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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wgvMGvZM7d6YNLcWfLtM5kJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005013404</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001000505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210804</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Variabilidade da Press&#227;o Arterial em &#218;nica Visita e Risco Cardiovascular em Participantes do ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0249-4510</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zarife</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Sant&#8217;Anna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fraga-Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Griep</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Harter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Jesus Mendes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Luciara Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Maria Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; UFBA, Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral Roberto Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Geral Roberto Santos , Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade do Estado da Bahia &#8211; UNEB, Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de , Vitoria , ES &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz , Rio de Janeiro , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz , Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Sant&#8217;Anna Zarife &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Augusto Viana, S/N. CEP 40110-060, Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andrezarife@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zarife AS, Mill JG, Lotufo P, Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Almeida MC, Matos SMA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Almeida MC, Matos SMA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Zarife AS, Fraga-Maia H, Brito LL, Almeida MC, Aras R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Zarife AS, Fraga-Maia H, Brito LL, Almeida MC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mill JG, Lotufo P, Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Matos SMA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zarife AS, Fraga-Maia H, Mill JG, Lotufo P, Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Brito LL, Aras R, Matos SMA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Zarife AS, Fraga-Maia H, Mill JG, Lotufo P, Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Brito LL, Almeida MC, Aras R, Matos SMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>505</fpage>
      <lpage>511</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (VPA) tem valor progn&#243;stico para desfechos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a VPA em uma &#250;nica visita e o risco cardiovascular em participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>O presente estudo transversal foi conduzido com dados basais (2008-2010) de 14.357 participantes do ELSA-Brasil, sem hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A VPA foi quantificada pelo coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s medidas padronizadas da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) realizadas com um oscil&#244;metro. Medidas antropom&#233;tricas e exames laboratoriais tamb&#233;m foram realizados. O risco cardiovascular foi avaliado pelo estimador de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (ASCVD), e se empregou a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Um risco cardiovascular significativamente maior foi determinado por uma VPA elevada para ambos os sexos. Uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior de alto risco foi observada mais em homens que em mulheres em todos os quartis, com a maior diferen&#231;a observada no quarto quartil de variabilidade (48,3% vs. 17,1%). Compara&#231;&#245;es entre quartis por sexo revelaram um risco significativamente mais alto para homens no terceiro (OR=1,20; IC95%: 1,02 - 1,40) e no quarto quartis OR=1,46; IC95%: 1,25 -1,71), e para mulheres no quarto quartil (OR=1,27; IC95%: 1,03 - 1,57).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>An&#225;lises de dados basais de participantes do ELSA-Brasil revelaram que a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial se associou com risco cardiovascular aumentado, especialmente nos homens.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; considerada o principal fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, que v&#234;m apresentando uma crescente mortalidade global nos &#250;ltimos anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No Brasil, estima-se que a hipertens&#227;o arterial afeta aproximadamente 36 milh&#245;es de brasileiros, com uma preval&#234;ncia entre 21,4% e 35,8% segundo estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de a hipertens&#227;o arterial ser considerada um fator de risco importante para acidente vascular cerebral e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a eleva&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico fator fisiopatol&#243;gico relevante envolvido em eventos cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram a import&#226;ncia da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (VPA) na associa&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertens&#227;o arterial e o risco cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A VPA &#233; um fen&#244;meno complexo, no qual flutua&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial podem ser influenciadas pelo ambiente, comportamento, atividade do sistema nervoso central, e atividade hormonal de um indiv&#237;duo, entre outros fatores.</p>
      <p>A VPA &#233; avaliada batimento a batimento atrav&#233;s de medidas intra-arteriais da press&#227;o arterial, por m&#233;dicos em ambiente cl&#237;nico, ou utilizando-se um aparelho de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA), ou por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) em intervalos muito curtos, curtos, intermedi&#225;rios ou longos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A VPA em curto prazo (24 horas), m&#233;dio prazo (&#8805; 2 dias), e longo prazo (intervalos semanais, mensais, ou anuais) est&#225; associada com risco cardiovascular elevado, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida aumentada, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns estudos demonstraram que a VPA em uma mesma visita pode estar positivamente associada com risco de acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a cardiovascular, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> enquanto outros n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#245;es com desfechos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade total. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Dados previamente publicados do estudo do tipo coorte &#8220;Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto&#8221; (ELSA-Brasil) relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a VPA em uma mesma visita e a espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Apesar do conhecimento acumulado na literatura, ainda n&#227;o se pode concluir que a VPA representa um fator de risco independente que deveria ser modulado e controlado por tratamento anti-hipertensivo, ou simplesmente um marcador que acompanha a press&#227;o arterial elevada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer associa&#231;&#245;es entre VPA em uma &#250;nica visita e risco cardiovascular entre participantes da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo transversal conduzido com dados basais (2008-2010) do estudo ELSA-Brasil. O ELSA-Brasil &#233; um estudo do tipo coorte iniciado em 2008, envolvendo funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos de institui&#231;&#245;es de educa&#231;&#227;o superior e de pesquisa localizadas em seis capitais brasileiras (Salvador, Vit&#243;ria, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, S&#227;o Paulo e Rio de Janeiro), com o objetivo de investigar a incid&#234;ncia e a progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes, bem como fatores biol&#243;gicos, ambientais, psicol&#243;gicos e sociais associados. A coleta de dados basais consistiu em entrevistas, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, exames cl&#237;nicos e coleta de amostras biol&#243;gicas. Os participantes s&#227;o contatados por telefone anualmente para registro de eventos de sa&#250;de, e a cada quatro anos s&#227;o chamados para novas entrevistas, e avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado de sa&#250;de e desfechos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos servidores p&#250;blicos ativos e aposentados de seis institui&#231;&#245;es, com idade entre 35 e 74 anos. Foram considerados n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis indiv&#237;duos com defici&#234;ncia cognitiva ou de comunica&#231;&#227;o s&#233;ria, indiv&#237;duos com pretens&#227;o de se aposentarem em breve, ou que se aposentaram e se mudaram para uma resid&#234;ncia distante de seus centros de pesquisa locais. Mulheres gr&#225;vidas e mulheres que deram &#224; luz menos de quatro meses antes da visita basal foram tamb&#233;m consideradas n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis. Do total de 15.105 participantes do per&#237;odo basal do ELSA-Brasil, exclu&#237;mos 749 (5,0%) que relataram hist&#243;ria de acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Assim, a amostra de nosso estudo foi composta de 14.357 indiv&#237;duos. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento, e o protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica locais de cada institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
        <p>A VPA foi considerada a principal vari&#225;vel independente, definida pelo coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s medidas da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) obtidas durante a primeira visita do participante no per&#237;odo basal do ELSA-Brasil.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas avaliadas foram sexo, idade, cor/ra&#231;a autodeclarada (negra, parda, branca, asi&#225;tica e ind&#237;gena), n&#237;vel educacional (ensino fundamental, ensino m&#233;dio, ou superior), e renda familiar per capita, em reais.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular avaliadas foram obesidade abdominal (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &gt; 102 cm para homens, &gt; 88 cm para mulheres), hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo, hipercolesterolemia (LDL &#8805; 130mg/dL), hipertrigliceridemia (&gt;150 mg/dL), taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida (&lt;60mL/min), e velocidade de onda de pulso (m/s).</p>
        <p>Para estimar o risco de um primeiro epis&#243;dio de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou IAM (fatal/n&#227;o fatal) ou morte por doen&#231;a cardiovascular entre os participantes, durante um per&#237;odo de 10 anos, utilizou-se o estimador de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (ASCVD), que foi considerado a vari&#225;vel dependente neste estudo. Desenvolvido pela for&#231;a tarefa da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> em 2013, esse escore foi gerado com dados de coortes de indiv&#237;duos afro-americanos e brancos, com idade entre 40 e 79 anos, sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, acompanhados prospectivamente por um m&#237;nimo de 12 anos. M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos foram implementados para a obten&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o das equa&#231;&#245;es logar&#237;tmicas internas para estimativas espec&#237;ficas de risco de acordo com ra&#231;a e sexo. As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das para estimar o risco foram idade, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, bem como um diagn&#243;stico de diabetes e tabagismo. Indiv&#237;duos com um risco estimado em &#8805;7,5% s&#227;o considerados de alto risco, e aqueles com risco estimado &lt;7,5% s&#227;o considerados de baixo risco para acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, IAM, ou morte cardiovascular durante os pr&#243;ximos 10 anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre os procedimentos laboratoriais e a metodologia usada para medir a velocidade de onda de pulso podem ser encontradas em publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o foi determinada pela m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica das duas &#250;ltimas medidas quando a PAS era &#8805; 140 mmHg ou a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica era &#8805; 90 mmHg, ou se o indiv&#237;duo usava medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Diabetes foi definida por um diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico pr&#233;vio, uso de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes, glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dl, hemoglobina glicada &#8805; 6,5% ou glicemia p&#243;s-prandial &#8805; 200 mg/dL. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (desvio padr&#227;o/m&#233;dia x 100) das tr&#234;s medidas de PAS obtidas de cada indiv&#237;duo foi calculado no per&#237;odo basal e dividido em quartis. Vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e de risco cardiovascular, bem como risco ASCVD, foram estratificados segundo cada quartil, e expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, ou porcentagens.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida utilizando-se um oscil&#244;metro validado, o Omron HEM 705CPINT. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para as medidas, os pacientes encontravam-se sentados, com a bexiga vazia, e sem comer, beber, fumar ou se exercitar por pelo menos 30 minutos. O tamanho do manguito foi selecionado de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. A art&#233;ria braquial foi localizada por palpa&#231;&#227;o entre o tr&#237;ceps e o b&#237;ceps, com o manguito colocado 2 cm acima da fossa cubital, centralizado sobre a art&#233;ria braquial. Tr&#234;s medidas foram obtidas em intervalos de um minuto, preferencialmente no bra&#231;o esquerdo, enquanto os participantes permaneciam sentados confortavelmente sem cruzarem as pernas. Todo esfor&#231;o foi feito para se obter leituras precisas e minimizar erros de medidas, e o treinamento incluiu protocolos de teste e reteste para se assegurar que condi&#231;&#245;es similares fossem aplicadas a todos os participantes. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o Kappa para PAS e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foram 0,88 (IC95%: 0,82-0,91) e 0,89 (IC95%: 0,83-0,92), respectivamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias (porcentagens). O teste de Shapiro Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ; percentis 25 ao 75), de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como propor&#231;&#245;es e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. O teste ANOVA foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias, e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para compara&#231;&#227;o das medianas. Para estimar associa&#231;&#245;es entre risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e VPA, realizou-se an&#225;lise bivariada (teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste qui-quadrado de tend&#234;ncia). An&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. As covari&#225;veis foram testadas como potenciais modificadores de efeito e, quando isso n&#227;o se confirmou no modelo, foram testadas como potenciais confundidores. As vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o foram identificadas quando se detectou uma vari&#226;ncia de 10% ou mais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR), correspondendo a associa&#231;&#245;es entre VPA e risco cardiovascular. Para analisar as vari&#225;veis como potenciais modificadores do efeito, adotou-se o procedimento de regress&#227;o ( <italic>backward</italic> ) no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o que permitiu o c&#225;lculo do OR e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Para avaliar a modifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito, o teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a foi usado, comparando-se o modelo completo com o modelo reduzido &#8211; sem o(s) termo(s) do produto. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado no estudo foi de 5%. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados, utilizou-se o programa STATA (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, EUA), vers&#227;o 14.0 <sup>&#174;</sup> .</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise 14.357 indiv&#237;duos, dos quais 7.884 eram mulheres e 6.473 eram homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 51,7 anos. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , est&#227;o descritas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos indiv&#237;duos estudados, estratificados de acordo com os quartis determinados para o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial no per&#237;odo basal. O sexo feminino foi predominante tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o total (54,1%) como em todos os quartis. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ra&#231;a/cor autorrelatada, a branca foi a predominante em todos os quartis. A maioria dos participantes de cada quartil tinha n&#237;vel universit&#225;rio ou superior. A renda aumentou gradualmente nos quartis, com o n&#237;vel mais alto observado no quarto quartil (p=0,010).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas dos participantes do per&#237;odo basal do estudo ELSA-Brasil segundo quartis de variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="4">Variabilidade da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (%)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>1&#186; quartil (0 &#8211; 1,78)</th>
                <th>2&#186; quartil (1,79 &#8211; 2,88)</th>
                <th>3&#186; quartil (2,89 &#8211; 4,34)</th>
                <th>4&#186; quartil (&gt;4,34)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">Sexo (Masculino = 6473; Feminino=7883)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52,7</td>
                <td align="center">54,1</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">56,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,018 <sup>p</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (44 - 57)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (44 - 57)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (45 -58)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (45 - 59)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cor / ra&#231;a, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negra/parda</td>
                <td align="center">46,4</td>
                <td align="center">44,3</td>
                <td align="center">43,4</td>
                <td align="center">41,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">50,5</td>
                <td align="center">52,4</td>
                <td align="center">52,2</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 <sup>p</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escolaridade, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixa</td>
                <td align="center">9,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">30,1</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior</td>
                <td align="center">59,9</td>
                <td align="center">61,2</td>
                <td align="center">60,3</td>
                <td align="center">59,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,151 <sup>p</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Renda, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">1348,6 (691,5 - 2074,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1348,6 (726,1 - 2074,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1410,9 (726,1 - 2282,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1452,3,1 (726,1 - 2351,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mm Hg), m&#233;dia (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">120,2&#177;16,7</td>
                <td align="center">120,4&#177;16,5</td>
                <td align="center">121,2&#177;17,0</td>
                <td align="center">123,6/&#177;17,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mm Hg), m&#233;dia (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">76,3&#177;10,5</td>
                <td align="center">76,3&#177;10,6</td>
                <td align="center">76,4&#177;10,6</td>
                <td align="center">77,1&#177;10,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL colesterol (mg / dL), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (107 - 150)</td>
                <td align="center">129 (108 - 151)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (109 - 154)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (109 - 154)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL colesterol (mg / dL), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (46 - 65)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (46 - 65)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (47 - 65)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (47 - 65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg / dL), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (81 - 163)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (80 - 165)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (81 - 166)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (83 - 167)</td>
                <td align="center">0,470 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg / dL), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (98 - 113)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (98 - 113)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (98 - 113)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (99 - 115)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina glicada (%), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 (4,9 - 5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 (4,9 - 5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 (4,9 - 5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 (5,0 - 5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">90,5 (82,4 - 99,4)</td>
                <td align="center">90,2 (81,5 - 99,7)</td>
                <td align="center">90,2 (81,6 - 98,6)</td>
                <td align="center">89,8 (81,9 - 98,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,034 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG &lt;60mL / min, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,004 <sup>p</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">20,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <sup>p</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42,1</td>
                <td align="center">41,2</td>
                <td align="center">42,7</td>
                <td align="center">43,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,157 <sup>p</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade de onda de pulso (m /s), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 (8,0 - 10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 (8,1 - 10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 (8,1 - 10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 (8,1 - 10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>k</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alto risco cardiovascular (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
                <td align="center">23,7</td>
                <td align="center">25,7</td>
                <td align="center">30,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>p</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>* Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas expressas em n&#250;mero (%). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram testadas pelo teste &#967;2 de Pearson ( <sup>p</sup> ), ANOVA ( <sup>a</sup> ) teste de Kruskal-Wallis ( <sup>k</sup> ); IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os indiv&#237;duos do quarto quartil da VPA apresentaram valores maiores de medianas de idade (p&lt;0,001), de LDL colesterol (p&lt;0,001), glicemia (p=0,001) e hemoglobina glicada (p&lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro quartil. As preval&#234;ncias de diabetes e de taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida foram significativamente mais altas nos indiv&#237;duos do &#250;ltimo quartil (p=0,001 e p=0,004, respectivamente). A mediana da velocidade de onda de pulso tamb&#233;m foi significativamente maior nos indiv&#237;duos nesse quartil (p&lt;0,001). A preval&#234;ncia de alto risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica foi significativamente maior no &#250;ltimo quartil em compara&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro (p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> descreve a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco cardiovascular entre os quartis de coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS segundo o sexo, o qual foi considerado como um modificador do efeito na associa&#231;&#227;o entre VPA e risco cardiovascular. Em geral, os homens apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior de alto risco cardiovascular que as mulheres (p&lt;0,001). Uma vez que a VPA aumentou em ambos os sexos, a preval&#234;ncia de risco elevado tamb&#233;m foi maior, com as maiores diferen&#231;as observadas no &#250;ltimo quartil de variabilidade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de alto risco cardiovascular ( <italic>&#8805;</italic> 7,5%) segundo quartil de variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial e sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="6">Quartis de varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica</th>
                <th colspan="4">Preval&#234;ncia de alto risco cardiovascular</th>
                <th rowspan="6">Valor p*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Sexo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Masculino</th>
                <th colspan="2">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>Preval&#234;ncia (IC95%)</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>Preval&#234;ncia (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">1648 (25,9)</td>
                <td align="center">36,2 (33,8 &#8211; 38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1896 (24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 (10,7 &#8211; 13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">1601 (25,1)</td>
                <td align="center">37,1 (34,7 &#8211; 39,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1937 (24,9)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 (11,3 &#8211; 14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">1598 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">41,0 (38,6 &#8211; 43,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1951 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 (11,7 &#8211; 14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">1550 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">48,3 (45,8 &#8211; 50,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2011 (25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">17,1 (15,4 &#8211; 18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor p</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>* teste &#935;2 de tend&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta detalhes do modelo final da an&#225;lise multivariada avaliando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre risco elevado para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica e VPA de acordo com o sexo. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os quartis revelaram um risco cardiovascular mais alto para os homens classificados no pen&#250;ltimo e no &#250;ltimo quartil de coeficiente de VPA (OR=1,20; IC95%: 1,02 - 1,40; OR=1,46; IC95%: 1,25 - 1,71 respectivamente), e para as mulheres no &#250;ltimo quartil (OR=1,27; IC95%: 1,03 - 1,57), ap&#243;s ajuste quanto aos fatores de confus&#227;o (obesidade abdominal, renda e n&#237;vel educacional), incluindo m&#233;dia de PAS.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo final da associa&#231;&#227;o entre alto risco cardiovascular (&#8805; 7,5%) e variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial entre homens e mulheres</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="4">Quartis de varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica</th>
                <th colspan="4">Sexo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Masculino</th>
                <th colspan="2">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR n&#227;o ajustado (IC95%)</th>
                <th>*OR ajustado (IC95%)</th>
                <th>OR n&#227;o ajustado (IC95%)</th>
                <th>*OR ajustado (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,90 &#8211; 1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,89 &#8211; 1,21)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,87 &#8211; 1,28)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,86 &#8211; 1,35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (1,06 &#8211; 1,41)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (1,02 &#8211; 1,40)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (0,91 &#8211; 1,33)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,87 -1,36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4&#186;</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 (1,43 &#8211; 1,90)</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 (1,25 &#8211; 1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 (1,24 &#8211; 1,78)</td>
                <td align="center">1,27 (1,03 &#8211; 1,57)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>* Ajustado para m&#233;dia de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, obesidade abdominal, renda e escolaridade</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nos dados coletados dos indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos na fase basal do estudo ELSA-Brasil, a VPA em uma mesma visita associou-se a um risco elevado de se desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica, e a marcadores de risco cardiovascular, tais como hipercolesterolemia, diabetes, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida e velocidade de onda de pulso elevada. A preval&#234;ncia de alto risco cardiovascular aumentou progressivamente com a VPA, e foi significativamente maior em homens que em mulheres em todos os quartis avaliados. Independentemente da m&#233;dia da PAS, uma varia&#231;&#227;o mais alta no coeficiente de VPA foi significativamente associado com risco cardiovascular para homens nos dois quartis mais altos, e para mulheres no &#250;ltimo quartil.</p>
      <p>O valor progn&#243;stico da VPA em longo prazo, tanto medida por MAPA como por medidas casuais da press&#227;o arterial, foi comprovado em estudos pr&#233;vios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Um estudo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> do tipo coorte coreano, recentemente publicado, demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade de PAS, glicemia, colesterol total e &#237;ndice de massa corporal com mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O valor progn&#243;stico da VPA em curto prazo (24 horas), medida por MAPA, foi bem demonstrado quanto a les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e desfechos cardiovasculares em estudos transversais e longitudinais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Contudo, h&#225; menos evid&#234;ncias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; VPA em uma mesma consulta, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> destacando a necessidade de confirma&#231;&#227;o em termos das implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos que avaliaram essa quest&#227;o, nossos resultados corroboraram os achados de Grassi et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que descreveram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a VPA em uma mesma visita e fatores de risco cardiovascular, tais como idade avan&#231;ada, hipercolesterolemia, e a presen&#231;a de diabetes, os quais foram significativamente mais prevalentes no &#250;ltimo quartil do coeficiente da varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS. Em um estudo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> envolvendo uma popula&#231;&#227;o menor na Turquia, os autores avaliaram a VPA por MAPA e o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS, e observaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre risco e VPA, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a entre os sexos.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, encontramos uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida e de velocidade de onda de pulso mais elevada entre indiv&#237;duos com VPA mais alta. Apesar do fato de que medidas casuais da press&#227;o arterial tenham sido usadas para avaliar VPA em curto prazo, n&#243;s identificamos uma rela&#231;&#227;o com a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida, um marcador precoce de risco para doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, o que foi similar aos resultados de outro estudo conduzido em uma popula&#231;&#227;o coreana. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Um dado interessante em nosso estudo foi a observa&#231;&#227;o de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre VPA na mesma visita e a velocidade de onda de pulso elevada, um marcador importante de rigidez de grandes art&#233;rias, o que corrobora resultados somente vistos em estudos em que se empregou MAPA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da VPA pode ser influenciada pela escolha do m&#233;todo e o intervalo de tempo considerado entre as medidas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o da literatura destacou poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos na associa&#231;&#227;o observada entre VPA em uma &#250;nica visita e alto risco cardiovascular, incluindo aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica central e da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea, redu&#231;&#227;o do reflexo arterial e da complac&#234;ncia arterial, e mudan&#231;a dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de angiotensina II, bradicinina, endotelina e &#243;xido n&#237;trico, al&#233;m de fatores emocionais e comportamentais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os achados no presente estudo sugerem que a VPA em uma &#250;nica visita pode ser considerada um importante marcador de risco cardiovascular, e que sua avalia&#231;&#227;o pode auxiliar m&#233;dicos a identificarem pacientes que necessitem de um monitoramento mais pr&#243;ximo, ou mesmo de um tratamento mais intensivo. &#201; importante notar que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada consistiu principalmente de indiv&#237;duos normotensos (64,2%), o que refor&#231;a a ideia de que a press&#227;o arterial seja uma vari&#225;vel de risco cont&#237;nuo, e que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da VPA seja importante n&#227;o somente entre os pacientes hipertensos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nossos resultados refor&#231;am ainda a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica de se monitorar a VPA, al&#233;m de se obter medidas isoladas em uma &#250;nica visita, dada a possibilidade de se identificar indiv&#237;duos com alto risco cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados ganham for&#231;a pelo tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, pelo uso de um m&#233;todo simples, de baixo custo, reprodut&#237;vel e eficiente para avaliar a VPA, e em determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VPA e o risco cardiovascular. Quanto &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es, destacamos a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia sem randomiza&#231;&#227;o e a natureza transversal deste estudo que n&#227;o nos permitiu determinar se o risco cardiovascular leva ao desenvolvimento de VPA, ou vice-versa.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel generalizarmos nossos resultados a toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, &#233; not&#225;vel que nossa amostra &#233; altamente representativa de popula&#231;&#245;es urbanas de grandes capitais brasileiras, com caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas similares &#224;s encontradas em outros centros importantes do pa&#237;s. De uma perspectiva futura, n&#243;s destacamos a possibilidade de se avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre variabilidade da PAS em uma &#250;nica visita e eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais entre os participantes do ELSA-Brasil. Os autores ainda sugerem que mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, como ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados utilizando diferentes classes de drogas anti-hipertensivas, na tentativa de se determinar o impacto desses tratamentos sobre a VPA, bem como estabelecer associa&#231;&#245;es com desfechos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A maior variabilidade da PAS em uma mesma visita nos participantes do per&#237;odo basal do ELSA-Brasil foi associada a um risco cardiovascular mais alto, principalmente entre homens, independentemente da m&#233;dia da PAS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
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        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia, Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (Financiadora de Projetos-FINEP) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
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  </back>
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      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Within-Visit Blood Pressure Variability and Cardiovascular Risk in ELSA-Brasil Study Participants</article-title>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Griep</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Harter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Jesus Mendes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Luciara Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Maria Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; UFBA, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral Roberto Santos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia &#8211; UNEB, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Sant&#8217;Anna Zarife &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Augusto Viana, S/N. Postal Code 40110-060, Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: andrezarife@terra.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zarife AS, Mill JG, Lotufo P, Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Almeida MC, Matos SMA; Acquisition of data: Almeida MC, Matos SMA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Zarife AS, Fraga-Maia H, Brito LL, Almeida MC, Aras R; Statistical analysis: Zarife AS, Fraga-Maia H, Brito LL, Almeida MC; Obtaining financing: Mill JG, Lotufo P, Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Matos SMA; Writing of the manuscript: Zarife AS, Fraga-Maia H, Mill JG, Lotufo P, Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Brito LL, Aras R, Matos SMA; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual contente: Zarife AS, Fraga-Maia H, Mill JG, Lotufo P, Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Brito LL, Almeida MC, Aras R, Matos SMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Blood pressure variability (BPV) is of prognostic value for fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aimed to evaluate the association between within-visit BPV and cardiovascular risk among participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The present cross-sectional study was carried out using baseline data (2008-2010) of 14,357 ELSA-Brasil participants with no prior history of cardiovascular disease. Within-visit BPV was quantified by the coefficient of variation of three standardized systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements using an oscillometer. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests were also performed. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk estimator (ASCVD) and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed with a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Significantly higher cardiovascular risk was determined by increased BPV for both sexes. A significantly higher prevalence of high risk was found in men than women across all quartiles, with the highest difference observed in the fourth quartile of variability (48.3% vs. 17.1%). Comparisons among quartiles in each sex revealed a significantly higher cardiovascular risk for men in the third (OR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.02 - 1.40) and fourth quartiles (OR=1.46; 95%CI: 1.25 -1.71), and for women in the fourth quartile (OR=1.27; 95%CI: 1.03 - 1.57).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Analysis of baseline data of the ELSA-Brasil participants revealed that blood pressure variability was associated with increased cardiovascular risk, especially in men.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension is considered the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with increasing global mortality evidenced in recent years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In Brazil, it is estimated that arterial hypertension affects approximately 36 million Brazilians, with epidemiological studies reporting a prevalence ranging from 21.4 - 35.8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although arterial hypertension is considered an important risk factor for stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), evidence suggests that elevated blood pressure is not the only relevant pathophysiological factor involved in cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Several studies have demonstrated the importance of blood pressure variability (BPV) in the association between arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> BPV is a complex phenomenon, in which fluctuations in blood pressure readings can be influenced by the individual&#8217;s environment, behavior, hormonal and central nervous system activity, among other factors.</p>
        <p>BPV is assessed beat-by-beat through intra-arterial measurements, by physicians in a clinical setting, by using an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) device, or a home blood pressure monitor (HBPM) at very short, short, medium or long intervals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Short-term (24 hours), medium-term (2+ days) and long term (at weekly, monthly or yearly intervals) BPV is associated with high cardiovascular risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> left ventricular hypertrophy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> increased carotid intima-media thickness,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> chronic renal failure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some studies have demonstrated that the within-visit BPV can be positively associated with stroke and cardiovascular risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> while others found no associations with cardiovascular or total mortality outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Previously published data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study on Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) reported an association between within-visit BPV and carotid intima-media thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Despite the body of accumulated knowledge in the literature, it remains impossible to conclude that BPV represents an independent risk factor that should be modulated and controlled through antihypertensive treatment, or whether it is simply a marker that accompanies elevated blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Thus, the present study aimed to establish associations between BPV in a single visit and cardiovascular risk in a cohort of participants at baseline of the ELSA-Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The present cross-sectional study was carried out with baseline data (2008-2010) from the ELSA-Brasil. ELSA-Brasil is a cohort study initiated in 2008 involving public servants at higher education and research institutions located in six Brazilian capitals (Salvador, Vit&#243;ria, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, S&#227;o Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro) and aims to investigate the incidence and progression of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, as well as associated biological, environmental, psychological, and social factors. At baseline, data collection consisted of interviews, anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations and the collection of biological samples. Participants are contacted by phone annually to record health events, and every four years they are called back for new interviews and assessment of health status and outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>Active and retired public servants from six institutions were included, aged between 35 and 74 years. Individuals with severe cognitive or communication impairment were considered ineligible, as well as those who intended to retire in the near future or had retired and then moved to a residence far from their respective local research center. Also, women who were pregnant or had given birth less than four months prior to their baseline visit were ineligible to participate. Of the 15,105 ELSA-Brasil baseline participants, we excluded 749 (5.0%) who self-reported previous stroke, myocardial infarction, revascularization, or heart failure. As a result, our study sample comprised 14,357 individuals. All participants signed an informed consent form, and the study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of each institution.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study variables</title>
          <p>BPV was considered the main independent variable, defined by the coefficient of variation of three systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements obtained during the first visit of each participant at baseline.</p>
          <p>The sociodemographic variables evaluated were sex, age, self-declared race/skin color (black, brown, white, asian, indigenous), education level (elementary school, high school or university degree) and per capita family income in Brazilian reals.</p>
          <p>The cardiovascular risk variables evaluated were abdominal obesity (waist circumference &gt;102 cm for men, &gt;88 cm for women), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia (LDL &#8805;130 mg/dL), hypertriglyceridemia (&gt;150 mg/dL), reduced glomerular filtration rate (&lt;60 mL/min), and pulse wave velocity (m/s).</p>
          <p>To estimate the risk of a first episode of stroke or AMI (fatal / non-fatal) or cardiovascular death among the study participants over a 10-year period, the risk estimator of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease (ASCVD) was used, which was considered the dependent variable in this study. Developed by an American Heart Association task force in 2013, this score was generated using data obtained from cohorts that included African-American and white individuals, aged 40-79 years, with no previous history of cardiovascular disease, and who were prospectively followed for a minimum of 12 years.</p>
          <p>Statistical methods were implemented to obtain and validate the internal logarithmic equations for specific risk estimates according to sex and race. The variables included to estimate the risk were age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and systolic pressure, as well as a diagnosis of diabetes and smoking habit. Individuals with a risk estimated at &#8805;7.5% are considered to be at high risk, while those &lt;7.5% are considered to be at low risk for stroke, AMI or cardiovascular death over the next 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Detailed information on laboratory testing procedures and the methodology used to measure pulse wave velocity can be found in previous publications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Hypertension was determined by the arithmetic mean of the last two measurements when SBP was &#8805; 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg, or if the subject used antihypertensive medication. Diabetes was defined by a previous clinical diagnosis, use of antidiabetic medications, fasting glucose &#8805;126 mg/dl, glycated hemoglobin &#8805; 6.5% or postprandial glucose &#8805; 200 mg /dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean x 100) of the three SBP measurements obtained for each individual was calculated at baseline of the study and divided into quartiles. Sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk variables, as well as ASCVD risk, were stratified according to each quartile, and expressed as means and standard deviation, or percentages.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure measurement</title>
          <p>A validated oscillometer device, Omron HEM 705CPINT, was used to measure arterial blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Measurements were performed in sitting position, with an empty bladder, and without eating, drinking, smoking or exercising for at least 30 minutes before the measurement. Cuff size was selected according to arm circumference. The brachial artery was detected by palpation between the triceps and biceps, with the cuff placed 2 cm above the cubital fossae, centered over the brachial artery. Three measurements were obtained at one-minute intervals, preferably on the left arm, while the participant was seated comfortably without crossing their legs. Every effort was made to obtain accurate readings and minimize measurement errors, and training included test-retest protocols to ensure that similar conditions would be used for all participants. The Kappa correlation coefficient for SBP and diastolic blood pressure were 0.88 (95%CI: 0.82-0.91) and 0.89 (95%CI: 0.83-0.92), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were described as frequencies (percentages). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test normality of data distribution. Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR; 25th to 75th percentile), according to data distribution. Categorical variables were described by proportions and compared using Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test. The ANOVA test was used to compare the means, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for the medians. To estimate associations between risk of cardiovascular disease and BPV, bivariate analysis was performed (Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test and chi-square test for trend). Lastly, multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression. Covariates were tested as potential effect modifiers; when not confirmed in the model as such, they were tested as potential confounders. Confounding variables were identified when a variance of 10% or more was detected with respect to odds ratio (OR) values corresponding to associations between BPV and cardiovascular risk. To analyze the variables as potential effect modifiers, the backward procedure was adopted in the logistic regression model, which allowed the estimation of OR and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). To assess the effect modification, the likelihood-ratio test was used, comparing the complete model with the reduced model - without the product term (s). The level of significance admitted in the study was 5%. For the statistical analysis of the data, the STATA (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA), version 14.0<sup>&#174;</sup>software was used.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 14,357 individuals were included in the analysis, 7,884 of whom were females and 6,473 were males, with a mean age of 51.7 years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> lists the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the studied individuals, stratified according to the quartiles determined for the BP coefficient of variation at baseline. Females predominated in both the overall population (54.1%), as well as in all quartiles. With respect to self-reported race/skin color, white was the most predominant across all quartiles. Most participants had university degree or higher in each quartile. Income level gradually increased across the quartiles, with the highest level seen in the fourth quartile (p=0.010).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants in the ELSA-Brasil baseline according to blood pressure variability quartiles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Systolic blood pressure variability (%)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>1<sup>st</sup>quartile (0 &#8211; 1.78)</th>
                  <th>2<sup>nd</sup>quartile (1.79 &#8211; 2.88)</th>
                  <th>3<sup>rd</sup>quartile (2.89 &#8211; 4.34)</th>
                  <th>4<sup>th</sup>quartile (&gt;4.34)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (Male=6,473; Female=7,883)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.7</td>
                  <td align="center">54.1</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5</td>
                  <td align="center">56.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018<sup>p</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (44 - 57)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (44 - 57)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (45 -58)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (45 - 59)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Skin color, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black/brown</td>
                  <td align="center">46.4</td>
                  <td align="center">44.3</td>
                  <td align="center">43.4</td>
                  <td align="center">41.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">50.5</td>
                  <td align="center">52.4</td>
                  <td align="center">52.2</td>
                  <td align="center">54.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asian</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003<sup>p</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Schooling, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3</td>
                  <td align="center">8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medium</td>
                  <td align="center">30.8</td>
                  <td align="center">30.6</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1</td>
                  <td align="center">30.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">59.9</td>
                  <td align="center">61.2</td>
                  <td align="center">60.3</td>
                  <td align="center">59.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.151<sup>p</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Income, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1348.6 (691.5 - 2074.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1348.6 (726.1 - 2074.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1410.9 (726.1 - 2282.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1452.3.1 (726.1 - 2351.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mm Hg), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">120.2&#177;16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">120.4&#177;16.5</td>
                  <td align="center">121.2&#177;17.0</td>
                  <td align="center">123.6/&#177;17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mm Hg), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.3&#177;10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">76.3&#177;10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">76.4&#177;10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">77.1&#177;10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL cholesterol (mg / dL), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (107 - 150)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (108 - 151)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (109 - 154)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (109 - 154)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol (mg / dL), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (46 - 65)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (46 - 65)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (47 - 65)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (47 - 65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg / dL), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (81 - 163)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (80 - 165)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (81 - 166)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (83 - 167)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.470<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood glucose (mg / dL), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (98 - 113)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (98 - 113)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (98 - 113)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (99 - 115)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycated hemoglobin (%), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3 (4.9 - 5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5 (4.9 - 5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3 (4.9 - 5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3 (5.0 - 5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Waist circumference (cm), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.5 (82.4 - 99.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.2 (81.5 - 99.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.2 (81.6 - 98.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.8 (81.9 - 98.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR &lt;60ml / min, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004<sup>p</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.4</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1</td>
                  <td align="center">20.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001<sup>p</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.1</td>
                  <td align="center">41.2</td>
                  <td align="center">42.7</td>
                  <td align="center">43.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157<sup>p</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse wave velocity (m / s), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9 (8.0 - 10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 (8.1 - 10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 (8.1 - 10.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 (8.1 - 10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>k</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High cardiovascular risk (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.3</td>
                  <td align="center">23.7</td>
                  <td align="center">25.7</td>
                  <td align="center">30.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>p</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p><sup>*</sup>Categorical variables expressed as number (%). Comparisons were made by Pearson&#8217;s &#967;2 (<sup>p</sup>), ANOVA (<sup>a</sup>) or Kruskal-Wallis test (<sup>k</sup>); IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Individuals of the fourth quartile of BPV presented significantly higher median age (p&lt;0.001), higher median LDL cholesterol levels (p&lt;0.001), blood glucose (p=0.001) and glycated hemoglobin (p&lt;0.001) in comparison to the first quartile. The prevalence of diabetes and reduced glomerular filtration rate were significantly higher among individuals in the last quartile (p=0.001 and p=0.004, respectively). The median pulse wave velocity was also significantly higher among individuals in this quartile (p&lt;0.001). The prevalence of high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was significantly higher in the last quartile compared to the first (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> describes the prevalence of an elevated risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among the quartiles of SBP coefficient of variation according to sex, which was considered as a modifier of effect in the association between BPV and cardiovascular risk. In general, men presented a significantly higher prevalence of high ASCVD risk than women (p &lt;0.001). As BPV increased in both sexes, the prevalence of high risk was also higher, with the largest differences seen in the last quartile of variability ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prevalence of high cardiovascular risk (&#8805; 7.5%) according to quartile of blood pressure variability and sex</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="6">Systolic blood pressure variation quartiles</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Prevalence of high cardiovascular risk</th>
                  <th rowspan="6">p-value*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Sex</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Male</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Female</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>Prevalence (95CI%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>Prevalence (95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1648 (25.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.2 (33.8 &#8211; 38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1896 (24.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1 (10.7 &#8211; 13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1601 (25.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.1 (34.7 &#8211; 39.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1937 (24.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7 (11.3 &#8211; 14.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1598 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.0 (38.6 &#8211; 43.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1951 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 (11.7 &#8211; 14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1550 (24.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.3 (45.8 &#8211; 50.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2011 (25.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.1 (15.4 &#8211; 18.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p value</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>* &#935;2 trend test</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> details the final model of the multivariate analysis assessing the association between high atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk and BPV according to sex. Comparisons among the quartiles revealed a significantly higher overall cardiovascular risk for men classified in the penultimate and last BPV coefficient quartiles (OR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.02 - 1.40; OR=1.46; 95%CI: 1.25 -1.71, respectively), and for women in the last quartile (OR=1.27; 95%CI: 1.03 - 1.57), after adjusting for confounders (abdominal obesity, income and education level), including mean SBP.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Final model of the association between high cardiovascular risk and blood pressure variability between men and women</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="4">Systolic blood pressure variation quartiles</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Sex</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Male</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Female</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Crude OR (95CI%)</th>
                  <th>*Adjusted OR (95CI%)</th>
                  <th>Crude OR (95CI%)</th>
                  <th>*Adjusted OR (95CI%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.90 &#8211; 1.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.89 &#8211; 1.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (0.87 &#8211; 1.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 (0.86 &#8211; 1.35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 (1.06 &#8211; 1.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 (1.02 &#8211; 1.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 (0.91 &#8211; 1.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (0.87 -1.36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.65 (1.43 &#8211; 1.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.46 (1.25 &#8211; 1.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.49 (1.24 &#8211; 1.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27 (1.03 &#8211; 1.57)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>* Adjusted for average systolic pressure, abdominal obesity, income and education</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the data collected from individuals included the ELSA-Brasil, within-visit BPV was found to be associated with a high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and was related to markers of cardiovascular risk, such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, reduced glomerular filtration rate and high pulse wave velocity. The prevalence of high cardiovascular risk progressively increased with BPV, and was observed to be significantly higher among men compared to women in all quartiles evaluated. Regardless of mean SBP, a higher blood pressure coefficient of variation was significantly associated with cardiovascular risk for men in the two highest quartiles, and in the last quartile for women.</p>
        <p>The prognostic value of long-term BPV, both through ABPM and casual blood pressure measurements, has been proven in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A recently published Korean cohort study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> demonstrated an association of SBP, blood glucose, total cholesterol and body mass index variability with mortality and cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prognostic value of short-term (24-hour) BPV, as measured by ABPM, has been extensively demonstrated regarding target organ damage and cardiovascular outcomes in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, there is less evidence regarding BPV in a single consultation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> highlighting the need for further confirmation in terms of clinical implications. Compared to other studies that evaluated this issue, our results corroborated findings reported by Grassi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> who described the relationship between within-visit BPV and cardiovascular risk factors, such as advanced age, hypercholesterolemia and the presence of diabetes, which were significantly more prevalent in the last quartile of the SBP coefficient of variation. In contrast to the results reported by Grassi et al., we demonstrated a positive relationship between elevated cardiovascular risk and BPV among both sexes, which was shown to be stronger in men. Another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> involving a smaller-sized population in Turkey evaluated BPV by ABPM and SBP coefficient of variation, observing an independent association between risk and BPV, with no differences between sexes though.</p>
        <p>We additionally found a higher prevalence of reduced glomerular filtration rate and higher pulse wave velocity among individuals with higher BPV. Despite the fact that casual blood pressure measurements were used to assess short-term BPV, we did identify a link with reduced glomerular filtration rate, an early risk marker of chronic kidney disease, which was similar to results from another study conducted in a Korean population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Interestingly, the association observed herein between within-visit BPV and elevated pulse wave velocity, an important marker of stiffness in large arteries, corroborated results only seen in studies employing ABPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The assessment of BPV can be influenced by the choice of method and the time interval considered between measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A review of the literature highlighted possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the association observed between short-term BPV in a single visit and high cardiovascular risk, including increased central sympathetic activity, decreased arterial and cardiopulmonary reflexes, increased blood viscosity, decreased arterial compliance, changes in serum insulin levels, angiotensin II, bradykinins, endothelin and nitric oxide, in addition to emotional and behavioral factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The findings here suggest that BPV in a single visit can be considered an important marker of cardiovascular risk, and that the evaluation of this parameter can help physicians to identify patients who should be monitored more closely, as well as those that may even require more intensive treatment. It is important to note that the population studied consisted mainly of normotensive individuals (64.2%), which reinforces the notion that blood pressure is a continuous risk variable and that the assessment of BPV is important not only among hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Our results further reinforce the clinical importance of monitoring BPV, in addition to obtaining isolated measures in a single visit, given the possibility of identifying individuals with high cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results are strengthened by the size of the population evaluated, the use of a simple, low-cost, reproducible and efficient method to assess BPV, and in determining the association between BPV and cardiovascular risk. With regard to limitations, a convenience sample was employed without randomization, and the cross-sectional nature of this study prevents us from determining whether cardiovascular risk lead to development BPV, or vice-versa. Although it is not feasible to generalize our results to the overall population, it is notable that our sample is highly representative of urban populations from large Brazilian capitals, with similar sociodemographic characteristics as those found in other major centers throughout the country. From a future perspective, we highlight the possibility of assessing the association between SBP variability in a single visit and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events among the ELSA-Brasil participants in the context of the ongoing research project. The authors further suggest that future studies should be conducted, such as randomized clinical trials using different classes of antihypertensive drugs, in an attempt to determine the impact of these treatments on BPV, as well as establish associations with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The higher values of within-visit variability of SBP found in ELSA-Brasil participants at baseline were associated with higher cardiovascular risk, especially among males, regardless of mean SBP.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1001">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Andr&#233; Sant&#8217;Anna Zarife, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2001">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva/Universidade Federal da Bahia under the protocol number 027-06/CEP-ISC. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia, Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (Financiadora de Projetos-FINEP) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
