<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">K9Ns38vDyW3qXDkJSQj56Jk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000900488</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210722</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210722</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relato de Caso de Doen&#231;a Coronariana e Vascular N&#227;o Ateroscler&#243;tica: Em Busca de uma Entidade Cl&#237;nica Rara</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2413-3487</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Epif&#226;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-6789</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-8178</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abecasis</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Sancia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santo Ant&#243;nio dos Capuchos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o Medicina Interna, Hospital Santo Ant&#243;nio dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o anatomia Patol&#243;gica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o anatomia Patol&#243;gica, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo S&#225; Mendes &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz Biblioteca &#8211; Cardiologia - Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos Hospital Santa Cruz- Piso 5 Lisboa, Carnaxide 2790-134 &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>gustavo.samendes@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mendes GJAS, Mesquita AE, Ramos S, Trabulo M; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mendes GJAS, Mesquita AE, Trabulo M; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mendes GJAS, Mesquita AE, Rocha B; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mendes GJAS, Mesquita AE, Rocha B, Ramos S, Trabulo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>488</fpage>
      <lpage>495</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunoglobulina G4</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortite</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Multimodal/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Aqui relatamos um caso desafiador de uma condi&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica rara &#8211; doen&#231;a relacionada &#224; imunoglobulina G4 (IgG4-RD) &#8211;que se apresentou com uma rara manifesta&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. A aortite por IgG4-RD est&#225; bem documentada na literatura, mas raramente tem sido relacionada ao envolvimento da &#225;rvore arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Documentamos IgG4-RD com periarterite coronariana difusa, apresentando-se como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda neste caso particular. Apesar da gravidade inicial, o trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar foi a chave para o diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e o in&#237;cio do tratamento personalizado salvavidas, visando inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e envolvimento de &#243;rg&#227;os autoimunes.</p>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
        <p>Uma mulher caucasiana de 56 anos deu entrada no pronto-socorro com dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, dispneia, cansa&#231;o e ocasionais surtos de dor abdominal durante a semana anterior. Al&#233;m disso, foram relatadas mialgias proximais intermitentes de membros inferiores, ondas de calor cervicais, xerostomia e xeroftalmia. A paciente estava afebril, normotensa com taquicardia sinusal (113 batimentos/min) e taquipneia. Ao exame f&#237;sico notava-se galope S3 e sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar (aus&#234;ncia de edema perif&#233;rico). A hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa era not&#225;vel por rinite al&#233;rgica, emagrecimento (40 Kg, 151 cm) e uso continuado de tabaco (27 ma&#231;os-ano). H&#225; cinco anos, a paciente apresentava c&#227;ibras persistentes em membros inferiores h&#225; 5 meses, com estudo ultrassonogr&#225;fico Doppler arterial sem altera&#231;&#245;es, tratada com terapia n&#227;o esteroidal.</p>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica na emerg&#234;ncia revelou n&#237;veis ligeiramente elevados de troponina T de alta sensibilidade (73 ng/mL), n&#237;veis aumentados de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo N-terminal pr&#243;-B (NT-proBNP) (3485 pg/mL), bem como uma ligeira eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatina quinase. O eletrocardiograma mostrou extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares e altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) foi not&#225;vel por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE [FEVE] &lt;30%) com hipocinesia global, padr&#227;o de enchimento restritivo e regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica moderada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">V&#237;deo 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial: dilata&#231;&#227;o grave do VE (219ml/m2) com fun&#231;&#227;o do VE deprimida (FEVE 25% PAS; strain longitudinal global -8,1%) devido &#224; hipocinesia difusa e global.</title>
              <p>Link: <italic>http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-1.mp4</italic></p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para excluir doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e investigar dor abdominal persistente, foi realizada angiotomografia computadorizada (TC) toracoabdominal. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido observado c&#225;lcio na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, foi documentada infiltra&#231;&#227;o fibrolip&#237;dica difusa da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, al&#233;m de aneurisma proximal da descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) e suboclus&#227;o distal da DA. Foi identificada dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente (42 mm) com espessamento conc&#234;ntrico homog&#234;neo da parede de baixa densidade e aneurisma de aorta abdominal (47 mm) com trombo mural ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). A angiografia coron&#225;ria confirmou resultados de Angio TC (doen&#231;a intermedi&#225;ria difusa com leito distal fino), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ameniz&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Angio-TC card&#237;aca Painel A: Infiltra&#231;&#227;o fibrolip&#237;dica difusa da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, al&#233;m de aneurisma proximal da descendente anterior esquerda (LAD) (Pain&#233;is A1 e A2) e suboclus&#227;o da DA do leito distal (painel A3). A densidade de infiltra&#231;&#227;o da parede da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; semelhante &#224; densidade da parede da aorta (painel B1). Os pain&#233;is A4 e A5 n&#227;o mostraram c&#225;lcio nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Painel B: Painel B1 e B2 - avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial: espessamento homog&#234;neo de 10mm de baixa densidade (~70 unidades Hounsfield [HU]) da parede a&#243;rtica, sem aumento de densidade ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste. Painel B3 - 15 dias ap&#243;s in&#237;cio do tratamento direcionado: redu&#231;&#227;o do espessamento da parede parietal (10mm a 5mm), do di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da raiz a&#243;rtica (43mm a 39mm) e da densidade da parede parietal antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste (para 40 HU) . Painel C: Angio-TC abdominal mostrou aneurisma de aorta abdominal (47mm) com trombo mural antes do tratamento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) diagnosticou disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE com dilata&#231;&#227;o grave (FEVE 21%; &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do VE: 229mL/m2) e realce tardio subendoc&#225;rdico difuso por gadol&#237;nio. As sequ&#234;ncias ponderadas em T2 n&#227;o mostraram edema mioc&#225;rdico, embora um sinal hiperintenso ao n&#237;vel da parede da raiz da aorta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">V&#237;deo 2</xref> ; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca: A) Cine Eixo Curto SSFP; B) Vis&#227;o de 2 c&#226;maras do SSFP; C) Vis&#227;o de 4 c&#226;maras do SSFP; D) SSFP Vis&#227;o do eixo longo. Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com dilata&#231;&#227;o grave do VE.</title>
              <p>Links: A) <italic>http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-2A.mp4</italic></p>
              <p>B) <italic>http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-2B.mp4</italic></p>
              <p>C) <italic>http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-2C.mp4</italic></p>
              <p>D) <italic>http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-2D.mp4</italic></p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca: A) Sequ&#234;ncia escura de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio, mostrando realce tardio difuso n&#227;o transmural, confirmando cicatriz isqu&#234;mica subendoc&#225;rdica em m&#250;ltiplos territ&#243;rios arteriais; B) A sequ&#234;ncia T2-W revelou aus&#234;ncia de edema mioc&#225;rdico (confirmado com mapeamento T2 normal) com edema de parede a&#243;rtica, percebido como hipersinal (ponta de seta); C) Sequ&#234;ncia T2-STIR suportando o espessamento da parede a&#243;rtica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dada a doen&#231;a polivascular difusa e a alta suspeita de etiologia n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, foi realizada extensa investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Os pain&#233;is de investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as infecciosas e imunol&#243;gicas (s&#237;filis, citomegalov&#237;rus, v&#237;rus da hepatite B e C, v&#237;rus Epstein Barr, complemento, crioglobulinas, antinucleares, SCL70, Jo1; anticorpos anti-GBM, ECA e l&#250;pus) estavam todos dentro da normalidade, exceto para uma alta velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VHS) e hipergamaglobulinemia policlonal. Notavelmente, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IgG4 aumentaram (1100 mg/L: valor de refer&#234;ncia &lt; 291 mg/L).</p>
        <p>Um estudo de imagem adicional com tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET) - TC mostrou intensa atividade do tra&#231;ador sobre a aorta ascendente proximal e infrarrenal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Painel A &#8211; PET-CT (Fluorodesoxiglicose) com alta atividade metab&#243;lica na aorta ascendente e infrarrenal (*). Ligeira atividade difusa no mioc&#225;rdio (ponta de seta). Este estudo de imagem tamb&#233;m foi not&#225;vel pelo metabolismo anormal nas car&#243;tidas e no eixo arterial dos membros inferiores (possivelmente explicando a sensa&#231;&#227;o de calor no pesco&#231;o e as mialgias). Painel B &#8211; PET-CT de corpo inteiro (Fluorodesoxiglicose) ap&#243;s um ano de tratamento: resolu&#231;&#227;o completa com atividade metab&#243;lica normal no mioc&#225;rdio, aorta ascendente e infrarrenal, car&#243;tidas e eixo dos membros inferiores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de rinite al&#233;rgica, foi realizada bi&#243;psia da mucosa nasal encontrando denso infiltrado linfocit&#225;rio e discreto aumento de plasm&#243;citos da l&#226;mina pr&#243;pria (CD138+), muitos deles positivos para IgG4+ (raz&#227;o IgG4+/IgG+ de 0-40% e um n&#250;mero indeterminado de c&#233;lulas IgG4+/HPF) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ). Diante de todo o exposto, suspeitou-se do diagn&#243;stico de IgG4-RD quando consideramos os crit&#233;rios EULAR ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bi&#243;psia da mucosa nasal: Painel A- HE x20: infiltrado linfoplasmocit&#225;rio difuso e denso (&#8226;); Painel B- CD138 x20: popula&#231;&#227;o plasmoc&#237;tica (*); Painel C-IgG x40: infiltrado de c&#233;lulas IgG (ponta de seta); Painel D- IgG4 x40, revelando a supobupola&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas IgG4 (&#9674;). A bi&#243;psia foi em sua maioria pouco informativa e n&#227;o apresentou um denso infiltrado linfocit&#225;rio, destacando o envolvimento heterog&#234;neo de &#243;rg&#227;os caracter&#237;stico de IgG4-RD. Apesar disso, houve um leve aumento de plasm&#243;citos da l&#226;mina pr&#243;pria (CD138+); muitos foram positivos para IgG e mesmo com um infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio t&#227;o escasso, foi calculada uma raz&#227;o IgG4+/IgG+ de 23,1%. Isso se encaixa nos crit&#233;rios EULAR: propor&#231;&#227;o IgG4+/IgG+ de 0-40% e um n&#250;mero indeterminado de c&#233;lulas IgG4+/HPF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Crit&#233;rios EULAR para doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Crit&#233;rio de entrada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Envolvimento cl&#237;nico ou radiol&#243;gico caracter&#237;stico* de um &#243;rg&#227;o t&#237;pico (por exemplo, p&#226;ncreas, gl&#226;ndulas salivares, ductos biliares, &#243;rbitas, rim, pulm&#227;o, aorta, retroperit&#244;nio, paquimeninges ou gl&#226;ndula tireoide). OU Evid&#234;ncia patol&#243;gica de processo inflamat&#243;rio acompanhado por infiltrado linfoplasmocit&#225;rio de etiologia incerta em um desses mesmos &#243;rg&#227;os.</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Pontos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Histopatologia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bi&#243;psia n&#227;o informativa</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infiltrado linfoc&#237;tico denso</td>
                  <td align="center">+4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infiltrado linfoc&#237;tico denso e flebite obliterativa</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infiltrado linfoc&#237;tico denso e fibrose estoriforme com ou sem flebite obliterativa</td>
                  <td align="center">+13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Imunocolora&#231;&#227;o</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: a propor&#231;&#227;o de IgG+ &#233; de 0&#8211;40% ou indeterminada, e o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas IgG4+/HPF &#233; de 0&#8211;9.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: a propor&#231;&#227;o de IgG+ &#233; &#8805;41%, e o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas IgG4+/HPF &#233; 0&#8211;9 ou indeterminado;</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: a propor&#231;&#227;o de IgG+ &#233; de 0&#8211;40% e o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas IgG4+/HPF &#233; &#8805;10 ou indeterminado.**</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: a propor&#231;&#227;o de IgG+ &#233; de 41 a 70% e o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas IgG4+/HPF &#233; &#8805;10</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: a propor&#231;&#227;o de IgG+ &#233; &#8805;71% e o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas IgG4+/HPF &#233; 10&#8211;50.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: a propor&#231;&#227;o de IgG+ &#233; &#8805;71%, e o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas IgG4+/HPF &#233; &#8805;51.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de IgG4</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal ou n&#227;o verificado</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; Normal, mas &lt;2x limite superior do normal</td>
                  <td align="center">+4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2&#8211;5x limite superior do normal</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;5x limite superior do normal</td>
                  <td align="center">+11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gl&#226;ndulas lacrimais, par&#243;tidas, sublinguais e submandibulares bilaterais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhum conjunto de gl&#226;ndulas envolvidas</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Um conjunto de gl&#226;ndulas envolvidas</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dois ou mais conjuntos de gl&#226;ndulas envolvidas</td>
                  <td align="center">+14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peito</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o verificado, ou nenhum dos itens listados est&#225; presente</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessamento peribroncovascular e septal</td>
                  <td align="center">+4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tecido mole semelhante a uma faixa paravertebral no t&#243;rax</td>
                  <td align="center">+10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>P&#226;ncreas e &#225;rvore biliar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o verificado ou nenhum dos itens listados est&#225; presente</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento difuso do p&#226;ncreas (perda de lobula&#231;&#245;es)</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento difuso do p&#226;ncreas e borda em forma de c&#225;psula com realce diminu&#237;do</td>
                  <td align="center">+11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#226;ncreas (qualquer uma das op&#231;&#245;es acima) e envolvimento da &#225;rvore biliar</td>
                  <td align="center">+19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Rim</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o verificado ou nenhum dos itens listados est&#225; presente</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocomplementemia</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessamento da pelve renal/tecido mole</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;reas de baixa densidade do c&#243;rtex renal bilateral</td>
                  <td align="center">+1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Retroperit&#244;nio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o verificado, ou nenhum dos itens listados est&#225; presente</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessamento difuso da parede da aorta abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">+4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tecido mole circunferencial ou anterolateral ao redor da aorta infrarrenal ou art&#233;rias il&#237;acas</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Se os crit&#233;rios de entrada forem atendidos, o caso atende aos crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o para IgG4-RD e o total de pontos dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o &#233; &#8805;20. &#201; importante notar que apenas o item de maior peso em cada dom&#237;nio &#233; pontuado. * Refere-se ao aumento ou massa semelhante a tumor em um &#243;rg&#227;o afetado, exceto no seguinte: 1) os ductos biliares, onde o estreitamento tende a ocorrer; 2) a aorta, onde &#233; t&#237;pico o espessamento da parede ou dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica; e 3) os pulm&#245;es, onde &#233; comum o espessamento dos feixes broncovasculares. ** &#8220;Indeterminado&#8221; refere-se a uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que o patologista n&#227;o pode quantificar claramente o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas coradas positivamente dentro de um infiltrado, mas ainda pode verificar se o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas &#233; de pelo menos 10/campo de alta pot&#234;ncia (HPF). Por muitas raz&#245;es, na maioria das vezes sobre a qualidade da imunocolora&#231;&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Dessa forma, o paciente foi iniciado com corticoterapia em altas doses (1000 mg de metilprednisolona nos primeiros 3 dias, seguido de 1mg/kg/dia por 2 meses com redu&#231;&#227;o gradual depois) somada a 6 ciclos de infus&#227;o de ciclofosfamida e administra&#231;&#227;o subcut&#226;nea de metotrexato. Foram iniciados medicamentos modificadores da doen&#231;a da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o paciente foi encaminhado ao nosso centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A angio-TC repetida na alta (15 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento direcionado) mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no espessamento da parede a&#243;rtica (10 a 5 mm) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>No seguimento de um ano, houve melhora da capacidade funcional, avaliada pela classe NYHA e valor de pico V02 (13,8 a 19,9 ml/kg/min), redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (5260 a 2052 pg/mL) e sinais de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca reversa (nomeadamente melhoria da FEVE de 30 para 40%). Al&#233;m disso, houve decl&#237;nio progressivo dos marcadores de doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria para valores normais (IgG4 1100 a 83 mg/dl, VHS 42 a 10 mm/h) e resolu&#231;&#227;o completa da atividade metab&#243;lica anormal na reavalia&#231;&#227;o do PET CT ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A IgG4-RD &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o fibroinflamat&#243;ria imunomediada de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os caracterizada por infiltra&#231;&#227;o tecidual difusa de plasm&#243;citos IgG4 positivos, fibrose estoriforme, flebite obliterativa e aumento de IgG s&#233;rica4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Este caso descreve uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o aned&#243;tica e complexa com aortite e arterite coron&#225;ria concomitante. A arterite cr&#244;nica &#233; uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica de IgG4-RD envolvendo as grandes e, menos frequentemente, as art&#233;rias de m&#233;dio calibre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; raramente relatada e, at&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o &#250;nico relato de caso em que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda foi o gatilho para a investiga&#231;&#227;o inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os autores afirmam que a origem n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, neste caso, foi suspeitada pela aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano (escore de c&#225;lcio 0) &#8211; demonstrando o alto valor preditivo negativo para doen&#231;a calcificada/ateroscler&#243;tica cl&#225;ssica; a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a difusa na coronariografia com apenas les&#245;es intermedi&#225;rias e suboclus&#227;o muito distal da DA n&#227;o explica as altera&#231;&#245;es cin&#233;ticas difusas no ecocardiograma e na RMC. Al&#233;m disso, contra uma origem ateroscler&#243;tica, h&#225; LGE subendoc&#225;rdico difuso na RMC em vez de segmentar. Al&#233;m disso, a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica florida deste caso &#233; mais bem explicada por uma doen&#231;a multissist&#234;mica, apesar de uma etiologia tipicamente n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
      <p>A imagem multimodal aliada &#224; assinatura inflamat&#243;ria foi essencial para esse desafio diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico. T&#233;cnicas de imagem cardiovascular, como ETT, angio-TC, PET-CT e RMC, foram usadas com sucesso para detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as, avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas e monitoramento. Enquanto a VHS e a hipergamaglobulinemia policlonal levantaram a suspeita de uma poss&#237;vel vasculite, o espessamento da parede a&#243;rtica e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica foram primordiais para orientar a investiga&#231;&#227;o para uma etiologia que n&#227;o fosse a aterosclerose cl&#225;ssica. PET-CT confirmou a inflama&#231;&#227;o periarterial e coron&#225;ria ativa. Al&#233;m disso, forneceu pistas para correla&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ou seja, explos&#245;es de dor abdominal, mialgia proximal dos membros inferiores e ondas de calor cervicais (como observado pela atividade metab&#243;lica/inflamat&#243;ria difusa de todo o corpo). De acordo com um grande estudo retrospectivo, a imagem PET-CT pode ser a &#250;nica modalidade de imagem &#250;til para avaliar a resposta ao tratamento durante o seguimento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> no entanto, tamb&#233;m repetimos a angio-TC demonstrando uma melhora significativa da aortite. Devido &#224; sua capacidade de realizar avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual, a RMC permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da atividade da doen&#231;a e repercuss&#245;es espec&#237;ficas na fun&#231;&#227;o do VE na presen&#231;a de arterite coronariana.</p>
      <p>Uma equipe multidisciplinar (Cardiologia, Reumatologia, Medicina Nuclear e Patologia) foi de extrema import&#226;ncia na investiga&#231;&#227;o da multiplicidade de envolvimento de &#243;rg&#227;os e chave para o diagn&#243;stico de IgG4-RD. Ap&#243;s descartar o diagn&#243;stico mais frequente, a equipe multidisciplinar, com base em todos os achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, decide assumir a doen&#231;a relacionada &#224; IgG4. Embora a bi&#243;psia n&#227;o tenha sido totalmente patog&#234;nica, ela foi realizada em local n&#227;o ativamente afetado neste momento (mas na hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pr&#233;via); optamos por n&#227;o realizar bi&#243;psia a&#243;rtica ou mioc&#225;rdica na fase aguda e inst&#225;vel com riscos potencialmente maiores. Embora n&#227;o tenhamos um diagn&#243;stico confirmador de envolvimento glandular, a reumatologia, essencial neste caso, considera bastante t&#237;pico o envolvimento de gl&#226;ndulas salivares e xeroftalmia.</p>
      <p>O bloqueio neuro-hormonal com agentes modificadores da doen&#231;a &#233; essencial para melhorar a sobrevida em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e reduzir a FEVE. De acordo com o Consenso Internacional sobre o tratamento de IgG4-RD, os glicocorticoides s&#227;o os agentes de primeira linha para indu&#231;&#227;o da remiss&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mesmo nos est&#225;gios fibr&#243;ticos avan&#231;ados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As les&#245;es cardiovasculares relacionadas &#224; IgG4 geralmente requerem doses mais altas de corticosteroides,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> muitas vezes melhorando as les&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias na TC ou PET.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Este caso foi ainda mais complicado pelo efeito mineralocorticoide derivado dos corticosteroides, que pode facilitar a descompensa&#231;&#227;o da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca. Embora dados observacionais possam apoiar essa abordagem, o tratamento inicial com combina&#231;&#227;o de imunossupressores permanece controverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A ciclofosfamida demonstrou ter bons resultados a longo prazo e menores taxas de reca&#237;da.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Da mesma maneira, rituximabe tamb&#233;m foi sugerido para ter efeitos ben&#233;ficos no IGG4-RD, mas reduziu severamente os sintomas de FEVE e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e tuberculose latente, contraindicando seu uso em nosso caso. Diferentemente do caso publicado anteriormente envolvendo art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> na discuss&#227;o multidisciplinar, consideramos que a aspirina n&#227;o teve nenhum papel nesse tipo de acometimento arterial e aumentou o risco de sangramento devido ao tratamento cont&#237;nuo com esteroides.</p>
      <p>Relatamos um caso desafiador de IgG4-RD apresentando insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda consequente a arterite coronariana e aortite, com tratamento conservador bem-sucedido, em vez de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica invasiva como estrat&#233;gia inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de ser not&#225;vel por sua rara apresenta&#231;&#227;o, este caso destaca o papel da multimodalidade de imagem e da investiga&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar como pe&#231;as-chave no estabelecimento correto de um diagn&#243;stico e na facilita&#231;&#227;o de um plano de tratamento personalizado.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Wallace ZS, Naden RP, Chari S, Choi H, Della-Torre E, Dicaire JF, et al. Os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o do American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2019 para doen&#231;as relacionadas a IgG4. Arthritis Reumatol. 2020;72(1):7&#8211;19. doi: 10.1002/art.41120.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wallace</surname>
              <given-names>ZS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naden</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chari</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Della-Torre</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dicaire</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o do American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2019 para doen&#231;as relacionadas a IgG4</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Reumatol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/art.41120</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Pedra JH. Doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4: nomenclatura, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e tratamento. Semin Diag Pathol. 2012 novembro;29(4):177-90. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2012.08.002. PMID: 23068296;</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4: nomenclatura, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e tratamento</article-title>
          <source>Semin Diag Pathol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <month>11</month>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>190</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.semdp.2012.08.002</issue-id>
          <comment>PMID: 23068296</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Vaglio A, Pipitone N, Salvarani C. Periortite cr&#244;nica: uma vasculite de grandes vasos? Curr Opin Rheumatol.2011;23(1):1-6. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e328341137d.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaglio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pipitone</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvarani</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Periortite cr&#244;nica: uma vasculite de grandes vasos?</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/BOR.0b013e328341137d</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Peng L, Zhang P, Li J, Liu Z, Lu H, Zhu L, et al. Aortite/periaortite e periarterite relacionadas a IgG4: Um espectro distinto de doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):1&#8211;11. doi: 10.1186/s13075-020-02197-w.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortite/periaortite e periarterite relacionadas a IgG4: Um espectro distinto de doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Res Ther</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13075-020-02197-w</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. de la Fuente J, Bird J. Coronary Arteritis in IgG4-Related Disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(22):2156. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm1809588.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de la Fuente</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bird</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Arteritis in IgG4-Related Disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>380</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2156</fpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMicm1809588</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Tran MN, Langguth D, Hart G, Heiner M, Rafter A, Fleming SJ, et al. Doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica relacionada a IgG4 com arterite e aortite coronariana, causando isquemia coronariana cr&#237;tica recorrente. Int J Cardiol. 2015;201:33&#8211;4. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.014">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.014</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tran</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langguth</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heiner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rafter</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleming</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica relacionada a IgG4 com arterite e aortite coronariana, causando isquemia coronariana cr&#237;tica recorrente</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>201</volume>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.014">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.014</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Oyama-Manabe N, Yabusaki S, Manabe O, Kato F, Kanno-Okada H, Kudo K. Doen&#231;a cardiovascular relacionada a IgG4 da aorta para as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias: TC com multidetectores e PET/TC. Radiographics. 2018;38(7):1934&#8211;48. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018180049.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oyama-Manabe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yabusaki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manabe</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kato</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanno-Okada</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kudo</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doen&#231;a cardiovascular relacionada a IgG4 da aorta para as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias: TC com multidetectores e PET/TC</article-title>
          <source>Radiographics</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1934</fpage>
          <lpage>1948</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/rg.2018180049</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Ebbo M, Grados A, Guedj E, Gobert D, Colavolpe C, Zaidan M, et al. Utilidade da tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons de 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-desoxi-d-glicose/computadotomografia para estadiamento e avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento na doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4: Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico retrospectivo. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).2014;66(1):86&#8211;96. doi: 10.1002/acr.22058.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ebbo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grados</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guedj</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gobert</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colavolpe</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaidan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Utilidade da tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons de 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-desoxi-d-glicose/computadotomografia para estadiamento e avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento na doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4: Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico retrospectivo</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>86</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/acr.22058</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Khosroshahi A, Wallace ZS, Crowe JL, Akamizu T, Azumi A, Carruthers MN, et al. Declara&#231;&#227;o de orienta&#231;&#227;o de consenso internacional sobre o manejo e tratamento de doen&#231;as relacionadas a IgG4. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(7):1688&#8211;99. doi: 10.1002/art.39132.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khosroshahi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallace</surname>
              <given-names>ZS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crowe</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akamizu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azumi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carruthers</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de orienta&#231;&#227;o de consenso internacional sobre o manejo e tratamento de doen&#231;as relacionadas a IgG4</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1688</fpage>
          <lpage>1699</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/art.39132</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Hart PA, Kamisawa T, Brugge WR, Chung JB, Culver EL, Czak&#243; L, et al. Resultados a longo prazo da pancreatite autoimune: Uma an&#225;lise multic&#234;ntrica e internacional. Gut. 2013;62(12):1771&#8211;6. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303617.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamisawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugge</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culver</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Czak&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resultados a longo prazo da pancreatite autoimune: Uma an&#225;lise multic&#234;ntrica e internacional</article-title>
          <source>Gut</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1771</fpage>
          <lpage>1776</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303617</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Tajima M, Nagai R, Hiroi Y. Dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares relacionados a IgG4. Int Heart J. 2014;55(4):287&#8211;95. doi: 10.1536/ihj.13-321.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tajima</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagai</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hiroi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares relacionados a IgG4</article-title>
          <source>Int Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>287</fpage>
          <lpage>295</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1536/ihj.13-321</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Tajima M, Hiroi Y, Takazawa Y, Muraoka H, Iwata H, Yamashita H, et al. M&#250;ltiplos aneurismas sist&#234;micos relacionados &#224; imunoglobulina G4 e ruptura do aneurisma espl&#234;nico durante a terapia com ester&#243;ides. Hum Pathol. 2014 Jan;45(1):175-9. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.07.035.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tajima</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hiroi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takazawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muraoka</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iwata</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamashita</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>M&#250;ltiplos aneurismas sist&#234;micos relacionados &#224; imunoglobulina G4 e ruptura do aneurisma espl&#234;nico durante a terapia com ester&#243;ides</article-title>
          <source>Hum Pathol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <month>01</month>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>175</fpage>
          <lpage>179</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.humpath.2013.07.035</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Wang L, Zhang P, Wang M, Feng R, Lai Y, Peng L, et al. Falha na indu&#231;&#227;o da remiss&#227;o por glicocortic&#243;ides isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com agentes imunossupressores na doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4: Um estudo prospectivo de 215 pacientes. Artrite Res Ther. 2018;20(1):1&#8211;12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Falha na indu&#231;&#227;o da remiss&#227;o por glicocortic&#243;ides isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com agentes imunossupressores na doen&#231;a relacionada a IgG4: Um estudo prospectivo de 215 pacientes</article-title>
          <source>Artrite Res Ther</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Yunyun F, Yu C, Panpan Z, Hua C, Di W, Lidan Z, et al. Efic&#225;cia do tratamento com ciclofosfamida para doen&#231;a relacionada &#224; imunoglobulina G4 com adi&#231;&#227;o de glicocortic&#243;ides. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1&#8211;8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06520-5</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yunyun</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panpan</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hua</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lidan</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efic&#225;cia do tratamento com ciclofosfamida para doen&#231;a relacionada &#224; imunoglobulina G4 com adi&#231;&#227;o de glicocortic&#243;ides</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-06520-5</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Non-Atherosclerotic Coronary and Vascular Disease Case Report: Searching for a Rare Clinical Entity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2413-3487</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Epif&#226;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-6789</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-8178</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abecasis</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Sancia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o Medicina Interna, Hospital Santo Ant&#243;nio dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o anatomia Patol&#243;gica, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gustavo S&#225; Mendes &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz Biblioteca &#8211; Cardiologia - Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos Hospital Santa Cruz- Piso 5 Lisboa, Carnaxide 2790-134 &#8211; Portugal E-mail: gustavo.samendes@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data: Mendes GJAS, Mesquita AE, Ramos S, Trabulo M; acquisition of data: Mendes GJAS, Mesquita AE, Trabulo M; writing of the manuscript: Mendes GJAS, Mesquita AE, Rocha B; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mendes GJAS, Mesquita AE, Rocha B, Ramos S, Trabulo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Multimodal Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic,Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Here we report a challenging case of a rare systemic condition &#8211; immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) &#8211; that presented with a rare cardiovascular manifestation. Aortitis due to IgG4-RD is well-documented in the literature, but rarely has it been related to the involvement of the coronary arterial tree.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> We documented IgG4-RD with diffuse coronary periarteritis, presenting as acute heart failure in this particular case. Despite the initial severity, multidisciplinary teamwork was the key to expeditious diagnosis and initiating tailored life-saving treatment targeting systemic inflammation and autoimmune organ involvement.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case presentation</title>
        <p>A 56-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the emergency department with atypical chest pain, dyspnea, tiredness, and occasional abdominal pain bursts during the previous week. In addition, intermittent proximal lower limb myalgia, cervical hot flashes, xerostomy and xerophthalmia were reported. The patient was afebrile, normotensive with sinus tachycardia (113 beats/min) and tachypnea. The physical examination was remarkable for S3 gallop and signs of pulmonary congestion (no peripheral edema). Past medical history was notable for allergic rhinitis, emaciation (40 Kg, 151 cm) and continued tobacco use (27 pack-year). Five years before, the patient had persistent lower limb cramps for 5 months, with an unremarkable arterial Doppler ultrasound study, treated with non-steroidal therapy.</p>
        <p>Diagnostic workup at the emergency revealed slightly elevated high sensitivity troponin T levels (73 ng/mL), increased levels of N-terminal pro&#8211;B-type natriuretic peptide (NT- proBNP) (3485 pg/mL) as well as a slight elevation of creatine kinase. Electrocardiography showed ventricular extrasystoles and non-specific repolarization abnormalities. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was remarkable for severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] &lt;30%) with global hypokinesia, restrictive filling pattern and moderate aortic valve regurgitation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Video 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Video 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram at initial evaluation: severe LV dilation (219ml/m2) with depressed LV function (LVEF 25% SBP; Global longitudinal strain -8.1%) due to diffuse and global hypokinesia.</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Link: http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-1.mp4</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In order to exclude coronary artery disease and investigate persistent abdominal pain, a thoracoabdominal computed tomographic (CT) angiography was performed. While no coronary artery calcium was observed, diffuse coronary artery fibrolipidic infiltration was documented, in addition to proximal left anterior descendent (LAD) aneurysm and distal LAD suboclusion. Dilatation of the ascending aorta (42 mm) with concentric homogeneous low-density wall thickening and an abdominal aorta aneurysm (47mm) with mural thrombus was identified ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Coronary angiography confirmed Angio CT (diffuse intermediate disease with thin distal bed) results, not amenable revascularization.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac angio-CT Panel A: Diffuse coronary artery fibrolipidic infiltration, in addition to proximal left anterior descendent (LAD) aneurysm (Panel A1 and A2) and distal bed LAD suboclusion (panel A3). Coronary artery wall infiltration density is similar to aortic wall density (panel B1). Panel A4 and A5 showed no coronary artery calcium. Panel B: Panel B1 and B2 - initial evaluation: 10mm homogeneous low-density (~70 Hounsfield unit [HU]) aortic wall thickening, with no increased density after contrast dye injection. Panel B3 - 15 days after starting targeted treatment: reduction in thickening of the parietal wall (10mm to 5 mm), in aortic root maximum diameter (43mm to 39mm) and the density of the parietal wall before the contrast injection (to 40 HU). Panel C: Abdominal angio-CT showed abdominal aorta aneurysm (47mm) with mural thrombus before treatment.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) diagnosed LV dysfunction with severe dilatation (LVEF 21%; LV end-diastolic volume index: 229mL/m<sup>2</sup>) and diffuse subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement. T2-weighed sequences showed no myocardial edema, albeit a hyperintense signal at the aortic root wall level ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Video 2</xref> ; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Video 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance: A) SSFP Short Axis Cine; B) SSFP 2 chamber view; C) SSFP 4 chamber view; D) SSFP Long axis view. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction with severe LV dilatation.</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Links: A) http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-2A.mp4</italic>
              </p>
              <p>
                <italic><underline>B)</underline> http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-2B.mp4</italic>
              </p>
              <p>
                <italic>C) http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-2C.mp4</italic>
              </p>
              <p>
                <italic>D) http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11903/2021-0722_CC_video-2D.mp4</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance: A) Late gadolinium enhancement dark blood sequence, showing diffuse non-transmural late enhancement, confirming subendocardial ischemic scar across multiple artery territories; B) T2-W sequence revealed the absence of myocardial edema (confirmed with normal T2 mapping) with aortic wall edema, appreciated as a hyperintense signal (arrowhead); C) T2-STIR sequence supporting the aortic wall thickening.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Given the diffuse polivascular disease and as a non-atherosclerotic etiology was highly suspected, an extensive diagnostic workup was performed. Infectious and immunologic disease investigation panels (syphilis, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C virus, Epstein Barr virus, complement, cryoglobulins, anti-nuclear, SCL70, Jo1; anti- GBM, ECA and lupus antibodies) were all within normal range, except for a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. Notably, serum levels of IgG4 were increased (1100 mg/L: reference value &lt; 291 mg/L).</p>
        <p>An additional imaging study with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - CT depicted intense tracer activity over the proximal ascending and infra-renal aorta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Panel A &#8211; PET-CT (Fluorodeoxyglucose) with high metabolic activity across ascending and infrarrenal aorta (*). Slight diffuse activity in the myocardium (arrowhead). This imaging study was also notable for the abnormal metabolism across the carotids and lower limb arterial axis (possibly explaining the heat neck sensation and myalgias). Panel B &#8211; Whole body PET-CT (Fluorodeoxyglucose) after one-year treatment: complete resolution with normal metabolic activity across myocardium, ascending and infra-renal aorta, carotids, and lower limb axis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the previous history of allergic rhinitis, a nasal mucosal biopsy was performed: it found a dense lymphocytic infiltrate and a slight increase in lamina propria plasma cells (CD138+), many of these positive for IgG4+ (an IgG4+/IgG+ ratio of 0-40% and an indeterminate number of IgG4+ cells/HPF) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ). Given all the above, the diagnosis of IgG4-RD was suspected when we considered the EULAR criteria ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Nasal mucosa biopsy: Panel A- HE x20: diffuse and dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (&#8226;); Panel B- CD138 x20: plasmacytic population (*); Panel C- IgG x40: infiltrate of IgG cells (arrowhead); Panel D- IgG4 x40, revealing the supobupolation of IgG4 cells (&#9674;). The biopsy was mostly uninformative and lacked a dense lymphocytic infiltrate, highlighting the heterogeneous organ involvement characteristic of IgG4-RD. Nevertheless, there was a slight increase in lamina propria plasma cells (CD138+); many were positive for IgG and even with such a sparse inflammatory infiltrate, an IgG4+/IgG+ ratio of 23.1% was calculated. This fits the criteria EULAR: IgG4+/IgG+ ratio of 0-40% and an indeterminate number of IgG4+ cells/HPF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0488-10722-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>EULAR criteria for IgG4- Related disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Entry Criteria</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Characteristic* clinical or radiologic involvement of a typical organ (e.g., pancreas, salivary glands, bile ducts, orbits, kidney, lung, aorta, retroperitoneum, pachymeninges, or thyroid gland OR Pathologic evidence of an inflammatory process accompanied by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate of uncertain etiology in one of these same organs.</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Inclusion Criteria</th>
                  <th>Points</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Histopathology</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uninformative biopsy</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dense lymphocytic infiltrate</td>
                  <td align="center">+4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dense lymphocytic infiltrate and obliterative phlebitis</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dense lymphocytic infiltrate and storiform fibrosis with or without obliterative phlebitis</td>
                  <td align="center">+13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Immunostaining</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: IgG+ ratio is 0&#8211;40% or indeterminate, and the number of IgG4+ cells/HPF is 0&#8211;9.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: IgG+ ratio is &#8805;41%, and the number of IgG4+ cells/HPF is 0&#8211;9 or indeterminate;</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: IgG+ ratio is 0&#8211;40%, and the number of IgG4+ cells/HPF is &#8805;10 or indeterminate.**</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: IgG+ ratio is 41&#8211;70%, and the number of IgG4+ cells/HPF is &#8805;10</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: IgG+ ratio is &#8805;71%, and the number of IgG4+ cells/ HPF is 10&#8211;50.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- IgG4+: IgG+ ratio is &#8805;71%, and the number of IgG4+cells/ HPF is &#8805;51.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Serum IgG4 concentration</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal or not checked</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; Normal but &lt;2x upper limit of normal</td>
                  <td align="center">+4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2&#8211;5x upper limit of normal</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;5x upper limit of normal</td>
                  <td align="center">+11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bilateral lacrimal, parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No set of glands involved</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>One set of glands involved</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Two or more sets of glands involved</td>
                  <td align="center">+14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chest</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not checked, or neither of the items listed is present</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peribronchovascular and septal thickening</td>
                  <td align="center">+4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paravertebral band-like soft tissue in the thorax</td>
                  <td align="center">+10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pancreas and biliary tree</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not checked, or none of the items listed is present</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diffuse pancreas enlargement (loss of lobulations)</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diffuse pancreas enlargement and capsule-like rim with decreased enhancement</td>
                  <td align="center">+11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pancreas (either of the above) and biliary tree involvement</td>
                  <td align="center">+19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Kidney</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not checked, or none of the items listed is present</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypocomplementemia</td>
                  <td align="center">+6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal pelvis thickening/soft tissue</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bilateral renal cortex low-density areas</td>
                  <td align="center">+1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Retroperitoneum</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not checked, or neither of the items listed is present</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diffuse thickening of the abdominal aortic wall</td>
                  <td align="center">+4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circumferential or anterolateral soft tissue around the infrarenal aorta or iliac arteries</td>
                  <td align="center">+8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>If the entry criteria are met, the case meets the classification criteria for IgG4-RD, and the total points of inclusion criteria are &#8805;20. Of note, only the highest-weighted item in each domain is scored.<sup>*</sup>Refers to enlargement or tumor-like mass in an affected organ except in the following: 1) the bile ducts, where narrowing tends to occur; 2) the aorta, where wall thickening or aneurysmal dilatation is typical; and 3) the lungs, where thickening of the bronchovascular bundles is common.<sup>**</sup>&#8220;Indeterminate&#8221; refers to a situation in which the pathologist cannot clearly quantify the number of positively staining cells within an infiltrate yet can still ascertain that the number of cells is at least 10/high-power field (HPF). For many reasons, most often about the quality of the immunostaining, pathologists are sometimes unable to count the number of IgG4+ plasma cells with precision, yet, even so, can be confident in grouping cases into the appropriate immunostaining result category.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Accordingly, the patient was started on high-dose corticosteroid therapy (1000 mg of methylprednisolone in the first 3 days, followed by 1mg/kg/day for 2 months with slow tapering afterward) added to 6 cycles of cyclophosphamide infusion and methotrexate subcutaneous administration. Heart failure disease-modifying drugs were initiated, and the patient was referred to our cardiac rehabilitation center. Repeated angio-CT at discharge (15 days after the start of targeted treatment) showed a significant reduction in aortic wall thickening (10 to 5 mm) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>At one year follow-up, there was an improvement in functional capacity, as assessed by NYHA class and peak V02 value (13.8 to 19.9 ml/kg/min), a reduction in NT-proBNP levels (5260 to 2052 pg/mL) and signs of reverse cardiac remodeling (namely LVEF improvement from 30 to 40%). Moreover, there was a progressive decline in inflammatory disease markers towards normal values (IgG4 1100 to 83 mg/dl, ESR 42 to 10 mm/h) and complete resolution of abnormal metabolic activity at PET CT reassessment ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>IgG4-RD is a multi-organ immune-mediated fibroinflammatory condition characterized by diffuse tissue infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, storiform fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis, and increased serum IgG4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This case describes an anecdotally reported and complex presentation with aortitis and concomitant coronary arteritis. Chronic arteritis is a typical presentation of IgG4-RD involving the large and, less frequently, medium-sized arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Coronary artery disease is seldom reported, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the only case report in which acute heart failure was the trigger for the initial investigation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The authors state that the non-atherosclerotic origin, in this case, was suspected due to the absence of coronary calcium (calcium score 0)- demonstrating the high negative predictive value for classic calcified/atherosclerotic disease; the presence of diffuse disease on coronary angiography with only intermediate lesions and very distal LAD suboclusion does not explain the diffuse kinetic changes on echocardiography and CMR. Also, against an atherosclerotic origin, there is diffuse subendocardial LGE at CMR rather than segmental. Furthermore, the flowery clinical history of this case is better explained by a multisystemic disease, despite a typically non-atherosclerotic etiology.</p>
        <p>Multimodality imaging coupled with the inflammatory signature was essential for this diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Cardiovascular imaging techniques, namely TTE, angio-CT, PET-CT and CMR, were successfully used for disease detection, symptom assessment, and monitoring. While ESR and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia raised the suspicion of a possible vasculitis, the aortic wall thickening and non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease were paramount in guiding the investigation toward an etiology different than classical atherosclerosis. PET-CT confirmed the active periarterial and coronary artery inflammation. Moreover, it provided clues for clinical correlation, namely abdominal pain bursts, proximal lower limb myalgia and cervical hot flashes (as noted by diffuse whole body enhanced metabolic/inflammatory activity). According to a large retrospective study, PET-CT imaging may be the only imaging modality useful for assessing treatment response during follow-up;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> nonetheless, we also repeated Angio- CT demonstrating a significant improvement of aortitis. Due to its capability to perform functional evaluation and tissue characterization, CMR allows simultaneous assessment of disease activity and specific repercussions on LV function when coronary arteritis is present.</p>
        <p>A multidisciplinary team (Cardiology, Rheumatology, Nuclear Medicine and Pathology) was of utmost importance in investigating the multitude of organ involvement and key to achieving the diagnosis of IgG4-RD. After ruling out the most frequent diagnosis, the multidisciplinary team, based on all clinical and laboratory findings, decides to assume the IgG4 - related disease. Although the biopsy was not fully pathogenic, it was performed in a site not actively affected at this moment (but in the previous medical history); we chose not to perform an aortic or myocardial biopsy in the acute and unstable phase, potentially greater risks. Although we did not have a confirming diagnosis of gland involvement, the rheumatology, essential in this case, considers the involvement of salivary glands and xerophthalmia to be quite typical. Even though the criteria might not be fulfilled, the fact that the patient presented a good response to the IgG4-RD targeted therapy corroborates this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>Neuro-hormonal blockade with disease-modifying agents is essential to improve survival in patients with Heart Failure and reduce LVEF. According to the International Consensus on the treatment of IgG4-RD, glucocorticoids are the first-line agents for induction of remission,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> even in the advanced fibrotic stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> IgG4-related cardiovascular lesions usually require higher doses of corticosteroids,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> often improving the inflammatory lesions on CT or PET imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This case was further complicated by the mineralocorticoid-like effect derived from corticosteroids, which can facilitate Heart Failure decompensation. Although observational data may support this approach, initial treatment with combination immunosuppressors remains controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Cyclophosphamide has been shown to have good long-term outcomes and lower relapse rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Likewise, rituximab has also been suggested to have beneficial effects in IGG4-RD, yet severely reduced LVEF and Heart Failure symptoms and latent tuberculosis, contra-indicated its use in our case. Unlike the previously published case involving coronary arteries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in the multidisciplinary discussion, we consider that aspirin had no role in this type of artery involvement and increased the bleeding risk due to ongoing steroid treatment.</p>
        <p>We reported a challenging case of IgG4-RD presenting with acute heart failure consequent to coronary arteritis and aortitis, with successful conservative management, rather than invasive coronary bypass graft surgery as an initial strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Besides being remarkable for its rare presentation, this case highlights the role of multimodality imaging and multidisciplinary workup as key players in correctly establishing a diagnosis and facilitating a tailored treatment plan.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
