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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8vZSfTyHgZ353FddGX7mSqs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000520</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220663</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220663</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#245;es para o Controle do Ritmo em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial &#8211; Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Procedimento e Utilidade da Avalia&#231;&#227;o por Imagem do &#193;trio Esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6313-4933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Mirella Facin &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso &#8211; Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 &#8211; Andar AB. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mirellafacin@gmail.com</email> , <email>mirellafacin@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>520</fpage>
      <lpage>521</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Transesof&#225;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; arritmia sustentada mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, afetando 2-4% de todos os adultos no mundo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; ainda maior nos idosos e chega a quase 10% naqueles com mais de 80 anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De acordo com as estimativas atuais, um em cada tr&#234;s adultos com 55 anos desenvolver&#225; FA durante a sua exist&#234;ncia, com impacto substancial nas pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de e economia.2 As principais complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a relacionam-se a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos (ET) e sintomas arr&#237;tmicos, ambos considerados alvos centrais no manejo de pacientes com FA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial confere um risco 2-5 vezes maior de ET, que varia entre os pacientes acometidos de acordo com modificadores individuais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Fatores de risco importantes resumidos no escore CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc &#8211; Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, Hipertens&#227;o, Idade &#8805; 75 anos, Diabetes, AVC/AIT, Doen&#231;a vascular, Idade 65-74 anos, Sexo (feminino) &#8211; podem prever o risco de AVC, mitigado em quase 70% pela anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adequada. Os antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) foram os &#250;nicos anticoagulantes orais (ACOs) dispon&#237;veis por mais de meio s&#233;culo. De 2009 a 2013, os novos anticoagulantes orais ou anticoagulantes orais diretos (ACODs) foram apresentados &#224; comunidade cient&#237;fica por quatro estudos randomizados controlados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses medicamentos apresentaram efic&#225;cia semelhante aos AVKs na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, com melhor perfil de seguran&#231;a contra sangramentos maiores &#8211; principalmente hemorragia intracraniana &#8211; e perfil farmacocin&#233;tico e farmacodin&#226;mico mais previs&#237;vel, descartando a necessidade de monitoramento laboratorial de rotina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, a aplicabilidade dos novos anticoagulantes orais em contextos diferentes daqueles testados, como na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC durante interven&#231;&#245;es para controle do ritmo, foi tema de debate por alguns anos. A estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo engloba tratamentos com o intuito de restaurar e manter o ritmo sinusal em pacientes com FA, tais como cardiovers&#227;o, antiarr&#237;tmicos e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa abordagem &#233; formalmente indicada para reduzir sintomas e melhorar a qualidade de vida ap&#243;s falha ou intoler&#226;ncia &#224;s drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas classe I ou III. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atualmente, por&#233;m, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o precoce de procedimentos de controle do ritmo, na tentativa de evitar o remodelamento atrial e adiar a progress&#227;o da FA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, a cardiovers&#227;o e a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter podem precipitar eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes com FA, por deslocamento de trombos pr&#233;-existentes ou forma&#231;&#227;o de novos trombos por diferentes mecanismos como o atordoamento atrial e a ader&#234;ncia &#224; superf&#237;cie trombog&#234;nica do equipamento de abla&#231;&#227;o ou ao endot&#233;lio fragilizado ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o da radiofrequ&#234;ncia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Logo, a presen&#231;a de trombos card&#237;acos contraindica os procedimentos de cardiovers&#227;o e a abla&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na FA com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 48 horas, o risco tromboemb&#243;lico periprocedimento pode chegar a 5-7% sem a profilaxia adequada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A maioria dos trombo&#234;mbolos relacionados &#224; FA origina-se do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, a preval&#234;ncia de trombos no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) varia significativamente na literatura, de 0,6% a 27%, a depender das caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o e do tratamento utilizado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O uso de AVKs, com tempo adequado na faixa terap&#234;utica (INR 2,0-3,0) por pelo menos tr&#234;s semanas antes da restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, diminui consideravelmente as taxas de acidente vascular cerebral e tromboembolismo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sub-an&#225;lises dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados RE-LY, ROCKET-AF e ARISTOTLE demonstraram que os ACODs tamb&#233;m foram bem-sucedidos nesse cen&#225;rio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As diretrizes atuais, portanto, recomendam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral terap&#234;utica com AVKs/ACODs por &#8805; 3 semanas antes de qualquer tentativa de controle do ritmo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Se isso for invi&#225;vel, por raz&#245;es pr&#225;ticas ou de urg&#234;ncia, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do AE em busca de trombos atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) pode ser realizada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, o per&#237;odo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento sugerido nas diretrizes foi estabelecido de maneira arbitr&#225;ria conforme o tempo presumido necess&#225;rio para endoteliza&#231;&#227;o ou resolu&#231;&#227;o de trombo de FA pr&#233;-existente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ademais, tais recomenda&#231;&#245;es se basearam em estudos que examinaram complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas periprocedimento. Dados sobre a preval&#234;ncia de trombo atrial esquerdo em indiv&#237;duos que receberam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de acordo com as diretrizes s&#227;o escassos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A maioria dos trabalhos observacionais com dados do mundo real possui claras limita&#231;&#245;es, como a falta de compara&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea entre os diferentes anticoagulantes orais e posologias e a inobserv&#226;ncia de fatores de confus&#227;o, como per&#237;odo de uso de ACO e tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica antes do ETE.</p>
    <p>O trabalho de Marques et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> na edi&#231;&#227;o atual da ABC Cardiol, trouxe informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes nesse campo. Os autores investigaram a presen&#231;a de trombo atrial esquerdo e contraste denso espont&#226;neo (CDE) em uma coorte retrospectiva unic&#234;ntrica que incluiu 354 pacientes submetidos a ETE antes da cardiovers&#227;o por corrente cont&#237;nua ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA. Todos os pacientes receberam &#8805; 3 semanas de ACODs (Dabigatrana 99, Rivaroxabana 222 e Apixabana 79). Nessa coorte, trombos no AE estavam presentes em 2,8% e contraste denso espont&#226;neo em 7,3% dos pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ambas as altera&#231;&#245;es ocorreram com maior frequ&#234;ncia em indiv&#237;duos com idade mais avan&#231;ada e escores CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc mais altos, e naqueles com &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na taxa de trombos no AE e CDE entre os tr&#234;s anticoagulantes orais diretos testados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esses dados alinham-se com os achados de uma metan&#225;lise recente que incluiu 14.653 indiv&#237;duos e encontrou uma taxa n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel de 3% de trombo atrial esquerdo em pacientes anticoagulados com FA ou flutter atrial, com maior preval&#234;ncia nos portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-parox&#237;stica e escore CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc &#8805; 3, independentemente do ACO utilizado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em ess&#234;ncia, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral cont&#237;nua produz baixas taxas de AVC periprocedimento, que s&#227;o semelhantes em todos os ACOs dispon&#237;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, ao encontro do conhecimento j&#225; existente, Marques et al. demonstraram que, apesar da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adequada, alguns pacientes podem apresentar trombo atrial esquerdo ou CDE, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> fato que sugere a necessidade do uso mais criterioso do ETE, embasado no risco individual, com o objetivo de melhorar a seguran&#231;a das interven&#231;&#245;es de controle do ritmo em pacientes com FA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rhythm Control Interventions in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation &#8211; Insights on Preprocedural Anticoagulation and Utility of Left Atrial Imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6313-4933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mirella Facin &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso - Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 &#8211; Andar AB. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mirellafacin@gmail.com, mirellafacin@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Countershock</kwd>
        <kwd>Transesophageal Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice is atrial fibrillation (AF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> affecting 2-4% of the adult population worldwide. It is even more frequent with aging, with almost 10% prevalence in individuals older than 80.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Current estimates state that one in every three adults aged 55 years will develop AF during their lifetime, leading to substantial healthcare and economic burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Clinical issues relate primarily to thromboembolic events (TE) and arrhythmic symptoms, both central targets while managing patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Overall, atrial fibrillation confers a 2-5-fold escalated risk of TE, which is not evenly distributed, depending on unique modifiers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Important risk factors abridged in the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score &#8211; Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &#8805;75 years, Diabetes, Stroke/TIA, Vascular disease, Age 65-74 years, Sex (female) &#8211; may predict stroke risk, consistently mitigated in almost 70% by proper anticoagulation. Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) were the only oral anticoagulants available for over half a century. From 2009 to 2013, pivotal randomized controlled trials acquainted the scientific community with the new/direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These drugs not only held similar efficacy to VKA in preventing thromboembolic events but also had a better safety profile against major bleeding &#8211; notably intracranial hemorrhage &#8211; and a more predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, ruling out the need for routine laboratory monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, the applicability of DOACs in off-label backgrounds, including stroke prevention during rhythm control interventions, remained unclear for many years.</p>
      <p>Encompassing treatments such as cardioversion, antiarrhythmics and catheter ablation, the rhythm control strategy comprises efforts to restore and maintain sinus rhythm in patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This approach has formal indications for reducing symptoms and improving quality of life after failure or intolerance to class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nowadays, there is a trend toward an early indication of rhythm control procedures, trying to avoid atrial remodeling and postpone AF progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> AF cardioversion and catheter ablation may precipitate TE events by dislodgement of pre-existing thrombi or different <italic>de novo</italic> thrombus formation mechanisms, such as atrial stunning and adherence to the ablation&#8217;s equipment thrombogenic surface or ablation sites with endothelial disruption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Hence, the presence of cardiac <italic>thrombi</italic> contraindicates cardioversion and ablation procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In AF lasting more than 48 hours, the periprocedural thromboembolic risk may reach 5-7% without adequate prophylaxis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Most AF-related thromboemboli stem from the left atrial (LA) appendage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the reported prevalence of LA-thrombi varies significantly, from 0.6% to 27%, depending on population characteristics and treatment status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> VKAs, within adequate time in the therapeutic range (INR 2.0-3.0) for at least three weeks before sinus rhythm restoration, effectively decrease the rates of stroke and thromboembolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sub-analyses of the randomized controlled trials RE-LY, ROCKET-AF and ARISTOTLE demonstrated that DOACs were also successful in this setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Current guidelines, thus, recommend therapeutic oral anticoagulation with VKAs/DOACS for &#8805;3 weeks before any rhythm control attempt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> If that is unfeasible, for urgency or practical reasons, pre-procedural screening for LA thrombus with transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) may be performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, the preprocedural anticoagulation period suggested in the guidelines was arbitrarily based on the assumed time needed for endothelialization or resolution of pre-existing AF thrombus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Moreover, these endorsements relied on trials examining periprocedural thromboembolic complications. Existing literature on LA thrombi prevalence in individuals receiving guideline-directed anticoagulation is scarce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Most observational studies reporting data on real-world experience are limited, lacking comparison between the diverse OACs or different posology in the same study and observance for confounders, like proper anticoagulation (sufficient period and adequate time within therapeutic range) before TOE.</p>
      <p>The work of Marques et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> in ABC&#8217;s current edition added relevant insights into this field. The authors investigated the presence of left atrial thrombi and dense spontaneous contrast (DSC) in a retrospective unicentric cohort that included 354 patients undergoing TOE before direct current cardioversion or AF catheter ablation. All patients received &#8805;3 weeks of DOACs (Dabigatran 99, Rivaroxaban 222, and Apixaban 79). In this cohort, LA thrombi were present in 2.8% and DSC in 7.3% of the patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> LA thrombi and DSC were more frequent in individuals with more advanced age and higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores, and those with left atrial enlargement and reduced left ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> There was no statistically significant difference in LA thrombi, and DSC rates between the three tested DOACs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> These reported data aligned with a recent meta-analysis including 14,653 individuals that found a non-negligible 3% prevalence of LA thrombus in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, with increased odds for patients with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score &#8805;3, irrespective of the OAC used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In essence, continued oral anticoagulation yields low periprocedural stroke rates, which are similar to all available OACs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, along with the existing knowledge, Marques <italic>et al.</italic> demonstrated that, despite adequate anticoagulation, some patients may still present LA thrombi and DSC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> suggesting the need for more individualized and risk-based use of TOE to improve the safety of rhythm control interventions in patients with AF.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Left Atrial Thrombus and Dense Spontaneous Contrast in Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy of Atrial Fibrillation: Insights from a Reference Center</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
