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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Y9VjZtNqGLcYWxzQ6vwpYwm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005012205</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000544</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210797</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210797</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O N&#237;vel de Endocan S&#233;rico pode ser Usado como Biomarcador para Prever Aterosclerose Subcl&#237;nica em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Diab&#233;ticos?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9584-6644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arman</surname>
            <given-names>Yucel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6580-7954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atici</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Altun</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarikaya</surname>
            <given-names>Remzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yoldemir</surname>
            <given-names>Seng&#252;l Aydin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2675-4252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akarsu</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kutlu</surname>
            <given-names>Orkide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Guzin Zeren</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Pinar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozcan</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bayraktarli</surname>
            <given-names>Recep Yilmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tukek</surname>
            <given-names>Tufan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul Medeniyet University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Van Education and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Van</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Van Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Van &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1"> Istanbul Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of &#304;nternal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of &#304;nternal Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Kanun&#304; Sultan Suleiman Tra&#304;n&#304;ng and Research Hosp&#304;tal</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of &#304;nternal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Kanun&#304; Sultan Suleiman Tra&#304;n&#304;ng and Research Hosp&#304;tal, Department of &#304;nternal Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Family Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Radiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Istanbul Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of &#304;nternal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of &#304;nternal Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Y&#252;cel Arman &#8226; University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Darulaceze Cad. No:27 post code:34384 Sisli/&#304;stanbul/Turquia E-mail: <email>dryarman@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Arman Y, Yoldemir S, T&#252;kek T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Arman Y, Atici A, Sarikaya R, Yoldemir S, Akarsu M, Kutlu O, Ozturk GZ, Demir P, &#214;zcan M, Bayraktarl&#305; R, T&#252;kek T; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Arman Y, Atici A, Altun O, Sarikaya R, Akarsu M, Kutlu O, Demir P, &#214;zcan M, Bayraktarl&#305; R, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Arman Y, Atici A, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Arman Y, Altun O, T&#252;kek T. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Arman Y, T&#252;kek T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>544</fpage>
      <lpage>550</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos t&#234;m um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica, e, portanto, a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce &#233; importante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Nosso estudo teve o objetivo de revelar a usabilidade dos n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico como biomarcador no diagn&#243;stico de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos, com base em medi&#231;&#245;es de EIMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Os participantes foram classificados de acordo com a presen&#231;a (n=42) ou aus&#234;ncia (n=42) de pr&#233;-diabetes. Os valores de endocan s&#233;rico, glicemia em jejum, insulina em jejum e hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) dos pacientes foram examinados e a EIMC foi medida. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Apesar de se ter determinado que os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico s&#227;o mais baixos em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (p=0,042), determinou-se que os valores de EIMC s&#227;o mais altos (p=0,046). A avalia&#231;&#227;o do endocan s&#233;rico por an&#225;lise regressiva multivariada detectou que seu n&#237;vel estava associado &#224; EIMC, independentemente de outros par&#226;metros (p=0,007). Encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre insulina plasm&#225;tica em jejum e n&#237;veis de endocan (r=-0,320, p=0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo demonstrou que a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de car&#243;tida &#233; mais alta e o n&#237;vel de endocan s&#233;rico &#233; mais baixo em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos. Os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico diminu&#237;dos em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos podem ser um fator que contribui para os mecanismos de forma&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura &#205;ntima-Media Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>Estado Pr&#233;-Diab&#233;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="44"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O pr&#233;-diabetes, definido como os n&#237;veis entre &#237;ndices glic&#234;micos normais e diab&#233;ticos, est&#225; aumentando rapidamente em todo o mundo. Aproximadamente 38% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta no Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e cerca de 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa t&#234;m pr&#233;-diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O pr&#233;-diabetes &#233; importante devido ao aumento do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es microvasculares e macrovasculares e o avan&#231;o para o diabetes tipo 2 em um curto per&#237;odo. &#201; sabido que os altos n&#237;veis de glicemia plasm&#225;tica s&#227;o um importante fator de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina pode estar associada &#224; aterosclerose devido a piores perfis lip&#237;dicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica nesse per&#237;odo inicial &#233; importante para o acompanhamento e o tratamento. A espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida (EIMC) &#233; usada para detectar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica nos est&#225;gios iniciais e demonstrou prever eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Cada 0,1 mm de aumento na EIMC aumenta o risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em 10-15% e de acidente vascular cerebral em 13-18%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ela &#233; muito apropriada para uso em estudos populacionais de grande escala, pois &#233; n&#227;o invasiva e pode ser obtida com uma medi&#231;&#227;o simples.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos para determinar o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, sabe-se que v&#225;rios biomarcadores tamb&#233;m s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos nas previs&#245;es. A mol&#233;cula-1 espec&#237;fica da c&#233;lula endotelial (ESM-1), chamada de endocan, &#233; um proteoglicano liberado pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais sob o controle de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias. O endocan ativa compostos garantindo o substrato necess&#225;rio para coleta, ades&#227;o e transmigra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos no endot&#233;lio ativado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores determinaram que os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico eram maiores em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos de controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico estavam associados &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem estudos que avaliam os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos e com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; claro se as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico s&#227;o uma causa ou uma consequ&#234;ncia, especialmente no caso de eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos. Quando os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico foram comparados entre grupos de pacientes e grupos de controle, diferentemente dos valores altos do diabetes tipo 2, determinou-se que eles eram baixos ou inalterados no grupo de pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Embora a tend&#234;ncia a aterosclerose aumente nos pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos e diab&#233;ticos, as diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico s&#227;o not&#225;veis. Existem estudos que avaliam os n&#237;veis de endocan nos eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos e vasculares em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel encontrar nenhum estudo na literatura que avaliasse os n&#237;veis de endocan em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos com aterosclerose.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve o objetivo de revelar o papel dos n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico na previs&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica baseado em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos em EIMC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo est&#225; em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do hospital Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City (aprova&#231;&#227;o n&#250;mero 525). Os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado. Este estudo transversal foi realizado no ambulat&#243;rio de medicina interna de nosso hospital de cuidado terci&#225;rio entre junho e agosto de 2021. Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 84 participantes, com mais de 18 anos de idade, dos quais 42 eram pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos e 42 eram normoglic&#234;micos (o IMC, a idade e o sexo eram semelhantes).</p>
      <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios da <italic>American Diabetes Association</italic> (ADA), pessoas com &#237;ndices glic&#234;micos em jejum entre 100-125 mg/dL (toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose prejudicada (IGT)) ou HbA1c 5,7-6,4%, ou n&#237;veis de glicemia plasm&#225;tica de 2 horas durante o teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (TOTG) a 75 g entre 140 e 199 mg/dL (toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose prejudicada (IGT)), foram inclu&#237;das no grupo dos pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Participantes normoglic&#234;micos com valores mais baixos foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de controle. Os indiv&#237;duos nos grupos normoglic&#234;mico e pr&#233;-diab&#233;tico n&#227;o estavam fazendo uso de medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>Indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, eventos cerebrovasculares, diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, doen&#231;a valvar grave, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, angina pectoris, varia&#231;&#245;es da onda ST-T no eletrocardiograma, ondas Q, bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica ou renal cr&#244;nica, malignidade ativa, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, doen&#231;a do sistema respirat&#243;rio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, tabagismo, ou que se recusaram a participar, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial dos participantes foi medida, e o IMC foi calculado medindo sua altura e peso (peso/altura ao quadrado, kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Depois de jejum noturno, foram analisados glicemia, insulina HbA1c, n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos (colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e triglic&#233;rides), prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR), creatinina, e endocan s&#233;rico. Os valores do modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR) foram calculados com a f&#243;rmula, (glicemia em jejum x n&#237;veis de insulina em jejum)/405.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es de endocan s&#233;rico</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o jejum noturno, foram coletados 10 ml de sangue venoso dos participantes. As amostras foram centrifugadas por 10 minutos a 1700 rpm. O soro foi armazenado a -80 &#8451; at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico foram medidos com um kit de ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante (Human Endocan Elisa Kit; lote n&#186;: 201506, N&#186; cat.: E3160Hu, Sunred Biological Technology, Xangai, China). Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados em ng/L. O intervalo de medi&#231;&#227;o do kit &#233; 31-2000 ng/L.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida</title>
        <p>A EIMC foi medida usando-se um transponder de gama linear multifrequ&#234;ncia (12 MHz) (Samsung HS50 GE Ultrasound). Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em imagens de modo B de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. Para as medi&#231;&#245;es de EIMC, os pacientes foram colocados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina com a cabe&#231;a virada a 45&#186; na dire&#231;&#227;o oposta ao lado da medi&#231;&#227;o. Imagens de modo B da extens&#227;o do segmento distal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida principal direita foram obtidas para tr&#234;s se&#231;&#245;es em sequ&#234;ncia da parede mais distante da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida principal. Em seguida, a dist&#226;ncia entre as interfaces entre sangue-&#237;ntima e m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia foi medida para cada se&#231;&#227;o. A EIMC foi calculada pela m&#233;dia dos valores das medi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o foram usados para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e mediana e faixa interquartil foram usadas para as sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada com o teste Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas usando-se o teste T (n&#227;o pareado) de duas amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney, de acordo com sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os testes de Pearson ou Spearman foram usados para an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o dependendo se as vari&#225;veis eram param&#233;tricas ou n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. A an&#225;lise regressiva linear multivariada foi usada para avaliar as determinantes da EIMC. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de todos os par&#226;metros &#233; necess&#225;ria para a an&#225;lise regressiva linear multivariada. Obtivemos a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal a partir dos logaritmos do endocan s&#233;rico e dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido em p &lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
        <p>Considerando que a concord&#226;ncia entre intraobservador e interobservador &#233; 0,75, o tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra (considerando Erro de tipo de 0,05, Erro de tipo III de 0,20 e Poder de 0,80) &#233; n=13. Considerando as possibilidades de perdas por qualquer motivo, 15 pessoas foram inclu&#237;das no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de poder</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de poder foi realizada com o programa G-power. Com base em dados anteriores na literatura, para tamanho de efeito 0,57, a parcela de 5% do erro alfa e o poder de 80% de representar a popula&#231;&#227;o, o menor tamanho para cada grupo amostral foi calculado como 39.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Idade, sexo e valores de IMC dos grupos pr&#233;-diab&#233;tico e normoglic&#234;mico foram semelhantes (p&gt;0,05).</p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo pr&#233;-diab&#233;tico do que no grupo de controle (p=0,042), e os valores de EIMC foram mais altos (p=0,046) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e achados laboratoriais em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos e de controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo de controle n=42</th>
                <th>Grupo de pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos n=42</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">47,8&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">49,9&#177;8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (F/M)</td>
                <td align="center">28/14</td>
                <td align="center">30/12</td>
                <td align="center">0,814</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">33,8&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">32,2&#177;8,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Endocan (ng/L) *</td>
                <td align="center">138 (84-300)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (65-185)</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FPI (&#181;U/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">11,2&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">20,1&#177;8,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FPG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">87&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">103&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2-h GP durante 75-g TOTG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">101&#177;19</td>
                <td align="center">141&#177;34</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">2,4&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,2&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 &#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,9&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,9&#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,1&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">188&#177;32</td>
                <td align="center">206&#177;33</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">110&#177;31</td>
                <td align="center">120&#177;26</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">53&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">49&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)*</td>
                <td align="center">108 (79-133)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (95-257)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EIMC (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67&#177;0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,74&#177;0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FPI: insulina plasm&#225;tica em jejum; FPG: glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum; GP: glicemia plasm&#225;tica; TOTG: teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose; HOMA-IR: modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; EIMC: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o valor de EIMC e idade e n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides de todos os participantes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). A an&#225;lise regressiva linear multivariada de idade, endocan, HbA1c, FPI, FPG, e valores de triglic&#233;rides foi realizada com EIMC. O logaritmo dos valores de endocan s&#233;rico e triglic&#233;rides foram obtidos para garantir a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Detectou-se que o n&#237;vel de endocan s&#233;rico estava associado &#224; EIMC, independentemente de outros par&#226;metros (p=0,007) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Apesar de n&#227;o haver correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico e as medi&#231;&#245;es de EIMC no grupo pr&#233;-diab&#233;tico (r=0,104 p=0,514) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva no grupo sem pr&#233;-diabetes (r=0,340, p=0,028) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre EIMC e outros par&#226;metros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Todos os participantes (n=84)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupo de controle (n=42)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupo de pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos (n=42)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Endocan (ng/L) *</td>
                <td align="center">0,206</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
                <td align="center">0,340</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
                <td align="center">0,514</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,363</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,490</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,215</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,895</td>
                <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,956</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,833</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FPI (&#181;U/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FPG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,195</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
                <td align="center">0,212</td>
                <td align="center">0,178</td>
                <td align="center">0,119</td>
                <td align="center">0,454</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2-h GP (TOTG)</td>
                <td align="center">0,166</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">0,485</td>
                <td align="center">0,164</td>
                <td align="center">0,300</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">0,379</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,982</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,242</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">0,349</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
                <td align="center">0,199</td>
                <td align="center">0,260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
                <td align="center">0,520</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
                <td align="center">0,694</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
                <td align="center">0,730</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C Total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,895</td>
                <td align="center">-0,076</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
                <td align="center">-0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,927</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,031</td>
                <td align="center">0,781</td>
                <td align="center">-0,093</td>
                <td align="center">0,557</td>
                <td align="center">-0,192</td>
                <td align="center">0,223</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,313</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
                <td align="center">0,839</td>
                <td align="center">0,227</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,257</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">0,306</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
                <td align="center">0,342</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FPI: insulina plasm&#225;tica em jejum; FPG: glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum; GP: glicemia plasm&#225;tica; TOTG: teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose; HOMA-IR: modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; C Total: colesterol total; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-C, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; EIMC: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida. *Teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, outros: Teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise regressiva linear multivariada mostrando os preditores de EIMC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Beta</th>
                <th colspan="2">IC 95%</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Inferior</th>
                <th>Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,525</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FPI</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
                <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Log TG</td>
                <td align="center">-0,142</td>
                <td align="center">-0,381</td>
                <td align="center">0,154</td>
                <td align="center">0,396</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Log (Endocan)</td>
                <td align="center">0,435</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,336</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c</td>
                <td align="center">0,181</td>
                <td align="center">-0,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
                <td align="center">0,222</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
                <td align="center">-0,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,862</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>FPI: insulina plasm&#225;tica em jejum; Log: logaritmo; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de endocan plasm&#225;tico e valores de EIMC no grupo de pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos. (r=0,104, p=0,514)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0544-10797-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de endocan plasm&#225;tico e valores de EIMC no grupo de controle (r=0,340, p=0,028)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0544-10797-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico foram examinadas. Desses par&#226;metros, apenas a insulina em jejum foi correlacionada aos n&#237;veis de endocan. Essa correla&#231;&#227;o foi negativa (r=-0,320, p=0,001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico e insulina plasm&#225;tica em jejum (r=-0,320, p=0,001)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0544-10797-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
        <p>Um total de 15 pacientes foram selecionados aleatoriamente para an&#225;lise de variabilidade inter- e intraobservador. A compatibilidade entre os valores de EIMC intra- e interobservador foi calculada. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse para variabilidade intraobservador e interobservador foram, respectivamente: 0,93 (IC 95%, 0,87&#8211;0,97) e 0,90 (IC 95%, 0,85&#8211;0,95) para EIMC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve o objetivo de explicar o papel dos n&#237;veis de endocan na previs&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos com base em medi&#231;&#245;es de EIMC. Os n&#237;veis de endocan plasm&#225;tico foram mais baixos no grupo de pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos do que no grupo de controle. Em contraste, os valores de EIMC foram mais altos em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre valores de EIMC e n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico. Quando os grupos foram avaliados separadamente, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre medi&#231;&#245;es de EIMC e n&#237;veis de endocan foi detectada no grupo normoglic&#234;mico, mas n&#227;o no grupo pr&#233;-diab&#233;tico. Entretanto, dependendo dos resultados da an&#225;lise regressiva, os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico explicaram significativamente o valor de EIMC.</p>
      <p>Muitos estudos mostram que o pr&#233;-diabetes pode causar doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a carga de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos &#233; mais alta do que em pessoas normais. Especificamente, a carga de aterosclerose precede os sintomas de diabetes tipo 2. Em nosso estudo, os valores de EIMC foram altos em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos, o que &#233; compat&#237;vel com estudos usando a EIMC como marcador de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos t&#234;m hiperinsulinemia devido &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, e os resultados de nosso estudo s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com isso. Uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa foi confirmada entre insulina plasm&#225;tica em jejum e n&#237;veis de endocan. Pode-se dizer que os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico s&#227;o baixos em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos devido o estado hiperinsulin&#234;mico.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre hiperinsulinemia e aterosclerose foi demonstrada por estudos anteriores. A resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina despertou grande interesse nas comunidades m&#233;dica e cient&#237;fica devido a sua associa&#231;&#227;o a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entretanto, o mecanismo molecular que liga a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina ao desenvolvimento e/ou avan&#231;o da aterosclerose continua a ser um enigma. Alguns mecanismos se destacam em rela&#231;&#227;o a essa situa&#231;&#227;o. A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de insulina desempenha um papel cr&#237;tico na ativa&#231;&#227;o da sintase de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, que regula a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O &#243;xido n&#237;trico &#233; um vasodilatador e um agente antiaterog&#234;nico potente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A defici&#234;ncia de &#243;xido n&#237;trico ativa v&#225;rias vias envolvidas na aterog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Portanto, um defeito na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de insulina al&#233;m de prejudicar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da glicose tamb&#233;m causa hipertens&#227;o e aterosclerose acelerada. &#201; dif&#237;cil distinguir o efeito da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina da hiperinsulinemia compensat&#243;ria que sempre a acompanha. J&#225; se sugeriu que, se o efeito prejudicial da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina &#233; resultado da diminui&#231;&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o da insulina, a hiperinsulinemia compensat&#243;ria pode ser apenas um observador inocente. Inversamente, se certos aspectos da a&#231;&#227;o da insulina n&#227;o s&#227;o afetados pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia da insulina, a presen&#231;a de hiperinsulinemia compensat&#243;ria pode ter seu efeito pr&#243;prio. Consequentemente, a hiperinsulinemia compensat&#243;ria pode estimular ou at&#233; superestimular certos aspectos da a&#231;&#227;o da insulina em v&#225;rias c&#233;lulas e tecidos. Portanto, o ponto cr&#237;tico no entendimento do papel da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina &#233; determinar se a a&#231;&#227;o reduzida da insulina (efeito da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina) coexiste com a a&#231;&#227;o normal ou at&#233; aumentada da insulina (efeito da hiperinsulinemia) dentro do mesmo tecido e da mesma c&#233;lula. Essa tarefa &#233; possibilitada pela revela&#231;&#227;o da cadeia de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular da insulina. A hiperinsulinemia &#233; um fator de crescimento potente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> cujos efeitos de promo&#231;&#227;o de crescimento s&#227;o mediados pela via da prote&#237;na quinase ativada por mit&#243;genos (MAP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o entre o substrato 1 do receptor de insulina (IRS-1) e prote&#237;na transformadora contendo dom&#237;nios com homologia a Src 2 (SH2), a quinase regulada por sinal extracelular (ERK) &#233; ativada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> transloca-se para o n&#250;cleo e catalisa a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o que promovem o crescimento celular, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a diferencia&#231;&#227;o celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Portanto, essa via tem um papel importante na aterog&#234;nese.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de sua fun&#231;&#227;o nos mecanismos ateroscler&#243;ticos, j&#225; se relatou que a insulina atenua a resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica induzida por endotoxina diminuindo a express&#227;o do TNF-&#945; e aumentando a cascata anti-inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A express&#227;o do endocan &#233; regulada diferencialmente por citocinas. O TNF-&#945; e a interleucina-1 beta (IL-1&#946;) regula para cima e o interferon-gama (IFN-&#947;) regula para baixo a secre&#231;&#227;o do endocan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O efeito redutor da hiperinsulinemia no TNF-&#945; pode explicar a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico. Al&#233;m disso, Janke et al. demonstraram que o endocan &#233; expresso por adip&#243;citos humanos e que a administra&#231;&#227;o de insulina reduz a produ&#231;&#227;o do endocan em adip&#243;citos. Por esse motivo, j&#225; se sugeriu que a secre&#231;&#227;o de endocan por adip&#243;citos pode afetar significativamente os n&#237;veis de endocan locais ou sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, o efeito supressor da insulina nos adip&#243;citos pode ser outro fator efetivo nos baixos n&#237;veis de endocan plasm&#225;tico no grupo de pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>Menon et al. pesquisaram o papel do endocan durante a forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica em ratos homozigotos para ApoE e identificaram altos &#237;ndices de express&#227;o de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. No estudo, a express&#227;o de endocan tinha n&#237;veis baixos no endot&#233;lio quiescente, ao mesmo tempo em que se mostrava regulada para cima no endot&#233;lio ativado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os sujeitos em nosso grupo de estudo foram selecionados entre pessoas sem doen&#231;a vascular conhecida ou qualquer outra situa&#231;&#227;o que causasse inflama&#231;&#227;o. Por esse motivo, h&#225; uma probabilidade alta de que tanto os sujeitos do grupo de controle quanto os pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos tinham endot&#233;lio quiescente. Nesse caso, pode-se dizer que, em nosso grupo de pacientes, o efeito da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica na secre&#231;&#227;o de endocan pelo endot&#233;lio pode ser limitado. Consideramos que o efeito da insulina no TNF-&#945; e tecido adiposo &#233; mais dominante e causa uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de endocan s&#233;rico.</p>
      <p>J&#225; se demonstrou que os n&#237;veis de endocan plasm&#225;tico aumentam dependendo da gravidade da doen&#231;a em pacientes com aterosclerose, inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda. Determinou-se que o aumento no n&#237;vel de endocan s&#233;rico est&#225; associado com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ateroscler&#243;ticas, mas um valor de corte ainda n&#227;o foi determinado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Esse aumento no n&#237;vel de endocan s&#233;rico &#233; aceito como preditor de aterosclerose em muitos estudos. J&#225; foi sugerido que o endocan seja um inibidor funcional do ant&#237;geno 1 associado &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do linf&#243;cito (LFA-1) e da intera&#231;&#227;o com a mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intercelular-1 (ICAM-1), sugerindo seu papel anti-inflamat&#243;rio, pela inibi&#231;&#227;o do rolamento, da ades&#227;o ou da transmigra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O efeito ben&#233;fico obtido <italic>in vivo</italic> pelo bloqueio da ades&#227;o a mAbs em camundongos e em outros modelos animais demonstra claramente que o LFA-1 e a ICAM-1 est&#227;o envolvidos em inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> les&#227;o por isquemia/reperfus&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> rejei&#231;&#227;o de aloenxerto<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> e imunidade antitumoral. Portanto, pode-se dizer que o endocan &#233; secretado do endot&#233;lio em resposta a inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda e desempenha um papel regulat&#243;rio com seu efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio. Em nosso estudo, demonstramos que os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico diminu&#237;ram em pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos, provavelmente devido &#224; hiperinsulinemia. Podemos concluir que o endocan tem um papel inibidor na intera&#231;&#227;o entre LFA-1 e ICAM-1. Um aumento na atividade da ICAM-1 &#233; esperado com a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de endocan. O aumento da atividade da ICAM-1 pode levar &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular. A ICAM-1 &#233; uma mol&#233;cula bem conhecida que est&#225; envolvida na patog&#234;nese da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em estudos com grupos sem pr&#233;-diabetes ou resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico foram elevados, possivelmente em resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o no vaso ateroscler&#243;tico. Entretanto, nosso estudo mostrou que essa resposta era insuficiente e que os n&#237;veis de endocan s&#233;rico diminu&#237;ram em pacientes com pr&#233;-diabetes e aterosclerose, especialmente devido &#224; hiperinsulinemia. N&#237;veis baixos de endocan s&#233;rico podem estar envolvidos nos mecanismos de forma&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos abrangentes sobre esse assunto.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>H&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o n&#250;mero baixo de pacientes e o fato de o estudo ser realizado em um centro &#250;nico. Segundo, as medi&#231;&#245;es de EIMC foram usadas ao avaliar a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Por fim, outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que n&#227;o sabemos h&#225; quanto tempo nossos pacientes eram pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados demonstram que a hiperinsulinemia causa uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de endocan. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; valor-limiar para prever a aterosclerose. A redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores de endocan s&#233;rico medidos periodicamente no acompanhamento dos pacientes com pr&#233;-diabetes pode dar mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. &#201; necess&#225;rio realizar estudos prospectivos para este fim.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Can the Serum Endocan Level Be Used as a Biomarker to Predict Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Prediabetes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9584-6644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arman</surname>
            <given-names>Yucel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6580-7954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atici</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Altun</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarikaya</surname>
            <given-names>Remzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yoldemir</surname>
            <given-names>Seng&#252;l Aydin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2675-4252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akarsu</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kutlu</surname>
            <given-names>Orkide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Guzin Zeren</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Pinar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozcan</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bayraktarli</surname>
            <given-names>Recep Yilmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tukek</surname>
            <given-names>Tufan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Van Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Van &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of &#304;nternal Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Kanun&#304; Sultan Suleiman Tra&#304;n&#304;ng and Research Hosp&#304;tal, Department of &#304;nternal Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Family Medicine Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of &#304;nternal Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Y&#252;cel Arman &#8226; University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Darulaceze Cad. No:27 post code:34384 Sisli/&#304;stanbul/Turkey E-mail: dryarman@yahoo.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Arman Y, Yoldemir S, T&#252;kek T; Acquisition of data: Arman Y, Atici A, Sarikaya R, Yoldemir S, Akarsu M, Kutlu O, Ozturk GZ, Demir P, &#214;zcan M, Bayraktarl&#305; R, T&#252;kek T; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Arman Y, Atici A, Altun O, Sarikaya R, Akarsu M, Kutlu O, Demir P, &#214;zcan M, Bayraktarl&#305; R; Statistical analysis: Arman Y, Atici A; Writing of the manuscript: Arman Y, Altun O, T&#252;kek T; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Arman Y, T&#252;kek T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Patients with prediabetes have an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; therefore, early detection is important.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The present study aimed to reveal the usability of serum endocan levels as a biomarker in the diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with prediabetes, based on CIMT measurements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Participants were classified according to the presence (n=42) or absence (n=42) of prediabetes. Serum endocan, fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of patients were examined, and CIMT was measured. The level of significance for statistical analysis was 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>While serum endocan levels were found to be lower in patients with prediabetes, when compared to the control group (p=0.042), CIMT values were found to be higher (p=0.046). When evaluated by multivariate regression analysis, the serum endocan level was found to be associated with CIMT, regardless of other parameters (p=0.007). A negative correlation was found between plasma fasting insulin and endocan levels (r=-0.320, p=0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Carotid intima media thickness was found to be high and the serum endocan level was low in patients with prediabetes. Decreased serum endocan levels in patients with prediabetes may be a contributing factor to atherosclerosis formation mechanisms.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Prediabetic State</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Prediabetes, defined as levels between normal and diabetic blood sugar, is rapidly increasing around the world. Nearly 38% of the adult population in the United States of America<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and nearly 50% of the Chinese population have prediabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Prediabetes is important because of the increased risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications and progression to type 2 diabetes in a short time. High plasma glucose levels are known to be a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Additionally, insulin resistance may be connected to atherosclerosis due to worse lipid profiles,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> proinflammatory state,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Detection of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the early period is important for follow-up and treatment. Carotid intima media-thickness (CIMT) is used to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in the early stages and was able to predict cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Each 0.1 mm increase in CIMT increases the risk of myocardial infarction by 10-15% and stroke by 13-18%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> It is very appropriate for use in large-scale population studies, as it is non-invasive and can be obtained with a simple measurement.</p>
        <p>In addition to non-invasive methods to determine atherosclerosis development, a variety of biomarkers are known to be included in predictions. Endothelial specific molecule-1 (ESM-1), called endocan, is a proteoglycan released from endothelial cells under the control of inflammatory cytokines. Endocan activates compounds ensuring the necessary substrate for collection, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes along activated endothelium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In previous studies, serum endocan levels were found to be higher in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome compared to control groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Studies showed that serum endocan levels were associated with the severity of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are studies assessing serum endocan levels in patients with prediabetes and insulin resistance. However, it is unclear whether changes in serum endocan levels are a cause or a consequence, particularly in atherosclerotic events. When serum endocan levels were compared in these patient groups with control groups, contrary to high values in type 2 diabetes, they were found to be low or unchanged in group with prediabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Although the tendency toward atherosclerosis increases in both prediabetes and diabetes patients, the differences in serum endocan levels are remarkable. There are studies evaluating endocan levels in atherosclerosis and vascular events in type 2 diabetes patients. However, we could not find any study in the literature that evaluated endocan levels in prediabetes patients over atherosclerosis.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study sought to reveal the role of serum endocan levels in predicting subclinical atherosclerosis based on prediabetes patients on CIMT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The present study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approval was obtained from the hospital research ethics committee Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City (approval number 525). An informed consent form was signed by the participants. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the internal medicine outpatient clinic of our tertiary care hospital between June and August 2021. A total of 84 participants over the age of 18 were included in the study, of which 42 were patients with prediabetes and 42 were normoglycemic (BMI, age, and gender are similar).</p>
        <p>According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, those with fasting blood glucose levels between 100-125 mg/dL (impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)) or HbA1c 5.7-6.4%, or 2nd hour plasma glucose during 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) levels between 140 and 199 mg/dL (impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)), were included in the group with prediabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Normoglycemic participants with lower values were included in the control group. Individuals in the normoglycemic and prediabetes groups were not using any antidiabetic drugs.</p>
        <p>Those with a history of myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization, cerebrovascular events, a previous diagnosis of cardiovascular disease or systolic heart failure, severe valve disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, angina pectoris, ST-T wave variations on electrocardiogram, Q waves, left branch block, chronic liver or kidney disease, active malignancy, hypertension, inflammatory diseases, respiratory system disease, peripheral artery disease, smokers, or those who refused to participate were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>The blood pressure of participants was measured, and their BMI was calculated by measuring their height and weight (weight/square of height, kg/m<sup>2</sup>). After overnight fasting, blood sugar, insulin HbA1c, lipid levels (high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides), c-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, and serum endocan were analyzed. Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values were calculated with the formula (fasting blood sugar x fasting insulin level)/405.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum endocan measurements</title>
          <p>After overnight fasting, 10 ml of venous blood was collected from the participants. The samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1700 rpm. The serum was stored at -80&#8451; until analysis. Serum endocan levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol (Human Endocan Elisa Kit; lot no:201506, cat. No: E3160Hu, Sunred Biological Technology Shanghai, China). Results are given as ng/L. The measurement interval of the kit is 31-2000 ng/L.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of carotid intima-media thickness</title>
          <p>CIMT was measured using a multifrequency (12 MHz) linear array transponder (Samsung HS50 GE Ultrasound). All measurements were taken on high-resolution B-mode images. For CIMT measurements, patients were placed in the supine position, with their heads turned 45&#176; away from the measurement side. B-mode images of the extension of the distal segment of the right main carotid artery were obtained for three sequential sections of the far wall of the main carotid artery. The distance between the blood intima and media-adventitia interfaces was then measured for each section. CIMT was calculated by taking the average of the measurement values.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois). Mean and standard deviation were used for continuous variables with normal distribution, and median and interquartile ranges were used for those without normal distribution. Categorical variables are shown as absolute numbers and percentages. Distribution of variables was assessed with the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Continuous variables were compared using independent two sample t-test (unpaired) or Mann-Whitney U tests according to their distribution. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Pearson or Spearman tests were used for correlation analysis according to whether the variables were parametric or nonparametric. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the CIMT determinants. Normal distribution of all parameters is required for multivariate lineer regression analysis. Normal distribution was obtained by taking the logarithm of serum endocan and triglyceride levels. The statistical significance level was determined as P &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reproducibility</title>
          <p>Considering that the intra-observer and inter-observer agreement is 0.75, the minimal sample size (assuming Type error 0.05, Type II error 0.20 Power 0.80) is n=13. Considering the possible losses for any reason, 15 people were included in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Power analysis</title>
          <p>Power analysis was performed using the G-power program. Based on previous data in the literature, for effect size 0.57, alpha error share 5%, and 80% power to represent the population, the smallest size for each sample group was calculated as 39.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Age, gender, and BMI values of the group with prediabetes and normoglycemia were similar (p&gt;0.05).</p>
        <p>Serum endocan levels were significantly lower in the group with prediabetes than in the control group (p=0.042), while CIMT values were higher (p=0.046) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic Features and Laboratory Findings in Patients with Prediabetes and in Controls</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Control Group n=42</th>
                  <th>Patient group with prediabetes n=42</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (year)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.8&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">49.9&#177;8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (F/M)</td>
                  <td align="center">28/14</td>
                  <td align="center">30/12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.814</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.8&#177;4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">32.2&#177;8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Endocan (ng/L) *</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (84-300)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (65-185)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPI (&#181;U/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2&#177;5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">20.1&#177;8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">87&#177;5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">103&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2-h PG during 75-g OGTT (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">101&#177;19</td>
                  <td align="center">141&#177;34</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4&#177;1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2&#177;2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5 &#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9&#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.245</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">188&#177;32</td>
                  <td align="center">206&#177;33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">110&#177;31</td>
                  <td align="center">120&#177;26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">53&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">49&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)*</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (79-133)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (95-257)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CIMT (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67&#177;0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74&#177;0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; FPI: fasting plasma insulin; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PG: plasma glucose; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There was a significant correlation between CIMT values and age and triglyceride levels of all participants (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table-2</xref>). Multivariate lineer regression analysis of age, endocan, HbA1c, FPI, FPG, and triglyceride values was performed with CIMT. The logarithm of serum endocan and triglyceride values were taken to ensure normal distribution. The serum endocan level proved to be associated with CIMT, regardless of other parameters (p=0.007) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). While there was no correlation between serum endocan levels and CIMT measurements in the group with prediabetes (r=0.104 p=0.514) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ), a positive correlation was found in the group without prediabetes (r=0.340, p=0.028) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariate lineer regression analysis showing CIMT predictors</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Beta</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC 95%</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.525</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.324</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  <td align="center">0.068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (TG)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.142</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.381</td>
                  <td align="center">0.154</td>
                  <td align="center">0.396</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (Endocan)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.435</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.336</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c</td>
                  <td align="center">0.181</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.053</td>
                  <td align="center">0.219</td>
                  <td align="center">0.222</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.019</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">0.862</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>FPI: fasting plasma insulin; Log: logarithm; TG: triglycerides; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; CRP: C-reactive protein.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between plasma endocan levels and CIMT values in the patient group with prediabetes. (r=0.104, p=0.514)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0544-10797-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between plasma endocan levels and CIMT values in the control group (r=0.340, p=0.028).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0544-10797-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Correlations between the parameters in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and serum endocan levels were examined. Of these parameters, only fasting insulin was correlated with endocan levels. This correlation was negative (r=-0.320, p=0.001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between serum endocan levels and fasting plasma insulin (r=-0.320, p=0.001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0544-10797-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Reproducibility</title>
          <p>A total of 15 patients were chosen at random for inter- and intra-observer variability analysis. The compatibility of intra- and inter-observer CIMT values was calculated. The intra-class correlation coefficient for intra-observer and inter-observer variability was, respectively: 0.93 (95% CI, 0.87&#8211;0.97) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85&#8211;0.95) for CIMT.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study attempted to explain the role of endocan levels in predicting subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with prediabetes based on CIMT measurements. Plasma endocan levels were lower in the prediabetes patient group than in the control group. By contrast, CIMT values were higher in patients with prediabetes. In our study, there was no correlation between CIMT values and serum endocan levels. When the groups were evaluated separately, the correlation between CIMT measurements and endocan levels was found in the normoglycemic group but not in the group with prediabetes. However, according to the results of the regression analysis, serum endocan levels significantly explained the CIMT value.</p>
        <p>Many studies show that prediabetes can cause cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, the burden of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with prediabetes is higher than in normal people. In particular, the burden of atherosclerosis precedes the clinical symptoms of type 2 diabetes. In our study, CIMT values were high in patients with prediabetes, which is consistent with studies using CIMT as a subclinical atherosclerosis marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with prediabetes have hyperinsulinemia as a result of insulin resistance, and the results of our study are consistent with this. A negative correlation was confirmed between plasma insulin and endocan levels. It can be said that serum endocan levels are low in patients with prediabetes due to the hyperinsulinemic state.</p>
        <p>The relationship between hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis has been demonstrated by previous studies. Insulin resistance has elicited great interest in medical and scientific communities because of its association with cardiovascular disease. However, the molecular mechanisms linking insulin resistance to the development and/or progression of atherosclerosis remains enigmatic. Some mechanisms come to the fore regarding this situation. Insulin signaling plays a critical role in activating nitric oxide synthase, which regulates nitric oxide production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator and anti-atherogenic agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nitric oxide deficiency activates multiple pathways involved in atherogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Thus, a defect in insulin signaling not only impairs glucose use, but also causes hypertension and accelerated atherosclerosis. It is difficult to distinguish the effect of insulin resistance from the compensatory hyperinsulinemia that always accompanies insulin resistance. It has been suggested that if the detrimental effect of insulin resistance is a result of diminished insulin action, compensatory hyperinsulinemia may be just an innocent bystander. Conversely, if certain aspects of insulin action are not affected by the decreased potency of insulin, the presence of compensatory hyperinsulinemia may have its own effect. Consequently, compensatory hyperinsulinemia can stimulate or even overstimulate certain aspects of insulin action in various cells and tissues. Thus, the primary critical point in understanding the role of insulin resistance is to determine whether reduced insulin action (effect of insulin resistance) will coexist with normal or even increased insulin action (effect of hyperinsulinemia) within the same tissue and within the same cell. This task was made possible by unraveling the intracellular insulin signaling chain. Hyperinsulinemia is a potent growth factor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> whose growth-promoting effects are mediated via the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> After the interaction between insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and src homology 2 domain-containing (SHC) transforming protein, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) is activated,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> translocates into the nucleus and catalyses phosphorylation of transcription factors that promote cell growth, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Thus, this pathway plays an important role in atherogenesis.</p>
        <p>In addition to its role in atherosclerotic mechanisms, insulin has been reported to ameliorate the endotoxin-induced systemic inflammatory response by decreasing TNF-&#945; expression and increasing the anti-inflammatory cascade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The expression of endocan is differentially regulated by cytokines. TNF-&#945; and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1&#946;) up-regulate and interferon-gamma (IFN-&#947;) down-regulates the secretion of endocan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The lowering effect of hyperinsulinemia on TNF-&#945; may explain the decrease in serum endocan levels. Janke et al. also showed that endocan is expressed by human adipocytes and that insulin administration reduces endocan production in adipocytes. As a result, it has been suggested that endocan secretion from adipocytes may significantly affect local or systemic endocan levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> In our study, the suppressive effect of insulin on adipocytes may be another effective factor in the low plasma endocan levels in the patient group with prediabetes.</p>
        <p>Menon et al. researched the role of endocan during atherosclerotic lesion formation in ApoE null mice and identified high rates of expression in atherosclerotic plaques. In the study, endocan expression was at low levels in quiescent endothelium, while they showed it was up-regulated in activated endothelium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The subjects in our study group were chosen from people without known vascular disease or any other situation causing inflammation. For this reason, there is a high probability that both controls and patients of prediabetes had quiescent endothelium. In this case, it can be said that, in our patient group, the effect of subclinical atherosclerosis on endocan secretion from the endothelium may be limited. It is our opinion that the effect of insulin on TNF-&#945; and adipose tissue is more dominant and causes a decrease in the serum endocan level.</p>
        <p>It has been shown that plasma endocan levels increase depending on the severity of the disease in patients with atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation, and acute coronary syndrome. This increase in the serum endocan level has proven to be associated with atherosclerotic heart diseases, but a cut-off value has not been determined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> This increase in the serum endocan level has been accepted as a predictor of atherosclerosis in many studies. Endocan has been suggested as a functional inhibitor of the lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) interaction, suggesting its anti-inflammatory role, through the inhibition of leukocyte rolling, adhesion, or transmigration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The beneficial effect obtained <italic>in vivo</italic> by blocking adhesion with mAbs in mice and in other animal models clearly demonstrates that LFA-1 and ICAM-1 are involved in acute inflammation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> ischemia/reperfusion injury,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> allograft rejection,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> and antitumor immunity. Therefore, it can be said that endocan is secreted from the endothelium in response to acute inflammation and plays a regulatory role with its anti-inflammatory effect. The present study showed that serum endocan levels were decreased in patients with prediabetes, most likely due to hyperinsulinemia. It can be concluded that endocan plays an inhibitory role on the interaction between LFA-1 and ICAM-1. An increase in ICAM-1 activity is expected with decreasing endocan levels. The increase in ICAM-1 activity may cause vascular inflammation. ICAM-1 is a well-known molecule involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In studies with groups without prediabetes or insulin resistance, serum endocan levels were high, possibly in response to inflammation in the atherosclerotic vessel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> However, our study showed that this response was insufficient and that serum endocan levels decreased in patients with prediabetes and subclinical atherosclerosis, especially due to hyperinsulinemia. Low serum endocan levels may be involved in atherosclerosis formation mechanisms. Comprehensive studies are needed on this subject.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>There are some limitations to our study. The main limitation is the low number of patients and the study being performed in a single center. Secondly, only CIMT measurements were used when assessing subclinical atherosclerosis. Finally, another limitation is that we do not know how long our patients had been prediabetic.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our results show that hyperinsulinemia causes a decrease in endocan levels. However, there is no threshold value to predict atherosclerosis. The decrease in serum endocan values measured periodically in the follow-up of patients with prediabetes may give more information about the development of atherosclerosis. Prospective studies are needed for this purpose.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlations between CIMT and other parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">All participants (n=84)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Control Group (n=42)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Patient group with prediabetes (n=42)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Endocan (ng/L) *</td>
                  <td align="center">0.206</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                  <td align="center">0.340</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  <td align="center">0.104</td>
                  <td align="center">0.514</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (Year)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.363</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.490</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.215</td>
                  <td align="center">0.172</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.895</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.956</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                  <td align="center">0.833</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPI ((&#181;U/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180</td>
                  <td align="center">0.104</td>
                  <td align="center">0.360</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">0.900</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.195</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075</td>
                  <td align="center">0.212</td>
                  <td align="center">0.178</td>
                  <td align="center">0.119</td>
                  <td align="center">0.454</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2-h PG (OGTT)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.166</td>
                  <td align="center">0.131</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  <td align="center">0.485</td>
                  <td align="center">0.164</td>
                  <td align="center">0.300</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  <td align="center">0.379</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.982</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.242</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  <td align="center">0.349</td>
                  <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  <td align="center">0.199</td>
                  <td align="center">0.260</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.077</td>
                  <td align="center">0.520</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                  <td align="center">0.694</td>
                  <td align="center">0.065</td>
                  <td align="center">0.730</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.895</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.076</td>
                  <td align="center">0.632</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.927</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.031</td>
                  <td align="center">0.781</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.093</td>
                  <td align="center">0.557</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.192</td>
                  <td align="center">0.223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.111</td>
                  <td align="center">0.313</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  <td align="center">0.839</td>
                  <td align="center">0.227</td>
                  <td align="center">0.149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.257</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  <td align="center">0.306</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030</td>
                  <td align="center">0.342</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; FPI: fasting plasma insulin; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PG: plasma glucose; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; CRP: C-reactive protein; Total-C: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness.*Spearman correlation test, others: Pearson correlation test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
