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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FNCF77CL94ScRYZmpG7PBLj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001101</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000522</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210613</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210613</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Depend&#234;ncia de Pacing a Longo-Prazo e Preditores de Implante de Pacemaker ap&#243;s Implante Percut&#226;neo de Pr&#243;tese Valvular A&#243;rtica &#8211; 1 Ano de Seguimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1002-9985</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-9411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0671-009X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Gon&#231;alo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lebreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ad&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, E.P.E., Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Alves Pinto &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, E.P.E. &#8211; Alameda Prof. Hern&#226;ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal E-mail: <email>ricardojrapinto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pinto RA, Proen&#231;a T, Carvalho MM, Pestana G, Lebreiro A, Ad&#227;o L, Macedo F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pinto RA, Proen&#231;a T, Carvalho MM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pinto RA, Proen&#231;a T; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pinto RA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pinto RA, Proen&#231;a T, Pestana G; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Carvalho MM, Pestana G, Lebreiro A, Ad&#227;o L, Macedo F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>522</fpage>
      <lpage>530</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o (DC) s&#227;o a complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR) e ainda n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre seu tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar novos DC e implante de marca-passo definitivo (MPD) ap&#243;s a TAVR e avaliar a porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular (EV) at&#233; 1 ano de acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes submetidos a TAVR de outubro de 2014 a novembro de 2019 foram cadastrados; pacientes com MPD anterior foram exclu&#237;dos. Dados cl&#237;nicos, do procedimento, do ECG e do MPD foram coletados at&#233; 1 ano ap&#243;s o implante. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 0,05%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 340 indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a TAVR. O DC mais comum foi bloqueio de ramo esquerdo novo (BRE; 32,2%), sendo que 56% destes foram resolvidos ap&#243;s 6 meses. O bloqueio do ramo direito (BRD) foi o maior fator de risco para bloqueio atrioventricular avan&#231;ado (BAV) [RC=8,46; p&lt;0,001] e implante de MPD [RC=5,18; p&lt;0,001], seguido de BAV de baixo grau pr&#233;vio [RC=2,25; p=0,016 para implante de MPD]. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento, v&#225;lvulas de gera&#231;&#245;es mais recentes e procedimentos de v&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula foram associados a menos DC. No total, 18,5% dos pacientes tiveram MPD implantado ap&#243;s a TAVR. Na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do MPD, pacientes com BAV avan&#231;ado tinham uma porcentagem mediana de EV de 80%, e, ap&#243;s um ano, de 83%. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com BRE e BAV de baixo grau, a EV mediana foi mais baixa (6% na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o, p=0,036; 2% ap&#243;s um ano, p = 0,065).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O BRE foi o DC mais frequente ap&#243;s a TAVR, com mais da metade dos casos se resolvendo nos primeiros 6 meses. O BRD foi o principal fator de risco para BAV avan&#231;ado e implante de MPD. O BAV avan&#231;ado foi associado a uma porcentagem mais alta de EV no acompanhamento de 1 ano.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estenose A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante Marcapasso</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante Pr&#243;tese Valvar A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Dist&#250;rbios de Condu&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR) &#233; um procedimento bem estabelecido para o tratamento de pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave sintom&#225;tica com risco cir&#250;rgico aumentado ou proibitivo. O aumento da experi&#234;ncia levou ao crescimento da considera&#231;&#227;o da TAVR como uma op&#231;&#227;o para as pessoas com risco mais baixo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A ado&#231;&#227;o generalizada da TAVR foi seguida de uma redu&#231;&#227;o na maioria das complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedurais, exceto pelos novos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e consequente necessidade de implante de MPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Novos BRE, com uma incid&#234;ncia de cerca de 25% (4 a 65%), s&#227;o os dist&#250;rbios de ritmo mais frequentemente documentados ap&#243;s a TAVR e provavelmente os mais desafiadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora seja frequentemente autolimitado, uma porcentagem significativa desses pacientes desenvolve BAV avan&#231;ado ou bloqueio card&#237;aco total, as complica&#231;&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-TAVR mais graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda h&#225; quest&#245;es importantes sobre o tratamento dos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a TAVR, levando a abordagens diferentes entre os v&#225;rios centros. Geralmente, os pacientes permanecem monitorados como telemetria e eletrocardiogramas (ECG) di&#225;rios ap&#243;s o procedimento, &#224;s vezes com marca-passo reserva tempor&#225;rio, aumentando o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o e os custos do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> H&#225; dados limitados sobre os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de BAV avan&#231;ado e a necessidade de se manter um marca-passo tempor&#225;rio, o que tamb&#233;m se traduz na varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de implante de MPD p&#243;s-TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever novos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e implante de MPD em pacientes submetidos a TAVR com uma pr&#243;tese valvar bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel ou autoexpans&#237;vel. Tamb&#233;m foi avaliada a porcentagem de EV em pacientes que foram submetidos a implante de MPD em at&#233; um ano de acompanhamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo incluiu uma amostra de pacientes consecutivos submetidos a TAVR no Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, E.P.E., um centro terci&#225;rio no Porto, Portugal, de outubro de 2014 a novembro de 2019 (n = 371). Pacientes que tinham MPD antes do implante da v&#225;lvula foram exclu&#237;dos (n = 31). Os demais 340 pacientes foram analisados retrospectivamente. Dados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e do procedimento foram coletados na apresenta&#231;&#227;o e at&#233; 1 ano ap&#243;s o implante, incluindo a interroga&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de MPD implantados. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es, dados e coleta de ECG</title>
        <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e a defini&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o estavam de acordo com o Consenso do Valve Academic Research Consortium (Cons&#243;rcio de pesquisa acad&#234;mica valvar) (VARC)-2 e o consenso do JACC Scientific Expert Panel (Painel cient&#237;fico de especialistas do JACC), respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os ECG foram obtidos sistematicamente na linha de base (geralmente no dia anterior &#224; TAVR), imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante da v&#225;lvula (na admiss&#227;o na unidade de tratamento cardiol&#243;gico) e pelo menos uma vez ao dia at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Todos os pacientes tiveram monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. A maioria dos ECG em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o foram registrados eletronicamente e foram avaliados e analisados por cardiologistas. Os dados cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e do procedimento foram obtidos de registros digitais. O BAV de baixo grau foi definido como BAV Mobitz I de 1&#186; ou 2&#186; graus. O BAV avan&#231;ado foi definido como BAV Mobitz II de 2&#186; grau ou de 3&#186; grau.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento</title>
        <p>Pacientes submetidos a TAVR com v&#225;lvulas autoexpans&#237;veis (Medtronic CoreValve, Medtronic CoreValve Evolut R, Medtronic CoreValve Evolut Pro, Boston Scientific Acurate Neo, Abbott Portico e Boston Scientific LOTUS) e bal&#227;o-expans&#237;veis (Edwards SAPIEN 3) foram inclu&#237;dos. Todos os pacientes tiveram um cateter de estimula&#231;&#227;o transvenoso tempor&#225;rio colocado no ventr&#237;culo direito. Dependendo do novo surgimento de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ou risco de dist&#250;rbio de ritmo pr&#233;-procedimento, e de acordo com o consenso do JACC Scientific Expert Pane,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> o marca-passo tempor&#225;rio foi retirado imediatamente no laborat&#243;rio de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o ou posteriormente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (geralmente 24 &#8211; 48h). Para fins deste estudo, a an&#225;lise de v&#225;lvulas de nova gera&#231;&#227;o incluiu procedimentos com as v&#225;lvulas SAPIEN 3, CoreValve Evolut Pro e Acurate Neo, enquanto as demais foram classificadas como v&#225;lvulas de gera&#231;&#227;o anterior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indica&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo definitivo e acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Os MPD foram implantados de acordo com as diretrizes ACC/AHA/HRS de 2018 para bradicardia e retardo de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e de acordo com o JACC Scientific Expert Panel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Todos os dispositivos foram analisados no 1&#186; e no 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s o implante. A condu&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca de VA foi sistematicamente questionada e foram aplicados algoritmos para minimizar a EV (modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular gerenciada ou modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o AAI com reserva de VVI na maioria dos pacientes). Para fins deste estudo, a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do MPD foi definida como primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo ap&#243;s a alta (tempo mediano 3 meses ap&#243;s o implante, FIQ 3 - 4 meses) e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de um ano foi definida como a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do dispositivo (tempo mediano de 12 meses ap&#243;s o implante, FIQ 10 - 12 meses). Como alguns pacientes foram acompanhados em outras institui&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, os dados do acompanhamento do MPD n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para 30% e 43% dos pacientes para a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do MPD e para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de um ano, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram expressos como mediana (faixa interquartil [FIQ]) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e porcentagens para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov de uma amostra foi realizado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste Qui-quadrado, e raz&#245;es de chance (RC) s&#227;o apresentadas quando se considera relevante. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas usando-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Diferen&#231;as com um p valor = &lt;0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 25.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 340 pacientes submetidos a TAVR entre outubro de 2014 e novembro de 2019 foram inclu&#237;dos nesta amostra, ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de 31 pacientes com MPD pr&#233;vio.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> . A idade mediana foi de 81 anos (FIQ 76 a 85 anos) e 57% dos pacientes eram mulheres.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Linha de base</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">N</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">340</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos (FIQ)</td>
                  <td>81 (76 - 81)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino (%)</td>
                  <td>193 (57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td>294 (87)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td>127 (37)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td>244 (72)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td>185 (62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>em di&#225;lise (%)</td>
                  <td>10 (3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                  <td>78 (23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o do VE preservada (%)</td>
                  <td>244 (73)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V&#225;lvula bic&#250;spide (%)</td>
                  <td>8 (3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (FIQ)</td>
                  <td>0,7 cm<sup>2</sup> (0,6 &#8211; 0,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente de press&#227;o transvalvar (FIQ)</td>
                  <td>46 mmHg (39,5 - 59)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (FIQ)</td>
                  <td>60 % (44 - 65)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica grave (%)</td>
                  <td>15 (6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>A tabela 1 apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Os valores foram apresentados como mediana (FIQ) ou n&#250;mero de casos (%). FIQ: faixa interquartil; anos - idade; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de ritmo pr&#233;-TAVR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Ritmo</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ritmo sinusal</td>
                  <td>262 (77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td>78 (23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Condu&#231;&#227;o AV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Condu&#231;&#227;o AV normal</td>
                  <td>207 (79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV de 1&#186; grau</td>
                  <td>53 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV Mobitz I de 2&#186; grau</td>
                  <td>2 (1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Condu&#231;&#227;o IV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRE</td>
                  <td>31 (9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD</td>
                  <td>25 (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo</td>
                  <td>24 (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio bifascicular</td>
                  <td>23 (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Retardo de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular n&#227;o espec&#237;fico</td>
                  <td>33 (10)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>A tabela 2 resume o ritmo card&#237;aco, a condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV) e a condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (IV) da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo antes da TAVR. A condu&#231;&#227;o AV foi considerada apenas no ritmo sinusal. Os valores foram apresentados como n&#250;mero de casos (%). BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na linha de base, 77% dos pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal e 23% tinham FA. A maioria dos pacientes que estavam em ritmo sinusal tinha condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV) normal. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (IV), 60% n&#227;o tinham dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o e o dist&#250;rbio mais frequente foi um retardo de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular n&#227;o espec&#237;fico (NICD; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>A v&#225;lvula autoexpans&#237;vel CoreValve Evolut R foi a usada mais frequentemente (41% dos casos), seguida das v&#225;lvulas CoreValve Evolut Pro e Acurate Neo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> ). Houve 23 procedimentos v&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula, e 90 pacientes foram submetidos a pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula bal&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Tipo de v&#225;lvula</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CoreValve Evolut R</td>
                  <td>140 (41)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CoreValve Evolut Pro</td>
                  <td>72 (21)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acurate Neo</td>
                  <td>44 (13)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPIEN 3</td>
                  <td>33 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Portico</td>
                  <td>31 (9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CoreValve</td>
                  <td>14 (4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LOTUS</td>
                  <td>6 (2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o</td>
                  <td>90 (27)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td>23 (7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>A tabela 3 apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento da amostra TAVR. Os valores foram apresentados como n&#250;mero de casos (%).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-TAVR e preditores nos ECG</title>
        <p>Depois da TAVR, 50,9% dos pacientes apresentaram novos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref> ). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o AV, 13,6% dos pacientes desenvolveram BAV de baixo grau (Mobitz I de 1&#186; grau ou 2&#186; grau) e 12,4% desenvolveram BAV avan&#231;ado (Mobitz II de 2&#186; grau ou 3&#186; grau). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o IV, o BRE de novo foi o dist&#250;rbio mais frequente (32,2%).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Novos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">N</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">172 (50,9)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Condu&#231;&#227;o AV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV de 1&#186; grau</td>
                  <td>42 (12,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV Mobitz I de 2&#186; grau</td>
                  <td>4 (1,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV Mobitz II de 2&#186; grau</td>
                  <td>2 (0,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV de 3&#186; grau</td>
                  <td>40 (11,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Condu&#231;&#227;o IV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio fascicular</td>
                  <td>5 (1,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRE</td>
                  <td>109 (32,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD</td>
                  <td>1 (0,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRA</td>
                  <td>1 (0,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NICD</td>
                  <td>2 (0,6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>A tabela 4 mostra dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o de novo ap&#243;s o implante valvar. Os valores foram apresentados como n&#250;mero de casos (%). AV: atrioventricular; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BRA: bloqueio de ramo alternante; NICD: retardo de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular n&#227;o espec&#237;fico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A FA pr&#233;via n&#227;o foi associada a implante de MPD ou BAV avan&#231;ado. O BAV de baixo grau, quando comparado a pacientes com condu&#231;&#227;o AV normal, foi associado a um &#237;ndice de implante de MPD mais alto (30,4% vs. 16,2%, p=0,016), mas n&#227;o a BAV avan&#231;ado ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores de BAV avan&#231;ado. A figura 2 apresenta um gr&#225;fico de floresta que compila os principais preditores poss&#237;veis de BAV avan&#231;ado. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para analisar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular avan&#231;ado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0522-10613-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores de implante de MPD. A figura 3 apresenta um gr&#225;fico de floresta que resume os principais preditores poss&#237;veis de implante de MPD. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para analisar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. MPD: marca-passo definitivo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0522-10613-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o IV, o BRE pr&#233;vio n&#227;o aumentou o risco de novo BAV avan&#231;ado ou implante de MPD. Em contraste, a presen&#231;as de BRD pr&#233;vio demonstrou ser um fator de risco forte para BAV avan&#231;ado (7,2% vs. 39,6%, p&lt;0,001) e implante de MPD (14,0% vs. 45,8%, p&lt;0,001). O bloqueio fascicular e o NICD n&#227;o foram associados a implante de MPD ou BAV avan&#231;ado.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s casos de BAV avan&#231;ado foram revertidos logo ap&#243;s a TAVR (menos de 24h). Na alta hospitalar, 27,5% de BRE de novo foram resolvidos. Ap&#243;s 6 meses de acompanhamento, o &#237;ndice de recupera&#231;&#227;o foi mais alto, com 56,1% dos casos revertidos &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular normal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento TAVR e dist&#250;rbios de ritmo</title>
        <p>A maior propor&#231;&#227;o de novos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o foi observada com a v&#225;lvula LOTUS (80% dos pacientes), seguida de Portico (71%), CoreValve (64%), CoreValve Evolut R (51%), CoreValve Evolut Pro (47%), SAPIEN 3 (42%) e Acurate Neo (39%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> resumem os principais achados com base nas caracter&#237;sticas dos procedimentos. Houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre as v&#225;lvulas de gera&#231;&#227;o mais novas e as de gera&#231;&#227;o mais antiga em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de novos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, BAV avan&#231;ado e implante de MPD.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Procedimento TAVR e dist&#250;rbios de ritmo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Procedimento</th>
                  <th>Novos dist&#250;rbios de ritmo</th>
                  <th>p valor</th>
                  <th>BAV avan&#231;ado</th>
                  <th>p valor</th>
                  <th>Implante de MPD</th>
                  <th>p valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>V&#225;lvulas de gera&#231;&#227;o mais nova vs. anterior</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,023</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,027</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,015</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gera&#231;&#227;o mais nova</td>
                  <td align="center">43,6%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">7,4%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">12,8%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gera&#231;&#227;o anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">56,1%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">15,2%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">23,0%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>V&#225;lvulas bal&#227;o-expans&#237;veis vs. autoexpans&#237;veis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,323</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,616</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,676</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">42,4%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9,1%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">21,2%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Autoexpans&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">51,5%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">12,1%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">18,2%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,320</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,545</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,245</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">52,2%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">12,4%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">46,1%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">10,0%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">14,4%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>V&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,253</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V&#225;lvula nativa</td>
                  <td align="center">53,0%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">12,3%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">19,2%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,3%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">8,7%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>V&#225;lvulas de gera&#231;&#227;o mais nova</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,656</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,302</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,032</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPIEN 3</td>
                  <td align="center">42,4%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9,1%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">21,2%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CoreValve Evolut Pro</td>
                  <td align="center">47,2%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9,7%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">15,3%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acurate Neo</td>
                  <td align="center">38,6%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,3%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,3%</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>A tabela 5 resume a associa&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento com novos dist&#250;rbios de ritmo, bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) avan&#231;ado e implante de marca-passo definitivo (MPD). Os dados foram apresentados em porcentagem e os p valores significativos, em negrito. Novos dist&#250;rbios de ritmo inclu&#237;ram todos os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o de atrioventricular ou intraventricular de novo surgiram ap&#243;s o implante valvular a&#243;rtico percut&#226;neo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Procedimento TAVR e dist&#250;rbios de ritmo. A figura 1 apresenta a associa&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento com novos dist&#250;rbios de ritmo, BAV avan&#231;ado e implante de MPD em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gera&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula (A), v&#225;lvula bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel ou autoexpans&#237;vel (B), implante v&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula (C) ou modelos de v&#225;lvulas de gera&#231;&#227;o mais nova (D). BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; MPD: marca-passo definitivo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0522-10613-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi associada ao desenvolvimento de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ou de diferen&#231;as na regress&#227;o desses dist&#250;rbios no acompanhamento de 6 meses. Ao se comparar v&#225;lvulas bal&#227;o-expans&#237;veis e autoexpans&#237;veis, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas.</p>
        <p>Procedimentos v&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula foram associados a menos mudan&#231;as na condu&#231;&#227;o, com apenas 17,4% dos pacientes desenvolvendo retardos de condu&#231;&#227;o [RC=0,19 (95% IC 0,06-0,58)] e apenas 8,7% precisando de implante de MPD, apesar de um &#237;ndice semelhante de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o AV e IV pr&#233;-TAVR.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foi realizada uma an&#225;lise adicional incluindo apenas as v&#225;lvulas de gera&#231;&#227;o mais nova. Nesse grupo, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o novos e BAV avan&#231;ado, mas uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao implante de MPD em favor da Acurate Neo (p=0,032).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implante de MPD e acompanhamento</title>
        <p>No geral, 18,5% (N = 63) dos pacientes passaram por um implante de MPD ap&#243;s a TAVR, 81% de dispositivos de c&#226;mara dupla sem complica&#231;&#245;es importantes durante a admiss&#227;o. O principal motivo para implante de marca-passo foi BAV avan&#231;ado (60,3%), seguido de BRE com BAV de baixo grau (22,2%), BRE isolado (4,8%) e bloqueio de ramo alternante (BRA, 4,8%).</p>
        <p>Na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do MPD, pacientes com BAV avan&#231;ado apresentaram uma porcentagem mediana de EV de 80%, com 44,4% dos pacientes apresentando &gt;90% de EV e 14,8% &lt;1% de EV. Um ano ap&#243;s a TAVR, a porcentagem mediana de EV era de 83%, quase metade dos pacientes (46,2%) com EV &gt;90% e 19,2% com EV abaixo de um por cento.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com BRE e BAV de baixo grau, a EV mediana na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o foi 6% (44,4% tinham &lt;1% de EV) e 11,1% tinham &gt;90% de EV; a avalia&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo ap&#243;s um ano apresentou uma EV mediana de 2%, com metade dos pacientes apresentando EV abaixo de um por cento. A diferen&#231;a de EV entre pacientes com BAV avan&#231;ado e pacientes com BRE e BAV de baixo grau &#233; estatisticamente significativa na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,036). Depois de um ano ap&#243;s o implante de MPD, pacientes com BRE e BAV de baixo grau tendiam a ter EV (p = 0,062) e menos pacientes apresentaram EV &gt;40% (33,3% vs. 73,1%, p = 0,065).</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com BRE isolado ou BRA, a EV mediana foi de 9% e 13% na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o, e 20% e 15% ap&#243;s um ano, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Os gr&#225;ficos de floresta nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> resumem as principais caracter&#237;sticas com o novo surgimento de BAV avan&#231;ado e implante de MPD nesta amostra.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s TAVR continuam a ser um desafio e deve-se fazer um esfor&#231;o para reconhecer os pacientes que est&#227;o em risco de defeitos de condu&#231;&#227;o de alto grau e implante de MPD.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, entre 340 pacientes sem MPD pr&#233;vio, metade apresentou novos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a TAVR, e 18,5% dos pacientes tiveram implante de MPD. De acordo com a literatura, o BRE de novo foi o dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o mais frequente observado ap&#243;s o procedimento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ocorrendo em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos identificaram dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-existentes (especificamente, bloqueio de AV de primeiro grau, BRD, BRE e bloqueio fascicular) como fatores de risco para implante de MPD ap&#243;s a TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O papel do bloqueio de AV de primeiro grau como um fator de risco para dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o &#233; controverso em estudos recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nesta amostra, encontrou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre BAV de baixo grau pr&#233;vio e implante de MPD (RC de 2,25), mas n&#227;o com BAV avan&#231;ado. Isso provavelmente pode ser explicado pelo fato de que um dos principais motivos para implante de MPD em nosso centro foi o BAV de baixo grau e BRE (22,2% dos implantes de MPD).</p>
      <p>O BRD foi o &#250;nico dist&#250;rbio no ECG pr&#233;-TAVR que foi associado a um aumento significativo no risco de BAV avan&#231;ado e de implante de MPD, com um risco aproximadamente oito vezes maior de BAV avan&#231;ado e cinco vezes maior de implante de MPD. Isso est&#225; de acordo com v&#225;rios outros relatos que identificam o BRD como o fator de risco mais importante para BAV avan&#231;ado/bloqueio card&#237;aco total e a necessidade de MPD ap&#243;s a TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Na verdade, Watanabe et al. demonstraram que pacientes com BRD pr&#233;-existente, sem MPD, tinham um risco mais alto de morte card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a alta, levantando-se a hip&#243;tese de que isso poderia se dever ao desenvolvimento de BAV de alto grau.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O BRE e o bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo s&#227;o outros fatores de risco controversos para implante de MPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nossos achados n&#227;o foram consistentes com essa hip&#243;tese, n&#227;o mostrando rela&#231;&#227;o com BAV avan&#231;ado ou com implante de MPD.</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento tamb&#233;m est&#227;o implicadas na ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o peri-TAVR. V&#225;rios relatos anteriores sugeriram &#237;ndices mais altos de dist&#250;rbios de ritmo com pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula nativa e v&#225;lvulas autoexpans&#237;veis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> embora isso n&#227;o tivesse sido observado em nossa amostra, como sugerido por dados mais atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Procedimentos v&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula foram associados e menos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o de novo (RC = 0,19) e essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi explicada por diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na condu&#231;&#227;o AV ou IV pr&#233;-TAVR, de acordo com dados publicados anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conforme proposto na an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> v&#225;lvulas de nova gera&#231;&#227;o foram associadas a uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente mais baixa de novos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, BAV avan&#231;ado e implante de MPD. Realizamos uma an&#225;lise adicional incluindo apenas v&#225;lvulas de gera&#231;&#227;o mais nova, encontrando uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no implante de MPD em favor da v&#225;lvula Acurate Neo, possivelmente explicada por uma for&#231;a radial mais baixa que causa menos les&#227;o mec&#226;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao novo surgimento de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, apenas tr&#234;s casos de BAV avan&#231;ado (7%) foram revertidos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, todos durante as primeiras 24 horas. Esses pacientes tiveram alta e apresentaram BAV avan&#231;ado durante o acompanhamento. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BRE, de acordo com dados publicados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> uma porcentagem mais alta dos casos foi revertida, com mais de um quarto dos casos sendo resolvidos antes da alta hospitalar e mais da metade ap&#243;s 6 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>O BRE de novo continua sendo o dist&#250;rbio de ritmo mais desafiador para se lidar p&#243;s-TAVR. De acordo com os relatos anteriores, alguns pacientes com novo surgimento de BRE desenvolvem BAV avan&#231;ado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> mas uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa ter&#225; seu ECG parcial ou totalmente normalizado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora dados atuais n&#227;o justifiquem o implante sistem&#225;tico de MPD nesses pacientes, alguns estudos sugeriram risco mais alto de BAV avan&#231;ado retardado durante o acompanhamento em pacientes com QRS longo (mais de 150 - 160 ms), especialmente quando associado a um intervalo PR longo (mais de 240 ms). De acordo com o recente consenso do JACC Scientific Expert Panel, pode ser razo&#225;vel implantar MPD em pacientes com BRE e um intervalo PR acima de 240 ms ou BRE com dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS maior que 150 - 160 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O consenso de especialistas da ACC de 2020 tamb&#233;m considera a possibilidade de estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e recomenda o monitoramento ambulatorial do ritmo por, no m&#237;nimo, 14 dias ap&#243;s a alta, com um monitor capaz de comunicar epis&#243;dios de BAV avan&#231;ado, permitindo a ativa&#231;&#227;o imediata de servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos emergenciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise independente em pacientes com MPD de novo demonstrando que pacientes que tiveram MPD devido a BAV avan&#231;ado tinham uma porcentagem mais alta de EV do que os pacientes que receberam MPD por outras indica&#231;&#245;es, com 44,4% e 46,2% apresentando mais de 90% de EV na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do MPD e um ano ap&#243;s o implante, respectivamente. Esses resultados s&#227;o consistentes com um estudo publicado recentemente na It&#225;lia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> No subgrupo dos pacientes com implantes de MPD devido a BRE e BAV de baixo grau, a EV mediana foi muito baixa (2% ap&#243;s um ano), com metade dos pacientes com menos de 1% de EV, e apenas 33,3%, mais de 40%. Apesar dessa porcentagem de EV mais baixa, n&#227;o se pode excluir o uso de estimula&#231;&#227;o durante epis&#243;dios parox&#237;sticos de bradicardia extrema ou BAV avan&#231;ado. Esses resultados melhoram o conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; depend&#234;ncia do MPD de longo prazo em pacientes p&#243;s-TAVR, destacando uma sele&#231;&#227;o mais precisa de pacientes com BRE que beneficie um implante de MPD e fortalecendo a import&#226;ncia do monitoramento ambulatorial do ritmo em pacientes com BRE novo para reconhecer eventos de BAV avan&#231;ado imediatamente. Entretanto, a EV alta observada em pacientes com BAV avan&#231;ado refor&#231;a a justificativa de se implantar mais modos estimula&#231;&#227;o, tais como, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ramo His ou estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular nesses pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi um estudo observacional retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico, que foi sua principal limita&#231;&#227;o. Embora todos os ECG tenham sido avaliados por cardiologistas, n&#227;o houve Core Lab respons&#225;vel por sua revis&#227;o. As dura&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos PR e QRS n&#227;o foram registradas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que o BRE foi o dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de novo mais frequente ap&#243;s a TAVR, com mais da metade dos casos se resolvendo nos primeiros 6 meses. O BRD pr&#233;vio e o BAV de baixo grau foram significativamente associados a &#237;ndices mais altos de implante de MPD p&#243;s-TAVR, com um aumento de cinco vezes do risco em pacientes com BRD. Diferentemente da pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula nativa e v&#225;lvulas autoexpans&#237;veis, observou-se que os procedimentos v&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula estavam associados a significativamente menos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, e a v&#225;lvula Acurate Neo estava associada a menos implantes de MPD. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acompanhamento do MPD, pacientes que tinham um MPD devido a BAV avan&#231;ado tiveram uma porcentagem significativamente mais alta de EV do que pacientes que receberam o MPD por outros motivos, tais como BRE e BAV de baixo grau. No geral, esse relato destaca a import&#226;ncia de mais evid&#234;ncias para selecionar, de maneira mais precisa, pacientes com BRE que podem se beneficiar do implante de MPD e os que n&#227;o podem, fortalecendo a estrat&#233;gia de monitoramento ambulatorial pr&#243;ximo para reconhecer imediatamente eventos de BAV avan&#231;ado nesses pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados de pacientes com BAV avan&#231;ado refor&#231;am a justificativa de se implantar modos estimula&#231;&#227;o mais fisiol&#243;gicos nesse grupo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Long-Term Ventricular Pacing Dependency and Pacemaker Implantation Predictors after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement &#8211; A 1-Year Follow-Up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1002-9985</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-9411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0671-009X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Gon&#231;alo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lebreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ad&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, E.P.E., Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ricardo Alves Pinto &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, E.P.E., Porto, Portugal &#8211; Alameda Prof. Hern&#226;ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal E-mail: ricardojrapinto@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pinto RA, Proen&#231;a T, Carvalho MM, Pestana G, Lebreiro A, Ad&#227;o L, Macedo F; Acquisition of data: Pinto RA, Proen&#231;a T, Carvalho MM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pinto RA, Proen&#231;a T; Statistical analysis: Pinto RA; Writing of the manuscript: Pinto RA, Proen&#231;a T, Pestana G; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Carvalho MM, Pestana G, Lebreiro A, Ad&#227;o L, Macedo F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Conduction disturbances (CD) are the most frequent complication after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), and there continues to be a lack of consensus on their management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To assess new CD and permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation after TAVR and to evaluate the ventricular pacing percentage (VP) up to 1 year of follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Patients who underwent TAVR from October 2014 to November 2019 were enrolled; patients with previous PPM were excluded. Clinical, procedure, ECG, and PPM data were collected up to 1 year after implantation. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 340 patients underwent TAVR. The most frequent CD was the new left bundle branch block (LBBB; 32.2%), which 56% resolved after 6 months. Right bundle branch block (RBBB) was the biggest risk factor for advanced atrioventricular block (AVB) [OR=8.46; p&lt;0.001] and PPM implantation [OR=5.18, p&lt;0.001], followed by previous low-grade AVB [OR=2.25; p=0.016 for PPM implantation]. Regarding procedure characteristics, newer generation valves and valve-in-valve procedures were associated with fewer CDs. Overall, 18.5% of patients had a PPM implanted post-TAVR. At first PPM evaluation, patients with advanced AVB had a median percentage of VP of 80% and 83% at one year. Regarding patients with LBBB plus low-grade AVB, median VP was lower (6% at first assessment, p=0.036; 2% at one year, p = 0.065).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>LBBB was the most frequent CD after TAVR, with more than half being resolved in the first six months. RBBB was the major risk factor for advanced AVB and PPM implantation. Advanced AVB was associated with a higher percentage of VP at 1 year of follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventriclar Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker,Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Conduction System Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a well-established procedure to treat patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis at increased or prohibitive surgical risk. Increased experience has led to a growing consideration of TAVR as an option to people at lower risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The widespread adoption of TAVR was accompanied by a reduction in the majority of periprocedural complications, except for new conduction disturbances and consequent need for PPM implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> New LBBB, with an incidence of about 25% (4% to 65%), is the most frequently documented rhythm disorder after TAVR and probably the most challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although often self-limited, a significant percentage of these patients evolve to advanced AVB or complete heart block, the most serious complications of conduction after-TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Major questions remain about the management of conduction disturbances after TAVR, leading to distinct approaches among different centers. Patients commonly continue to be monitored with telemetry and daily electrocardiogram (ECG) after the procedure, sometimes with backup temporary pacemaker, increasing the hospitalization length and procedural cost.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> There are limited data on risk factors for the development of advanced AVB and the need to maintain a temporary pacemaker, which also translates into varying rates of PPM implantation post-TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of the present study was to describe new conduction disturbances and PPM implantation in patients undergoing TAVR with either a balloon-expandable or a self-expandable valve prosthesis. We also evaluated the percentage of VP in patients who underwent PPM implantation up to 1 year of follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The present study included a sample of consecutive patients undergoing TAVR at Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, E.P.E., a tertiary center in Porto, Portugal, from October 2014 to November 2019 (n = 371). Patients who had PPM previous to valve implantation were excluded (n = 31). The remaining 340 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and procedure data were collected at presentation and up to 1 year after implantation, including systematic interrogation of implanted PPM. This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions, data, and ECG collection</title>
          <p>Clinical endpoints and definition of conduction disturbances were in accordance with the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)-2 Consensus and the consensus by JACC Scientific Expert Panel, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ECGs were systematically obtained at baseline (usually the day before TAVR), immediately after valve implantation (at admission in cardiac care unit) and at least daily until hospital discharge. All patients had continuous electrocardiographic monitoring during hospital stay. Most ECGs in our institution were electronically recorded, and were assessed and reviewed by cardiologists. Clinical, echocardiographic, and procedure data were collected from digital records. Low grade AVB was defined as 1<sup>st</sup>degree or 2<sup>nd</sup>degree Mobitz I AVB. Advanced AVB was defined as 2<sup>nd</sup>degree Mobitz II or 3<sup>rd</sup>degree AVB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedure</title>
          <p>Patients submitted to TAVR with self-expandable (Medtronic CoreValve, Medtronic CoreValve Evolut R, Medtronic CoreValve Evolut Pro, Boston Scientific Acurate Neo, Abbott Portico, and Boston Scientific LOTUS) and with balloon-expandable (Edwards SAPIEN 3) valves were included. All patients had a temporary transvenous pacing catheter placed in the right ventricle. Depending on new-onset conduction disturbances or pre-procedure risk of rhythm disorder, and in accordance with the consensus by JACC Scientific Expert Panel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the temporary pacemaker was removed, either immediately in the catheterization laboratory or later during hospitalization (usually 24 &#8211; 48h). For the purpose of this study, the newer generation valve analysis included procedures with SAPIEN 3, CoreValve Evolut Pro and Acurate Neo valves, while the remaining were classified as earlier generation valves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Permanent pacemaker indication and follow-up</title>
          <p>PPM were implanted according to 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guidelines for bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay and in accordance with JACC Scientific Expert Panel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> All devices were reviewed on day 1 and 7 after implantation. Intrinsic AV conduction was systematically queried and algorithms to minimize VP were applied (Managed Ventricular Pacing mode or AAI mode with backup VVI pacing in most patients). For the purpose of the study, first PPM evaluation was defined as first ambulatory device evaluation after discharge (median time 3 months after implantation, IQR 3 - 4 months) and one-year evaluation was defined as second ambulatory device evaluation (median time 12 months after implantation, IQR 10 - 12 months). Because some patients were followed up at other medical institutions, data from PPM follow-up was unavailable in 30% and 43% of patients for first PPM and one-year evaluations, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are presented as median (interquartile range [IQR]) for continuous variables, and as number and percentages for categorical variables. One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to evaluate normal distribution. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test; odds ratios (OR) are presented when considered relevant. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences were considered statistically significant when p value &lt; 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>A total of 340 patients undergoing TAVR between October 2014 and November 2019 were included in our sample, after excluding 31 patients with a previous PPM.</p>
          <p>Baseline characteristics of the study sample are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">table 2</xref> . Median age was 81 years (IQR 76 to 85 years) and 57% of the patients were female.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Baseline</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">N</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">340</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, yrs (IQR)</td>
                    <td>81 (76 - 81)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female (%)</td>
                    <td>193 (57)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                    <td>294 (87)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                    <td>127 (37)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                    <td>244 (72)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior kidney disease (%)</td>
                    <td>185 (62)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>on dialysis (%)</td>
                    <td>10 (3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
                    <td>78 (23)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preserved LV function (%)</td>
                    <td>244 (73)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bicuspid valve (%)</td>
                    <td>8 (3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic valve area (IQR)</td>
                    <td>0,7 cm<sup>2</sup>(0,6 &#8211; 0,9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Transvalvular pressure gradient (IQR)</td>
                    <td>46 mmHg (39.5 - 59)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (IQR)</td>
                    <td>60 % (44 - 65)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe aortic regurgitation (%)</td>
                    <td>15 (6)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics of study population. Values were presented as median (IQR) or number of cases (%). IQR: interquartile range; yrs: years-old; LV: left ventricle.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Pre-TAVR rhythm characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Rhythm</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sinus rhythm</td>
                    <td>262 (77)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial Fibrillation</td>
                    <td>78 (23)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>AV conduction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal AV conduction</td>
                    <td>207 (79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1st degree AVB</td>
                    <td>53 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2nd degree Mobitz I AVB</td>
                    <td>2 (1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>IV conduction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LBBB</td>
                    <td>31 (9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBBB</td>
                    <td>25 (7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left anterior fascicular block</td>
                    <td>24 (7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bifascicular block</td>
                    <td>23 (7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay</td>
                    <td>33 (10)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Table 2 summarizes cardiac rhythm, atrioventricular (AV) conduction and intraventricular (IV) conduction of study population before TAVR. AV conduction was considered only in sinus rhythm. Values were presented as number of cases (%). LBBB: left bundle branch block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; AVB: atrioventricular block.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>At baseline, 77% of patients were in sinus rhythm and 23% AF; in patients who were in sinus rhythm (SR), most had normal atrioventricular (AV) conduction. Regarding intraventricular (IV) conduction, 60% had no conduction disturbance, and the most frequent disturbance was nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (NICD; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Self-expandable CoreValve Evolut R was the most frequently used valve (41% of cases), followed by CoreValve Evolut Pro and Acurate Neo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). There were 23 valve-in-valve procedures, and 90 patients underwent balloon valve pre-dilation.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Procedure characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Valve type</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CoreValve Evolut R</td>
                    <td>140 (41)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CoreValve Evolut Pro</td>
                    <td>72 (21)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acurate Neo</td>
                    <td>44 (13)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAPIEN 3</td>
                    <td>33 (10)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Portico</td>
                    <td>31 (9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CoreValve</td>
                    <td>14 (4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LOTUS</td>
                    <td>6 (2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Balloon pre-dilation</td>
                    <td>90 (27)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve-in-valve</td>
                    <td>23 (7)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Table 3 shows the procedure characteristics of the TAVR sample. Values were presented as number of cases (%).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conduction Disturbances Post-TAVR and ECG predictors</title>
          <p>After TAVR, 50.9% of the patients exhibited new conduction disturbances ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">table 4</xref> ). Regarding AV conduction, 13.6% of patients developed low grade AVB (1<sup>st</sup>degree or 2<sup>nd</sup>degree Mobitz I) and 12.4% developed advanced AVB (2<sup>nd</sup>degree Mobitz II or 3<sup>rd</sup>degree). Regarding IV conduction, de novo LBBB was the most frequent disturbance (32.2%).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>New conduction disturbances</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">N</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">172 (50.9)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>AV conduction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1st degree AVB</td>
                    <td>42 (12.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2nd degree Mobitz I AVB</td>
                    <td>4 (1.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2nd degree Mobitz II AVB</td>
                    <td>2 (0.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3rd degree AVB</td>
                    <td>40 (11.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>IV conduction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fascicular block</td>
                    <td>5 (1.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LBBB</td>
                    <td>109 (32.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBBB</td>
                    <td>1 (0.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ABBB</td>
                    <td>1 (0.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NICD</td>
                    <td>2 (0.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Table 4 shows de novo conduction disturbances after valve implantation. Values were presented as number of cases (%). AV: atrioventricular; AVB: atrioventricular block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; ABBB: alternating bundle branch block; NICD: nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Previous AF was not associated with advanced AVB or PPM implantation. Low-grade AVB, when compared with patients with normal AV conduction, was associated with a higher PPM implantation rate (30.4% vs 16.2%, p=0.016), but not with advanced AVB ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Predictors of advanced AVB. Figure 2 showed a forest plot that compiled the main possible predictors of advanced AVB. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference between groups. AVB: atrioventricular block.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0522-10613-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Predictors of PPM implantation. Figure 3 displayed a forest plot that summarized the main possible predictors of PPM implantation. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference between groups. PPM: permanent pacemaker.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0522-10613-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Concerning IV conduction, previous LBBB did not increase the risk of new advanced AVB or PPM implantation. By contrast, the presence of previous RBBB proved to be a strong risk factor for advanced AVB (7.2% vs 39.6%, p&lt;0.001) and PPM implantation (14.0% vs 45.8%, p&lt;0.001). Fascicular block and NICD were not associated with advanced AVB or PPM implantation.</p>
          <p>Three cases of advanced AVB reverted early after TAVR (less than 24h). Upon hospital discharge, 27.5% of de novo LBBB was resolved. After 6 months of follow-up, the rate of recovery was higher, with 56.1% of the cases reverted to normal intraventricular conduction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TAVR procedure and rhythm disturbances</title>
          <p>The highest proportion of new conduction disturbances was seen with the LOTUS valve (80% of patients), followed by Portico (71%), CoreValve (64%), CoreValve Evolut R (51%), CoreValve Evolut Pro (47%), SAPIEN 3 (42%), and Acurate Neo (39%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> summarize the main findings based on procedure characteristics. There was a significant difference between newer and earlier generation valves regarding incidence of new conduction disturbances, advanced AVB and PPM implantation.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>TAVR procedure and rhythm disturbances</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Procedure</th>
                    <th>New rhythm disturbances</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>Advanced AVB</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>PPM implantation</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Newer vs earlier generation valves</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.023</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.027</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.015</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Newer generation</td>
                    <td align="center">43.6%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">7.4%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">12.8%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Earlier generation</td>
                    <td align="center">56.1%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">15.2%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">23.0%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Balloon- vs self-expandable valves</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.323</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.616</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.676</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Balloon-expandable</td>
                    <td align="center">42.4%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">9.1%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">21.2%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Self-expandable</td>
                    <td align="center">51.5%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">12.1%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">18.2%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Pre-dilation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.320</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.545</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.245</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No pre-dilation</td>
                    <td align="center">52.2%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">12.4%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-dilation</td>
                    <td align="center">46.1%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">10.0%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">14.4%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Valve-in-valve</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.253</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.209</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Native valve</td>
                    <td align="center">53.0%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">12.3%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">19.2%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve-in-valve</td>
                    <td align="center">17.4%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4.3%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">8.7%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Newer generation valves</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.656</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.302</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.032</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAPIEN 3</td>
                    <td align="center">42.4%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">9.1%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">21.2%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CoreValve Evolut Pro</td>
                    <td align="center">47.2%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">9.7%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">15.3%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acurate Neo</td>
                    <td align="center">38.6%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.3%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.3%</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Table 5 summarizes the association of procedure characteristics with new rhythm disturbances, advanced atrioventricular block (AVB), and permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation. Data were presented in percentage and significative p-values in bold. New rhythm disturbances included any de novo atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction disturbance that appeared after transcatheter aortic valve implantion.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>TAVR procedure and rhythm disturbances. Figure 1 displayed the association of procedure characteristics with new rhythm disturbances, advanced AVB, and PPM implantation concerning valve generation (A), balloon- or self-expandable valve (B), valve-in-valve implantation (C), or newer generation valve model (D). AVB: atrioventricular block; PPM: permanent pacemaker.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-04-0522-10613-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Pre-dilation was not associated with development of conduction disorders nor differences in regression of these disturbances upon 6 months of follow-up. When comparing balloon-expandable with self-expandable valves, no statistically significant difference was found.</p>
          <p>Valve-in-valve procedures were associated with fewer changes in conduction, with only 17.4% of patients developing conduction delays [OR=0.19 (95% CI 0.06-0.58)] and only 8.7% requiring PPM implantation, despite a similar rate of pre-TAVR AV and IV conduction disturbances.</p>
          <p>An additional analysis was also conducted, including only newer generation valves. In this group, no difference was found in new conduction disturbances and advanced AVB, but a statistically significant difference was found in PPM implantation in favor of Acurate Neo (p=0.032).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PPM implantation and follow-up</title>
          <p>Overall, 18.5% (N = 63) had a PPM implanted after TAVR, 81% dual-chamber devices, and no major complications occurred during admission. The main reason for pacemaker implantation was advanced AVB (60.3%), followed by LBBB with low-grade AVB (22.2%), isolated LBBB (4.8%), and alternating bundle branch block (ABBB, 4.8%).</p>
          <p>Upon first PPM evaluation, patients with advanced AVB had a median percentage of VP of 80%, with 44.4% of patients presenting &gt;90% of VP and 14.8% &lt;1% of VP; one year after TAVR the median percentage of VP was 83%, almost half of patients (46.2%) with VP &gt;90% and 19.2% with VP under one percent.</p>
          <p>Regarding patients with LBBB plus low-grade AVB, median VP upon first assessment was 6% (44.4% had &lt; 1% of VP) and 11.1% had &gt;90% of VP; PM evaluation at one year showed a median VP of 2%, half of patients with VP under one percent. The difference in VP between patients with advanced AVB and patients with LBBB plus low-grade AVB is statistically significant in the first evaluation (p = 0.036). After one year of PPM implantation, patients with LBBB plus low-grade AVB tended to have lower VP (p = 0.062) and lesser patients with VP &gt;40% (33.3% vs 73.1%, p = 0.065).</p>
          <p>In patients with isolated LBBB or ABBB, median VP was 9% and 13% at the first evaluation, and 20% and 15% after one year, respectively.</p>
          <p>The forest plots in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">3</xref> summarize the main characteristics associated with new-onset advanced AVB and PPM implantation in our sample.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Conduction disturbances after TAVR continue to be challenging, and an effort should be made to recognize patients at risk for high-degree conduction defects and PPM implantation.</p>
        <p>In the present study study, among 340 patients without previous PPM, half exhibited new conduction disturbances after TAVR, and 18.5% of patients had a PPM implanted. In accordance with literature, de novo LBBB was the most frequent conduction disturbance observed post-procedure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> occurring in one-third of the patients.</p>
        <p>Several studies have identified pre-existing conduction disturbances (namely first-degree AV block, RBBB, LBBB, and fascicular block) as risk factors for PPM implantation after TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The role of first-degree AV block as a risk factor for conduction disturbance has proven to be controversial in recent studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In our sample, a significant relation between previous low-grade AVB and PPM implantation (OR of 2.25) was found, but not with advanced AVB. This can most likely be explained by the fact that one of the main reasons to implant a PPM in our center was low-grade AVB plus LBBB (22.2% of PPM implantations).</p>
        <p>RBBB was the only disturbance in pre-TAVR ECG that was associated with a significant increase in the risk of both advanced AVB and PPM implantation, with an approximately eightfold increased risk of advanced AVB and five times more risk of PPM implantation. This is in agreement with several other reports that identified RBBB as the most important risk factor for advanced AVB / complete heart block and need for PPM following TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In fact, Watanabe et al. demonstrated that patients with pre-existing RBBB, without PPM, had a higher risk for cardiac death after discharge, hypothesizing this could be due to the development of high-grade AVB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>LBBB and left anterior fascicular block are other controversial risk factors for PPM implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Our findings were not consistent with that hypothesis, showing no relation with more advanced AVB nor PPM implantation.</p>
        <p>Procedure characteristics are also implicated in the occurrence of peri-TAVR conduction complications. Several earlier reports suggested higher rates of rhythm disorders with native valve pre-dilation and self-expandable valves,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> although this was not observed in our sample, as has been suggested by more contemporary data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Valve-in-valve procedures were associated with less de novo conduction disturbances (OR = 0.19), and this difference was not explained by statistically significant differences in pre-TAVR AV or IV conduction, which runs in line with previously published data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As proposed in a systematic review,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> newer generation valves were associated with a significantly lower incidence of new conduction disturbances, advanced AVB, and PPM implantation. An additional analysis was conducted, including only newer generation valves, finding a statistically significant difference in PPM implantation in favor of Acurate Neo, possibly explained by a lower radial force causing less mechanical injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Regarding new-onset conduction disturbances, only three cases of advanced AVB (7%) reverted during hospitalization, all during the first 24 hours; these were discharged and presented no advanced AVB during follow-up. Regarding LBBB, in accordance with published data,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> a higher percentage of cases were reverted, with more than a quarter being resolved before hospital discharge and more than half after 6 months of follow-up.</p>
        <p>De novo LBBB remains the most challenging rhythm disorder to handle post-TAVR. According to previous reports, some patients with new-onset LBBB will develop advanced AVB,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> but a significant proportion will partially or completely normalize their ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although current data do not support systematic implantation of PPM in these patients, some studies have suggested a higher risk of delayed advanced AVB during follow-up in patients with long QRS (over 150 - 160 ms), particularly when associated with a long PR interval (more than 240 ms). According to the recent JACC Scientific Expert Panel&#8217;s consensus, it may be reasonable to implant PPM in patients with LBBB and a PR interval over 240 ms or LBBB with QRS duration more than 150 - 160 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The 2020 ACC expert consensus also considers the possibility of electrophysiological study and recommends ambulatory rhythm monitoring for at least 14 days after hospital discharge with a monitor capable of communicating episodes of advanced AVB, allowing prompt activation of emergency medical services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study conducted an independent analysis in patients with de novo PPM, showing that patients who had a PPM due to advanced AVB had a higher percentage of VP than patients receiving a PPM for other indications, with 44.4% and 46.2% presenting more than 90% of VP uopn first PPM evaluation and one year after implantation, respectively; these results are consistent with a recently published study from Italy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In the subgroup of patients implanting PPM due to LBBB plus low-grade AVB, the median VP was very low (2% at one year), with half having less than 1% of VP and only 33.3% more than 40%. Despite this lower percentage of VP, one cannot exclude pacing use during brief paroxysmal episodes of extreme bradycardia or advanced AVB. These results enhance the knowledge regarding PPM long-term dependency in post-TAVR patients, highlighting a more accurate selection of LBBB patients that benefit from PPM implantation and strengthening the importance of ambulatory rhythm monitoring in new-LBBB patients to promptly recognize advanced AVB events. On the other hand, high VP observed in patients with advanced AVB reinforces the rationale of implanting more physiological modes of pacing like His bundle pacing or biventricular pacing in these patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study was a single-center retrospective observational study, which was its major limitation. Although ECGs were all assessed by cardiologists, there was no Core Lab responsible for ECG revision. PR and QRS interval durations were not recorded.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study showed that LBBB was the most frequent de novo conduction disturbance after TAVR, with more than half of the cases being resolved in the first 6 months. Previous RBBB and low-grade AVB were significantly associated with a higher rate of PPM implantation post-TAVR, with a fivefold increase of risk in patients with RBBB. Unlike native valve pre-dilation and self-expandable valves, valve-in-valve procedures were related to significantly less conduction disturbances, and the Acurate Neo valve was associated with less PPM implantation. Regarding PPM follow-up, patients who had a PPM due to advanced AVB presented a significantly higher percentage of VP than did patients receiving it for other reasons, such as LBBB plus low-grade AVB. Altogether, this report highlights the importance of further evidence to more accurately select patients with LBBB that benefit from PPM implantation and those who do not, strengthening the ambulatory close monitoring strategy to promptly recognize advanced AVB events in these patients. Furthermore, results in advanced AVB patients reinforce the rationale of implanting more physiological modes of pacing in this group.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
