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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FSPwyLn483x3pxhbxjg37Yx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000542</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220659</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220659</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>C&#233;lulas Espumosas na Aterosclerose</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9544-2359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de patologia &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>paulo.gutierrez@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>542</fpage>
      <lpage>543</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Patologia</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Espumosas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="1"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>J&#225; nas fases precoces das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas h&#225; ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;deos na t&#250;nica &#237;ntima, os quais, nessa localiza&#231;&#227;o, sofrem modifica&#231;&#245;es como oxida&#231;&#227;o e passam a ter a capacidade de induzir rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias e consequentemente a progress&#227;o do processo patol&#243;gico. Vale notar que h&#225; ind&#237;cios de que intera&#231;&#245;es com componentes presentes nessa camada arterial s&#227;o importantes para que as gorduras sejam retidas e fiquem, portanto, sujeitas &#224;s referidas modifica&#231;&#245;es que lhes trazem propriedades pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias. Nesse sentido, &#233; interessante notar que, enquanto a maioria das esp&#233;cies de mam&#237;feros t&#234;m a &#237;ntima arterial &#8220;virtual&#8221; &#8211; ou seja, &#224; microscopia de luz o endot&#233;lio parece repousar diretamente na l&#226;mina el&#225;stica interna (ainda que a observa&#231;&#227;o &#224; microscopia eletr&#244;nica revele que n&#227;o chega a ser assim) e sejam pouco suscept&#237;veis &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, as esp&#233;cies em que h&#225; quantidade de tecido que pode ser vista ao microsc&#243;pio de luz separando o endot&#233;lio da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica interna, como coelhos, porcos, s&#237;mios e, principalmente, seres humanos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), s&#227;o as que t&#234;m propens&#227;o a tal altera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Corte histol&#243;gico de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria humana normal, mostrando que na t&#250;nica &#237;ntima, ou seja, internamente &#224; m&#233;dia (corada em vermelho), h&#225; tecido conjuntivo. Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo pentacr&#244;mico de Movat; aumento da objetiva: 2,5x.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0542-20659-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Ao serem retidos na &#237;ntima, os lip&#237;deos se acumulam inicialmente no espa&#231;o extracelular, mas s&#227;o tamb&#233;m internalizados por c&#233;lulas, que assumem ao microsc&#243;pio o aspecto chamado de &#8220;c&#233;lulas espumosas&#8221;. Isso acontece porque no processamento histol&#243;gico habitual as amostras teciduais passam por uma s&#233;rie de banhos com a finalidade de desidrat&#225;-las e desengordur&#225;-las, de modo de melhorar a qualidade dos cortes. Com a retirada da gordura, restam septos intracelulares que conferem aos citoplasmas padr&#227;o rendilhado, dando a impress&#227;o do que corresponderia em duas dimens&#245;es &#224; vista de uma espuma ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Corte histol&#243;gico de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria humana apresentando c&#233;lulas espumosas, caracterizadas por citoplasma com aspecto rendilhado. Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo da hematoxilina &amp; eosina; aumento da objetiva: 40x.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0542-20659-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>H&#225; m&#233;todos de colora&#231;&#227;o para gordura sem o processamento habitual ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ), mas por outro lado perde-se qualidade no corte histol&#243;gico. As mesmas c&#233;lulas s&#227;o tamb&#233;m chamadas de &#8220;xantomatosas&#8221;, pelo grego &#8220;&#958;&#945;&#957;&#952;&#953;&#940;&#8221; (&#8220;xanti&#225;&#8221;), que corresponde a &#8220;loiro, amarelo&#8221;; por ter grande quantidade de gordura, macroscopicamente a regi&#227;o tem essa cor. Grande parte das c&#233;lulas espumosas &#233; constitu&#237;da por macr&#243;fagos, c&#233;lulas que de fato t&#234;m como uma de suas fun&#231;&#245;es primordiais internalizar material ex&#243;geno que apare&#231;a no interst&#237;cio, seja qual for o &#243;rg&#227;o. Especificamente nas les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas, c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e outras s&#227;o tamb&#233;m coadjuvantes nessa tarefa.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Corte histol&#243;gico em amostra de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria humana submetida a congela&#231;&#227;o (e n&#227;o ao processamento habitual) apresentando deposi&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides, corados em vermelho. Devido &#224; perda de qualidade no corte, &#233; dif&#237;cil precisar, mas ao menos parte da gordura parece estar localizada no espa&#231;o intracelular, possivelmente fazendo parte de c&#233;lulas espumosas. Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo escarlate R; aumento da objetiva: 40x.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0542-20659-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Castro et al. apresentam nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> um trabalho no qual estudam <italic>in vitro</italic> quais s&#227;o os est&#237;mulos que levam &#224; transforma&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos em c&#233;lulas espumosas; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> como comentam, os macr&#243;fagos podem ter fen&#243;tipo classificado como M1, com alta express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias que podem contribuir para a forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, ou M2, que desempenham um papel preventivo, reduzindo o tamanho da placa e melhorando sua estabilidade.</p>
    <p>Portanto, mais importante que apenas avaliar a forma&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula espumosa &#233; verificar seu perfil pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio. Para isso, analisaram como a forma&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas espumosas contribui na produ&#231;&#227;o de duas citocinas, o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) e a interleucina-6 (IL-6). Mostraram como concentra&#231;&#245;es de lip&#237;deos de baixa densidade oxidados e tempo de incuba&#231;&#227;o influenciam a forma&#231;&#227;o dessas citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, contribuindo assim para a elucida&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos celulares envolvidos na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Castro CA, Buzinari TC, Lino RLB, Ara&#250;jo HSS, An&#237;bal FF, Verzola RMM, et al. Profile of IL-6 and TNF in Foam Cell Formation: An Improved Method Using Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) Probe. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(4):533-541.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buzinari</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lino</surname>
              <given-names>RLB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>HSS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>An&#237;bal</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verzola</surname>
              <given-names>RMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Profile of IL-6 and TNF in Foam Cell Formation: An Improved Method Using Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) Probe</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>533</fpage>
          <lpage>541</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Perfil de IL-6 e TNF na Forma&#231;&#227;o de C&#233;lulas Espumosas: Um M&#233;todo Aprimorado Usando a Sonda de Isotiocianato de Fluoresce&#237;na (FITC)</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Foam Cells in Atherosclerosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9544-2359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de patologia &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: paulo.gutierrez@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Pathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Foam Cells</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In the early stages of atherosclerotic lesions, there is an accumulation of lipids in the tunica intima, which, in this location, undergo modifications such as oxidation and become capable of inducing inflammatory reactions and, consequently, the progression of the pathological process. It is worth noting that there are indications that interactions with components present in this arterial layer are important for fats to be retained and, therefore, subject to the modifications above that bring them pro-inflammatory properties. In this sense, it is interesting to note that while most mammalian species have a &#8220;virtual&#8221; arterial intima &#8211; that is, at light microscopy, the endothelium appears to lie directly on the internal elastic lamina (although observation electron microscopy reveals that this is not the case) and are less susceptible to atherosclerotic disease, species in which there is an amount of tissue that can be seen at light microscopy separating the endothelium from the internal elastic lamina, such as rabbits, pigs, apes and, mainly, human beings ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ), are the ones that are prone to such alteration.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of a normal human coronary artery shows that in the tunica intima, that is, internal to the media (stained red), there is connective tissue. Staining by Movat&#8217;s pentachrome method; objective magnification: 2.5x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0542-20659-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When retained in the intima, lipids initially accumulate in the extracellular space but are also internalized by cells, which assume the appearance called &#8220;foam cells&#8221; under the microscope. This is because, in the usual histological processing, tissue samples go through a series of baths to dehydrate and degrease them and improve the section quality. With the removal of the fat, intracellular septa are left that give the cytoplasm a lacy pattern, giving the impression of what would correspond in two dimensions to an appearance of foam ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">figure 2</xref> ). There are fat staining methods without the usual processing ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">figure 3</xref> ), but on the other hand, quality is lost in the histological section. The same cells are also called &#8220;xanthomatous,&#8221; by the Greek &#8220;&#958;&#945;&#957;&#952;&#953;&#940;&#8221; (&#8220;xanthia&#8221;), which corresponds to &#8220;blond, yellow&#8221;; because it has a large amount of fat, macroscopically, the region has this color. Most foam cells are made up of macrophages, cells that have as one of their primary functions to internalize exogenous material that appears in the interstitium, whatever the organ. Specifically, smooth muscle cells and others are also supportive in atherosclerotic lesions in this task.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02001">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of human coronary artery showing foam cells, characterized by cytoplasm with a lacy appearance. Staining by the hematoxylin &amp; eosin method; objective magnification: 40x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0542-20659-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03001">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of a human coronary artery sample submitted to freezing (and not to the usual processing) shows lipid deposition, stained in red. Due to the loss of quality in the cut, it is difficult to be precise, but at least part of the fat appears to be located in the intracellular space, possibly forming part of foam cells. Scarlet coloration R; objective magnification: 40x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0542-20659-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Castro et al. present in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> a work in which they study in vitro the stimuli that lead to the transformation of macrophages into foam cells;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> as they comment, macrophages may have a phenotype classified as M1, with high expression of pro-inflammatory proteins that can contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, or M2, which play a preventive role, reducing the size of the plaque and improving its stability.</p>
      <p>Therefore, verifying its pro-inflammatory profile is more important than just evaluating foam cell formation. For this, they analyzed how the formation of foam cells contributes to the production of two cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). They showed how concentrations of oxidized low-density lipids and incubation time influence the formation of these pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus contributing to the elucidation of cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Profile of IL-6 and TNF in Foam Cell Formation: An Improved Method Using Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) Probe</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
