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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YmS5S3cBLv654yLzHNYr45z</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001103</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000900480</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210749</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210749</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Miocardite por COVID-19 Mimetizando Infarto Mioc&#225;rdico com Supradesnivelamento de Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8083-4560</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Anthony Medina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9241-4865</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rahal</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ishikawa</surname>
            <given-names>Walther Yoshiharu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Anthony Medina Concei&#231;&#227;o &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>anthony.amc@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Concei&#231;&#227;o AM, Pereira CAC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Concei&#231;&#227;o AM, Rahal MJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pereira CAC, Rahal MJ, Ishikawa WY, Rochitte CE; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Concei&#231;&#227;o AM, Pereira CAC, Rahal MJ, Ishikawa WY, Rochitte CE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor-associado: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>480</fpage>
      <lpage>484</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O novo SARS-CoV-2, causador da COVID-19 ( <italic>coronav&#237;rus disease 2019</italic> ), provou-se bem mais que um v&#237;rus que acomete o sistema respirat&#243;rio isoladamente. Na doen&#231;a, ocorrem implica&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas diversas, incluindo manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via e que desenvolvem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica evoluem com piores desfechos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tais como s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os quadros de miocardite s&#227;o predominantemente assintom&#225;ticos, mas podem se apresentar com dor tor&#225;cica anginosa, fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de miocardite sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar espec&#237;fica dificilmente &#233; poss&#237;vel. Uma metan&#225;lise com 2866 pacientes diagnosticados com infarto mioc&#225;rdico sem les&#245;es obstrutivas (MINOCA) que realizaram resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de miocardite de 34,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No cen&#225;rio da COVID-19, um estudo na Alemanha detectou que 60% dos pacientes recentemente recuperados possu&#237;am sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 43 anos, sem comorbidades, foi admitido em unidade de pronto socorro na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Relatava epis&#243;dios de dor anginosa t&#237;pica h&#225; cinco dias, retroesternal, irradiada para membro superior esquerdo, desencadeada por esfor&#231;os, com al&#237;vio ao repouso, dura&#231;&#227;o de poucos minutos, com dispneia classe funcional II associada. No dia do atendimento, evoluiu durante esfor&#231;o com dor de mesmo padr&#227;o com forte intensidade, incapacitante, sem melhora ao repouso. Foi admitido na unidade com cerca de uma hora do in&#237;cio da dor. Referiu quadro gripal iniciado dois dias antes do primeiro epis&#243;dio de dor, com temperatura de 37,7&#176;C. Sua esposa teve quadro gripal iniciado 10 dias antes, tendo diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se l&#250;cido, orientado, eupneico, com satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio de 98% em ar ambiente, afebril, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 80 batimentos por minuto, press&#227;o arterial de 120x90 mmHg. Sem altera&#231;&#245;es em ausculta card&#237;aca e pulmonar, ou no exame abdominal. Sem sinais de congest&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), evidenciava ritmo sinusal, com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST de 2mm em parede inferior (D2,D3 e aVF) e antero-lateral (V4-V6). Recebeu dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) e clopidogrel e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com enoxaparina. Foi realizada tromb&#243;lise com alteplase na unidade, ap&#243;s duas horas do in&#237;cio da dor, com melhora parcial e manuten&#231;&#227;o do supra-ST.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma do primeiro atendimento, mostrando supradesnivelamento de segmento-ST em paredes inferior e lateral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0480-10749-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Cerca de oito horas da tromb&#243;lise, o paciente foi transferido para hospital terci&#225;rio. Foi realizado cateterismo, com aus&#234;ncia de ateromatose ou trombos intracoron&#225;rios e ventriculografia normal. Primeira troponina ultrassens&#237;vel &gt;25.000 ng/L (VR &lt;58 ng/L) e CK-MB massa 96 ng/mL (VR &lt;4,4 ng/mL). Radiografia de t&#243;rax evidenciava hipotranspar&#234;ncia discreta em bases pulmonares. Diante da suspeita de COVID-19, foi realizado teste r&#225;pido para ant&#237;geno, com resultado negativo, al&#233;m de RT-PCR para SARS-CoV-2 em swab orofar&#237;ngeo, negativo em duas testagens em dias diferentes.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi submetido a ecocardiograma, que mostrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada (65%), sem altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares das paredes. Tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ) evidenciou m&#250;ltiplas opacidades focais e em vidro fosco esparsas e bilaterais, mais evidentes em bases pulmonares, compat&#237;veis com pneumonia viral, inclusive COVID-19. A extens&#227;o do acometimento pulmonar foi estimada em 25-50%.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagem do t&#243;rax por tomografia computadorizada, evidenciando m&#250;ltiplas opacidades em vidro fosco esparsas e bilaterais, predominantes nos campos pulmonares inferiores, compat&#237;veis com acometimento por COVID-19. A) &#233; poss&#237;vel notar o acometimento dos lobos inferiores direito e esquerdo, bem como da por&#231;&#227;o mais inferior do lobo superior esquerdo. B) destacam-se, al&#233;m das &#225;reas de vidro fosco, a ocorr&#234;ncia de pequenos focos confluentes consolidativos perif&#233;ricos nos lobos inferiores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0480-10749-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando-se o quadro de SCA com supra-ST, e aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias ou de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica segmentar, no quarto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o foi optado por realiza&#231;&#227;o de RMC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Foram identificadas &#225;reas de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico de padr&#227;o n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico, em segmentos m&#233;dio e basal da parede &#237;nfero-lateral, e apicais das paredes lateral e inferior, com t&#234;nue edema mioc&#225;rdico, sugerindo miocardite aguda. N&#227;o foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa com mapeamento param&#233;trico T1 ou T2.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca evidenciando realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio de padr&#227;o n&#227;o transmural, com predom&#237;nio mesoepic&#225;rdico e subepic&#225;rdico, compat&#237;vel com miocardite. Realce acometendo o segmento basal (A) e m&#233;dio (B) da parede &#237;nfero-lateral; segmentos apicais das paredes inferior e lateral (C) e segmento apical da parede inferior (D). As regi&#245;es acometidas est&#227;o identificadas por setas brancas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0480-10749-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente evoluiu sem complica&#231;&#245;es e recebeu alta no sexto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o para seguimento ambulatorial. Neste momento, ap&#243;s revis&#227;o do laudo da RMC, foi suspensa a dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, e optado por manuten&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos exames laboratoriais ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o. O ECG n&#227;o apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica de infarto, evidenciado por alta manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal com supra-ST em V4-V6 e em D2, com altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o em D3 e AVF. Sorologia para SARS-CoV-2 coletada no dia da alta foi positiva (874 unidades de anticorpo ligado/mL, VR &#8805; 33,8/mL - padr&#227;o OMS). O paciente n&#227;o havia recebido nenhuma vacina para COVID-19.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal dos exames laboratoriais ao longo dos dias de interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Primeiro dia</th>
                <th>Segundo dia</th>
                <th>Quarto dia</th>
                <th>Sexto dia</th>
                <th>VR*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina, ng/L</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 25000</td>
                <td align="center">10128</td>
                <td align="center">4565</td>
                <td align="center">2330</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 - 1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia, mg/dL</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">15 - 39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">137</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">136 - 145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 - 5,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 - 2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na-C reativa, mg/L</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">35,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 - 17,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemat&#243;crito, %</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">39 - 50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos, U/mm&#179;</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">10800</td>
                <td align="center">9360</td>
                <td align="center">10200</td>
                <td align="center">3500 - 10500</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas, U/mm&#179;</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">818000</td>
                <td align="center">699000</td>
                <td align="center">612000</td>
                <td align="center">150000 - 450000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dL</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">388</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina glicada, %</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*VR: valor de refer&#234;ncia; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diante da heterogeneidade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite continua sendo um desafio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O mesmo ocorre em pacientes com SCA e diagn&#243;stico presumido de infarto sem altera&#231;&#245;es coronarianas que o justifiquem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Diversos estudos com RMC demonstram que a maioria desses pacientes na verdade possuem miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Reino Unido, 79 pacientes admitidos por SCA com eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponinas sem les&#227;o em angiografia foram submetidos &#224; RMC. Desses pacientes, 81% foram diagnosticados com miocardite, com edema mioc&#225;rdico em 58% e realce compat&#237;vel em 92%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em outro estudo ingl&#234;s, 60 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; resson&#226;ncia at&#233; tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de dor tor&#225;cica, com troponinas elevadas e cateterismo sem les&#245;es obstrutivas. Em 65% dos casos chegou-se a um diagn&#243;stico, sendo 50% miocardite. Desses pacientes, 40% apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e 31% foram trombolisados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A melhora da dor com uso de trombol&#237;tico n&#227;o &#233; bem explicada, por&#233;m n&#227;o implica em rela&#231;&#227;o de causa-efeito. O paciente j&#225; havia apresentado quadro de dor tor&#225;cica com resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea nos dias que precederam o pico da dor, al&#233;m de n&#227;o haver evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal t&#237;pica de infarto no ECG.</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o-ouro ainda aceito para o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite &#233; a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, seu car&#225;ter invasivo, possibilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es, pouca disponibilidade e limita&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas desestimulam seu uso rotineiro, principalmente em casos n&#227;o graves, tal qual o caso descrito. A RMC j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecida como op&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva para tal finalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Este m&#233;todo combina seguran&#231;a, avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, consist&#234;ncia interobservador e acur&#225;cia quantitativa, fornecendo compreens&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de diversas entidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) sugere crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e altera&#231;&#245;es de exames complementares n&#227;o invasivos, como ECG, troponina, ecocardiograma e RMC, para diagn&#243;stico de miocardite, tornando a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o necessariamente obrigat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para o uso da RMC no diagn&#243;stico de miocardite, utilizam-se os crit&#233;rios de Lake Louise, que envolvem: 1 - a avalia&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do sinal mioc&#225;rdico em T2 compat&#237;vel com edema; 2 - o realce mioc&#225;rdico global precoce p&#243;s contraste de gadol&#237;nio em T1; e 3 &#8211; o realce mioc&#225;rdico tardio p&#243;s contraste de gadol&#237;nio em T1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O padr&#227;o de les&#227;o ap&#243;s insulto isqu&#234;mico &#233; de car&#225;ter transmural, necessitando acometimento subendoc&#225;rdico para tal caracteriza&#231;&#227;o. O padr&#227;o n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mico varia de n&#227;o-transmural, preferencialmente mesoc&#225;rdico e subepic&#225;rdico, podendo ser multifocal, ou at&#233; mesmo transmural, o que dificulta a diferencia&#231;&#227;o neste &#250;ltimo caso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19 com SCA foi documentada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e associada a um pior progn&#243;stico. Em estudo brasileiro, a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 23,7%, no qual 12,5% dos 152 pacientes n&#227;o possu&#237;am les&#245;es obstrutivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em pequeno estudo italiano, 40 % dos pacientes com SCA n&#227;o possu&#237;am doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva, com mortalidade de 40% em seguimento m&#233;dio de duas semanas. Desses pacientes, 85% n&#227;o possu&#237;am sintomas respirat&#243;rios ou testes positivos para COVID-19 no momento do cateterismo, tendo SCA com supra de ST como primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica &#233; fortemente correlacionada com pior progn&#243;stico da COVID-19, inclusive desfechos fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia de miocardite pelo SARS-CoV-2 ainda &#233; desconhecida, embora diversos casos estejam relatados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Trazemos relato de um paciente com COVID-19 que evolui com SCA com supra-ST, submetido &#224; tromb&#243;lise com cateterismo sem les&#245;es obstrutivas, e sem altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, finalmente diagnosticado com miocardite por RMC. As consequ&#234;ncias a longo prazo tamb&#233;m s&#227;o desconhecidas, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de estudos de seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de miocardite n&#227;o &#233; &#243;bvio diante de um quadro de dor tor&#225;cica anginosa com altera&#231;&#227;o de ECG e eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina, sendo necess&#225;ria a exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria pelo cateterismo, para preencher os crit&#233;rios atuais de defini&#231;&#227;o de MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Uma vez n&#227;o alcan&#231;ado o diagn&#243;stico, &#233; recomendado que se prossiga com a investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica, de prefer&#234;ncia com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; consenso quanto ao momento ideal ou precocidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, no entanto, &#233; fact&#237;vel sua realiza&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o logo seja obtida a estabilidade cl&#237;nica do paciente. Este relato contempla diversas entidades cl&#237;nicas envolvidas no desafio diagn&#243;stico que &#233; a miocardite, refor&#231;ando o papel essencial da RMC nessa apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, de um paciente com COVID-19 sem doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via, que desenvolveu SCA com supra de ST.</p>
    </sec>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 Myocarditis Mimicking ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8083-4560</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Anthony Medina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9241-4865</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rahal</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ishikawa</surname>
            <given-names>Walther Yoshiharu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Anthony Medina Concei&#231;&#227;o &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: anthony.amc@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Concei&#231;&#227;o AM, Pereira CAC; Acquisition of data: Concei&#231;&#227;o AM, Rahal MJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pereira CAC, Rahal MJ, Ishikawa WY, Rochitte CE; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Concei&#231;&#227;o AM, Pereira CAC, Rahal MJ, Ishikawa WY, Rochitte CE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Associated Editor: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The new SARS-CoV-2, that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has proven to be a virus that affect not only the respiratory system, but to cause several systemic manifestations, including cardiovascular ones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients with previous cardiovascular disease who develop myocardial injury usually have worse outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Myocarditis is mostly asymptomatic but can manifest with angina, cardiac failure, and arrythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The clinical diagnosis of myocarditis without the aid of complementary exams is usually difficult to be made. A meta-analysis with 2,866 with myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) showed a prevalence of myocarditis of 34.5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In COVID-19, a study carried out in Germany reported that 60% of recently recovered patients had signs of myocardial inflammation at CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>Male patient, 43 years old, without comorbidities, admitted to a primary care emergency. The patient complained of typical angina in the form of retrosternal pain radiating to the left arm, for five days, triggered by exertion and relieved with rest, lasting a few minutes, associated with functional class II dyspnea. On admission day, the patient had strong, debilitating pain of the same pattern during exertion, with no improvement with resting. The pain had started about one hour before admission. The patient reported a flu-like illness two days before the first episode of pain, temperature of 37.7<sup>o</sup>C. His wife had a flu-like illness initiated ten days before and had received a diagnosis of COVID-19.</p>
        <p>On physical examination, the patient was conscious, fully oriented, eupneic, with peripheral oxygen saturation of 98% on room air, afebrile, heart rate of 80 bpm, blood pressure of 120x90mmHg, normal cardiac and pulmonary auscultations, normal abdominal examination, and no signs of congestion.</p>
        <p>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) showed sinus rhythm with 2-mm inferior wall (D2, D3 and aVF) and anterolateral ST-segment elevation (V4-V6). The patient received dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel, and enoxaparin for anticoagulation, and antithrombotic therapy with alteplase two hours after pain onset. The patient had partial improvement, but the ST-segment elevation was maintained.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Electrocardiogram on admission, showing inferior and lateral wall ST-segment elevation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0480-10749-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Approximately eight hours after thrombolysis, the patient was transferred to a tertiary hospital. The patient underwent catheterization, which revealed no coronary atheroma or thrombosis, and normal ventriculography. The first high-sensitivity troponin was &gt;25,000 ng/L (VR &lt;58 ng/L) and CK-MB mass of 96 ng/mL (VR &lt;4.4 ng/mL). Chest X-ray revealed little opacity of lung bases. Due to suspected COVID-19, a rapid antigen test was performed, with a negative result, in addition to two RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 (oropharyngeal swab) on separate days, with negative results.</p>
        <p>The patient underwent echocardiography, which showed preserved ejection fraction (65%), with no segmental wall motion abnormalities. Chest computed tomography ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ) revealed bilateral ground-glass opacities, predominantly in lung basis, compatible with viral pneumonia, including COVID-19. The extent of pulmonary involvement was estimated as 25-50%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Chest computed tomography showing bilateral ground-glass opacities, predominantly in lung basis, compatible with COVID-19. Involvement of right and left lower lobes, and the lower portion of the right upper lobe (A); areas of ground-glass opacities and peripheral confluent consolidation in lower lobes (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0480-10749-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considering that the patient had ST-elevation ACS and absence of coronary lesions or segmental systolic dysfunction, on the fourth day of hospitalization, CMR was performed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). Non-ischemic delayed myocardial enhancement was detected, in the mid and basal segments of the lower lateral wall, and in the apical segment of the lateral and inferior walls, mild myocardial edema, suggestive of acute myocarditis. Quantitative analysis with parametric (T1 and T2) mapping was not performed.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance showing late gadolinium enhancement of non-ischemic pattern, predominantly in mid-myocardium and subendocardium, compatible with myocarditis. Delayed myocardial enhancement in the basal (A) and mid (B) segments of the lower lateral, apical segment of the lateral and inferior walls (C), apical segment of the inferior wall (D). Areas affected are indicated by white arrows.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0480-10749-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient had a good clinical course, without complications, and was discharged on the sixth day of hospitalization for outpatient follow-up. The CMR result was reviewed, and it was decided to discontinue dual antiplatelet therapy and to continue atorvastatin. ECG did not show the typical pattern of infarction, evidenced by the maintenance of sinus rhythm with ST elevation in V4-V6 and D2, and change in repolarization in D3 and AVF. The patient had a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody test on day of discharge (874 units of bound antibodies/mL, VR &#8805; 33.8/mL &#8211; WHO standards). The patient had not been vaccinated against COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Because of its heterogenous presentation, the diagnosis of myocarditis remains a challenge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The same occurs in patients with ACS and a presumed diagnosis of infarction but with no coronary changes that explain it.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Several studies with CMR have shown that most of these patients have in fact myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the United Kingdom, 79 patients admitted for ACS with elevation of troponin levels and no injury at angiography were submitted to CMR. Of these patients, 81% were diagnosed with myocarditis, with myocardial edema in 58% and compatible enhancement in 92%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In another English study 60 patients were submitted to CMR within three months of the episode of chest pain, with increased troponin and no obstructive lesions at catheterization. A diagnosis was established in 65% of cases, and 50% of patients had myocarditis. Of these patients, 40% had elevation of ST segment and 31% received thrombolytic treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Although the improvement of pain with thrombolytic agents is not well explained, a cause-effect relationship is not implied. The patient had already experienced chest pain with spontaneous resolution for days before the worst pain episode, and no typical temporal pattern of infarction was seen on ECG.</p>
        <p>Endomyocardial biopsy is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nevertheless, due to its invasive nature, potential complications, low availability and diagnostic limitations, the procedure is not performed routinely, especially in non-severe cases, as in this reported case. CMR has already been well established as a non-invasive alternative for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This method combines safety, anatomical assessment, consistency between observers, and quantitative accuracy, providing diagnostic information in many diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) suggests clinical criteria and reference results for non-invasive complementary tests (e.g., ECG, troponin, echocardiogram and CMR) for the diagnosis of myocarditis, making the endomyocardial biopsy not necessarily mandatory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The Lake Louise criteria are the diagnostic CMR imaging criteria for myocarditis and involve: 1- measurement of myocardial signal intensity in T2 compatible with edema; 2- early gadolinium enhancement in T1; and 3- late gadolinium enhancement in T1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The pattern of injury after an ischemic insult is characterized by transmural progression, including the subendocardium. The non-ischemic pattern varies from non-transmural, mainly mid-myocardial and subendocardial, multifocal, until transmural, which may make differentiation difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The presentation of COVID-19 with ACS has been documented,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and associated with a poor prognosis. In a Brazilian study, hospital mortality rate was 23.7%; 12.5% of 152 patients did not have obstructive lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a small Italian study, 40% of ACS patients did not have obstructive coronary disease, with a mortality of 40% in a mean follow-up period of two weeks. Of these patients, 85% did not have respiratory symptoms or positive test for COVID-19 at the time of catheterization, with ST elevation ACS the first clinical manifestation of COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Temporal progression of laboratory test results during hospitalization</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>First day</th>
                  <th>Second day</th>
                  <th>Fourth day</th>
                  <th>Sixth day</th>
                  <th>RV*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin, ng/L</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 25000</td>
                  <td align="center">10128</td>
                  <td align="center">4565</td>
                  <td align="center">2330</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 4.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 - 1.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urea, mg/dL</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">15 - 39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium, mmol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">137</td>
                  <td align="center">136</td>
                  <td align="center">139</td>
                  <td align="center">140</td>
                  <td align="center">136 - 145</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium, mmol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 - 5.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 - 2.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein, mg/L</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">35.3</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5 - 17.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hematocrit, %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">39 - 50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocytes, U/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">10800</td>
                  <td align="center">9360</td>
                  <td align="center">10200</td>
                  <td align="center">3500 - 10500</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets, U/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">818000</td>
                  <td align="center">699000</td>
                  <td align="center">612000</td>
                  <td align="center">150000 - 450000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">205</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">388</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 150</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycated hemoglobin, %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 5.7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*RV: reference value HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Myocardial injury is strongly correlated with a worse prognosis of COVID-19, including fatal outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The incidence of myocarditis caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown, despite several cases reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We report a case of a COVID-19 patient who developed with ST elevation ACS, underwent thrombolysis with catheterization, with no obstructive lesions and no echocardiographic changes, and a final diagnosis of myocarditis determined by CMR. The long-term consequences are also unknown, reinforcing the need for follow-up studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diagnosis of myocarditis is not obvious in the case of angina with electrocardiographic changes and elevation of troponin, requiring the exclusion of coronary disease by catheterization, to fulfill the current criteria of MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Once the diagnosis could not be established, it is recommended to continue with the etiologic investigation, preferably with CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> There is no consensus on the best moment or how early CMR should be performed, but it is known that the test is feasible as soon as the patient is clinically stable. This report addresses several clinical conditions involved in the diagnostic challenge of myocarditis, reinforcing the role of CMR in this case, of a COVID-19 patient with no history of coronary disease, who developed ST elevation ACS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
