;rio ao seguido na fase anterior. Um pesquisador independente que n&#227;o participou da coleta dos dados forneceu as bebidas. Tanto os pesquisadores como os participantes eram cegos para a sequ&#234;ncia das interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A BE (250mL) tinha um valor energ&#233;tico de 45 kcal e era composta de 11,2 g de carboidratos, 80 mg de s&#243;dio, 32 mg de cafe&#237;na, 400 mg de taurina, 4,6 mg de niacina, 2 mg de &#225;cido pantot&#234;nico, 0,5 mg de vitamina B6, 0,4 mg de vitamina B12, 240 mg de glucoronolactona, e 20 mg de inositol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos em todos os est&#225;gios foi prescrita com base no VO2max de cada participante. O teste da esteira teve uma dura&#231;&#227;o total de 30 minutos. Primeiro, os indiv&#237;duos caminharam sobre uma esteira a uma velocidade de 5Km/h por cinco minutos para aquecimento; em seguida, a velocidade foi aumentada ao correspondente a 60% do VO2max por 25 minutos. Por fim, os indiv&#237;duos descansaram por 60 minutos (recupera&#231;&#227;o) na posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis cardiorrespirat&#243;rias</title>
          <p>O teste para determinar o VO2max foi realizado em uma esteira (TPEE; Inbrasport ATL 2000) usando o protocolo de Bruce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Os indiv&#237;duos permaneceram em repouso sobre a esteira, em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos valores basais. Em seguida, o teste de estresse foi iniciado, com aumento progressivo na carga aumentando-se a inclina&#231;&#227;o e a velocidade da esteira a cada tr&#234;s minutos. Refor&#231;o verbal foi dado na tentativa de se obter m&#225;ximo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. O teste foi interrompido por exaust&#227;o ou qualquer anormalidade cl&#237;nica ou eletrocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
          <p>Durante o teste, a FC e a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o foram monitoradas ao final de cada est&#225;gio pela escala de Borg para dor e esfor&#231;o percebidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Para que o teste fosse reconhecido como m&#225;ximo, os indiv&#237;duos deveriam atingir 90% da FC m&#225;xima, calculada previamente (220 &#8211; idade).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos gases expirados foi realizada utilizando o sistema comercial Quark PFT (Comend, Roma, It&#225;lia), e o pico de VO2 foi definido como o VO2max mais alto alcan&#231;ado durante o teste.</p>
          <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram separados em dois grupos com base no pico de VO2 mediano:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Grupo com pico de VO2 alto (AO), composto de indiv&#237;duos com pico de VO2 &gt; 52,15 mL/kg/min, e</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Grupo com pico de VO2 baixo (BO), composto de indiv&#237;duos com pico de VO2 &lt; 52,15 mL/kg/min.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares foram medidos com os indiv&#237;duos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram obtidas por ausculta com estetosc&#243;pio (Littman Classic II<sup>&#174;</sup>, St. Paul, EUA) e esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide (Welch Allyn Tycos<sup>&#174;</sup>, New York, EUA) no bra&#231;o esquerdo. A FC foi medida usando um monitor Polar RS800CX<sup>&#174;</sup>. A taxa respirat&#243;ria (TR) foi determinada contando-se a respira&#231;&#227;o de cada participante por um minuto, sem seu conhecimento, de modo que n&#227;o alterasse seu padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio. A satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) foi medida por oximetria de pulso (PM-50 Mindray<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da VFC</title>
          <p>A VFC foi medida seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da For&#231;a Tarefa da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia ( <italic>Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology</italic> ) e da Sociedade Norte-Americana de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca e Eletrofisiologia ( <italic>North American Society of Pacing and</italic> Electrophysiology).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O transmissor de FC foi usado no peito e o receptor Polar RS800CX colocado no punho esquerdo. O padr&#227;o de VFC foi registrado a cada batimento. Foram selecionados os 256 intervalos RR est&#225;veis consecutivos de cada registro. Os dados passaram por filtragem digital e manual para eliminar artefatos e batimentos ect&#243;picos prematuros. Somente as s&#233;ries com um excesso de 95% de batimentos sinusais foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice tempo-dom&#237;nio da VFC foi determinado pela raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas (RMSSD) e o desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais (SDNN). O &#237;ndice dom&#237;nio-frequ&#234;ncia foi avaliado pelo componente alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF) da densidade espectral (0,15-0,4 Hz), pelo componente baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF) em milissegundos ao quadrado e unidades absolutas, e raz&#227;o LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>). O gr&#225;fico de Poincar&#233; foi constru&#237;do usando os &#237;ndices: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea a cada batimento (SD1) e o desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade cont&#237;nua a cada batimento, em longo prazo (SD2). Esses &#237;ndices foram computados usando o programa de an&#225;lise Kubios HRV<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida dos par&#226;metros</title>
          <p>A FC, a TR, a PAS, a PAD e a SpO2 foram registradas nos seguintes tempos: repouso &#8211; 15 minutos ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de BE ou controle &#8211; e durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o &#8211; minutos 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          <p>Os &#237;ndices da VFC foram medidos nos seguintes tempos: &#8220;repouso&#8221; (15-20 minutos de repouso ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de BE ou placebo; e durante a &#8220;recupera&#231;&#227;o&#8221;: Rec1 (zero a cinco minutos), Rec 2 (cinco a 10 minutos), Rec3 (15 a 20 minutos), Rec4 (25 a 30 minutos), Rec5 (35 a 40 minutos), Rec6 (45 a 50 minutos), e Rec7 (55 a 60 minutos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tamanho amostral</title>
          <p>O tamanho amostral foi calculado com base em um estudo pr&#233;vio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> que nos deu a magnitude da diferen&#231;a, e n&#243;s calculamos o &#237;ndice RMSSD como refer&#234;ncia. Determinados um desvio padr&#227;o de 16,2 ms e a magnitude da diferen&#231;a foi 11ms. O tamanho amostral calculado foi de um m&#237;nimo de 14 indiv&#237;duos por grupo, com um risco alfa de 5% e risco beta de 80%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise e o registro dos dados foram conduzidos seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Laborde et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A normalidade dos dados foi testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para comparar as vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares e VFC, realizamos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas, seguida do teste de Bonferroni para distribui&#231;&#245;es param&#233;tricas ou o teste de Friedman seguido do teste de Dunn para distribui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados significativos. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa IBM SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho</title>
        <p>Visando minimizar o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, os participantes e os pesquisadores n&#227;o eram informados quanto &#224; ordem dos procedimentos. Um pesquisador que n&#227;o participou do estudo conduziu a aloca&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria dos participantes &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es. Pesquisadores especializados na &#225;rea, que n&#227;o participaram da coleta de dados, foram convidados a avaliar o desfecho. Assim, os avaliadores do desfecho eram cegos, diminuindo a susceptibilidade do estudo ao vi&#233;s de detec&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, todos os desfechos foram relatados na &#237;ntegra, diminuindo a chance de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o (ou de relato).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 35 homens foram avaliados quanto &#224; elegibilidade; 28 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e completaram o estudo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagrama de fluxo do CONSORT.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0553-10625-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e as respostas obtidas no teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo para os grupos com o pico de VO2 (AO) mais alto e o pico de VO2 mais baixo (BO).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e valores de pico de VO2 dos participantes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Pico de VO2 alto</th>
                <th colspan="2">Pico de VO2 baixo</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>Min - M&#225;x</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>Min - M&#225;x</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">22,93 &#177; 2,62</td>
                <td align="center">[18 - 26]</td>
                <td align="center">25,29 &#177; 3,07</td>
                <td align="center">[21 - 29]</td>
                <td align="center">0,038*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1,78 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">[1,68 - 1,94]</td>
                <td align="center">1,81 &#177; 12,52</td>
                <td align="center">[1,65 &#8211; 1,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso corporal (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,55 &#177; 6,92</td>
                <td align="center">[60 - 96]</td>
                <td align="center">89,48 &#177; 12,52</td>
                <td align="center">[63,30 &#8211; 107,50]</td>
                <td align="center">0,014*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">24,46 &#177; 2,56</td>
                <td align="center">[20,05 - 29,41]</td>
                <td align="center">27,12 &#177; 3,07</td>
                <td align="center">[19,94 - 27,70]</td>
                <td align="center">0,012*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico VO2 (ml/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">60,14 &#177; 6,43</td>
                <td align="center">[52,40 - 77,77]</td>
                <td align="center">41,76 &#177; 10,14</td>
                <td align="center">[23,03 &#8211; 29,94]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>m: metros; kg: quilograma; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; Min: m&#237;nimo; M&#225;x: m&#225;ximo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia e os &#237;ndices da VFC, detectamos um efeito do tempo (p=0,0001). N&#227;o foi detectado efeito de intera&#231;&#227;o do protocolo para LF (n.u.) (p=0,880), HF (n.u.) (p=0,163) e LF/HF ms<sup>2</sup> (p=0,086). Ainda, n&#227;o observamos efeito do protocolo sobre LF (n.u.) (p=1,000), HF (n.u.) (p=0,675) e LF/HF (p=0,531). Para o &#237;ndice LF (n.u,), diferen&#231;as significativas foram observadas entre repouso e Rec1 nos grupos AO e BO nos protocolos de BE. Houve diferen&#231;as significativas em AF (unidades normalizadas, u.n.) entre repouso e Rec1 para AO no PP, e para AO e BO durante o PB. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; raz&#227;o LF/HF, diferen&#231;as significativas foram encontradas entr repouso e Rec1 nos grupos AO e BO durante o PB. As respostas dos &#237;ndices do dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia da VFC est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resposta dos &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia em repouso e durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio nos grupos de indiv&#237;duos com alto pico de VO2 (AO) e baixo pico de VO2 (BO) recebendo bebida energ&#233;tica (BE) ou placebo (controle). LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0553-10625-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>SDNN e SD2 mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas nos efeitos do tempo (SDNN: p=0,0001; SD2: p=0,0001) intera&#231;&#227;o do protocolo (SDNN: p&lt;0,0001; SD2: p=0,0002) e somente para SDNN foi diferente entre protocolos (SDNN: p=0,015; SD2 p=0,061). Foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas somente para o &#237;ndice SDNN (SDNN: p=0,015; SD2 p=0,061). Diferen&#231;as significativas foram observadas no &#237;ndice SDNN entre o repouso e Rec1 para o grupo BO durante o protocolo placebo, e no &#237;ndice RMSSD entre repouso e Rec1 nos protocolos placebo e BE.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao RMSSD e SD1, observamos diferen&#231;as significativas nos efeitos do tempo (RMSSD: p&lt;0,0001; SD1: p&lt;0,0001), intera&#231;&#227;o do protocolo (RMSSD: p=0,009; SD1: p=0,036), e entre protocolos (RMSSD: p=0,025; SD1=0,010). Mudan&#231;as significativas para o dom&#237;nio do tempo foram observadas entre repouso e Rec1 para o &#237;ndice RMSSD e &#237;ndice SD1 para todos os protocolos. Diferen&#231;as significativas para o dom&#237;nio tempo foram observadas entre repouso e Rec2 para AO no protocolo placebo e BO no protocolo BE para SD1. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> mostra a resposta da VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo em repouso e durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resposta dos &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no dom&#237;nio do tempo em repouso e durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio nos grupos de indiv&#237;duos com alto pico de VO2 (AO) e baixo pico de VO2 (BO) recebendo bebida energ&#233;tica (BE) ou placebo (controle).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0553-10625-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Quanto aos par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios, observamos um efeito do tempo (p=0,0001) para FC, TR, PAS, PAD (p=0,0001), e nenhum efeito foi observado na SpO2 (p=0,188). Nenhum efeito de intera&#231;&#227;o de protocolo significativo foi observado para PAS, PAD, TR ou SpO2 (PAS: p=0,424; PAD: p=0,259; TR: p=0,340; SpO2: p=0,346), mas um efeito significativo foi observado para FC (p&lt;0,0001). Diferen&#231;as significativas na FC e PAD foram observadas no dom&#237;nio do tempo entre repouso e Rec1 para todos os protocolos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> apresenta resposta dos par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios em repouso e durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios em repouso e durante recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio nos grupos de indiv&#237;duos com alto pico de VO2 (AO) e baixo pico de VO2 (BO) recebendo bebida energ&#233;tica (BE) ou placebo (controle). FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FR: frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0553-10625-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo foi realizado para avaliar o impacto da ingest&#227;o de BE sobre a VFC e recupera&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com diferentes capacidades cardiovasculares. Como resultados principais, encontramos que a BE antes do exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o teve efeito sobre PAS, PAD, SpO2 ou TR, e retardou a recupera&#231;&#227;o da LF e da LF/HF ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o.</p>
      <p>Constituintes tais como cafe&#237;na, taurina, glucoronolactona, vitaminas B, guaran&#225;, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, l-carnitina, a&#231;&#250;cares, antioxidantes e elementos tra&#231;os s&#227;o geralmente encontrados nas BEs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A cafe&#237;na estimula o sistema nervoso central via ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema simp&#225;tico (medula adrenal), elevando a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse psicol&#243;gico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e fisiol&#243;gico, como por exemplo, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ajustes cardiovasculares s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de perfus&#227;o adequada a outros &#243;rg&#227;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Quando o exerc&#237;cio &#233; iniciado, o comando central ajusta o barorreflexo arterial, resultando em uma condu&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica diminu&#237;da, e leve redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade do SNA devido a um retorno venoso nessa fase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da amplitude reflexiva por meio do aumento precoce na FC &#233; causada por um aumento na carga sobre os barorreceptores pulmonares, o que permite que o sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico interrompa sua atividade card&#237;aca. &#192; medida que a carga de exerc&#237;cios aumenta, o comando central aumenta e readapta o barorreflexo arterial. Assim, ocorre uma depress&#227;o da resposta reflexa do sistema parassimp&#225;tico, aumento no sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, aumentando a FC e for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; registros na literatura cient&#237;fica que indicam uma &#237;ntima conex&#227;o entre BE e altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular. BEs suprimem o sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico e/ou aumentam o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico em jovens obesos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> aumentam a PAS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> altera a VFC n&#227;o linear em adultos jovens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> e retardam a FC e a VFC p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio quando misturadas com bebidas alco&#243;licas.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, nosso grupo relatou que a BE n&#227;o &#233; capaz de adiar a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No estudo citado, 29 homens sadios com idade entre 18 e 30 anos realizaram exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico ap&#243;s ingerirem BE ou placebo. Houve uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o na VFC nos primeiros cinco minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em ambos os protocolos. Portanto, a principal conclus&#227;o foi que a BE n&#227;o foi capaz de influenciar a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em outro estudo com protocolos semelhantes, An et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> n&#227;o detectaram diferen&#231;as nesses par&#226;metros entre as duas interven&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo nenhum efeito significativo da BE.</p>
      <p>Em outro ensaio cl&#237;nico, crossover, randomizado, controlado com placebo, 15 adultos jovens (oito homens), fisicamente ativos, foram avaliados quanto aos efeitos da ingest&#227;o de BE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s jejum de oito horas, os participantes consumiram BE padr&#227;o (2mg/kg de cafe&#237;na) ou placebo com sabor similar. Ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico subm&#225;ximo por 30 minutos, os indiv&#237;duos foram induzidos &#224; fadiga pedalando por 10 minutos a 80% do limiar ventilat&#243;rio. A FC de repouso foi maior quando os indiv&#237;duos ingeriam a BE, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ingest&#227;o de placebo (BE: 65+10bpm vs. Placebo: 58+8bpm, p=0,02), embora os &#237;ndices da VFC (RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50, FC, LF e LF/HF) mantiveram-se sem altera&#231;&#227;o significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No estudo duplo-cego, crossover, contrabalanceado e controlado com placebo de Clark et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 17 (10 mulheres) adultos jovens foram expostos a um teste de exerc&#237;cio gradativo de exaust&#227;o, em uma bicicleta, ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de 140mg de cafe&#237;na ou placebo. Os par&#226;metros da VFC foram registrados antes, durante e ap&#243;s 15 minutos de exerc&#237;cio. Foram observados aumentos importantes na FC e no RMSSD no grupo BE durante o exerc&#237;cio. Uma an&#225;lise entre os sexos revelou altera&#231;&#245;es nos valores iniciais de RMSSD e no grau de diminui&#231;&#227;o. O consumo de BE foi capaz de afetar as respostas card&#237;acas auton&#244;micas durante exerc&#237;cio de intensidade leve, moderada e alta, e tais mudan&#231;as eram diferentes entre homens e mulheres. No entanto, nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o na recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC foi observada ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio com a ingest&#227;o de BE.</p>
      <p>&#201; crucial enfatizar que esses estudos n&#227;o levaram em considera&#231;&#227;o a capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria dos indiv&#237;duos. Um estudo mais recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> avaliou o impacto da cafe&#237;na sobre a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em homens com diferentes VO2. Os autores separaram os participantes (adultos jovens) em dois grupos, de acordo com seus valores de VO2: (1) VO2 alto (AO): 16 volunt&#225;rios, pico de VO2&gt; 42,46 mL/Kg/min; e (2) VO2 baixo (BO): 16 volunt&#225;rios, VO2 &lt;42,46 mL/Kg/min). Os indiv&#237;duos participaram de dois protocolos, que inclu&#237;ram a ingest&#227;o de c&#225;psulas contendo 300 mg de amido (protocolo placebo) ou 300 mg de cafe&#237;na (protocolo cafe&#237;na). Ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o da c&#225;psula, os participantes descansaram por 15 minutos, e em seguida foram submetidos a 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cio na esteira a 60% do pico de VO2. Os &#237;ndices de VFC nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia revelaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas de RMSSD e SDNN na recupera&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (p&lt;0,001). Ajustes marcantes foram observados (repouso <italic>versus</italic> recupera&#231;&#227;o) nos primeiros cinco minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio para o grupo BO no protocolo placebo, e entre cinco e 10 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o no grupo BO no protocolo cafe&#237;na. Em nosso estudo, desvios importantes foram detectados somente nos primeiros cinco minutos dos indiv&#237;duos AO em ambos os protocolos. Esses dados corroboram que a cafe&#237;na atrasa a recupera&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com menor capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios, n&#227;o foram detectadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas que pudessem sugerir diferentes efeitos da BE em indiv&#237;duos com capacidades cardiorrespirat&#243;rias diferentes. Esse resultado corrobora o estudo de An et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> em que n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na FC e na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de BE em diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es (1,25-2,5 mg/Kg).</p>
      <p>O efeito da BE sobre o sistema cardiovascular parece estar relacionado &#224; dose ingerida. No estudo de Shah et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> o consumo de BE em altas doses (946 mL) resultou em um aumento significativo e prolongado no intervalo QTc, na PAS e PAD em compara&#231;&#227;o a placebo em indiv&#237;duos jovens sadios.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros que refletem o componente respirat&#243;rio, como a SpO2 e a FC, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas em nosso estudo. Em ambos os protocolos, todos os indiv&#237;duos apresentaram valores adequados dessas vari&#225;veis, o que seria esperado para indiv&#237;duos sadios sem diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a cardiopulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por fim, considerando que detectamos um pequeno atraso na recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC em ambos os grupos que ingeriram a BE, nossos dados chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para os indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas que fazem uso de BEs (como um suplemento) antes da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Um dos pontos fortes deste estudo refere-se &#224; sua metodologia. Embora n&#227;o tenhamos avaliado as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de catecolamina ou atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica, n&#243;s avaliamos a VFC, um m&#233;todo simples, confi&#225;vel, n&#227;o invasivo, e um marcador quantitativo importante para estimar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da FC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A amostra era composta por jovens saud&#225;veis, a fim de se evitar a influ&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nios sexuais. Por isso, nossos resultados n&#227;o podem ser estendidos a mulheres ou indiv&#237;duos em uso de medicamentos que possam afetar o SNA. No entanto, o delineamento do estudo e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos rigorosos para evitar vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o, detec&#231;&#227;o, atrito, e relato refor&#231;am nossos resultados. Nosso estudo fornece informa&#231;&#227;o importante sobre os mecanismos relacionados ao impacto da BE sobre a recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A ingest&#227;o aguda de BE atrasou a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com baixa ou alta capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. van Dam RM, Hu FB, Willett WC. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(4):369-78. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1816604.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Dam</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willett</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coffee, Caffeine, and Health</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>383</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>369</fpage>
          <lpage>378</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMra1816604.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Salinero JJ, Lara B, Abian-Vicen J, Gonzalez-Mill&#225;n C, Areces F, Gallo-Salazar C, et al. The Use of Energy Drinks in Sport: Perceived Ergogenicity and Side Effects in Male and Female Athletes. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(9):1494-502. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514002189.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salinero</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lara</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abian-Vicen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez-Mill&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Areces</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallo-Salazar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Use of Energy Drinks in Sport: Perceived Ergogenicity and Side Effects in Male and Female Athletes</article-title>
          <source>Br J Nutr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1494</fpage>
          <lpage>1502</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0007114514002189.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, et al. IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-performance Athlete. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(7):439-55. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maughan</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burke</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dvorak</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson-Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peeling</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-performance Athlete</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>455</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Jenkins NDM, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Caffeine and Exercise Performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guest</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>VanDusseldorp</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grgic</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>NDM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Caffeine and Exercise Performance</article-title>
          <source>J Int Soc Sports Nutr</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">1</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Childs E. Influence of Energy Drink Ingredients on Mood and Cognitive Performance. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(Suppl 1):48-59. doi: 10.1111/nure.12148.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Childs</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of Energy Drink Ingredients on Mood and Cognitive Performance</article-title>
          <source>Nutr Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>48</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/nure.12148.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Shah SA, Szeto AH, Farewell R, Shek A, Fan D, Quach KN, et al. Impact of High Volume Energy Drink Consumption on Electrocardiographic and Blood Pressure Parameters: A Randomized Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(11):e011318. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.011318.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szeto</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farewell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shek</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quach</surname>
              <given-names>KN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of High Volume Energy Drink Consumption on Electrocardiographic and Blood Pressure Parameters: A Randomized Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e011318</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.118.011318.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Somers KR, Svatikova A. Cardiovascular and Autonomic Responses to Energy Drinks-Clinical Implications. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):431. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020431.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Somers</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svatikova</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular and Autonomic Responses to Energy Drinks-Clinical Implications</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <size units="pages">431</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm9020431.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS. Heart-rate Recovery Immediately After Exercise as a Predictor of Mortality. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(18):1351-7. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199910283411804.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cole</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pashkow</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snader</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart-rate Recovery Immediately After Exercise as a Predictor of Mortality</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>341</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1351</fpage>
          <lpage>1357</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199910283411804.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Vanderlei LC, Pastre CM, Hoshi RA, Carvalho TD, Godoy MF. Basic Notions of Heart Rate Variability and its Clinical Applicability. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(2):205-17. doi: 10.1590/s0102-76382009000200018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pastre</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoshi</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godoy</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Basic Notions of Heart Rate Variability and its Clinical Applicability</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>217</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0102-76382009000200018.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Pe&#231;anha T, Bartels R, Brito LC, Paula-Ribeiro M, Oliveira RS, Goldberger JJ. Methods of Assessment of the Post-exercise Cardiac Autonomic Recovery: A Methodological Review. Int J Cardiol. 2017;227:795-802. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.057.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pe&#231;anha</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartels</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paula-Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberger</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Methods of Assessment of the Post-exercise Cardiac Autonomic Recovery: A Methodological Review</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>227</volume>
          <fpage>795</fpage>
          <lpage>802</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.057.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Gonzaga LA, Vanderlei LCM, Gomes RL, Valenti VE. Caffeine Affects Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Recovery After Aerobic Exercise in Young Adults: A Crossover Study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):14091. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14540-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
              <given-names>LCM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valenti</surname>
              <given-names>VE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Caffeine Affects Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Recovery After Aerobic Exercise in Young Adults: A Crossover Study</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">14091</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-14540-4.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Benjamim CJR, Kliszczewicz B, Garner DM, Cavalcante TCF, da Silva AAM, Santana MDR, et al. Is Caffeine Recommended Before Exercise? A Systematic Review To Investigate Its Impact On Cardiac Autonomic Control Via Heart Rate And Its Variability. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020;39(6):563-73. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1705201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamim</surname>
              <given-names>CJR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kliszczewicz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garner</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
              <given-names>TCF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>AAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>MDR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is Caffeine Recommended Before Exercise? A Systematic Review To Investigate Its Impact On Cardiac Autonomic Control Via Heart Rate And Its Variability</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Nutr</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>563</fpage>
          <lpage>573</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/07315724.2019.1705201.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Gonzaga LA, Vanderlei LCM, Gomes RL, Garner DM, Valenti VE. Involvement of Cardiorespiratory Capacity on the Acute Effects of Caffeine on Autonomic Recovery. Medicina. 2019;55(5):196. doi: 10.3390/medicina55050196.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
              <given-names>LCM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garner</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valenti</surname>
              <given-names>VE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Involvement of Cardiorespiratory Capacity on the Acute Effects of Caffeine on Autonomic Recovery</article-title>
          <source>Medicina</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <size units="pages">196</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/medicina55050196.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Clark NW, Herring CH, Goldstein ER, Stout JR, Wells AJ, Fukuda DH. Heart Rate Variability Behavior during Exercise and Short-Term Recovery Following Energy Drink Consumption in Men and Women. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2372. doi: 10.3390/nu12082372.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>NW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herring</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stout</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wells</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fukuda</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate Variability Behavior during Exercise and Short-Term Recovery Following Energy Drink Consumption in Men and Women</article-title>
          <source>Nutrients</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <size units="pages">2372</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu12082372.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Porto AA, Valenti VE, Amaral JAT, Benjamim CJR, Garner DM, Ferreira C. Energy Drink before Exercise Did Not Affect Autonomic Recovery Following Moderate Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover, Randomized and Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;40(3):280-6. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1768175.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valenti</surname>
              <given-names>VE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amaral</surname>
              <given-names>JAT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamim</surname>
              <given-names>CJR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garner</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Energy Drink before Exercise Did Not Affect Autonomic Recovery Following Moderate Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover, Randomized and Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Nutr</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>280</fpage>
          <lpage>286</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/07315724.2020.1768175.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. An SM, Park JS, Kim SH. Effect of Energy Drink dose on Exercise Capacity, Heart Rate Recovery and Heart Rate Variability after High-Intensity Exercise. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2014; 18: 31-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>An</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Energy Drink dose on Exercise Capacity, Heart Rate Recovery and Heart Rate Variability after High-Intensity Exercise</article-title>
          <source>J Exerc Nutrition Biochem</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Nelson MT, Biltz GR, Dengel DR. Cardiovascular and Ride Time-to-exhaustion Effects of an Energy Drink. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biltz</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dengel</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular and Ride Time-to-exhaustion Effects of an Energy Drink</article-title>
          <source>J Int Soc Sports Nutr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">2</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1550-2783-11-2.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Pardini R, Matsudo S, Araujo T, Matsudo V, Andrade E, Braggion G, et al. Validation of the International Physical Activity Questionaire (IPAQ version 6): Pilot Study in Brazilian Young Adults. Braz J Sci Mov. 2001;9:45-51. doi: 10.18511/rbcm.v9i3.393.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pardini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsudo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsudo</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braggion</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validation of the International Physical Activity Questionaire (IPAQ version 6): Pilot Study in Brazilian Young Adults</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Sci Mov</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18511/rbcm.v9i3.393.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Lohman TG RA, Martorelli R. Antropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign: Human Kinetics Books; 1998.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lohman</surname>
              <given-names>TG RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martorelli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Antropometric Standardization Reference Manual</source>
          <publisher-loc>Champaign</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Human Kinetics Books</publisher-name>
          <year>1998</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Black N, D&#8217;Souza A, Wang Y, Piggins H, Dobrzynski H, Morris G, et al. Circadian Rhythm of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Arrhythmogenesis, and the Underlying Mechanisms. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(2):298-307. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.08.026.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Souza</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piggins</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobrzynski</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circadian Rhythm of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Arrhythmogenesis, and the Underlying Mechanisms</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>298</fpage>
          <lpage>307</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.08.026.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Rodriguez NR, Di Marco NM, Langley S. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):709-31. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31890eb86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Marco</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langley</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Nutrition and Athletic Performance</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>709</fpage>
          <lpage>731</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1249/MSS.0b013e31890eb86.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Moreno IL, Pastre CM, Ferreira C, Abreu LC, Valenti VE, Vanderlei LC. Effects of an Isotonic Beverage on Autonomic Regulation During and After Exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pastre</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valenti</surname>
              <given-names>VE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of an Isotonic Beverage on Autonomic Regulation During and After Exercise</article-title>
          <source>J Int Soc Sports Nutr</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">2</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1550-2783-10-2.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Novitsky S, Segal KR, Chatr-Aryamontri B, Guvakov D, Katch VL. Validity of a New Portable Indirect Calorimeter: The AeroSport TEEM 100. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1995;70(5):462-7. doi: 10.1007/BF00618499.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Novitsky</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segal</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chatr-Aryamontri</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guvakov</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katch</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validity of a New Portable Indirect Calorimeter: The AeroSport TEEM 100</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>462</fpage>
          <lpage>467</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF00618499.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Billat VL, Morton RH, Blondel N, Berthoin S, Bocquet V, Koralsztein JP, et al. Oxygen Kinetics and Modelling of Time to Exhaustion Whilst Running at Various Velocities at Maximal Oxygen Uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;82(3):178-87. doi: 10.1007/s004210050670.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Billat</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morton</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blondel</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berthoin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocquet</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koralsztein</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxygen Kinetics and Modelling of Time to Exhaustion Whilst Running at Various Velocities at Maximal Oxygen Uptake</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>178</fpage>
          <lpage>187</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s004210050670.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, Mota-Gomes MA, Brand&#227;o AA, Feitosa ADM, et al. Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(3):516-658. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201238.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barroso</surname>
              <given-names>WKS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CIS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>ADM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>516</fpage>
          <lpage>658</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201238.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation and Clinical Use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996;93(5):1043-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation and Clinical Use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1043</fpage>
          <lpage>1065</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Laborde S, Mosley E, Thayer JF. Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research - Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting. Front Psychol. 2017;8:213. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laborde</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosley</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thayer</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research - Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting</article-title>
          <source>Front Psychol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <size units="pages">213</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Higgins JP, Tuttle TD, Higgins CL. Energy Beverages: Content and Safety. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(11):1033-41. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2010.0381.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuttle</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Energy Beverages: Content and Safety</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1033</fpage>
          <lpage>1041</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4065/mcp.2010.0381.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Lane JD, Adcock RA, Williams RB, Kuhn CM. Caffeine Effects on Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Responses to Acute Psychosocial Stress and Their Relationship to Level of Habitual Caffeine Consumption. Psychosom Med. 1990;52(3):320-36. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199005000-00006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adcock</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuhn</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Caffeine Effects on Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Responses to Acute Psychosocial Stress and Their Relationship to Level of Habitual Caffeine Consumption</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>320</fpage>
          <lpage>336</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00006842-199005000-00006.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Sung BH, Lovallo WR, Pincomb GA, Wilson MF. Effects of Caffeine on Blood Pressure Response During Exercise in Normotensive Healthy Young Men. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65(13):909-13. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(90)91435-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sung</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lovallo</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pincomb</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Caffeine on Blood Pressure Response During Exercise in Normotensive Healthy Young Men</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>909</fpage>
          <lpage>913</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-9149(90)91435-9.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Mal&#8217;chikova LS, Elizarova EP. Taurine and the adenosine cyclic monophosphate levels in the heart. Kardiologiia. 1981;21(1):85-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mal&#8217;chikova</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elizarova</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Taurine and the adenosine cyclic monophosphate levels in the heart</article-title>
          <source>Kardiologiia</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GMO. Cardiac Autonomic Responses during Exercise and Post-exercise Recovery Using Heart Rate Variability and Systolic Time Intervals-A Review. Front Physiol. 2017;8:301. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Michael</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>GMO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Autonomic Responses during Exercise and Post-exercise Recovery Using Heart Rate Variability and Systolic Time Intervals-A Review</article-title>
          <source>Front Physiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <size units="pages">301</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphys.2017.00301.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Wasserman K. Coupling of External to Cellular Respiration During Exercise: The Wisdom of the Body Revisited. Am J Physiol. 1994;266(4 Pt 1):519-39. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.4.E519.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wasserman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coupling of External to Cellular Respiration During Exercise: The Wisdom of the Body Revisited</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>266</volume>
          <issue>4 Pt 1</issue>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.4.E519.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Alsunni A, Majeed F, Yar T, AlRahim A, Alhawaj AF, Alzaki M. Effects of Energy Drink Consumption on Corrected QT Interval and Heart Rate Variability in Young Obese Saudi Male University Students. Ann Saudi Med. 2015;35(4):282-7. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2015.282.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alsunni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Majeed</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yar</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>AlRahim</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alhawaj</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alzaki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Energy Drink Consumption on Corrected QT Interval and Heart Rate Variability in Young Obese Saudi Male University Students</article-title>
          <source>Ann Saudi Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>282</fpage>
          <lpage>287</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5144/0256-4947.2015.282.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Shah S, Lacey C, Riddock I, Lee M, Dargush AE. Impact of Energy Drinks on Electrocardiographic and Blood Pressure Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies. Circulation 2013, 127(AP324). doi: 10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.AP324.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacey</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riddock</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dargush</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Energy Drinks on Electrocardiographic and Blood Pressure Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>AP324</issue>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.AP324.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Caliskan SG, Bilgin MD. Non-Linear Analysis of Heart Rate Variability for Evaluating the Acute Effects of Caffeinated Beverages in Young Adults. Cardiol Young. 2020;30(7):1018-23. doi: 10.1017/S1047951120001481.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caliskan</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilgin</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-Linear Analysis of Heart Rate Variability for Evaluating the Acute Effects of Caffeinated Beverages in Young Adults</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1018</fpage>
          <lpage>1023</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1047951120001481.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Brothers RM, Christmas KM, Patik JC, Bhella PS. Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Repolarization Effects of an Energy Drink as Compared to Coffee. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2017;37(6):675-81. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12357.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brothers</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christmas</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patik</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhella</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Repolarization Effects of an Energy Drink as Compared to Coffee</article-title>
          <source>Clin Physiol Funct Imaging</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>675</fpage>
          <lpage>681</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/cpf.12357.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Effects of Energy Drink on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Parameters Recovery in Individuals with Different Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8679-7166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benjamim</surname>
            <given-names>Cicero Jonas R</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8114-9055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garner</surname>
            <given-names>David M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C.M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valenti</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Engr&#225;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo (CESNA), UNESP, Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (EEFERP/USP), Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e M&#233;dicas, Faculdade de Sa&#250;de e Ci&#234;ncias da Vida, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford - Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Vitor E. Valenti &#8226; UNESP. Av. Hygino Muzzi Filho, 737. Mirante. Postal code 17525-900, Marilia, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: vitor.valenti@unesp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Porto AA, Ferreira C, Valenti VE; Acquisition of data: Porto AA, Gonzaga LA, Vanderlei LCM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Benjamim CJR, Vanderlei LCM; Statistical analysis: Gonzaga LA; Writing of the manuscript: Porto AA, Gonzaga LA, Benjamim CJR, Bueno Jr. CR, Garner DM, Valenti VE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bueno Jr. CR, Garner DM, Vanderlei LCM, Ferreira C, Valenti VE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>It has been suggested that the consumption of energy drinks (ED) may affect cardiovascular activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>to investigate the acute effects of ED intake on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular recovery after moderate aerobic exercise in males with different cardiorespiratory capacities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This is a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Twenty-eight young adults were split into two groups according to their peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values: (1) High VO2 peak (HO) - VO2 peak &gt; 52.15 mL/kg/min, and (2) low VO2 peak (LO) - peak VO2 &lt;52.15 mL/kg/min. Subjects of both groups underwent two exercise protocols in randomized order: moderate aerobic exercise (60% of VO2peak) following the intake of 250 mL of water (placebo protocol) or 250 mL of ED (ED protocol). During the exercise tests, values of cardiorespiratory and HRV parameters were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Significant differences were observed for the LF (normalized units) index between rest and Rec1 in HO energy and LO groups during the ED protocol. For the LF/HF ratio, significant differences were seen between rest and Rec1 in HO and LO during ED protocols.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Acute ED intake delayed heart rate recovery after exercise in subjects with low and high cardiorespiratory fitness.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Energy Drinks</kwd>
        <kwd>Dietary Supplements</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular system</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Energy drinks (EDs) are widely consumed in the sport environment to improve alertness and performance, and their use is mainly attributed to their caffeine content.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> According to the International Olympic Committee<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and the International Society of Sports Nutrition,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> caffeine is considered an ergogenic supplement capable of increasing physical performance during exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> There is conjecture that other ED components (e.g., vitamins and minerals) have synergism with caffeine and taurine, and thereby may potentiate their effects. However, these issues have not been fully elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Numerous studies have been performed to better understand the potential effects of EDs on the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> So far, it has been found that a modest consumption of EDs, corresponding to 200mg of caffeine, poses no risk to the cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, the acute consumption of approximately 1,000mL of ED was associated with an increase in adverse cardiovascular effects (e.g., prolonged QT interval and tachycardias).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Still, the scientific research literature has highlighted that stimulants may increase the risk of adverse cardiac events during and after exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Heart rate (HR) slowing after exercise has been demonstrated to be an important predictor of adverse cardiac events and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Its analysis has been increasingly used as a non-invasive, yet reliable technique to study the adaptation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (vagal reactivation) to various conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>HR variability (HRV) evaluates the fluctuations in the intervals between consecutive heartbeats (RR intervals), which reflects the ANS function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Physically active and healthy subjects show rapid HR recovery from exercise, which allows adequate ANS adaptation and low cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Thus, the use of compounds that delay the post-exercise autonomic recovery can lead to cardiac activity overload, thereby disrupting the autonomic control of HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Scientific evidence has shown that the moderate consumption of caffeine alone (e.g., 3-6mg/kg or 300-400mg in a single dose) is permissible to delay HR recovery following exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recently, it has been documented that caffeine has greater effects on individuals with a low cardiorespiratory capacity, measured by the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), concerning post-exercise HR recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>So far, studies that evaluated the effects of EDs on HR recovery have not compared them between populations with different cardiorespiratory profiles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A modest dose of approximately 250mL of ED seems to have no effect on HR recovery after exercise in trained individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Even so, no study has considered the individuals&#8217; cardiorespiratory capacity and, hence, there is still a gap in the literature.</p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of ED intake on HR and cardiovascular recovery after moderate aerobic exercise in young male adults with different cardiorespiratory capacities. Participants were divided according to their peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was reported according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement. This is a crossover, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. The study was evaluated and approved by UNIFESP ethics committee (registration number: CEP-2200/11). All participants signed an informed consent agreeing to participate in the study. The details of the experimental protocols are registered in the Clinical Trials.gov (first publication &#8211; September 28, 2016) (Protocol NCT02917889, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02917889).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>The study was performed with healthy and physically active young adult males recruited via social media. We excluded subjects who were not considered physically active according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Initial assessment</title>
          <p>The individuals were first interviewed to obtain data such as: age (years), body weight (Kg), height (cm), and body mass index (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Anthropometric measures were taken according to previously published recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interventions</title>
          <p>The experimental protocol consisted of three phases with an interval of at least 48 hours to allow adequate recovery of the subjects.</p>
          <p>The study was performed between 17:30 and 21:30 to standardize circadian variations, in a quiet room with humidity between 60% and 70% and temperature between 23&#176;C and 24&#176;C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The subjects were told to refrain from drinking alcohol or performing exhaustive exercise 24 hours prior to each section and to avoid ingesting caffeinated beverages or foods 24 hours before the experimental procedure. Subjects were advised to wear comfortable clothes that are appropriate to exercise, and to eat a light meal two hours before the procedures.</p>
          <p>Following recommendations from the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> to avoid dehydration of the participants during the exercise,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> participants were instructed to drink 500 mL of water two hours prior to the sessions.</p>
          <p>In the first phase of the study, VO2max of each participant was determined. In the second phase, the subjects followed the placebo protocol (250mL water) or the ED protocol (250 mL ED) 15 minutes before the exercise. In the third phase, participants followed the alternative protocol to the previous stage. An independent researcher who did not participate in the study data collection provided the drinks. Both researchers and subjects were blinded to the sequence of interventions.</p>
          <p>The ED (250mL) had an energy content of 45 kcal and was composed of 11.2 g of carbohydrates, 80 mg of sodium, 32 mg of caffeine, 400 mg of taurine, 4.6 mg of niacin, 2 mg of pantothenic acid, 0.5 mg of vitamin B6, 0.4 mg of vitamin B12, 240 mg of glucuronolactone, and 20 mg of inositol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The intensity of aerobic exercise in all stages was prescribed based on the VO2max of each participant. The treadmill test had a total duration of 30 minutes. First, the subjects walked on a treadmill at a speed of 5Km/h for five minutes of warm-up; the speed was increased to the corresponding 60% of VO2max for 25 minutes. Then, the subjects rested in the supine position for 60 minutes (recovery period).</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Cardiorespiratory variables</title>
            <p>The test to determine the VO2max was performed on a treadmill (TPEE; Inbrasport ATL 2000) using the Bruce protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The subjects remained at rest on the treadmill in an orthostatic position for stabilization of baseline cardiovascular values. Then, the stress test was initiated, with progressive increase in the workload by means of increased inclination and speed of the treadmill every three minutes. Verbal encouragement was given in an attempt to obtain maximum physical effort. The test was interrupted because of exhaustion or any clinical and/or electrocardiographic abnormality.</p>
            <p>During the test, HR and subjective perception of effort were monitored at the end of each stage by the Borg Scale for perceived pain and effort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> For the test to be recognized as maximum, subjects should attain 90% of maximum HR, earlier estimated (220 - age).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The analysis of expired gases was conducted using the Quark PFT commercial system (Comend, Rome, Italy), and the VO2peak was defined as the highest VO2max attained during the test.</p>
            <p>The subjects were split into two groups based on the median VO2 peak value:</p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Higher VO2 peak (HO) group, composed of subjects with peak VO2 &gt; 52.15 mL/Kg/min, and</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Lower VO2 peak (LO) group, composed of subjects with peak VO2 &lt;52.15 mL/Kg/min.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Cardiovascular parameters</title>
            <p>Cardiovascular parameters were measured with subjects in the supine position. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measures were taken by auscultation with a stethoscope (Littman Classic II<sup>&#174;</sup>, St. Paul, USA) and a calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer (Welch Allyn Tycos<sup>&#174;</sup>, New York, USA) on the individuals&#8217; left arm. HR was measured using a Polar RS800CX<sup>&#174;</sup>HR monitor. Respiratory rate (RR) was determined by counting the subjects&#8217; breaths for one minute, without the subjects being aware of it, so that no change in the breathing pattern occurred. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured by pulse oximetry (PM-50 Mindray<sup>&#174;</sup>, China).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>HRV Analysis</title>
            <p>HRV was measured according to the recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The sensor chest strap was worn on the chest the Polar RS800CX heart rate receiver was placed on the left wrist. The HRV pattern was recorded beat by beat. The final 256 consecutive stable RR intervals of each recording were selected. Then, digital and manual filtrations were performed to eliminate artifacts and premature ectopic beats. Only series with an excess of 95% of sinus beats were included in the analysis.</p>
            <p>The time-domain index of HRV was determined by the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and standard deviation of the normalized N&#8211;N interval (SDNN). The frequency-domain index was evaluated by the high-frequency (HF) (0.15 to 0.4 Hz) and low-frequency components (LF) of the power spectral density (0.04 to 0.15 Hz) in milliseconds squared and absolute units, and ratio LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>). The Poincar&#233; plot analysis was made using the SD1 (standard deviation of the instantaneous beat-to-beat variability) and SD2 (standard deviation of long-term continuous beat-to-beat variability).</p>
            <p>The Kubios HRV<sup>&#174;</sup>analysis software package was used to compute these indices.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Measurement of parameters</title>
            <p>HR, RR, SBP, DBP and SpO2 were recorded at the following time points: rest &#8211; 15<sup>th</sup>minute after ED and placebo ingestion &#8211; and during recovery - 1<sup>st</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup>, 10<sup>th</sup>, 20<sup>th</sup>, 30<sup>th</sup>, 40<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>and 60<sup>th</sup>minutes after exercise.</p>
            <p>The HRV indexes were measured at the following time points: &#8220;rest&#8221; (15 to 20 minutes of resting after EB or placebo ingestion; and during &#8220;recovery&#8221;: Rec1 (zero to five minutes), Rec2 (five to ten minutes), Rec3 (15 to 20 minutes), Rec4 (25 to 30 minutes), Rec5 (35 to 40 minutes), Rec6 (45 to 50 minutes), and Rec7 (55 to 60 minutes).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Sample size</title>
            <p>The sample size was calculated based on a previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> which gave us the magnitude of the difference, and we calculated the RMSSD index as a reference. We determined a standard deviation of 16.2ms and the magnitude of the difference was 11ms. A minimum sample size of 14 subjects per group was calculated, with an alpha risk of 5% and beta risk of 80%.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data analysis and data reporting were conducted following the recommendations of Laborde <italic>et al.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Data normality was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. To compare cardiovascular variables and HRV, we performed the repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-test for parametric distributions or Friedman followed by Dunn&#8217;s post-test for non-parametric distributions. P-values &lt;0.05 were considered significant. The analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Randomization and outcome assessment</title>
          <p>With the aim of minimizing the selection bias, the subjects and the researchers were uninformed about the sequence of procedures. An investigator who did not participate in the study randomly assigned the participants the interventions. Researchers specialized in the field who did not participate in the collections were invited to assess the outcome. So, the outcome evaluators were blinded, allowing the study to be less susceptible to detection bias. Also, all outcomes were reported in full, decreasing the likelihood of reporting bias.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Thirty-five men were considered eligible for the study; 28 met the inclusion criteria and completed the study ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The CONSORT flow diagram.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0553-10625-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> describes the anthropometric characteristics and the responses obtained in the maximum effort test for the groups with the highest VO2peak (HO), and with the lowest VO2peak (LO).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Anthropometric characteristics and VO2peak values of the study subjects</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">High VO2 peak</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Low VO2 peak</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>Min - M&#225;x</th>
                  <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>Min - M&#225;x</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (y)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.93 &#177; 2.62</td>
                  <td align="center">[18 - 26]</td>
                  <td align="center">25.29 &#177; 3.07</td>
                  <td align="center">[21 - 29]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.78 &#177; 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">[1.68 - 1.94]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.81 &#177; 12.52</td>
                  <td align="center">[1.65 &#8211; 1.93]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mass (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.55 &#177; 6.92</td>
                  <td align="center">[60 - 96]</td>
                  <td align="center">89.48 &#177; 12.52</td>
                  <td align="center">[63.30 &#8211; 107.50]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.46 &#177; 2.56</td>
                  <td align="center">[20.05 - 29.41]</td>
                  <td align="center">27.12 &#177; 3.07</td>
                  <td align="center">[19.94 - 27.70]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO2<sub>peak</sub>(ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.14 &#177; 6.43</td>
                  <td align="center">[52.40 - 77.77]</td>
                  <td align="center">41.76 &#177; 10.14</td>
                  <td align="center">[23.03 &#8211; 29.94]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Y: years; m: meters; kg: kilogram; BMI: body mass index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In relation to HRV frequency-domain and HRV indexes, we detected a time effect (p=0.0001). No protocol interaction effect was seen for LF (normalized units, n.u.) (p=0.880), HF (n.u.) (p=0.163) and LF/HF ms<sup>2</sup>(p=0.086) indexes. No protocol effect was observed for LF (n.u.) (p=1.000), HF (n.u.) (p=0.675) and LF/HF (p=0.531). For LF (n.u,) index significant differences were achieved between rest and Rec1 in HO and LO in the ED protocols. There were significant differences in HF (n.u.) between rest and Rec1 for HO in the placebo protocol, and HO and LO during the ED protocol. Regarding the LF/HF ratio, significant differences were found between rest and Rec1 in HO and LO during the ED protocol. The response of frequency-domain HRV indexes are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Response of the frequency-domain heart rate variability indices at rest and during recovery from exercise in the groups of subjects with high VO2 peak (HO) and low VO2 peak (LO) receiving energy drink (energy) or placebo (Control).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0553-10625-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>SDNN and SD2 indices showed significant differences in the time effects (SDNN: p=0.0001; SD2: p=0.0001) and protocol interaction (SDNN: p&lt;0.0001; SD2: p=0.0002), and only SDNN showed differences between protocols (SDNN: p=0.015; SD2 p=0.061). Significant differences in SDNN index were seen between rest and Rec1 in the LO group during the control protocol, and in RMSSD between Rest and Rec1 in both placebo and ED protocols.</p>
        <p>Regarding RMSSD and SD1 indexes we detected significant differences in time effects (RMSSD: p&lt;0.0001; SD1: p&lt;0.0001), protocol interaction (RMSSD: p=0.009; SD1: p=0.036) and between protocols (RMSSD: p=0.025; SD1=0.010). Significant changes for the time domain were observed between rest and Rec1 for RMSSD index and SD1 index for all protocols. Significant differences for the time domain were found between rest and Rec2 in the HO group in the control protocol and in the LO group in the ED protocol for SD1 index. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> displays the response of time-domain HRV indexes at rest and during recovery from exercise.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Time-domain heart rate variability indexes at rest and during recovery from exercise in the groups of subjects with high VO2 peak (HO) and low VO2 peak (LO) receiving energy drink (energy) or placebo (Control)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0553-10625-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In relation to cardiorespiratory parameters, we observed a time effect (p=0.0001) for HR, RF, SBP, DBP (p=0.0001) and no effect was observed in SpO2 (p=0.188). No significant protocol interaction effect was seen for SBP, DBP, RF or SpO2 (SBP: p=0.424; DBP: p=0.259; RF: p=0.340; SpO2: p=0.346), but a significant effect was seen for HR (p&lt;0.0001). Significant differences were achieved between protocols for SBP, DBP and HR (SBP: p=0.001; DBP: p=0.014; HR: p=0.011) and no difference was found for RF and SpO2 (RF: p=0.132; SpO2: p=0.083). Significant differences in HR and SBP were seen in the time domain between rest and Rec1 for all protocols. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> displays the response of cardiorespiratory parameters at rest and during recovery from exercise.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiorespiratory parameters at rest and during recovery from exercise in the groups of subjects with high VO2 peak (HO) and low VO2 peak (LO) receiving energy drink (energy) or placebo (Control). HR: high frequency; RF: Respiratory frequency.; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0553-10625-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of ED on HRV and cardiovascular recovery after exercise in individuals with different cardiorespiratory fitness. As key findings, we reported that ED before exercise did not influence SBP, DBP, SpO2 or RF in the post-exercise recovery, and delayed the LF and LF/HF recovery following effort.</p>
        <p>Constituents such as caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, B vitamins, guarana, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, l-carnitine, sugars, antioxidants, and trace elements are usually found in EDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system via the activation of the sympathetic adrenal-medullary system, raising blood pressure in situations of psychological<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and physiological stress, for instance physical exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiovascular adjustments are required to maintain adequate perfusion to other organs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> When the exercise begins, the central command resets the levels of the arterial baroreflex, resulting in lessened parasympathetic conduction, and light reduction in the ANS activity because of the venous return in this first phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The upsurge in reflexive amplitude via the early increase in HR is caused by the increased load on pulmonary baroreceptors, which allows the parasympathetic nervous system to cut its cardiac activity. As the workload increases, the central command increases and readapts the arterial baroreflex. Therefore, there is a depression of the parasympathetic reflex response, increase in the sympathetic nervous system, increasing HR and cardiac contraction strength.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are reports in the scientific literature that indicate an intimate connection between ED and changes in the cardiovascular system. ED depresses the parasympathetic nervous system and/or increases the sympathetic nervous system in obese young people,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> increases SBP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> changes nonlinear HRV in young adults,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> and delays HR and HRV post-exercise recovery when mixed with alcohol.</p>
        <p>Recently, our group reported that ED is unable to postpone the HR recovery after exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In the cited study, 29 healthy men between 18 and 30 years old performed aerobic exercise after consuming ED or placebo. There was an important reduction in HRV in the initial five minutes after exercise in both protocols. So, the main conclusion was that ED was unable to influence post-exercise HR recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In another study with similar protocols, An <italic>et al.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> found no significant fluctuations in these parameters between the interventions, suggesting no significant effect of ED.</p>
        <p>In another randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 15 (eight men) young adults who were physically active were evaluated for the effects of ED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> After fasting for eight hours, they consumed standardized ED (2mg/kg of caffeine) or placebo with a similar taste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> After submaximal aerobic exercise for 30 minutes, these individuals were induced to fatigue by pedaling 10 minutes at 80% of the ventilatory threshold. Resting HR was higher when subjects consumed ED, when compared to placebo (ED: 65+10bpm vs. Placebo: 58+8bpm, p=0.02), but HRV indices (RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50, HF, LF and LF/HF) were unchanged.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced and placebo-controlled study by Clark et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 17 (10 women) young adults were exposed to a graded test of exhaustion on an exercise bike after ingestion of 140mg of caffeine or placebo. HRV data were recorded before, during and after 15 minutes of physical exercise. Substantial increases in HF and RMSSD indices were detected in the ED group during exercise. A sub analysis between genders demonstrated changes in the initial RMSSD values and in the amount of decline. The consumption of ED was able to sex-dependently affect cardiac autonomic responses during low-, moderate- and high-intensity exercise. However, in the post-exercise, no differences were found in HR recovery after ED ingestion.</p>
        <p>It is crucial to emphasize that these research studies did not take into account the cardiorespiratory capacity of the subjects. A more recent study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> evaluated the impact of caffeine on post-exercise HR recovery in men with different VO2. The authors split young male adults into two groups based on their VO2: (1) high VO2 (HO): 16 volunteers, peak VO2&gt; 42.46 mL/kg/min; and (2) low VO2 (LO): 16 individuals, VO2 &lt;42.46 mL/kg/min). The subjects participated in two intervention protocols, with ingestion of capsules containing 300mg of starch (placebo protocol) or 300 mg of caffeine (caffeine protocol). After the ingestion of caffeine or placebo, participants rested for 15 minutes, and then were submitted to 30 minutes of exercise on a treadmill at 60% of VO2 peak. HRV indices in the time and frequency domains disclosed significant changes for the RMSSD and SDNN indices in the recovery between groups (p&lt;0.001). Remarkable adjustments were observed (rest <italic>versus</italic> recovery) from the 0 to the 5<sup>th</sup>minute of recovery from exercise for the LO group in the placebo protocol and from the 5<sup>th</sup>minute to the 10<sup>th</sup>minute of recovery for the LO in the caffeine protocol. In our study, significant deviations were detected only in the first five minutes of recovery in the HO individuals in both protocols. These data corroborate that caffeine delays parasympathetic recovery from exercise in individuals with lower cardiorespiratory capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Concerning the cardiorespiratory parameters, no significant changes were found that would suggest different effects of ED in individuals with different cardiorespiratory capacities. These findings corroborate the study conducted by An et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> where no significant changes were revealed in HR and blood pressure during recovery after maximum exercise, after ingestion of ED in different concentrations (1.25 to 2.5 mg/Kg).</p>
        <p>It has been suggested that the effect of ED on the cardiovascular system may be dose-related. In the study by Shah et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> consumption of ED in high doses (32 ounces, equivalent to 946.3 mL) resulted in a significant and prolonged increase in the QTc interval, SBP and DBP as compared with placebo in healthy young people.</p>
        <p>Regarding parameters that reflect the respiratory component, for instance SpO2 and RF, no significant differences were found in our study. In both protocols, all individuals showed adequate values of these variables, as would be expected for healthy subjects without recognized cardiopulmonary diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finally, considering that we detected slightly delayed HR recovery in both groups that ingested ED, our data draws attention to subjects with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases who consume EDs (as a supplement) before exercise.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations of the study</title>
          <p>One of the strengths of this study concerns is methodology. Although we did not assess plasma catecholamine concentrations or sympathetic nerve activity, we evaluated HRV, a simple, reliable, non-invasive method and a significant quantitative marker for estimating autonomic HR modulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The sample was comprised of healthy young people, with the aim of avoiding the influence of sex hormones. For this reason, our results cannot be applied to females or subjects taking medications that could that affect the ANS. Nonetheless, the study design and performance of rigorous procedures to avoid selection, detection, attrition and reporting biases support our results. Our study provides relevant information about the mechanisms linked to the impact of ED on post-exercise recovery.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Acute ED intake delayed HR recovery following exercise in subjects with low and high cardiorespiratory fitness.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
