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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">z3Fc6j57BznSKPcwTzVvT6S</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000551</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220533</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220533</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarcadores Endoteliais e Medicina Translacional: Ainda um Desafio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2527-8717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Departamento de Medicina , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Renato Jorge Alves &#8226; Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Departamento de Medicina &#8211; Rua Ces&#225;rio Motta Jr, 112. CEP 04126-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>renatoalves178@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>551</fpage>
      <lpage>552</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Estado Pr&#233;-Diab&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura Intima-M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O artigo &#8220;O N&#237;vel de Endocan S&#233;rico pode ser Usado como Biomarcador para Prever Aterosclerose Subcl&#237;nica em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Diab&#233;ticos?&#8221; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> abordou um tema da maior relev&#226;ncia e originalidade, a investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos. Portanto, o estudo avaliou a concentra&#231;&#227;o de endocan da mol&#233;cula 1 espec&#237;fica da c&#233;lula endotelial (ESM-1) em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos para verificar o papel dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de endocan na detec&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, auxiliado pela medi&#231;&#227;o da camada espessura da &#237;ntima m&#233;dia carotidea (EIMC).</p>
    <p>Devido &#224; epidemia global de obesidade, h&#225; um n&#250;mero crescente de pacientes diagnosticados com diabetes tipo 2. Entretanto, antecedendo essa morbidade, est&#225; oculto um contingente ainda maior de indiv&#237;duos, aqueles em fase pr&#233;-diab&#233;tica ou de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina aumenta o risco cardiovascular, pois est&#225; relacionada a um pior perfil lip&#237;dico, estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es endoteliais expressivas, aumentando a partir da express&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por outro lado, agregar ferramentas que contribuam para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce desses biomarcadores nessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial para tentar mudar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Entre eles, a medi&#231;&#227;o do EIMC tornou-se um dos principais m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, al&#233;m de ser um exame de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o, correlaciona-se diretamente com altera&#231;&#227;o endotelial precoce na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O endocan, por sua vez, &#233; um proteoglicano liberado pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais a partir de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, que regularia o processo inflamat&#243;rio. Est&#225; intimamente ligado &#224; les&#227;o endotelial. Foi demonstrado que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de endocan seriam maiores em pacientes diab&#233;ticos e com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, resultados intrigantes indicaram que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de endocan estariam baixos ou inalterados em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> em contraste com os valores de EIMC, que seriam mais elevados. Al&#233;m disso, essa popula&#231;&#227;o parecia n&#227;o ter correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de EIMC e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de endocan. Ao avaliar os grupos de pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos e normoglic&#234;micos, houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre EIMC e endocan s&#233;rico em pacientes normoglic&#234;micos, mas n&#227;o em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>Assim, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de endocan seriam baixos em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos. Esse resultado provavelmente ocorreria devido ao estado hiperinsulin&#234;mico dos pacientes. &#201; dif&#237;cil distinguir o efeito da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina da hiperinsulinemia compensat&#243;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da hiperinsulinemia atuaria na regula&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de seu papel nos mecanismos ateroscler&#243;ticos, atenuaria a resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica induzida por endotoxinas, diminuindo a express&#227;o de TNF-&#945; e aumentando a cascata anti-inflamat&#243;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O efeito redutor da hiperinsulinemia sobre os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; explicaria a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de endocan, que s&#227;o secretados pelo TNF-&#945; e a interleucina-1 beta (IL-1&#946;). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resumo, o estudo mostrou que os n&#237;veis de endocan diminu&#237;ram em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos, e esse resultado provavelmente estaria relacionado &#224; hiperinsulinemia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, apesar dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de endocan serem normais, a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica no grupo de pacientes n&#227;o pode ser descartada, uma vez que essa mesma popula&#231;&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es no EIMC. Al&#233;m disso, o fato de os valores do &#237;ndice de massa corporal serem semelhantes entre os dois grupos avaliados pode ter contribu&#237;do para o achado acima.</p>
    <p>No entanto, os autores reconhecem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos, o trabalho foi realizado em um &#250;nico centro e o desconhecimento do momento em que esses pacientes estariam na fase pr&#233;-diab&#233;tica pode ter influenciado nos resultados. Eu acrescentaria a esta lista a dosagem de CRPhs. Talvez este marcador possa acrescentar alguma informa&#231;&#227;o ao cen&#225;rio do estudo.</p>
    <p>Estudos mais robustos em popula&#231;&#245;es mais diversificadas seriam necess&#225;rios para entender melhor esse biomarcador.</p>
    <p>Por enquanto, o uso do endocan proteoglicano na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular para pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, mas de risco alto e intermedi&#225;rio, pode explorar essa lacuna ainda n&#227;o totalmente compreendida no endot&#233;lio arterial. Se assim for, evoluiremos cada vez mais nas fronteiras da medicina translacional.</p>
    <p>Os autores devem ser parabenizados por tomarem a iniciativa de explorar um assunto t&#227;o conflitante!</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O N&#237;vel de Endocan S&#233;rico pode ser Usado como Biomarcador para Prever Aterosclerose Subcl&#237;nica em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Diab&#233;ticos?</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endothelial Biomarkers and Translational Medicine: Still a Challenge</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2527-8717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Departamento de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Renato Jorge Alves &#8226; Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Departamento de Medicina &#8211; Rua Ces&#225;rio Motta Jr, 112. Postal Code 04126-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: renatoalves178@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Prediabetic State</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The article &#8220;Can the Serum Endocan Level Be Used as a Biomarker to Predict Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Prediabetes?&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> addressed a topic of the greatest relevance and originality, the diagnostic investigation of subclinical atherosclerosis in pre-diabetic patients. Therefore, the study evaluated the endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) endocan concentration in pre-diabetic patients to verify the role of serum endocan levels in detecting subclinical atherosclerosis, aided by measuring the intima-media layer of the carotid arteries thickness (IMT).</p>
      <p>Due to the global epidemic of obesity, there is an increasing number of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. However, preceding this morbidity, an even greater contingent of individuals is hidden, those in the pre-diabetic or insulin resistance phase.</p>
      <p>It is known that insulin resistance increases cardiovascular risk, as it is related to a worse lipid profile, pro-inflammatory state, and endothelial dysfunction. Expressive endothelial changes occur, increasing from the expression of inflammatory markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>On the other hand, adding tools that contribute to the early detection of these biomarkers in this population is essential to try to change the disease evolution. Among them, the IMT measurement has become one of the main assessment and diagnosis methods. Moreover, in addition to being an easy-to-perform test, it directly correlates with early endothelial alteration in atherosclerotic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Endocan, in turn, is a proteoglycan released by endothelial cells from inflammatory cytokines, which would regulate the inflammatory process. It is closely linked to endothelial injury. It has been shown that serum endocan levels would be higher in diabetic patients and acute coronary syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, intriguing results indicated that the serum levels of endocan would be low or unchanged in pre-diabetic patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> in contrast to the IMT values, which would be higher. In addition, this population appeared to have no correlation between IMT values and serum endocan levels. When evaluating pre-diabetic and normoglycemic groups of patients, there was a correlation between IMT and serum endocan in normoglycemic patients but not in pre-diabetic patients.</p>
      <p>Thus, serum endocan levels would be low in pre-diabetic patients. This result would probably occur due to the hyperinsulinemic state of the patients. It is difficult to distinguish the effect of insulin resistance from compensatory hyperinsulinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Hyperinsulinemia signaling would act in the regulation of nitric oxide production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In addition to its role in atherosclerotic mechanisms, it would attenuate the systemic inflammatory response induced by endotoxins, decreasing the expression of TNF-&#945; and increasing the anti-inflammatory cascade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The reducing effect of hyperinsulinemia on TNF-&#945; levels would explain the decrease in serum endocan levels, which are secreted by TNF-&#945; and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1&#946;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, the study showed that endocan levels decreased in pre-diabetic patients, and this result would likely be related to hyperinsulinemia in this population. However, despite serum endocan levels being normal, subclinical atherosclerosis in the group of patients cannot be ruled out since this same population presented changes in IMT. Furthermore, the fact that the body mass index values were similar between the two groups evaluated could have contributed to the above finding.</p>
      <p>However, the authors recognize some limitations: the small number of included patients, the work was carried out in a single center, and the lack of knowledge of the time when these patients would be in the pre-diabetic phase could have influenced the results. I would add to this list the dosage of CRPhs. Perhaps this marker could add some information to the study setting.</p>
      <p>More robust studies in more diversified populations would be necessary to understand this biomarker better.</p>
      <p>For now, the use of endocan proteoglycan in the stratification of cardiovascular risk for patients undergoing primary prevention but at high and intermediate risk may explore this gap not yet fully understood in the arterial endothelium. If so, we will increasingly evolve on the frontiers of translational medicine.</p>
      <p>The authors should be congratulated for taking the initiative to explore such a conflicting subject!</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Can the Serum Endocan Level Be Used as a Biomarker to Predict Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Prediabetes?</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
