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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9SfjvQzYVzzppYJDDSkJ74S</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005016202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000514</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210658</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210658</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trombo Atrial Esquerdo e Contraste Espont&#226;neo Denso no Uso de Anticoagulante Oral de A&#231;&#227;o Direta em Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Vis&#227;o de Centro Referenciado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1386-9090</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gouv&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3689-2026</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garambone</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lindoso</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0900-3681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Martina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1061-8982</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Olivetti</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2329-7439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lara</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4112-3600</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Athayde</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca &#8226; Instituto do Corac&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Marques T, Darrieux F, Gouv&#234;a F, Garambone L, Lima APL, Lage JGB, Sacilotto L, Coimbra AL, Pinheiro M, Olivetti N, Lara S, Hardy C, Athayde G, Hachul D, Pisani C, Wu TC, Scanavacca M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marques T, Darrieux F, Gouv&#234;a F, Garambone L, Lima APL, Lage JGB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marques T; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marques T, Darrieux F, Gouv&#234;a F, Garambone L, Lima APL, Lage JGB, Hachul D, Scanavacca M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Marques T, Darrieux F, Sacilotto L, Coimbra AL, Pinheiro M, Olivetti N, Lara S, Hardy C, Athayde G, Pisani C, Wu TC, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>514</fpage>
      <lpage>519</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>No tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), a arritmia sustentada mais frequente, com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (ABL) ou cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (CVE), o per&#237;odo periprocedimento &#233; uma das fases mais cr&#237;ticas. Atualmente, o uso de novos anticoagulantes orais de a&#231;&#227;o direta (DOAC) &#233; cada vez mais frequente, no entanto, no mundo real, ainda existem poucos dados de estudos sobre a incid&#234;ncia de trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo (TrAE) ou contraste espont&#226;neo denso (CE) no ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Analisar a preval&#234;ncia de TrAE, por ETE, em pacientes em uso de DOAC submetidos &#224; CVE/ABL. Secundariamente: avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades com a presen&#231;a de trombos e CE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, com pacientes do Ambulat&#243;rio de Arritmia (InCor-HCFMUSP). Foram selecionados e analisados dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos no prontu&#225;rio da institui&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos e em uso de DOACs. Considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 354 pacientes, no total de 400 procedimentos, de mar&#231;o de 2012-mar&#231;o de 2018. TrAE foi encontrado em 11 pacientes (2,8%), associado com idade avan&#231;ada (p=0,007) e CHA2DS2-VASc maior (p&lt;0,001). Foi encontrado CE no AE no procedimento antes da ETE em 29 pacientes (7,3%), com menor FEVE (p &lt;0,038) e maior dimens&#227;o do AE (p &lt;0,0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de TrAE e CE em pacientes em uso de DOAC no contexto de CVE/ABL de FA, embora pequena, n&#227;o &#233; desprez&#237;vel. Pacientes com escore CHA2DS2-VASc maior, principalmente mais idosos e com di&#226;metro do AE maior, s&#227;o mais propensos a esses achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Transesof&#225;gica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais frequente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, com preval&#234;ncia em torno de 1% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Uma das fases mais cr&#237;ticas no tratamento da FA refere-se ao per&#237;odo periprocedimento da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (ABL) ou cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (CVE), onde o risco de um evento tromboemb&#243;lico deve ser minimizado com o uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. No passado, apenas a varfarina estava dispon&#237;vel, com uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia periprocedimento de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos variando entre 0,5 e 1,6%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo (TrAE) varia entre 0,6% e 6,4% em pacientes em tratamento com varfarina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Atualmente, o uso de novos anticoagulantes orais de a&#231;&#227;o direta (DOACs) &#233; cada vez mais frequente; no entanto, em condi&#231;&#245;es do mundo real, ainda existem poucos dados de estudos sobre a incid&#234;ncia de trombo ou contraste espont&#226;neo denso na ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) no AE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, unic&#234;ntrico com pacientes acompanhados no Ambulat&#243;rio de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP).</p>
        <p>Pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos com diagn&#243;stico de FA persistente, submetidos a CVE e/ou ABL, em uso de DOACs pelo menos 3 semanas antes do procedimento, foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutivamente, por um per&#237;odo de 6 anos (2012-2018) Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ETE na mesma interna&#231;&#227;o. A escolha e a dose de DOAC (rivaroxabana, dabigatrana ou apixabana) foram estabelecidas pelo m&#233;dico assistente com avalia&#231;&#227;o do clearance de creatinina durante o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico. Pacientes que realizaram o procedimento (cardiovers&#227;o ou abla&#231;&#227;o) h&#225; mais de 6 meses puderam ser inclu&#237;dos novamente. Os pacientes mantiveram o uso constante do DOAC, suspendendo apenas no dia do procedimento.</p>
        <p>Foram analisados dados cl&#237;nicos como idade, comorbidades e escore CHA2DS2-VASc, bem como dados estruturais do ETE &#8211; dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). A dimens&#227;o do di&#226;metro foi escolhida ao inv&#233;s do volume indexado do AE, pois esta medida n&#227;o &#233; padr&#227;o no exame. A equipe da ETE definiu a presen&#231;a de trombos e/ou contraste espont&#226;neo denso.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio foi analisar a preval&#234;ncia de trombo em AE, por meio do ETE, em pacientes em uso de DOAC por pelo menos 3 semanas, submetidos &#224; CVE e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades com a presen&#231;a de trombos e contraste espont&#226;neo.</p>
      <p>Este estudo faz parte de um registro maior (&#8220;Registro Institucional com o uso dos Anticoagulantes de a&#231;&#227;o direta em pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-valvar&#8221;), CAAE N&#186; 57417716.6.0000.0068, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; CEP-HCFMUSP, aprova&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 1.637.837. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica concordou com a n&#227;o necessidade de um consentimento informado, j&#225; que o estudo foi retrospectivo, em dados de prontu&#225;rios da institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os dados foram anonimizados antes de serem coletados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados coletados foram descritos por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os testes estat&#237;sticos foram realizados, de acordo com o tipo de vari&#225;vel (qualitativa/quantitativa) e a normalidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o, usando teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, teste do qui-quadrado e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do software SSPS (vers&#227;o 22.0).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 354 pacientes, de mar&#231;o de 2012 a mar&#231;o de 2018. Foram realizados 400 procedimentos, 122 cardiovers&#245;es e 278 abla&#231;&#245;es. Dentre as comorbidades observadas, a maioria dos pacientes apresentava hipertens&#227;o essencial e cerca de 33% eram acima de 60 anos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos que fizeram uso de DOACs, com maior presen&#231;a de AVC pr&#233;vio nos pacientes que usaram dabigatrana. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> )</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Sexo masculino (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">288 (72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Idade (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">59,9 (11,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">FEVE % (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">59,6 (8,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">AE mm (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">43,3 (6,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,68 (0,25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">214 (53,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">AVE (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (6,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">IC (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (12,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (15,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Vasculopatia (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">DOACs</td>
                <td>Apixabana (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (19,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dabigatrana (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (24,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rivaroxabana (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">222 (55,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Dosagem &#8211; dose &#250;nica (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">222 (55,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Trombo (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Contraste espont&#226;neo (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (7,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Trombo e contraste (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Procedimento</td>
                <td>Abla&#231;&#227;o (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">278 (69,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiovers&#227;o (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (30,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DOAC: Direct-acting oral anticoagulants [anticoagulantes orais de a&#231;&#227;o direta; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de acordo com DOACs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">DOACs</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Apixabana n: 79</th>
                <th>Dabigatrana n: 99</th>
                <th>Rivaroxabana n: 222</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (77,2)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (72,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,011</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (44,3)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (58,6)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasculopatia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contraste espont&#226;neo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,018</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Teste qui-quadrado. AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DOAC: Direct-acting oral anticoagulant (anticoagulantes orais de a&#231;&#227;o direta).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Houve presen&#231;a de trombo em AE em 11 pacientes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ), de um total de 400 procedimentos (2,8%), e associa&#231;&#227;o com idade avan&#231;ada (p = 0,007) e maior CHA2DS2-VASc (p &lt;0,001) foi observado. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> )</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tipo e dosagem de DOAC em pacientes com trombo de &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Paciente N&#176;</th>
                <th>Sexo</th>
                <th>Idade</th>
                <th>CHA2DS2-VASc</th>
                <th>Ritmo no ETE</th>
                <th>DOAC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Rivaroxabana 20mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Dabigatrana 150mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Rivaroxabana 20mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Apixabana 2,5mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Apixabana 5mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Rivaroxabana 20mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Dabigatrana 110mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Apixabana 5mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Dabigatrana 110mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Rivaroxabana 20mg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                <td align="center">Apixabana 5mg</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise dos fatores de risco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de trombo e contraste espont&#226;neo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Trombo</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                <th colspan="2">Contraste espont&#226;neo</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                <th colspan="2">Trombo e contraste</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sim</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th>Sim</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th>Sim</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">282 (97,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">270 (93,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">24 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">264 (91,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">69,1 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">59,6 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,007</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61,7 (7,2)</td>
                <td align="center">59,7 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">63,5 (8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">59,5 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,036</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (95,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,006</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">206 (96,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">17 (7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">197 (92,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">25 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (88,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (90,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">7 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (88,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (86,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasculopatia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (96,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (96,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dose duas vezes ao dia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (96,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (91,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">22 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (87,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">43,6 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">43,3 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">47,8 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">43,0 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">46,6 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">43,0 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">59,8 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">59,6 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">56,5 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">59,9 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,038</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">57,2 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">59,9 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Teste qui-quadrado. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Contraste espont&#226;neo denso em AE no procedimento pr&#233;vio &#224; ETE foi observado em 29 pacientes (7,3%). Comparando os dados desse grupo com aqueles sem a presen&#231;a de contraste, observou-se menor FEVE (p &lt;0,038) e maior dimens&#227;o do AE (p &lt;0,0001). ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> )</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de achados combinados (trombo e contraste) ocorreu em 39 (9,8%) pacientes. Nesse grupo, observou-se maior idade (p = 0,007), maior dimens&#227;o do AE (p &lt;0,001) e maior CHA2DS2-VASc (p &lt;0,001). ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> )</p>
      <p>Ao combinar a influ&#234;ncia de cada fator por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, h&#225; um risco maior em pacientes com AVE pr&#233;vio (OR: 4,8), em pacientes com IC (OR: 2,9), em idosos (OR: 1,04) e naqueles com tamanho atrial maior (OR: 1,11). Uma an&#225;lise adicional foi realizada entre os pacientes que usaram DOAC em dose &#250;nica di&#225;ria e aqueles que usaram a medica&#231;&#227;o duas vezes ao dia, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto a trombo, contraste ou ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es combinadas. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> )</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada dos fatores de risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">OR</th>
                <th colspan="2">(95% IC)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Inferior</th>
                <th>Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC</td>
                <td align="center">2,90</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
                <td align="center">7,31</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,024</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">3,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,08</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,045</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE</td>
                <td align="center">4,80</td>
                <td align="center">1,84</td>
                <td align="center">12,51</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dose (2x)</td>
                <td align="center">1,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">3,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,17</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na literatura atual, a preval&#234;ncia de TrAE entre pacientes que foram adequadamente anticoagulados com varfarina antes da ETE varia de 0,3% a 7,7%, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 2,75% em outras s&#233;ries com o uso de DOACs. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que, mesmo em pacientes em uso de DOACs, foi encontrada uma taxa (9,8%) de trombo ou contraste espont&#226;neo denso no AE em pacientes submetidos &#224; CVE eletiva periprocedimento e/ou ABL. Foi utilizado um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 3 semanas de uso pr&#233;vio de DOACs, que consideramos razo&#225;vel baseado na literatura, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica comparado com 4 semanas.</p>
      <p>Em uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo do estudo RE-LY, as taxas de trombos no AE em pacientes antes da cardiovers&#227;o foi de 1,5% para pacientes em uso de dabigatrana. No estudo ARISTOTLE, os registros de ETE estavam dispon&#237;veis em 86 pacientes em uso de apixabana e nenhum desses pacientes apresentava TrAE. No estudo ROCKET-AF, os dados de ETE n&#227;o foram coletados para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de TrAE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Frenkel et al. analisaram retrospectivamente dados de 388 pacientes com ETE antes da CVE de FA ou com flutter atrial, em uso de DOAC cont&#237;nuo ou terapia com varfarina por 4 semanas. A preval&#234;ncia de TrAE foi de 4,4% no grupo DOAC e 2,9% no grupo da varfarina, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al Rawahi et al., analisando dados de 401 pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o ou CVE, encontraram TrAE em 11,2% da amostra. Quando separamos os pacientes que usaram apenas DOACs, a presen&#231;a de trombo nos que usaram dabigatrana, rivaroxabana e apixabana foi de 5%, 4% e 9%, respectivamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Wu et al., analisando 609 pacientes em uso de DOAC, com tempo m&#233;dio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas, encontraram 17 pacientes (2,8%) com TrAE e 15 pacientes (2,5%) com contraste espont&#226;neo no ETE, n&#250;meros compar&#225;veis aos nossos achados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar das vantagens te&#243;ricas do tratamento de pacientes com FA com DOACs em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina, no que diz respeito a quest&#245;es de dosagem e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o subterap&#234;utica, a preval&#234;ncia de TrAE n&#227;o &#233; desprez&#237;vel, mesmo com o paciente usando DOAC corretamente por pelo menos 3 semanas. Nossas taxas s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s relatadas anteriormente entre pacientes em uso de terapia anticoagulante com varfarina, que variam amplamente, conforme mencionado anteriormente.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, a indica&#231;&#227;o de realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETE eletivo antes da abla&#231;&#227;o e/ou cardiovers&#227;o da FA/flutter atrial ainda &#233; controversa. De acordo com o Consenso HRS/EHRA/ECAS de 2017 sobre ABL de FA, 50% dos membros do grupo de escrita realizaram ETE de rotina, enquanto o grupo restante realizou ETE apenas se os pacientes tivessem fatores de risco significativos para trombo de AE ou n&#227;o tivessem feito anticoagula&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica por pelo menos quatro semanas. No entanto, &#233; geralmente aceito que a presen&#231;a de um trombo detectado por ETE &#233; uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o para cardiovers&#227;o ou ABL de FA.</p>
      <p>Existem v&#225;rias raz&#245;es potenciais para a presen&#231;a desses achados, apesar da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o eficaz com DOAC, que inclui fatores subjacentes do paciente, incluindo: miopatia atrial grave, que torna o trombo refrat&#225;rio; m&#225; ades&#227;o; dosagem inadequada devido a flutua&#231;&#245;es na depura&#231;&#227;o da droga (por exemplo, altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o renal) e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos inadequados da droga devido ao modo incorreto de administra&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, n&#227;o tomar rivaroxabana com alimentos, levando a biodisponibilidade reduzida). &#201; importante notar que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes de acordo com o regime de dosagem do DOAC. Um outro fator que pode influenciar s&#227;o as intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, no entanto, no nosso trabalho, n&#227;o houve relato do uso concomitante de drogas com elevada intera&#231;&#227;o j&#225; descritas pela literatura como, por exemplo, rifampicina, antirretrovirais e/ou antif&#250;ngicos, dentre outras.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo sugere que a triagem com ETE deve ser realizada em pacientes com altos escores CHA2DS2-VASc, AVC isqu&#234;mico pr&#233;vio e dimens&#227;o do AE maior que 45 mm, apesar da terapia ininterrupta com DOAC, uma hip&#243;tese que deve ser testada em futuros ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, este &#233; um estudo observacional transversal. Embora pacientes com hist&#243;ria documentada de perda de doses de DOAC nas 3 semanas anteriores &#224; ETE em nosso estudo tenham sido exclu&#237;dos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel garantir a ades&#227;o total em todos os indiv&#237;duos. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o verificamos sistematicamente se os pacientes estavam tomando DOAC corretamente (por exemplo, administra&#231;&#227;o de rivaroxabana com as refei&#231;&#245;es). No entanto, nosso desenho de estudo reflete a pr&#225;tica do mundo real. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se ao fato de n&#227;o ter sido poss&#237;vel descartar se parte desses pacientes j&#225; apresentava trombos no AE antes, que n&#227;o foram dissolvidos no momento da ETE durante a cardiovers&#227;o eletiva e/ou ABL, uma vez que n&#227;o foram submetidos a ETE antes da primeira prescri&#231;&#227;o do DOAC. Por fim, dada a aus&#234;ncia de pacientes em uso de edoxabana em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel extrapolar essas observa&#231;&#245;es para esse medicamento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de trombo atrial esquerdo e contraste espont&#226;neo em pacientes em uso de DOAC no contexto de CVE e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, embora pequena, n&#227;o &#233; desprez&#237;vel. Pacientes com escore CHA2DS2-VASc mais alto (especialmente os mais velhos) e com di&#226;metro do AE maior est&#227;o mais expostos a esses achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Atrial Thrombus and Dense Spontaneous Contrast in Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy of Atrial Fibrillation: Insights from a Reference Center</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gouv&#234;a</surname>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <surname>Garambone</surname>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <surname>Lindoso</surname>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <given-names>Martina</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Olivetti</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
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            <surname>Lara</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4112-3600</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Athayde</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca &#8226; Instituto do Corac&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44.Postal code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Marques T, Darrieux F, Gouv&#234;a F, Garambone L, Lima APL, Lage JGB, Sacilotto L, Coimbra AL, Pinheiro M, Olivetti N, Lara S, Hardy C, Athayde G, Hachul D, Pisani C, Wu TC, Scanavacca M; Acquisition of data: Marques T, Darrieux F, Gouv&#234;a F, Garambone L, Lima APL, Lage JGB; Statistical analysis: Marques T; Writing of the manuscript: Marques T, Darrieux F, Gouv&#234;a F, Garambone L, Lima APL, Lage JGB, Hardy C, Hachul D, Scanavacca M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Marques T, Darrieux F, Sacilotto L, Coimbra AL, Pinheiro M, Olivetti N, Lara S, Athayde G, Pisani C, Wu TC, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>In the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most frequently sustained arrhythmia, with catheter ablation (CA) or electrical cardioversion (ECV), the periprocedural period is one of the most critical phases. Currently, the use of new direct action oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is increasingly frequent; however, in the real world, there are still few data on studies on the thrombus incidence in the left atrium (TrLA) or dense spontaneous contrast (DSC) on transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the prevalence of events and association with risk factors in patients using DOACs. Primary objective: to analyze the prevalence of thrombus in the LA by TEE in patients using DOAC undergoing ECV/CA. Second, evaluate the association of comorbidities with the presence of thrombi and DSC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Retrospective cohort, single-center study with patients followed at the Arrhythmia Outpatient Unit (InCor-HCFMUSP). Patients indicated for procedures and using DOACs were selected, and their clinical/echocardiographic data were analyzed. A significance level of 5% was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>354 patients were included, a total of 400 procedures, from March 2012-March 2018. Thrombus in the LA was found in 11 patients (2.8%), associated with advanced age (p=0.007) and higher CHA2DS2-VASc (p&lt;0.001) score. DSC in the LA before TEE was found in 29 patients (7.3%), with lower LVEF (p&lt;0.038) and greater LA dimension (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The incidence of LA thrombus and DSC in patients using DOC in the context of AF ECV/CA, although small, is not negligible. Patients with higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores, especially older and with larger LA diameter, are more prone to these echocardiographic findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Countershock</kwd>
        <kwd>Transesophageal Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, with a prevalence of around 1% in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> One of the critical phases in the treatment of AF refers to the periprocedural period of catheter ablation (CA) or electrical cardioversion (ECV), where the risk of a thromboembolic event needs to be minimized with the use of oral anticoagulation. In the past, only warfarin was available, with a periprocedural incidence rate of thromboembolic events ranging between 0.5 and 1.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The prevalence of thrombus in the left atrium varies between 0.6% and 6.4% in patients under warfarin treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Currently, new direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly frequent; however, in real-world conditions, there are still few studies with data regarding thrombus incidence or dense spontaneous contrast at TEE in the left atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>Retrospective cohort, single-center study with patients followed at the Arrhythmia Outpatient Unit of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP).</p>
          <p>Medical records of patients aged &#8805; 18 years with a diagnosis of persistent AF, who underwent ECV and/or CA under the use of DOACs at least 3 weeks before the procedure, were included consecutively over 6 years (2012-2018). All patients underwent a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) during the same hospitalization. The choice and dose of DOAC (rivaroxaban, dabigatran or apixaban) were established by the attending physician, with the assessment of creatinine clearance during clinical follow-up. Patients who had undergone the procedure (cardioversion or ablation) more than 6 months before could be included again. Patients were constantly using DOAC, suspended only on the day of the procedure.</p>
          <p>Clinical data such as age, comorbidities, the CHA2DS2-VASc score, structural TEE data - left atrial (LA) dimension, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were analyzed. The diameter dimension was chosen for calculation instead of the left atrium indexed volume, as this measurement is not standard in the exam. The TEE team defined the presence of thrombi and/or dense spontaneous contrast.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>The primary objective was to analyze the prevalence of thrombus in the left atrium, employing TEE, in patients using DOAC for at least 3 weeks who were undergoing ECV and/or ablation. The secondary objective was to evaluate the association of comorbidities with the presence of thrombi and spontaneous contrast.</p>
        <p>This study is part of a larger register (&#8220;Registro Institucional com o uso dos Anticoagulantes de a&#231;&#227;o direta em pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-valvar&#8221; [Institutional register for the use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvar atrial fibrillation] &#8211; CAAE # 57417716.6.0000.0068) approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, University of S&#227;o Paulo - CEP-HCFMUSP, approval number 1,637,837. The Ethics Committee agreed that informed consent was not required, as the study was retrospective, based on data from the institution&#8217;s medical records. All data were anonymized before being collected.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The collected data were described as means and standard deviation values for continuous variables of normal distribution. Categorical variables were described in absolute numbers and percentages. The normality of the variables was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical tests were performed, according to the type of variable (qualitative/quantitative) and the normality of distribution, using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test, chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical analysis was performed using the SSPS software (version 22.0).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Three hundred fifty-four patients were included from March 2012 to March 2018. A total of 400 procedures, 122 cardioversions and 278 ablations, were performed. Among the comorbidities observed, most patients had essential hypertension, and about 33% were over 60 years old ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). There was a difference between the groups taking different DOACs, with a higher presence of the previous stroke in patients who used dabigatran. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Population characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Male (n) (%)</th>
                  <th>288 (72)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Age (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.9 (11.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">LVEF % (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.6 (8.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">LA mm (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.3 (6.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">CHA2DS2-VASc (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.68 (0.25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Hypertension (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (53.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Stroke (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (6.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Heart failure (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (12.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (15.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Vasculopathy (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (6.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">DOACs</td>
                  <td>Apixaban (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (19.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dabigatran (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (24.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rivaroxaban (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (55.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dosage &#8211; Single dose (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (55.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Thrombus (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Spontaneous contrast (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (7.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Thrombus and contrast (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (9.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Procedure</td>
                  <td>Ablation (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (69.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardioversion (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (30.5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>DOAC: Direct-acting oral anticoagulants; LA: left atrium; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of patients according to DOACs</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">DOACs</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Apixaban n: 79</th>
                  <th>Dabigatran n: 99</th>
                  <th>Rivaroxaban n: 222</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (77.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (72.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.011</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (44.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (58.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasculopathy (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thrombus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spontaneus contrast (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.018</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Chi-square test. HF: heart failure ; DOAC: Direct-acting oral anticoagulant.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There was the presence of thrombus in the left atrium in 11 patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ), out of a total of 400 procedures (2.8%), and an association with advanced age (p=0.007) and higher CHA2DS2-VASc (p&lt;0.001) was observed. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Type and dosage of DOAC in patients with LA thrombus</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient N&#176;</th>
                  <th>Sex</th>
                  <th>Age</th>
                  <th>CHA2DS2-VASc</th>
                  <th>Rhythm in TEE</th>
                  <th>DOAC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Rivaroxaban 20mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Dabigatran 150mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Rivaroxaban 20mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Apixaban 2,5mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Apixaban 5mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Rivaroxaban 20mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Dabigatran 110mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Apixaban 5mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Dabigatran 110mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Rivaroxaban 20mg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11</td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Irregular</td>
                  <td align="center">Apixaban 5mg</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>TEE: transesophageal echocardiogram; DOAC: Direct-acting oral anticoagulant.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Analysis of risk factors in relation to the presence of thrombus and spontaneous contrast</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Thrombus</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Spontaneous contrast</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Thrombus and contrast</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Yes</th>
                  <th>No</th>
                  <th>Yes</th>
                  <th>No</th>
                  <th>Yes</th>
                  <th>No</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">282 (97.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">270 (93.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">264 (91.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.1 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.6 (11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.007</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">61.7 (7.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.7 (11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">63.5 (8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5 (11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.036</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (95.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (87.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (83.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.006</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">206 (96.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (7.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (92.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (88.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (90.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (88.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (86.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasculopathy (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (96.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (96.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dosage-twice a day (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (96.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (91.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (12.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (87.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.6 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.3 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">47.8 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.0 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">46.6 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.0 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.8 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.6 (8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">56.5 (9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.9 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.038</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">57.2 (9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.9 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Chi-square test. LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; HF: heart failure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Dense spontaneous contrast in the left atrium in the procedure prior to TEE was observed in 29 patients (7.3%). Comparing the data of this group with those without the presence of contrast, a lower LVEF (p&lt;0.038) and a greater LA dimension (p&lt;0.0001) were observed. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> )</p>
        <p>Combined findings (thrombus and contrast) occurred in 39 (9.8%) patients. In this group, older age (p = 0.007), greater LA dimension (p &lt;0.001) and higher CHA2DS2-VASc (p &lt;0.001) were observed. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> )</p>
        <p>When combining the influence of each factor by multiple logistic regression, there is a greater risk in patients with previous stroke (OR: 4.8), patients with HF (OR: 2.9), the elderly (OR: 1.04) and those with larger atrial size (OR: 1.11). An additional analysis was carried out between patients who used DOAC in a single daily dose and those who used the medication twice daily, with no difference between groups regarding thrombus, contrast, or combined situations. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 05</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariate analysis of risk factors</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">CI (95%)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.90</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15</td>
                  <td align="center">7.31</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.024</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1.43</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">3.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.045</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">4.80</td>
                  <td align="center">1.84</td>
                  <td align="center">12.51</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dosage (twice)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  <td align="center">3.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Multiple logistic regression. HF: heart failure; LA: left atrium; CI: confidence interval.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the current literature, the prevalence of thrombus in the LA among patients who were adequately anticoagulated with warfarin before TEE ranges from 0.3% to 7.7%, compared with 2.75% among other series with the use of DOACs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study demonstrated that, even in patients using DOACs, a rate of thrombus or dense spontaneous contrast in the LA (9,8%) was found in patients who underwent periprocedural elective ECV and/or CA. A minimum period of 3 weeks of previous use of DOACs was used, which we considered reasonable based on the literature, and there was no statistical difference compared to 4 weeks.</p>
        <p>In a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY study, the rate of thrombi in the left atrium in patients before cardioversion was 1.5% for patients using dabigatran. In the ARISTOTLE study, TEE records were available in 86 patients using apixaban; none had a thrombus in the LA. In the ROCKET-AF study, TEE data were not collected to assess the prevalence of thrombus in the LA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Frenkel et al. retrospectively analyzed data from 388 TEE patients before AF or atrial flutter ECV using continuous DOAC or warfarin therapy for 4 weeks. Without statistical significance, the prevalence of thrombus in the LA was 4.4% in the DOAC group and 2.9% in the warfarin group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al Rawahi et al., analyzing data from 401 patients who underwent ablation or ECV, found a thrombus in the left atrium in 11.2% of the sample. When we separated patients who used only DOACs, the presence of thrombus in those who used dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban was 5%, 4% and 9%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Michael Wu et al., analyzing 609 patients using DOAC with an average anticoagulation time of 12 weeks, found 17 patients (2.8%) with thrombus in the LA and 15 patients (2.5%) with spontaneous contrast in the TEE, numbers comparable to our findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the theoretical advantages of treating AF patients with DOACs over warfarin, concerning dosage issues and subtherapeutic anticoagulation, the prevalence of thrombus in the LA is not negligible, even with the patient correctly using DOAC for at least 3 weeks. Our rates are comparable to those previously reported among patients using anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, which vary widely, as previously mentioned.</p>
        <p>Currently, the indication to perform elective TEE before ablation and/or cardioversion of AF/atrial flutter is still controversial. According to the 2017 HRS / EHRA / ECAS Consensus on AF Catheter Ablation, 50% of the writing group members performed routine TEE, while the remaining group performed TEE only if patients had significant risk factors for LA thrombus or had not been on therapeutic anticoagulation for at least four weeks. However, it is generally accepted that the presence of a thrombus detected by TEE is a contraindication to AF catheter ablation and cardioversion.</p>
        <p>There are several potential reasons for the presence of these findings, despite effective anticoagulation with DOAC, which include underlying factors of the patient, including severe atrial myopathy, which makes the thrombus refractory; poor adherence; inadequate dosage due to fluctuations in drug clearance (e.g., changes in renal function) and inadequate serum levels of the drug due to the incorrect mode of administration (e.g., not taking rivaroxaban with food, leading to reduced bioavailability). Of note, there was no difference between patients according to DOAC dosage regimen (bid versus qd). Another factor that can influence are drug interactions; however, in our study, there was no report of the concomitant use of drugs with high interactions already described in the literature, such as, for example, rifampicin, antiretrovirals and/or antifungals.</p>
        <p>Our study suggests that TEE screening should be performed in patients with high CHA2DS2-VASc scores, previous ischemic stroke, and LA dimension greater than 45 mm, despite uninterrupted therapy with DOAC, a hypothesis that should be tested in future randomized clinical trials.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has several limitations. First, this is a cross-sectional observational study. Although we excluded patients with a documented history of missed doses of DOAC in the 3 weeks prior to TEE from our study sample, it was not possible to guarantee full adherence in all individuals. In addition, we did not systematically check whether patients were taking DOAC correctly (for example, administering rivaroxaban with meal). However, our study design reflects real-world practice. Another limitation refers to the fact that it was not possible to rule out whether part of these patients already had thrombi previously in the LA that were not dissolved at the time of TEE during elective cardioversion and/or CA, since they did not undergo TEE before the first prescription of the DOAC. Finally, given the absence of patients using edoxaban in our institution, it is not possible to extrapolate these observations to this drug.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The incidence of LA thrombus and spontaneous contrast in patients using DOAC in the context of AF ECV and/or ablation, although small, is not negligible. Patients with a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score (especially older ones) and a larger LA diameter are more prone to these echocardiographic findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
