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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YWLhk4cCJRmbK6s4qfVbTQp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005012203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000533</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210682</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210682</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil de IL-6 e TNF na Forma&#231;&#227;o de C&#233;lulas Espumosas: Um M&#233;todo Aprimorado Usando a Sonda de Isotiocianato de Fluoresce&#237;na (FITC)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2675-8069</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Cynthia Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buzinari</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lino</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Luis Bressani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>An&#237;bal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Verzola</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Mario Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bagnato</surname>
            <given-names>Vanderlei Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Inada</surname>
            <given-names>Natalia Mayumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Jhonatan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de F&#237;sica de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de F&#237;sica de S&#227;o Carlos, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Cynthia Aparecida de Castro &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos &#8211; Rod. Washington Lu&#237;s, km 235 &#8211; SP-310. CEP 13565-905, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cynthiaefi2004@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Castro CA, Bagnato VS, Inada NM, An&#237;bal FF, Rodrigues GJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Castro CA, Buzinari TC, Lino RLB, Selistre-de-Ara&#250;jo HS, An&#237;bal FF, Rodrigues GJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Castro CA, Buzinari TC, Lino RLB, Rodrigues GJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Castro CA, Buzinari TC, Bagnato VS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bagnato VS, Inada NM, Selistre-de-Ara&#250;jo HS, Rodrigues GJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Castro CA, Lino RLB, Bagnato VS, Inada NM, An&#237;bal FF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Castro CA, Lino RLB, Bagnato VS, Inada NM, Selistre-de-Ara&#250;jo HS, An&#237;bal FF, Rodrigues GJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>533</fpage>
      <lpage>541</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas ocorre devido ao aumento em lipoprote&#237;na plasm&#225;tica de baixa densidade (LDL) e desregula&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o, sendo importante para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o perfil do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) e da interleucina-6 (IL-6) no m&#233;todo de forma&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula espumosa existente, otimizando esse protocolo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A LDL foi isolada, oxidada e marcada com sonda de isotiocianato de fluoresce&#237;na (FITC). As c&#233;lulas espumosas foram geradas de c&#233;lula derivada de mon&#243;citos humanos THP-1 e incubadas na aus&#234;ncia (controle) ou presen&#231;a de FITC-ox-LDL (10, 50, 100, 150 ou 200 &#956;g/mL), por 12, 24, 48 ou 72 horas. A FITC-ox-LDL na c&#233;lula foi quantificada por microscopia. O ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica foi avaliado para quantificar a IL-6 e o TNF-&#945;, com um p &lt;0,05 considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Todas as concentra&#231;&#245;es de FITC-ox-LDL testadas apresentaram fluoresc&#234;ncia mais alta em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle, demonstrando maior ac&#250;mulo de lipoprote&#237;nas nas c&#233;lulas. Quanto mais alta a concentra&#231;&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL, maior a produ&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945; e IL-6. A produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-6 pelas c&#233;lulas espumosas foi detectada at&#233; o valor de 150 &#181;g/mL da LDL m&#225;xima de est&#237;mulo. Concentra&#231;&#245;es acima de 50 &#956;g/mL de LDL estimularam maior libera&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945; comparado ao controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Nosso modelo contribui para o entendimento da libera&#231;&#227;o de IL-6 e TNF-&#945; em resposta a v&#225;rias concentra&#231;&#245;es de ox-LDL usando o m&#233;todo otimizado para a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Espumosas</kwd>
        <kwd>Lip&#237;dios</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Isotiocianatos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluoresceina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2018/10588-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (CEPID-CEPOF) e CNPq(INCT) e parcialmente financiado pela FAPESP.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma das causas mais importantes de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, e &#233; detectada pelo ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;deos em macr&#243;fagos que nesse est&#225;gio s&#227;o conhecidos como c&#233;lulas espumosas no espa&#231;o subendotelial da parede arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas ocorre pelo aumento da lipoprote&#237;na plasm&#225;tica de baixa densidade (LDL), que passa por v&#225;rios processos fisiol&#243;gicos mediados por oxida&#231;&#227;o, acetila&#231;&#227;o e desnatura&#231;&#227;o. Essas modifica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o est&#237;mulos fisiol&#243;gicos que favorecem a internaliza&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas lip&#237;dicas por macr&#243;fagos, gerando a c&#233;lula espumosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Tipos de c&#233;lulas alternativas presentes na neo&#237;ntima, tais como m&#250;sculo liso e c&#233;lulas endoteliais, tamb&#233;m podem internalizar got&#237;culas de lip&#237;deos e se transdiferenciar a um estado semelhante ao das c&#233;lulas espumosas de macr&#243;fagos, contribuindo para a forma&#231;&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os macr&#243;fagos podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, exibindo alta heterogeneidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> devido a seu fen&#243;tipo resultante. Esse fen&#243;tipo pode ser classificado como M1 ou M2. Macr&#243;fagos M1 s&#227;o caracterizados como pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e t&#234;m alta express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias que contribuem para a forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. Os macr&#243;fagos M2 desempenham um papel preventivo, reduzindo o tamanho da placa e melhorando sua estabilidade, j&#225; que tem um perfil anti-inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estimular o perfil pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio &#233; importante no processo de forma&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas espumosas, j&#225; que mecanismos inflamat&#243;rios podem atuar como precursores na forma&#231;&#227;o lipidoc&#234;ntrica, al&#233;m de promoverem a aterog&#234;nese por meio da absor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol e da redu&#231;&#227;o do efluxo de colesterol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora a hiperlipidemia estimule a aterog&#234;nese fornecendo mais lip&#237;deos para a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas, alguns mediadores inflamat&#243;rios aumentam a oxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, tais como o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) e interleucina-6 (IL-6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A IL-6 &#233; uma citocina pleiotr&#243;pica que exibe propriedades pr&#243;- e anti-inflamat&#243;rias, dependendo do tipo de c&#233;lula-alvo. O aumento da IL-6 na aterosclerose resulta em efeitos em v&#225;rias c&#233;lulas envolvidas no processamento de lip&#237;deos e na forma&#231;&#227;o de placa, tais como a ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular de m&#250;sculo liso, e o ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;deos de macr&#243;fagos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Agora existem fortes evid&#234;ncias para o papel do TNF-&#945; derivado de macr&#243;fagos no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose e no aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; &#250;til investigar a fisiopatologia da forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas para o desenvolvimento de novas interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para a aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As t&#233;cnicas mais comumente usadas para o estudo da forma&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula espumosa s&#227;o a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de ox-LDL marcado dentro dos macr&#243;fagos ou o uso de corantes n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos, tais como o Oil Red O. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil do TNF-&#945; e da IL-6 no m&#233;todo de forma&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula espumosa existente, otimizando, assim, esse protocolo. A presen&#231;a desses mediadores inflamat&#243;rios age como marcadores da forma&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas espumosas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, o in&#237;cio da forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Produtos qu&#237;micos e reagentes</title>
        <p>Este estudo utilizou RPMI 1640, soro fetal bovino (SFB) (Vitrocell Embriolife, Campinas, SP, BR), PMSF (fluoreto de fenilmetilsulfonil); forbol 12-miristato 13-acetato (PMA), isotiocianato de fluoresce&#237;na (FITC), dicloridrato de 4&#8217;, 6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI), benzamidina, cloranfenicol e gentamicina, aprotinina, brometo de tiazolil azul de tetrazolio (MTT), que foram comprados da Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA; kit de ensaio de colesterol Amplex Red (N&#186; de cat&#225;logo A12216, Invitrogen, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR); IL-6 e TNF-&#945; R&amp;D Systems, 614 McKinley Pl NE, Minneapolis, MN, EUA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento de LDL</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Humana da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos - UFSCar (n&#186; 2.243.706) e os participantes forneceram seu consentimento por escrito. Foi realizada a coleta de sangue de 10 volunt&#225;rios normolipid&#234;micos (homens e mulheres com idades entre 18 e 45 anos) e o plasma foi obtido ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 1000 g por 15 min na presen&#231;a de K<sub>2</sub>EDTA 0,1 mL por 5 mL de sangue. Depois disso, benzamidina (2 mM), gentamicina (0,5%), cloranfenicol (0,25%), PMSF (fluoreto de fenilmetilsulfonil) (0,5 mM), e aprotinina (5 &#181;l/mL) foram acrescentados ao plasma (todos adquiridos da Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA) conforme descrito no relato anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A densidade do plasma foi elevada a 1,021 g/mL por KBr (o volume de plasma &#233; multiplicado pelo fator 0,3265 e o valor &#233; obtido em gramas de KBr s&#243;lido). Em seguida, 2,5 mL de plasma foram acrescentados ao tubo de polipropileno (4 mL) e o tubo foi preenchido com solu&#231;&#227;o de KBr d = 1,006. A LDL foi isolada por ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o (337 g por 4 horas a 4 &#176;C) em um rotor de &#226;ngulo fixo SW60TI (Beckman Coulter, Beckman). A fra&#231;&#227;o amarelo-laranja da LDL permaneceu no infranadante. A fra&#231;&#227;o da LDL foi coletada por suc&#231;&#227;o, usando-se uma seringa de 1 mL. A LDL coletada foi dialisada em ambiente escuro a 4 &#176;C em 2 L de PBS, pH 7,4, com quatro trocas de PBS por 24 horas. Ap&#243;s a di&#225;lise, a LDL foi filtrada (0,22 &#956;m) e armazenada a 4 &#176;C. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na foi determinada usando-se o m&#233;todo do reagente de fenol de Folin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modifica&#231;&#227;o oxidativa da LDL</title>
        <p>A LDL oxidada (ox-LDL) foi obtida pela incuba&#231;&#227;o da LDL com CuSO4 (5 &#956;mol/mL por mg de prote&#237;na LDL/4 h/37 &#176;C). A oxida&#231;&#227;o foi interrompida acrescentando-se 20 &#181;mol/mL EDTA. O grau de oxida&#231;&#227;o foi determinado pela medi&#231;&#227;o da oxida&#231;&#227;o ferrosa do laranja de xilenol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a oxida&#231;&#227;o, a ox-LDL foi dialisada em ambiente escuro por 24 h a 4 &#176;C e lavada 4 vezes com 2 L de PBS e EDTA (0,3 mM).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Marca&#231;&#227;o fluorescente de LDL</title>
        <p>A LDL foi marcada com isotiocianato de fluoresce&#237;na (FITC). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados em ambiente escuro. A LDL (1 mg/mL) e o FITC (50 &#956;g &#824;mL) foram misturados e incubados a 37 &#176;C por 3 horas. O FITC n&#227;o ligado foi retirado por di&#225;lise em PBS, por 48h a 4 &#176;C com oito trocas de PBS, e filtrado por uma malha de 0,22.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O FITC-ox-LDL foi armazenado a 4 &#176;C e usado por at&#233; dois meses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cultura celular</title>
        <p>A linha celular derivada de mon&#243;citos humanos THP-1 foi comprada do <italic>Banco de C&#233;lulas do Rio de Janeiro,</italic> RJ, <italic>Brasil,</italic> e foi cultivada a 37 &#176;C em uma atmosfera de 5% CO<sub>2</sub> com uma densidade de 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas/mL. O meio de cultura para as c&#233;lulas THP-1 foi o meio RPMI 1640 suplementado por soro fetal bovino (SFB) a 10% (Gibco BRL), 50 mg/L de sulfato de gentamicina, e 2 mg/L de anfotericina B. Para os experimentos, foram utilizadas c&#233;lulas THP-1 para indu&#231;&#227;o em macr&#243;fagos, usando o forbol 12-miristato 13-acetato 100 nM (PMA, Sigma)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e interferon (IFN)-&#947; (500 U/mL) para o fen&#243;tipo M1 induzido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O PMA induz a diferencia&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula THP-1 pela intera&#231;&#227;o direta com PKC&#948; que se liga &#224; trombomodulina, ativa ERK1/2, que, por sua vez, ativa a express&#227;o do inibidor de ciclo da c&#233;lula p21<sup>Cip1</sup>via sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de NF-kB p65. Al&#233;m disso, ERK1/2 participa da fosforila&#231;&#227;o de paxilina, cofilina, LIMK1, e PYK2, que mediam a remodela&#231;&#227;o citoesquel&#233;tica para promover a diferencia&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O interferon &#947; (IFN-&#947;), pelo ativador de transcri&#231;&#227;o 1 (STAT1), favorece a polariza&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos M1, que produzem mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios, incluindo o TNF-&#945;, IL-6, IL-1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Depois dessa indu&#231;&#227;o, as c&#233;lulas de macr&#243;fagos THP-1 foram incubadas sem FITC-ox-LDL ou com 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 &#956;g/mL, durante tempos diferentes (12, 24, 48 ou 72 horas) dependendo do prop&#243;sito do experimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Capta&#231;&#227;o celular de colesterol</title>
        <p>Para induzir a diferencia&#231;&#227;o do mon&#243;cito THP-1 em macr&#243;fagos, mon&#243;citos THP-1 (10<sup>4</sup> c&#233;lulas/mL) em placas de 96 po&#231;os foram tratados com 100 nM de PMA por 48 horas a 37 &#176;C. Para identificar a melhor concentra&#231;&#227;o de ox-LDL para induzir a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa, foi realizada uma curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta: por 24 horas a 10 &#956;g/mL, 50 &#956;g/mL, 100 &#956;g/mL, 150 &#956;g/mL, e 200 &#956;g/mL FITC-ox-LDL + IFN-&#947; (500 U/mL). Para a an&#225;lise temporal, c&#233;lulas diferenciadas foram incubadas na aus&#234;ncia ou na presen&#231;a de FITC-ox-LDL (100 &#956;g/mL) + interferon &#947; (500 U/mL) por 12h, 24h, 48h e 72h. O n&#250;cleo celular foi marcado com 1 &#956;g/mL de sonda fluorescente DAPI (Sigma) por 10 minutos e lavado 3 vezes com PBS. Para analisar a imagem de fluoresc&#234;ncia, foi usado um sistema de microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia, ImageXpress Micro (Molecular Devices) com excita&#231;&#227;o de 495nm e 525 nm de emiss&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL, e excita&#231;&#227;o de 340 nm e 488 nm de emiss&#227;o de DAPI</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantita&#231;&#227;o de colesterol/&#233;ster de colesterol em lisado celular</title>
        <p>O teor de &#233;ster de colesterol da c&#233;lula espumosa foi quantificado pelo kit de ensaio de colesterol Amplex Red (N&#186; de cat&#225;logo A12216, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante. Para essa an&#225;lise, as c&#233;lulas THP-1 (2x10 c&#233;lulas/po&#231;o) foram cultivadas em placas de 6 po&#231;os, diferenciadas em macr&#243;fagos, conforme descrito acima, e incubadas com ou sem ox-LDL. As c&#233;lulas espumosas foram fixadas em paraformalde&#237;do a 2% por 15 minutos, lavadas uma vez com PBS e incubadas com 200 &#956;l/po&#231;o de &#225;lcool absoluto por 30 min a 4 &#176;C para extrair lip&#237;deos celulares. O teor de colesterol foi determinado incubando-se 50 &#181;l de lip&#237;deos extra&#237;dos de &#225;lcool dilu&#237;dos em um tamp&#227;o de rea&#231;&#227;o 1x (0,1 M K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, pH 7,4, 0,05 M NaCl, 5 mM de &#225;cido c&#243;lico, 0,1% Triton X-100) ou solu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o dilu&#237;da com 50 &#181;l da solu&#231;&#227;o de ensaio (colesterol total) ou 50 &#181;l da solu&#231;&#227;o de ensaio sem a esterase do colesterol (colesterol livre), por 30 min a 37 &#176;C em ambiente escuro, e, em seguida, medindo-se a fluoresc&#234;ncia (fluor&#237;metro de microplaca HTS-7000; excita&#231;&#227;o de 530 nm, 590 nm). O valor foi relativizado para o os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na celular totais. Para quantificar os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na celular totais, as c&#233;lulas espumosas extra&#237;das de lip&#237;deos foram incubadas com 0,1% (raz&#227;o peso/volume [p/v]) SDS/0,2 M NaOH por 30 min em temperatura ambiente para extrair prote&#237;na celular. Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na celular foram determinados usando-se o m&#233;todo do reagente de fenol de Folin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e &#233;ster de colesterol foram representados como nanogramas de colesterol total ou &#233;ster de colesterol por micrograma de prote&#237;na.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es de citocina</title>
        <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias em lisado de c&#233;lula espumosa foi realizada usando-se o ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de IL-6 e do TNF-&#945; nos sobrenadantes de macr&#243;fagos foi medida usando-se o DuoSet kits (R&amp;D Systems, 614 McKinley Pl NE, Minneapolis, MN, EUA). Os macr&#243;fagos incubados na aus&#234;ncia de ox-LDL foram definidos como grupo de controle (M).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Viabilidade celular</title>
        <p>A viabilidade celular foi determinada por MTT (brometo de tiazolil azul de tetrazolio) (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA) (Mosmann, 1983). Mon&#243;citos de THP-1 (10<sup>4</sup> c&#233;lulas/mL) foram inoculados em placas de 96 po&#231;os e tratados com 100 nM PMA para diferencia&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos, por 48 horas, mantidos a 37 &#176;C em uma incubadora umidificada contendo 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. Ap&#243;s 48 horas, as c&#233;lulas foram expostas por 24 horas a 10 &#956;g/mL, 50 &#956;g/mL, 100 &#956;g/mL, 150 &#956;g/mL e 200 &#956;g/mL de FITC-ox-LDL + interferon &#947; (500 U/mL). A an&#225;lise da viabilidade celular ao longo do tempo tamb&#233;m foi realizada, sendo as c&#233;lulas incubadas na aus&#234;ncia (grupo de controle - M) ou na presen&#231;a de FITC-ox-LDL (FC) (100 &#956;g/mL) + interferon &#947; (500 U/mL) por 12h, 24h, 48h e 72h. Posteriormente, foram adicionados 5 mg/mL de MTT, seguido de 4 horas de incuba&#231;&#227;o a 5% CO<sub>2,</sub> 37 &#176;C. Depois desse tempo, foram adicionados 100 &#956;L de dimetilsulf&#243;xido (DMSO) e a placa permaneceu no agitador de placas por 10 minutos. A absorb&#226;ncia foi medida em 540 nm, usando-se um leitor de microplaca SpectraMax GeminiXS (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todo o estudo foi realizado pelo menos em triplicata em tr&#234;s experimentos independentes, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Boas Pr&#225;ticas de Cultura Celular (BPCC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov; igualdade de vari&#226;ncia (teste de Levene). Todos os valores s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Para se determinar a diferen&#231;a entre condi&#231;&#245;es, foi aplicado o ANOVA com o teste post hoc de Bonferroni para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es. Para de determinar a diferen&#231;a entre duas condi&#231;&#245;es, o teste T n&#227;o pareado de Student foi usado (SigmaStat vers&#227;o 3.5; Systat). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Houve um ac&#250;mulo maior de ox-LDL marcado com uma sonda de FITC (indicado pela presen&#231;a de fluoresc&#234;ncia verde), n&#227;o apenas na &#225;rea perinuclear, mas tamb&#233;m distribu&#237;do pelo citosol da maioria das c&#233;lulas, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> . Como esperado, n&#227;o foi encontrado ac&#250;mulo de LDL em c&#233;lulas n&#227;o tratadas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ), que apresentou apenas fluoresc&#234;ncia azul, que marca o n&#250;cleo da c&#233;lula.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagens representativas de capta&#231;&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL em macr&#243;fagos de THP-1. As THP-1 foram incubadas na aus&#234;ncia (grupo de controle - A) ou presen&#231;a B das concentra&#231;&#245;es indicadas de FITC-ox-LDL por 24 horas. As c&#233;lulas foram ent&#227;o lavadas, fixadas e examinadas usando-se um conjunto de filtro de 546 nm. A capta&#231;&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL foi mostrada em verde e os n&#250;cleos das c&#233;lulas foram marcados com DAPI (azul).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2B</xref> , as imagens de fluoresc&#234;ncia microsc&#243;pica mostram que a FITC-ox-LDL foi absorvida em todas as concentra&#231;&#245;es, apresentando fluoresc&#234;ncia mais alta quando comparada ao controle, usando-se a incuba&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas. Acima de 50 &#956;g/mL, a fluoresc&#234;ncia foi mais alta quando comparada a 10 &#956;g/mL, mas n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;as entre elas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL em c&#233;lulas THP-1. A) Capta&#231;&#227;o de colesterol fluorescente dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o por macr&#243;fagos THP-1 em unidades arbitr&#225;rias (UA). B) Imagens representativas de capta&#231;&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL em macr&#243;fagos de THP-1. As THP-1 foram incubadas na aus&#234;ncia (grupo de controle: 0) ou na presen&#231;a das concentra&#231;&#245;es indicadas de FITC-ox-LDL (10 &#8211; 200 &#956;g/mL) por 24 h. A capta&#231;&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL foi mostrada em verde e n&#250;cleos celulares foram marcados usando-se DAPI (azul). As c&#233;lulas foram visualizadas em microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia (20&#215; objetivas). Os valores foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. * P &lt;0,05, comparado a c&#233;lulas incubadas com 10 &#956;g/mL; ** P &lt;0,01, comparado a c&#233;lulas incubadas na aus&#234;ncia de FITC-ox-LDL.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os macr&#243;fagos THP-1 foram incubados com 100 &#956;g/mL de FITC-ox-LDL por 0, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Observou-se que em 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas, a intensidade da fluoresc&#234;ncia das c&#233;lulas tratadas com FITC-ox-LDL aumentou significativamente do n&#237;vel inicial (grupo de controle 0), mas somente ap&#243;s 72 horas a fluoresc&#234;ncia foi maior do que a de outros per&#237;odos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3A e 3B</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de capta&#231;&#227;o de colesterol aumentada dependente do tempo por macr&#243;fagos THP-1. A) Capta&#231;&#227;o de colesterol fluorescente dependente do tempo por macr&#243;fagos THP-1 em unidades arbitr&#225;rias (UA). B) Imagens representativas de capta&#231;&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL em macr&#243;fagos de THP-1. As THP-1 foram incubadas com 100 ug/mL de FITC-ox-LDL por 0h, 12h, 24h, 48h e 72h. A capta&#231;&#227;o de FITC-ox-LDL foi mostrada em verde e n&#250;cleos celulares foram marcados por DAPI (azul). As c&#233;lulas foram visualizadas em microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia (20&#215; objetivas). M, macr&#243;fago; FC, c&#233;lulas espumosas. Os valores foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. * P &lt;0,05, comparado a c&#233;lulas incubadas na aus&#234;ncia de FITC-ox-LDL; y P&lt;0,001, comparado a c&#233;lulas incubadas com outras concentra&#231;&#245;es de FITC-ox-LDL.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 4</xref> mostra o colesterol relativo, outras t&#233;cnicas para confirmar a presen&#231;a de colesterol em dentro das c&#233;lulas e a sobreviv&#234;ncia das c&#233;lulas nessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Quantitativamente, quando as c&#233;lulas foram incubadas por 24 horas em concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes, apenas com 150 e 200 &#181;g/mL de ox-LDL, houve um aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle n&#227;o incubado com ox-LDL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A</xref> ). Essa condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o causou uma altera&#231;&#227;o maior na sobreviv&#234;ncia das c&#233;lulas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4C</xref> ). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 4B</xref> mostra que incuba&#231;&#245;es de 100 &#181;g/mL em tempos de exposi&#231;&#227;o diferentes de ox-LDL n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as nos per&#237;odos diferentes, mas todos os per&#237;odos mostraram uma concentra&#231;&#227;o mais alta de colesterol comparadas ao momento 0 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4B</xref> ). A viabilidade dos macr&#243;fagos foi reduzida ao longo do tempo (24, 48 e 72 horas) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o per&#237;odo de 12 horas, mas as c&#233;lulas espumosas apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na viabilidade apenas nos per&#237;odos de 24 e 48 horas, e, em 72 horas, essas c&#233;lulas tinham uma viabilidade maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os macr&#243;fagos em 72 horas, que era semelhante &#224; do grupo das c&#233;lulas espumosas no per&#237;odo de 12 horas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4D</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Capta&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;deos em macr&#243;fagos THP-1 e viabilidade das c&#233;lulas. A) Capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol por macr&#243;fagos THP-1 (Colesterol relativo - o valor foi relativizado para os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na celular totais); B) Capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol por macr&#243;fagos THP-1 dependente do tempo (Colesterol relativo - o valor foi relativizado para os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na celular totais). C) &#205;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia em concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes de FITC-ox-LDL. D) &#205;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia em tempos de exposi&#231;&#227;o a FITC-ox-LDL diferentes. M, aus&#234;ncia de FITC-ox-LDL no macr&#243;fago; FC, c&#233;lulas espumosas. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. P &lt;0,05: * M vs. FC por tempo; ** comparado a c&#233;lulas incubadas na aus&#234;ncia de FITC-ox-LDL (tempo 0); &#947; comparado a M com 12h; &#946; comparado a FC com 12h.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, a curva de tempo mostra que tanto a IL-6 e o TNF-&#945; eram mais altos em c&#233;lulas espumosas em compara&#231;&#227;o a macr&#243;fagos em todos os per&#237;odos de exposi&#231;&#227;o a ox-LDL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5A, 5B</xref> ), mas apenas a IL-6 foi mais alta nos per&#237;odos de 48 e 72 horas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos per&#237;odos de 12 e 24 horas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5A</xref> ). Considerando a curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o de ox-LDL, a produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-6 foi mais alta em todas as concentra&#231;&#245;es testadas, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s c&#233;lulas sem exposi&#231;&#227;o a ox-LDL (grupo de controle 0) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5C</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, quando exposta a 50, 100, e 150 &#181;g/mL, a produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-6 foi maior quando comparada &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de 10 &#181;g/mL, e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de 200 &#181;g/mL tamb&#233;m diminuiu a libera&#231;&#227;o de IL-6, igualando-se aos valores de concentra&#231;&#227;o de 10 &#181;g/mL. A libera&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945; foi mais expressiva apenas nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de 50 a 200 &#181;g/mL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5D</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito de tempo e concentra&#231;&#227;o de ox-LDL nas citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias da c&#233;lula THP-1: A) Interleucina 6 em tempos diferentes com 100 &#956;g/mL ox-LDL; B) Fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) em tempos diferentes com 100 &#956;g/mL ox-LDL. C) Interleucina 6 em concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes de ox-LDL tratada por 24 horas. D) Fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) em concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes de ox-LDL tratado por 24 horas. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. M, macr&#243;fago na aus&#234;ncia de FITC-ox-LDL; FC, c&#233;lulas espumosas. * P &lt;0,001, M vs. FC por tempo (Teste T de Student); P &lt;0,05: ** comparado a c&#233;lulas incubadas na aus&#234;ncia FITC-ox-LDL (tempo 0); &#947; comparado com c&#233;lulas incubadas de 10 &#956;g/mL. + P &lt; 0.01, comparado com 12h e 24h.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos experimentos documentam uma otimiza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo existente de forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa induzida por LDL oxidada para a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa <italic>in vitro</italic> , a partir de macr&#243;fagos THP-1 e da incuba&#231;&#227;o com FITC-ox-LDL, al&#233;m de verificar a resposta de citocinas tais como a IL-6 e o TNF-&#945;. Com 12 horas de incuba&#231;&#227;o, a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa acontece com o fen&#243;tipo pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio M1, ou seja, com um aumento nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-6 e TNF-&#945;. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do perfil inflamat&#243;rio dos macr&#243;fagos &#233; importante, pois macr&#243;fagos M1 pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios ativados de forma cl&#225;ssica estimulam a aterog&#234;nese, enquanto macr&#243;fagos M2 estabilizam a placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outros estudos usaram a t&#233;cnica de forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa adotando protocolos, como o uso de corante Oil Red O ou LDL marcada com suas pr&#243;prias sondas, juntamente com LDL oxidada tornada mais complexa com o corante DiL (DiL-ox-LDL). Um estudo conduzido por Xu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrou que, ap&#243;s a incuba&#231;&#227;o com DiL-ox-LDL (10 &#181;g/mL) por 4 horas, o resultado foi um aumento significativo de capta&#231;&#227;o de ox-LDL em macr&#243;fagos; entretanto, esse estudo n&#227;o avaliou a inflama&#231;&#227;o nesses macr&#243;fagos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Embora o protocolo de indu&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa usando-se a sonda DiL-ox-LDL seja mais eficiente em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras t&#233;cnicas, ele tem um rendimento menor, ou seja, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma grande quantidade de materiais para realiz&#225;-la, aumentando muito o custo. Al&#233;m dessa t&#233;cnica, este trabalho indica que a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas usando-se o corante Oil Red O e incuba&#231;&#227;o de ox-LDL (50 &#956;g/mL) por 24 horas n&#227;o &#233; um protocolo preciso, j&#225; que, nesse protocolo, lip&#237;deos neutros (especialmente triglic&#233;rides) s&#227;o coradas com um corante vermelho-alaranjado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> o que pode levar &#224; baixa especificidade da t&#233;cnica, j&#225; que em c&#233;lulas espumosas h&#225; mais &#233;ster de colesterol e n&#227;o h&#225; lip&#237;deos neutros. Portanto, no presente estudo, os m&#233;todos foram otimizados usando-se LDL oxidada marcada com uma sonda fluorescente FITC (FITC-ox-LDL), introduzindo um m&#233;todo pr&#225;tico de colora&#231;&#227;o para forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa a partir de macr&#243;fagos. Usando a marca&#231;&#227;o de ox-LDL com FITC e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o na forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas, obteve-se um m&#233;todo com a qualidade de sondas fluorescentes de baixo custo, produzindo fotos de alta qualidade.</p>
      <p>Para a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa, a LDL humana foi isolada por ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o, oxidada e marcada com sonda de isotiocianato de fluoresce&#237;na (FITC). O uso de FITC como sonda fluorescente &#233; amplo, j&#225; que o grupo do isotiocianato reage com grupos aminos terminais e prim&#225;rios em prote&#237;nas, o que faz dele uma t&#233;cnica vi&#225;vel e altamente acess&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> C&#233;lulas THP-1 aderentes acumulam in&#250;meras got&#237;culas de lip&#237;deos (coloridas em verde) expostas a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 100 &#956;g/mL de LDL oxidada por 24 horas, conforme mostrado na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a THP-1 diferenciada por macr&#243;fagos assumiu a apar&#234;ncia morfol&#243;gica de c&#233;lulas espumosas com got&#237;culas de lip&#237;deo fluorescente presentes ao longo do citosol e pr&#243;ximo ao n&#250;cleo da maioria das c&#233;lulas. Os mon&#243;citos de THP-1 foram amplamente usados como modelo de macr&#243;fagos <italic>in vitro</italic> , mas pouca aten&#231;&#227;o foi dedicada &#224; otimiza&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa a partir de macr&#243;fagos sem verificar se h&#225; inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de 100 &#956;g/mL &#233; mais comumente usada na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> entretanto, os dados do presente estudo mostram que macr&#243;fagos derivados de mon&#243;citos THP-1 s&#227;o bem diferenciados em c&#233;lulas espumosas com 50 &#956;g/mL FITC-ox-LDL por apenas 12h. Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, h&#225; um ac&#250;mulo de colesterol na c&#233;lula com produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, tais como IL-6 e TNF-&#945;, sem alterar a viabilidade dessa c&#233;lula. O fen&#243;tipo pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa, j&#225; que os componentes presentes na ox-LDL podem induzir diversos efeitos biol&#243;gicos <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> , tais como a diferencia&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos, a ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, e a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema imune. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que sua a&#231;&#227;o se deve &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de TLR4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Portanto, o processo oxidativo parece estar diretamente envolvido no est&#237;mulo dessas subst&#226;ncias.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL no citoplasma do macr&#243;fago, &#233; importante monitorar a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, j&#225; que os macr&#243;fagos podem contribuir para a aterog&#234;nese, especialmente ap&#243;s sua intera&#231;&#227;o com a ox-LDL na camada &#237;ntima da art&#233;ria, produzindo citocinas e mediadores inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A crescente express&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios pode ser causada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos durante o processo ateroscler&#243;tico, levando a um aumento na capta&#231;&#227;o de ox-LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os resultados mostrados neste trabalho demonstraram que a produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-6 e TNF-&#945; aumentou em macr&#243;fagos quando o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o variou. A IL-6 foi liberada em uma concentra&#231;&#227;o mais alta nas c&#233;lulas espumosas em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles. Al&#233;m disso, quanto maior o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; ox-LDL, maior a libera&#231;&#227;o de IL-6, de forma que os per&#237;odos de 48 e 72 horas tiveram uma libera&#231;&#227;o maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os per&#237;odos de 12 e 24 horas. Considerando o TNF-&#945;, todos os tempos foram maiores do que seus controles, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os tempos de exposi&#231;&#227;o. Em um ambiente com alta inflama&#231;&#227;o, &#233; extremamente importante considerar a viabilidade dessas c&#233;lulas, pois, nessas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais, a exposi&#231;&#227;o a FITC-ox-LDL por 72 horas reduziu a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas em compara&#231;&#227;o com a exposi&#231;&#227;o por 12 horas. Juntos, esses dados podem sugerir que a produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-6 e TNF-&#945; poderiam contribuir para a adapta&#231;&#227;o da fagocitose de macr&#243;fagos. Isso &#233; especialmente importante se, nesse microambiente, os macr&#243;fagos (M1) est&#227;o em maiores quantidades, promovendo um processo inflamat&#243;rio, induzindo a cronicidade e promovendo efeitos delet&#233;rios nos tecidos.</p>
      <p>As c&#233;lulas espumosas na placa ateroscler&#243;tica produzem citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias que podem contribuir para a inflama&#231;&#227;o local. Sua natureza inflamat&#243;ria foi corroborada por estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> que mostram macr&#243;fagos M2 derivados de mon&#243;citos, que normalmente t&#234;m um fen&#243;tipo anti-inflamat&#243;rio, consomem altos n&#237;veis de ox-LDL e produzem fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1) seguidos da forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula espumosa, assumindo, dessa forma, um fen&#243;tipo pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio mais pr&#243;ximo ao M1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os macr&#243;fagos, <italic>in vivo</italic> , s&#227;o uma popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas din&#226;micas com caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas e funcionais que s&#227;o significativamente diferentes entre si, dependendo de seu ambiente de matura&#231;&#227;o e da natureza de seus est&#237;mulos adicionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por exemplo, c&#233;lulas THP-1 podem ser direcionadas a um fen&#243;tipo M1 usando o IFN-&#947;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> da forma como usamos em nosso protocolo e que foi confirmada pela alta libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias. Outros estudo usam um protocolo de exposi&#231;&#227;o a LDL muito prolongado, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 48 horas ou mais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> o que mostramos n&#227;o ter viabilidade, j&#225; que, com 12 horas de incuba&#231;&#227;o, a forma&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula espumosa j&#225; foi obtida, garantindo um alto grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, no per&#237;odo de 48 horas, a viabilidade da c&#233;lula foi reduzida em aproximadamente 50%, prejudicando poss&#237;veis interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a falta de um protocolo uniforme que apresenta componentes inflamat&#243;rios afeta grandemente a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados e a capacidade de comparar estudos. Isso se d&#225; porque o desenho do experimento n&#227;o representa poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as fenot&#237;picas e/ou funcionais nas popula&#231;&#245;es de macr&#243;fagos que podem ser atribu&#237;das ao uso de protocolos de matura&#231;&#227;o diferentes, tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o e concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL, sem avaliar o perfil inflamat&#243;rio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem um modelo que contribui para o entendimento da libera&#231;&#227;o de IL-6 e TNF-&#945; em resposta a v&#225;rias concentra&#231;&#245;es de ox-LDL usando o m&#233;todo otimizado para a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas. Portanto, o entendimento das rela&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas de macr&#243;fagos e mecanismos inflamat&#243;rios &#233; importante para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre o combate/atenua&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi financiado por verbas da FAPESP (Programa CEPID-CEPOF), bem como do CNPQ (Programa INCT), pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES) &#8211; C&#243;digo Financeiro 001, e pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP 2018/10588-9).</p>
    </ack>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>XX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sheng</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>XX</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effects and Potential Mechanisms of Action of the Caffeoylquinic Acid-Rich Pandanus tectorius Fruit Extract in Hamsters Fed a High Fat-Diet</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e61922</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0061922.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (CEPID-CEPOF) e CNPq(INCT) e parcialmente financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Profile of IL-6 and TNF in Foam Cell Formation: An Improved Method Using Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) Probe</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2675-8069</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Cynthia Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buzinari</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lino</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Luis Bressani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>An&#237;bal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Verzola</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Mario Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bagnato</surname>
            <given-names>Vanderlei Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Inada</surname>
            <given-names>Natalia Mayumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Jhonatan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de F&#237;sica de S&#227;o Carlos, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Cynthia Aparecida de Castro &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos &#8211; Rod. Washington Lu&#237;s, km 235 &#8211; SP-310. Postal code 13565-905, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: cynthiaefi2004@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Castro CA, Bagnato VS, Inada NM, An&#237;bal FF, Rodrigues GJ; Acquisition of data: Castro CA, Buzinari TC, Lino RLB, Selistre-de-Ara&#250;jo HS, An&#237;bal FF, Rodrigues GJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Castro CA, Buzinari TC, Lino RLB, Rodrigues GJ; Statistical analysis: Castro CA, Buzinari TC, Bagnato VS; Obtaining financing: Bagnato VS, Inada NM, Selistre-de-Ara&#250;jo HS, Rodrigues GJ; Writing of the manuscript: Castro CA, Lino RLB, Bagnato VS, Inada NM, An&#237;bal FF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Castro CA, Lino RLB, Bagnato VS, Inada NM, Selistre-de-Ara&#250;jo HS, An&#237;bal FF, Rodrigues GJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The formation of foam cells occurs due to the increase in low-density plasma lipoprotein (LDL) and dysregulation of inflammation, which is important for the development of atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the profile of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the existing foam cell formation method, optimizing this protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The LDL was isolated, oxidized, and labeled with a Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) probe. Foam cells were generated from THP-1 human monocyte-derived cells and incubated in the absence (control) or presence of FITC-ox-LDL (10, 50, 100, 150, or 200 &#956;g/mL), for 12, 24, 48, or 72 hours. The accumulated FITC-ox-LDL in the cell was quantified by microscopy. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was evaluated to quantify the IL-6 and TNF-&#945;, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>All the FITC-ox-LDL concentrations tested showed a higher fluorescence when compared to the control, showing a greater accumulation of lipoprotein in cells. The higher the concentration of FITC-ox-LDL, the greater the production of TNF-&#945; and IL-6. The production of IL-6 by foam cells was detected up to the value of 150 &#181;g/mL of the maximum stimulus for LDL. Concentrations above 50 &#956;g/mL LDL stimulated greater release of TNF-&#945; compared to control.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our model contributes to the understanding of the release of IL-6 and TNF-&#945; in response to different concentrations of ox-LDL, using an optimized method for the formation of foam cells.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Foam Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerotic</kwd>
        <kwd>Isotiocianatos, Fluoresceina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and is detected by the accumulation of lipids in macrophages that in this stage are known as foam cells in the sub-endothelial space of the arterial wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Foam cell formation occurs by the increase of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which undergoes various physiological processes mediated by oxidation, acetylation, and denaturation. These modifications are physiological stimuli that favor the Internalization of lipid particles by macrophages generating the foam cell.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Alternative cell types present in the neointima, such as smooth muscle and endothelial cells, can also internalize lipid droplets and transdifferentiate to a state similar to foam cells from macrophages, contributing to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Macrophages can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, displaying high heterogeneity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> due to its resulting phenotype. This phenotype can be classified as M1 and M2. M1 macrophages are characterized as pro-inflammatory and have a high expression of pro-inflammatory proteins that contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. M2 macrophages play a preventive role by reducing the size and improving the stability of the plaque, as it has an anti-inflammatory profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Stimulating the pro-inflammatory profile is important in the process of foam cell formation, given that inflammatory mechanisms can act both as precursors in the lipid-centric formation as well as promote atherogenesis via cholesterol absorption and a decrease in cholesterol efflux.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although hyperlipidemia stimulates atherogenesis by providing more lipids for foam cell formation, some induced inflammatory mediators increase lipid oxidation, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that exhibits pro and anti-inflammatory properties, depending on the type of target cell. An increase in IL-6 in atherosclerosis results in effects on multiple cells involved in lipid processing and plaque formation, such as the activation of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and accumulation of macrophage lipids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> There is now strong evidence for the role of macrophage-derived TNF-&#945; in the development of atherosclerosis and increased vascular inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, investigating the physiopathology of foam cell formation is useful in developing new therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most commonly used techniques for studying foam cell formation are ox-LDL-labeled quantification inside the macrophages or using non-specific stains such as oil. The present study aimed to evaluate the profile of TNF-&#945; and IL-6 in the existing foam cell formation method, thereby optimizing this protocol. The presence of these inflammatory mediators act as markers of the formation of pro-inflammatory foam cells, the beginning of the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Chemicals and reagents</title>
          <p>This study used RPMI 1640, Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Vitrocell Embriolife, Campinas, SP, BR), PMSF (phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl-fluoride), Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC), 4&#8242;,6-Diamidine-2&#8242;-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), benzamidine, gentamicin chloramphenicol, aprotinin, Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT), which were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, Amplex Red Cholesterol Assay Kit (Catalog no. A12216, Invitrogen, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR); IL-6 and TNF-&#945; R&amp;D Systems, 614 McKinley Pl NE, Minneapolis, MN, USA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>LDL isolation</title>
          <p>The present study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos - UFSCar (#2.243.706) and the participants provided their written consent. Blood was collected from 10 normolipidemic volunteers (men and women, aged 18 to 45 years), and plasma was obtained after centrifugation at 1,000 g for 15 min in the presence of K<sub>2</sub>EDTA 0.1mL for each 5 mL of blood. Next, benzamidine (2 mM), gentamicin (0.5%), chloramphenicol (0.25%), PMSF (phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl-fluoride) (0.5 mM), and aprotinin (5&#181;l/mL) (all acquired from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were added to the plasma pool, as described in previous report.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The plasma density was raised to 1.021 g/mL by KBr (the plasma volume is multiplied by factor 0.3265, and the amount is then obtained in grams of solid KBr). After, 2.5 mL of plasma was added to the polypropylene tube (4 mL), and the tube was completed with a KBr solution of d = 1.006. The LDL was isolated by ultracentrifugation (337 g for 4h at 4&#176;C) in a SW60TI fixed-angle rotor (Beckman Coulter, Beckman). The yellow-orange LDL fraction remained in the infranatant. The LDL fraction was collected by suction, using a 1 mL syringe. The collected LDL was dialyzed in the dark at 4&#186;C in 2 L of PBS, pH 7.4, with four PBS exchanges for 24 hours. After dialysis, LDL was filtered (0.22 &#956;m) and stored at 4&#176;C. The protein concentration was determined by using the Folin phenol reagent method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxidative modification of LDL</title>
          <p>Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) was obtained by incubating LDL with CuSO4 (5&#956;mol/mL per mg of LDL protein/ 4 h/ 37&#176;C). Oxidation was stopped by adding 20 &#181;mol/mL EDTA. The degree of oxidation was determined by measuring the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> After oxidation, the ox-LDL was dialyzed in the dark for 24 h at 4&#176;C and washed 4 times with 2 L of PBS and EDTA (0.3 mM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fluorescent labeling of LDL</title>
          <p>The oxidized LDL was labeled with Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). All procedures were performed in the dark. LDL (1 mg/mL) and FITC (50 &#956;g &#824;mL) were mixed and incubated at 37&#176;C for 3h. Unbound FITC was removed by dialysis against PBS for 48h at 4&#176;C with eight changes of PBS and filtered through a 0.22 &#956;m filter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> FITC-ox-LDL was then stored at 4&#176;C and used for up to two months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell culture</title>
          <p>The THP-1 human monocyte-derived cell line was purchased from the <italic>Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank,</italic> Rio de Janeiro, <italic>Brazil,</italic> and was grown at 37&#176;C in a 5% CO<sub>2</sub>atmosphere to a density of 10<sup>6</sup>cells/mL. The growth medium for the THP-1 cells was RPMI Medium 1640 supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Gibco BRL), 50 mg/L Gentamicin Sulfate, and 2 mg/L Amphotericin B. The THP-1 cells were used in the experiments for induction in macrophages, using the 100 nM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, Sigma)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and interferon (IFN)-&#947; (500 U/mL) to induce the M1 phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> PMA induces THP-1 cell differentiation through direct interaction with PKC&#948;, which binds to Thrombomodulin and activates ERK1/2, which in turn increases cell the cycle inhibitor p21<sup>Cip1</sup>expression via NF-kB p65 signaling. In addition, ERK1/2 participates in the phosphorylation of paxillin, cofilin, LIMK1, and PYK2, which mediate cytoskeletal remodeling to promote differentiation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Interferon &#947; (IFN-&#947;), through the activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), favors the polarization of M1 macrophages, which produce pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-&#945;, IL-6, and IL-1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> After this induction, the THP-1 macrophage cells were incubated without FITC-ox-LDL or with 10, 50, 100, 150, or 200 &#956;g/mL, for different times (12, 24, 48 or 72 hours), depending on the experimental purpose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cellular uptake of cholesterol</title>
          <p>To induce THP-1 monocyte differentiation in macrophages, THP-1 monocytes (10<sup>4</sup>cells/mL) in 96-well plates were treated with 100 nM PMA for 48 hours at 37&#176;C. To identify the best ox-LDL concentration to induce foam cell formation, a concentration-response curve was performed: for 24 hours at 10 &#956;g/mL, 50 &#956;g/mL, 100 &#956;g/mL, 150 &#956;g/mL, and 200 &#956;g/mL FITC-ox-LDL + IFN-&#947; (500 U/mL). For the temporal analysis, differentiated cells were incubated in the absence or presence of FITC-ox-LDL (100 &#956;g/mL) + interferon &#947; (500 U/mL) for 12h, 24h, 48h, and 72h. The cell nucleus was labeled with 1 &#956;g/mL DAPI fluorescent probe (Sigma) for 10 minutes and washed 3 times with PBS. To analyze the fluorescence image, an automated fluorescence microscope system, ImageXpress Micro (Molecular Devices), with 495nm excitation, 525 nm FITC-ox-LDL emission, 340 nm excitation, and 488 nm emission for DAPI was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cholesterol/cholesteryl ester quantitation in cell lysate</title>
          <p>Foam cell cholesteryl ester content was quantified by the Amplex Red Cholesterol Assay Kit (Catalog no. A12216, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol. For this analysis, the THP-1 cells (2x10<sup>6</sup>cells/well) were cultured in 6-well plates; differentiated into macrophages, as described above; and incubated with or without ox-LDL. Foam cells were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, washed once with PBS, and incubated with a 200 &#956;l/well of absolute ethanol for 30 min at 4&#176;C to extract cellular lipids. Cholesterol content was determined by incubating 50 &#181;l of ethanol-extracted lipids diluted in 1x reaction buffer (0.1 M K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, pH 7.4, 0.05 M NaCl, 5 mM Cholic acid, 0.1% Triton X-100) or undiluted solution with 50 &#181;l of assay solution (total cholesterol) or 50 &#181;l of assay solution lacking cholesterol esterase (free cholesterol), for 30 min at 37&#176;C in the dark and then by measuring the fluorescence (HTS-7000 microplate fluorometer; 530-nm excitation, 590-nm). The value was relativized for the total cellular protein levels. To quantify the total cellular protein levels, the lipid-extracted foam cells were incubated with 0.1% (weight/volume ratio [w/v]) SDS/0.2 M NaOH for 30 min at room temperature to extract the cellular protein. Total cellular protein levels were determined by using the Folin phenol reagent method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Total cholesterol and cholesteryl ester levels were represented as nanograms of total cholesterol or cholesteryl ester per microgram of protein.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cytokine measurements</title>
          <p>Quantification of inflammatory cytokines in foam cell lysate was performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-6 and TNF-&#945; concentration in the supernatants of macrophages were measured using DuoSet kits (R&amp;D Systems, 614 McKinley Pl NE, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Macrophages that incubated in absence of ox-LDL were defined as the control group (M).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell viability</title>
          <p>Cell viability was determined by MTT (Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide) (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) (Mosmann, 1983). THP-1 monocytes (10<sup>4</sup>cells/mL) were seeded in 96-well plates and treated with 100 nM PMA for macrophage differentiation, for 48 hours, maintained at 37&#176;C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. After 48 hours, cells were exposed for 24 hours to 10 &#956;g/mL, 50 &#956;g/mL, 100 &#956;g/mL, 150 &#956;g/mL, and 200 &#956;g/mL of FITC-ox-LDL + interferon &#947; (500 U/mL). The analysis of cell viability over time was also performed, where the cells were incubated in the absence (Control group - M) or presence of FITC-ox-LDL (FC) (100 &#956;g/mL) + interferon &#947; (500 U/mL) for 12h, 24h, 48h, and 72h. Later, 5 mg/mL of MTT was added, followed by 4 hours of incubation at 5% CO<sub>2,</sub>37&#176;C. After this time, 100 &#956;L of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was added, and the plate remained on the plate shaker for 10 minutes. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm, using a microplate reader SpectraMax GeminiXS (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The entire study was carried out at least in triplicate, in three independent experiments, according to recommendations for Good Cell Culture Practice (GCCP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Data normality was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; equality of variance (Levene&#8217;s test). All values were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). To determine the difference between conditions, ANOVA was applied with the Bonferroni post hoc test for multiple comparisons. To determine the difference between two conditions, the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was used (SigmaStat version 3.5; Systat). The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>There was a greater accumulation of ox-LDL labeled with a FITC probe (indicated by the presence of green fluorescence), not only in the perinuclear area, but also distributed throughout the cytosol of most cells, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> . As expected, no accumulation of LDL was found in the untreated cells ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ), which exhibited only blue fluorescence, which labels the cell nucleus.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative images of FITC-ox-LDL uptake in THP-1 macrophages. THP-1 were incubated in the absence (Ctrl group - A or presence B) of indicated concentrations of FITC-ox-LDL for 24h. Cells were then washed, fixed, and examined, using a 546 nm filter set. FITC-ox-LDL uptake was shown in green and the cells&#180; nucleus was labeled using DAPI (blue).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In Figure 2B, the microscopic fluorescence images show that FITC-ox-LDL was absorbed in all concentrations, showing higher fluorescence when compared to the control, using 24h of incubation. Above 50 &#956;g/mL, the fluorescence was higher when compared to 10 &#956;g/mL, but no difference was observed between them ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurement of FITC-ox-LDL concentration in THP-1 cells. A) Concentration-dependent fluorescent cholesterol uptake by THP-1 macrophages in arbitrary unit (AU). B) Representative images of FITC-ox-LDL uptake in THP-1 macrophages. THP-1 were incubated in the absence (Control group: 0) or presence of indicated concentrations of FITC-ox-LDL (10 &#8211; 200 &#956;g/mL) for 24 h. FITC-ox-LDL uptake was shown in green, and cell nucleus was labeled using DAPI (blue). Cells were viewed under fluorescence microscope (20&#215; objectives). Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD. * P &lt; 0.05, compared to cells incubated with 10 &#956;g/mL; ** P &lt; 0.01, compared to cells incubated in absence of FITC-ox-LDL.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The THP-1 macrophages were incubated with 100 &#956;g / mL of FITC-ox-LDL for 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). It was observed that within 12, 24, 48, and 72h the fluorescence intensity of the cells treated with FITC-ox-LDL increased significantly from the background level (Control group 0), but only after 72h was the fluorescence greater than other times ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A and 3B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurement of time-dependent increased uptake of cholesterol by THP-1 macrophages. A) Time-dependent fluorescent cholesterol uptake by THP-1 macrophages in arbitrary unit (AU). B) Representative images of FITC-ox-LDL uptake in THP-1 macrophages. THP-1 were incubated which 100 ug/mL of FITC-ox-LDL for 0h, 12h, 24h, 48h, and 72h. FITC-ox-LDL uptake was shown in green, and cell nucleus was labeled by DAPI (blue). Cells were viewed under fluorescence microscope (20&#215; objectives). M, macrophage; FC, foam cells. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD. * P &lt; 0.05, compared to cells incubated in absence of FITC-ox-LDL; &#947; P &lt; 0.001, compared to cells incubated with the other FITC-ox-LDL concentrations.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> showed the relative cholesterol, other techniques to confirm the presence of cholesterol in cells, and the survival of the cells in this condition. Quantitatively, when the cell was incubated for 24h in different concentrations, only with 150 and 200 &#181;g/mL of ox-LDL, a greater cholesterol concentration was found when compared to the control that was not incubated with ox-LDL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A</xref> ). This condition did not cause a major change in cell survival ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4C</xref> ). In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4B</xref> , incubations of 100 &#181;g/mL at different times of exposure of ox-LDL showed no difference between times, but all times showed a greater concentration of cholesterol the compared to time 0 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4B</xref> ). Macrophages reduced their viability over time (24, 48, and 72h) as compared to the time of 12h; however, foam cells showed a reduction in viability only at times of 24 and 48h. By contrast, in 72h, these cells had a greater viability when compared to macrophages in 72h, which was similar to that found for the group of foam cells at 12h ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4D</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Lipid uptake in THP-1 macrophage and cell viability. A) Concentration-dependent increased uptake of cholesterol by THP-1 macrophages (Relative cholesterol - the value was relativized for the total cellular protein levels); B) Time-dependent increased uptake of cholesterol by THP-1 macrophages (Relative cholesterol - the value was relativized for the total cellular protein levels). C) Survival rate in different concentrations of FITC-ox-LDL. D) Survival rate in different exposure time of FITC-ox-LDL. M, macrophage absence of FITC-ox-LDL; FC, foam cells. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD. P &lt; 0.05: * M vs FC per Time; ** compared to cells incubated in absence of FITC-ox-LDL (time 0); &#947; compared to 12h M; &#946; compared to 12h FC.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the production of inflammatory cytokines, the time curve shows that both IL-6 and TNF-&#945; were higher in foam cells when compared to macrophages at each time of exposure to ox-LDL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5A, 5B</xref> ), but only IL-6 was higher in times 48h and 72h when compared to 12h and 24h ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5A</xref> ). Considering the ox-LDL concentration curve, IL-6 production was higher in all tested concentrations when compared to cells without exposure to ox-LDL (control group 0) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5C</xref> ). In addition, when exposed to 50, 100, and 150 &#181;g/mL, the production of IL-6 was greater when compared to the concentration of 10 &#181;g/mL. The concentration of 200 &#181;g/mL also decreased the release of IL-6, matching the values of concentration of 10 &#181;g/mL. The release of TNF-&#945; was only more expressive at concentrations of 50 to 200 &#181;g / mL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5D</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Time and concentration effect of ox-LDL in the proinflammatory cytokines of THP-1 cell: A) Interleukin 6 at different times with 100 &#956;g/mL ox-LDL; B) Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) at different times with 100 &#956;g/mL ox-LDL. C) Interleukin 6 in different concentrations of ox-LDL, treated for 24 hours. D) Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) in different concentrations of ox-LDL, treated for 24 hours. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD. M, macrophage absence of FITC-ox-LDL; FC, foam cells. * P &lt; 0.001, M vs FC per Time (Test T Student); P &lt; 0.05: ** compared to cells incubated in absence of FITC-ox-LDL (time 0); &#947; compared to cells incubated with 10 &#956;g/mL. + P &lt; 0.01, compared to 12h and 24h.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0533-10682-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our experiments document an optimization of the existing method of oxidized LDL-induced foam cell formation for <italic>in vitro</italic> foam cell formation, from THP-1 macrophages and incubation with FITC-ox-LDL, in addition to the verification of the response of such cytokines as IL6 and TNF-&#945;. With 12h of incubation, foam cell formation takes place with the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype, that is, with an increase in the concentrations of Il-6 and TNF-&#945;. The characterization of the inflammatory profile of macrophages is important, considering that classically activated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages stimulate atherogenesis, while M2 macrophages stabilize the atherosclerotic plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Other studies have used the foam cell formation technique, adopting such protocols as Oil Red O staining or labeled LDL with their own probes, together with oxidized LDL complexed with DiL dye (DiL-Ox-LDL). A study conducted by Xu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> showed that incubation with DiL-ox-LDL (10 &#181;g/mL) for 4h resulted in a significant increase in ox-LDL uptake in macrophages; however, they did not evaluate the inflammation of these macrophages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Although the foam cell induction protocol using the DiL-ox-LDL probe is more efficient when compared to other techniques, it also has a low yield, that is, a large amount of material is needed to perform it, making it rather costly. In addition to this technique, this work points out that foam cell formation using Oil Red staining and LDL-ox incubation (50 &#956;g/mL) for 24h is not an accurate protocol, since in this protocol neutral lipids (mainly triglycerides) are stained with an orange-red dye,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> which may cause a low specificity in the technique, as in foam cells there is more cholesterol ester and no neutral lipids. Therefore, the present study sought to optimize the methods using oxidized LDL labeled with an FITC fluorescent probe (FITC-ox-LDL), introducing a simple and practical staining method for foam cell formation from macrophages. Using ox-LDL labeling with FITC and the quantification of inflammation in cell formation, a method with the quality of low-cost fluorescent probes was obtained, producing high quality photos.</p>
        <p>For foam cell formation, human LDL was isolated by ultracentrifugation, oxidized, and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate (FITC). The use of FITC as a fluorescent probe is widely used because the isothiocyanate group reacts with terminal and primary amino groups in proteins, making it a viable and highly accessible technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Adherent THP-1 cells accumulate numerous lipid droplets (stained with green) upon exposure to a 100 &#956;g/mL concentration of oxidized LDL for 24 hours, as shown in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In addition, the macrophage-differentiated THP-1 assumed the morphological appearance of foam cells with fluorescent lipid droplets present along the cytosol and near to the nucleus of most cells. THP-1 monocytes have been extensively used as an <italic>in vitro</italic> model of macrophages, but little care has been given to optimizing foam cell formation from macrophages without checking for inflammation.</p>
        <p>The concentration of 100 &#956;g/mL is most commonly used in the literature;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> however, the present study&#8217;s data show that macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes are well differentiated in foam cells with 50 &#956;g/mL FITC-ox-LDL for only 12h. Under these conditions, there is an accumulation of cholesterol in the cell with an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine drugs, such as IL-6 and TNF-&#945;, without altering the viability of this cell. The pro-inflammatory phenotype is of great importance in foam cell formation, as the components present in ox-LDL can induce diverse biological effects in vitro and <italic>in vivo</italic> , such as monocyte differentiation, activation of endothelial cells, and activation of the immune system. Moreover, there is evidence that its action is due to the activation of TLR4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Therefore, the oxidative process seems to be directly involved in the stimulation of these substances.</p>
        <p>In addition to the concentration of LDL in the macrophage cytoplasm, it is important to monitor the production of inflammatory cytokines, as macrophages can contribute to atherogenesis, mainly after its interaction with ox-LDL in the intima layer of the artery, producing cytokines and inflammatory mediators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The increasing expression of inflammatory markers can be caused by the activation of macrophages during the atherosclerotic process, leading to an increase in the uptake of ox-LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The results shown in this work demonstrated that IL-6 and TNF-&#945; production increased in macrophages when exposed to different exposure times. IL-6 was released in a higher concentration in the foam cells when compared to its controls; in addition, the longer the exposure time to the ox-LDL, the greater the release of IL-6, so that 48h and 72h had a greater release when compared to 12h and 24h. Considering TNF-&#945;, all times were greater than their controls, but there was no difference between exposure times. In an environment with high inflammation, it is of utmost importance to consider the viability of these cells, so that under these experimental conditions, the 72-hour exposure to FITC-ox-LDL reduced cell viability when compared to 12 hours of exposure. Together, these data may suggest that the production of IL-6 and TNF-&#945; could contribute to the upregulation of macrophage phagocytosis, especially if in this microenvironment the macrophages (M1) are in greater quantities, thus promoting an inflammatory process, inducing chronicity, and promoting deleterious effects on tissues.</p>
        <p>The foam cells in the atherosclerotic plaque produce proinflammatory cytokines that may contribute to local inflammation. Their inflammatory nature has been supported by <italic>in vitro</italic> studies that show human monocyte-derived M2 macrophages, which normally have an anti-inflammatory phenotype, consume high levels of ox-LDL, and produce proinflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1), followed by the formation of foam cell, thus taking on a more M1-like proinflammatory phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Macrophages, <italic>in vivo</italic> , are a dynamic cell population with both phenotypic and functional traits that differ significantly one with another, depending on their maturation environment and the nature of the added stimuli.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> For example, THP-1 cells can be directed to an M1 phenotype using the IFN-&#947;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> as we used in our protocol and which was confirmed by the high release of inflammatory cytokines. Other studies use a very prolonged LDL exposure protocol lasting 48h or more,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> which we show has no viability, given that, with 12h of incubation, the foam cell formation is already obtained, ensuring a high degree of inflammation. In addition, at 48h, the cell viability was reduced by approximately 50%, hindering possible interventions.</p>
        <p>Thus, the lack of a uniform protocol that presents inflammatory components greatly affects the interpretation of results and the ability to compare studies. This is because the experimental design does not represent possible phenotypic and/or functional differences in the macrophage populations that are attributable to the use of different maturation protocols, exposure time, and LDL concentration, without evaluating the inflammatory profile.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study&#8217;s results suggest a model that contributes to the understanding of the release of IL-6 and TNF-&#945; in response to different concentrations of ox-LDL using an optimized method for the formation of foam cells. Therefore, the understanding of the phenotypic relationships of macrophages and inflammatory mechanisms is important for the development of research to fight/attenuate the condition of atherosclerosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This work was supported by funding from FAPESP (Program CEPID-CEPOF), as well as from CNPq (Program INCT), the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brazil (CAPES) &#8211; (Finance Code 001), and the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2018/10588-9).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was funded by FAPESP (CEPID-CEPOF) and CNPq (INCT) and partially funded by FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
