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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WMdVynvfzzBWHFcxK8VcsgL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005010201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000900470</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210052</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise Cr&#237;tica e Limita&#231;&#245;es do Diagn&#243;stico de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada (ICFEp)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4500-5270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jose Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nastari</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Ecocardiografia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Viviane Tiemi Hotta &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o HC-FMUSP, Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Miocardiopatias e Doen&#231;as da Aorta. Av. Dr En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 55. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>viviane.hotta@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Hotta VT, Vieira MLC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Hotta VT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Hotta VT, Rassi DC, Pena JLB, Vieira MLC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Hotta VT, Rassi DC, Pena JLB, Vieira MLC, Rodrigues ACT, Fernandes F, Cardoso J, Ramires F, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>470</fpage>
      <lpage>479</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Com o aumento da expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o e a maior frequ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes, espera-se um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp). Entretanto, no momento, o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento de pacientes com ICFEp permanecem desafiadores. O diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico de ICFEp inclui diversas etiologias e doen&#231;as com tratamentos espec&#237;ficos, mas que apresentam pontos em comum em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial no que diz respeito aos biomarcadores como BNP e NT-ProBNP, &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica do remodelamento card&#237;aco e &#224;s press&#245;es de enchimento diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo. Extensos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados envolvendo a terapia nesta s&#237;ndrome falharam na demonstra&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cios para o paciente, fazendo-se necess&#225;ria uma reflex&#227;o acerca do diagn&#243;stico, dos mecanismos de morbidade, da taxa de mortalidade e da reversibilidade. Na revis&#227;o, ser&#227;o abordados os conceitos atuais, as controv&#233;rsias e, especialmente, os desafios no diagn&#243;stico da ICFEp atrav&#233;s de uma an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica do escore da <italic>European Heart Failure Association.</italic></p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="49"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estima-se que, na maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 60 anos de idade, cerca de 5% dos pacientes apresentam diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), sendo que a preval&#234;ncia varia entre 3,8 a 7,4% entre os estudos realizados, considerando-se as diferentes metodologias no diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Com o aumento da expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o e a maior frequ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes, espera-se um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, at&#233; o momento, o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento de pacientes com ICFEp permanecem desafiadores. O diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico de ICFEp inclui diversas etiologias e doen&#231;as com tratamentos espec&#237;ficos, mas que apresentam pontos em comum em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial no que diz respeito aos biomarcadores como BNP e NT-ProBNP e &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica do remodelamento card&#237;aco e das press&#245;es de enchimento diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio da IC-FEr, nenhum tratamento mostrou de forma convincente a redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade ou mortalidade na ICFEp, fazendo-se necess&#225;ria uma reflex&#227;o acerca do diagn&#243;stico, dos mecanismos de morbidade, da mortalidade e da reversibilidade nesta s&#237;ndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na revis&#227;o, ser&#227;o abordados os conceitos atuais, controv&#233;rsias e, especialmente, os desafios no diagn&#243;stico da ICFEp, analisando criticamente o escore da <italic>European Heart Failure Association</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Escore da <italic>European Heart Failure Association</italic> para o diagn&#243;stico da ICFEp</title>
        <p>Em 2019, foi publicado pela <italic>Heart Failure Association</italic> (HFA), da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC), um novo posicionamento para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp, que inclui o papel das comorbidades cl&#237;nicas e um sistema fundamentado em escore com valores atualizados dos crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e a dosagem de biomarcadores, al&#233;m do papel dos testes feitos sob esfor&#231;o ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algoritmo <italic>Heart Failure Association</italic> (HFA) para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp, da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="6">P</td>
                  <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial</td>
                  <td align="left">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Comorbidades/ Fatores de risco</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Passo 1 (P): avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-teste</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sinais e ou sintomas de IC</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Eletrocardiograma</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica convencional</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Dosagem de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Teste ergom&#233;trico, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos ou cardiopulmonar, em casos selecionados</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>E</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica dedicada</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Passo 2 (E): escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico e pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>F1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Teste diagn&#243;stico sob estresse: ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Passo 3 (F1): teste funcional em caso de incertezas</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Medidas hemodin&#226;micas invasivas</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>F2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica final</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Passo 4 (F2): Etiologia final</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Bi&#243;psia card&#237;aca e extra card&#237;aca</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cintilografia/CT/ PET CT</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Testes gen&#233;ticos</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Testes laboratorias espec&#237;ficos</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; CT: tomografia computadorizada; PET CT: Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons. Adaptado de Pieske B et al.<sup>1</sup></italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a anamnese, abordando os fatores de risco, as comorbidades, a presen&#231;a de sintomas e os sinais relacionados ao exame f&#237;sico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que sugiram o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp, conforme o diagrama a seguir ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Nessa fase inicial, devem ser realizados exames de sangue, incluindo pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (PN), eletrocardiograma, teste ergom&#233;trico, teste de caminhada de seis minutos e/ou teste cardiopulmonar, al&#233;m de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) pode evidenciar sinais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (&#237;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon; &#237;ndice &#8805;3,5 mV) e/ou sobrecarga atrial esquerda, mas sua principal indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; detectar a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), altamente preditiva de ICFEp subjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O racional para o emprego do escore baseia-se no fato de que nenhum crit&#233;rio n&#227;o invasivo &#233; suficiente de maneira isolada para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp. Por isso, recomenda-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o integrada das informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, das medidas dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PN e da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> &#201; importante lembrar que os valores de corte podem variar de acordo com a idade, g&#234;nero, peso corporal, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e presen&#231;a de FA. Assim, s&#227;o recomendados crit&#233;rios menores e maiores de acordo com o grau de altera&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a dos fatores modificadores acima descritos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Valores de PN em pacientes em ritmo de FA podem ser at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes maiores do que em pacientes em ritmo sinusal. Por isso, os valores de corte s&#227;o diferenciados para as duas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, valores de corte definitivos para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp em pacientes em ritmo sinusal ou FA n&#227;o foram bem estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os valores sugeridos para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp s&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos morfol&#243;gicos (A e B) e funcionais (C a F) para aplica&#231;&#227;o do algoritmo diagn&#243;stico para pacientes com suspeita de ICFEp. Os crit&#233;rios morfol&#243;gicos incluem a medida do volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo (A), e o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa mioc&#225;rdica e a espessura relativa de parede (B). Os crit&#233;rios funcionais incluem a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;, calculada a partir da medida de onda E ao Doppler mitral (C) (v = 73,7 cm/s) e ondas e&#8217; ao Doppler tecidual septal (D) (v = 8,6 cm/s) e lateral (E) (v = 16,1 cm/s), al&#233;m da velocidade de pico do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (v = 2,07 cm/s) para estimar a medida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar (F). v: velocidade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0470-10052-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo de imagem card&#237;aca de escolha na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente com sinais e sintomas de IC. O ecocardiograma permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica funcional pelas medidas dos di&#226;metros e volumes das cavidades card&#237;acas, estimativa da massa ventricular esquerda e an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global e segmentar mioc&#225;rdica. &#201; o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de escolha para a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular esquerdo e da art&#233;ria pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios morfol&#243;gicos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas do volume atrial esquerdo indexado (VolAEi)</title>
          <p>O VolAEi est&#225; relacionado &#224;s press&#245;es de enchimento do VE e a outros &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sendo a medida mais acurada do remodelamento cr&#244;nico do AE quando &#233; comparada ao di&#226;metro e &#225;rea do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em pacientes sem FA ou doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca, o VolAEi &gt;34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> &#233; preditor independente de morte, IC, FA e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em pacientes com ICFEp e FA permanente, o VolAEi foi 35% maior do que nos pacientes com ICFEp em ritmo sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pacientes com FA permanente podem apresentar maiores VolAEi, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Assim, recomenda-se valores de corte distintos de VolAEi para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp de pacientes em ritmo sinusal e FA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, integrando fatores de risco, exame f&#237;sico, avalia&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores e an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica. DM: diabetes mellitus; ECG: eletrocardiograma; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IT: insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar; VolAEi: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ERP: espessura relativa da parede ventricular; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial; GLS: strain global longitudinal; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.* Crit&#233;rio menor n&#227;o deve ser contabilizado dentro do mesmo dom&#237;nio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0470-10052-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas da espessura mioc&#225;rdica e estimativa da massa ventricular esquerda</title>
          <p>No escore da HFA, a espessura ventricular esquerda ao final da di&#225;stole das paredes septal e posterior foi considerada um crit&#233;rio morfol&#243;gico para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Preferencialmente, tais medidas devem ser obtidas</p>
          <p>no modo 2D, ou no modo M guiado pelo 2D, de acordo com a f&#243;rmula recomendada pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de IMVE &#233; definido como a massa ventricular esquerda indexada pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. A hipertrofia &#233; o aumento do IMVE, de acordo com os seguintes valores de refer&#234;ncia: &#8805;95 g/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres e &#8805;115 g/m<sup>2</sup> em homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> &#201; importante considerar o c&#225;lculo da espessura relativa de parede (ERP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise da IMVE e da ERP permite a categoriza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia em conc&#234;ntrica (aumento do IMVE e ERP &gt;0,42), exc&#234;ntrica (aumento do IMVE e ERP &lt;0,42) e remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico (IMVE normal e ERP &gt;0,42).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em pacientes com ICFEp, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar os padr&#245;es de remodelamento ou hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica. No entanto, a aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dessa forma, s&#227;o considerados os crit&#233;rios descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> .</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Crit&#233;rios funcionais</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas do <italic>Strain</italic> Sist&#243;lico Longitudinal Global (GLS) do VE</title>
        <p>A medida da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ( <italic>strain</italic> ) longitudinal global ventricular esquerda (GLS) pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> independe do &#226;ngulo de insona&#231;&#227;o do ultrassom confere vantagem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida do <italic>strain</italic> obtida pelo <italic>Doppler</italic> e &#233; considerada a t&#233;cnica de elei&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; importante relatar que equipamentos de diferentes marcas podem apresentar varia&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de GLS aferidos em um mesmo paciente. Um valor absoluto de GLS &lt;16% pode ser considerado anormal e, ao mesmo tempo, um crit&#233;rio menor para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Valores reduzidos de GLS s&#227;o preditores de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, morte cardiovascular ou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, apresentando boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a rigidez do VE e com biomarcadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas ao <italic>Doppler</italic> convencional</title>
        <p>Ao <italic>Doppler</italic> convencional, s&#227;o utilizadas as medidas da onda E ao <italic>Doppler</italic> puls&#225;til da valva mitral para o c&#225;lculo da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; e a velocidade de pico do jato de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (IT) ao <italic>Doppler</italic> cont&#237;nuo. Tais medidas s&#227;o importantes nas estimativas de eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento e, consequentemente, para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Medidas elevadas de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) e redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita s&#227;o importantes preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEp. Valores da velocidade de pico do jato de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide &gt; 2,8 m/s s&#227;o marcadores indiretos de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e est&#227;o associados ao diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas ao <italic>Doppler</italic> tecidual</title>
        <p>As medidas das velocidades de pico diast&#243;licas precoces (ondas e&#8217;) nas paredes septal e lateral ao <italic>Doppler</italic> tecidual puls&#225;til s&#227;o um par&#226;metro fundamental em pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Todas as medidas devem representar a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s ou mais ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos, e, preferencialmente, devem ser realizadas as medidas das velocidades das ondas e&#8217; septal e lateral, em particular para o c&#225;lculo da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O maior determinante da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce da movimenta&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral &#233; o relaxamento do VE. A onda e&#8217; reflete o relaxamento do VE e est&#225; influenciada pela pr&#233;-carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A velocidade da onda e&#8221; diminui com a idade e, por isso, s&#227;o recomendados valores de refer&#234;ncia de acordo com a idade para o c&#225;lculo do escore para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; m&#233;dia das paredes septal e lateral reflete a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar m&#233;dia e correlaciona-se com a rigidez ventricular esquerda e a presen&#231;a de fibrose, al&#233;m de ser menos dependente da idade e envelhecimento do que a onda e&#8217;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A medida tamb&#233;m apresenta valor diagn&#243;stico durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, sendo pouco influenciada por altera&#231;&#245;es volum&#233;tricas, mas influenciada pela gravidade da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica pelo escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico e pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O escore apresenta dom&#237;nios funcionais, morfol&#243;gicos e relacionados aos biomarcadores, e cada crit&#233;rio maior atribui 2 pontos e cada crit&#233;rio menor 1 ponto ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). &#201; importante lembrar que nem todos os par&#226;metros de cada dom&#237;nio podem ser analis&#225;veis. Um escore total &#8805;5 pontos &#233; considerado diagn&#243;stico para ICFEP enquanto escores &#8804;1 ponto indicam o diagn&#243;stico muito improv&#225;vel e torna mandat&#243;ria a investiga&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria necessitam de avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional complementar (passo 3), conforme a seguir. Na pr&#225;tica e de maneira estruturada, os passos 1 e 2 podem ser resumidos no fluxograma da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> , seguem exemplos ilustrativos da aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore em casos reais.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Exemplo ilustrativo de aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore diagn&#243;stico em indiv&#237;duo com suspeita de ICFEp. Paciente do sexo feminino, 64 anos, com antecedentes de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (obesidade grau III &#8211; IMC: 35,6, HAS e DM) e queixa de dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os (CF III NYHA). Ao ECG (acima), observa-se sinais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda pelos crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon. Apresenta ao ETT espessura do septo interventricular e parede posterior de 12 mm e IMVE: 105 g/m2 (1 ponto). Volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo estimado ao corte apical 4C (acima &#224; esquerda) e apical 2C (acima &#224; direita) em 48 ml/m2 (2 pontos). Doppler tecidual evidencia onda e&#8217; septal = 4 cm/s (abaixo &#224; esquerda) e onda e&#8217; lateral = 3 cm/s (abaixo &#224; direita) (2 pontos). Assim, aplicando-se o escore para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp, a paciente apresenta 5 pontos e, portanto, diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp. VolAEi: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0470-10052-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Paciente de 78 anos com obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito tipo 2 e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica em CF II NYHA. Ao ETT, apresenta AE = 50 mm, volume indexado de AE = 38 ml/m2 (2 pontos), &#237;ndice de massa VE: 89 g/m2 e espessura relativa de parede = 0,47 e PSAP n&#227;o analis&#225;vel, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; = 8,8 e BNP = 367 pg/ml (2 pontos). Aplicando-se o escore para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp, paciente apresenta 4 pontos e, portanto, diagn&#243;stico inconclusivo de ICFEp.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0470-10052-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No caso real da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , apesar de a paciente preencher crit&#233;rio menor morfol&#243;gico de espessura relativa de parede &gt;0,42, como j&#225; recebeu pontua&#231;&#227;o dentro do dom&#237;nio morfol&#243;gico por crit&#233;rio maior (2 pontos) pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do volume indexado, &#233; importante salientar que o crit&#233;rio menor n&#227;o &#233; contabilizado dentro do mesmo dom&#237;nio. A situa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; ilustrativa por evidenciar a limita&#231;&#227;o das medidas sugeridas em casos reais. Na paciente, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel aferir a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar por conta da aus&#234;ncia de refluxo tric&#250;spide, situa&#231;&#227;o ocasional na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a paciente apresentava limita&#231;&#227;o para realizar teste sob esfor&#231;o por conta de obesidade e altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas articulares e n&#227;o prosseguiu com a investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica sugerida pelo protocolo da HFA.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante considerar que, em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de estenose mitral, a onda E pode n&#227;o refletir a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante, a velocidade do jato de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide pode estar reduzida devido &#224; equaliza&#231;&#227;o entre as press&#245;es de VD e AD, subestimando a estimativa da PSAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Passo 3 (F1): avalia&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada &#8211; teste funcional em caso de incertezas</title>
      <p>Em pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria no escore diagn&#243;stico, &#233; indicada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar com ecocardiografia e sob esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, pois muitos pacientes apresentam apenas sintomas relacionados aos esfor&#231;os. Dessa forma, sintomas compat&#237;veis com ICFEp podem ser confirmados a partir de anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas como redu&#231;&#245;es do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e do volume sist&#243;lico e a eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE em repouso ou durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma sob esfor&#231;o pode revelar disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante o exerc&#237;cio. Os par&#226;metros mais empregados para essa an&#225;lise na suspeita de ICFEp s&#227;o a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; e a velocidade de pico do jato de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide. Recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame em repouso, durante todo o esfor&#231;o, ou logo ap&#243;s o pico da atividade. Contudo, at&#233; o momento n&#227;o existem protocolos universalmente aceitos, os exames s&#227;o realizados de acordo com a disponibilidade e a experi&#234;ncia de cada servi&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; e a velocidade de pico do jato da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide devem ser adquiridas no momento basal e em cada est&#225;gio, incluindo o pico do esfor&#231;o, durante o est&#225;gio subm&#225;ximo e/ou nos primeiros dois minutos da fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma sob esfor&#231;o deve ser considerado anormal quando a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; obtida no pico do esfor&#231;o for &#8805;15, com ou sem aumento da velocidade de pico da IT para um valor &gt;3,4 m/s. Um aumento isolado na velocidade da IT n&#227;o deve ser considerado para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp, uma vez que essa altera&#231;&#227;o pode ser meramente causada por uma resposta hiperdin&#226;mica normal ao exerc&#237;cio (aumento do fluxo pulmonar) e na aus&#234;ncia disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; durante o esfor&#231;o &#8805;15 soma 2 pontos ao escore da HFA. Uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; &#8805; 15 e a velocidade de pico da IT &gt;3,4 m/s acrescentam 3 pontos ao escore a partir do passo 2 (E). Ent&#227;o, a associa&#231;&#227;o do escore combinado a partir dos passos 2 (E) e 3 (F1) &#8805; 5 confirma o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de ocorrer: a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; pode n&#227;o ser analis&#225;vel em cerca de 10% dos pacientes durante o esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo (20W), a velocidade da IT ser mensur&#225;vel em apenas 50% dos pacientes e cerca de 20% dos pacientes podem ser considerados &#8220;falsos positivos&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em nosso pa&#237;s, a disponibilidade de servi&#231;os que realizam o ecocardiograma sob esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico &#233; bastante escassa, mesmo em cidades com grandes servi&#231;os de refer&#234;ncia em Cardiologia. No exemplo da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> , alguns pacientes n&#227;o se mostram aptos a realizar o procedimento por limita&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica ou pela limita&#231;&#227;o funcional como a coexist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as ortop&#233;dicas, articulares, vasculares ou neurol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finalmente, os dados obtidos a partir da ecocardiografia sob esfor&#231;o n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para substituir medidas hemodin&#226;micas invasivas. Quando o escore persistir &lt;5 pontos ou o ecocardiograma sob esfor&#231;o n&#227;o puder ser realizado, recomenda-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva quando surgirem d&#250;vidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A &#250;ltima diretriz da EACVI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> sugere a avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva sob esfor&#231;o; por&#233;m, em nosso pa&#237;s, essa &#233; uma pr&#225;tica utilizada muito raramente e apenas em pacientes espec&#237;ficos. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pode ser realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva para confirmar a eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento ventriculares esquerdas em repouso (press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE &#8805;16 mmHg) e o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva tamb&#233;m deve ser considerada para a exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria ou em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Passo 4 (F2): etiologia final</title>
      <p>A maioria dos casos de ICFEp est&#225; relacionado a fatores de risco e comorbidades comuns. Por&#233;m, a possibilidade de uma etiologia subjacente especifica deve sempre ser considerada: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, miocardite, doen&#231;as autoimunes, cardiomiopatias infiltravas, doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito e endomiocardiofibrose s&#227;o exemplos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Uma vez diagnosticada a ICFEP, a investiga&#231;&#227;o de cada etiologia especifica deve ser pautada pela suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e realizada de maneira direcionada na depend&#234;ncia do diagn&#243;stico presuntivo. &#201; fundamental detectar as etiologias espec&#237;ficas, uma vez que esses achados podem se traduzir em terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante considerar que as etiologias n&#227;o relacionadas ao mioc&#225;rdio podem apresentar quadro cl&#237;nico semelhante &#224; ICFEp, como pericardite constritiva, doen&#231;as valvares prim&#225;rias e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es, perspectivas e considera&#231;&#245;es finais</title>
      <p>A ICFEp &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica com m&#250;ltiplos fatores contribuintes, etiologias e mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos distintos, de maneira que &#233; imposs&#237;vel a cria&#231;&#227;o de um algoritmo &#250;nico capaz de realizar o diagn&#243;stico de um grupo t&#227;o diversificado de doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os resultados dos testes podem ser limitados a este grupo de pacientes, em est&#225;gios diferentes da doen&#231;a e com heterogeneidade de etiologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore da HFA n&#227;o atribui pontua&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos, e sinais e sintomas ao exame f&#237;sico conforme proposto por autores americanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> &#201; importante considerar estes fatores, uma vez que, isoladamente, os demais par&#226;metros dissociados do quadro cl&#237;nico e exame f&#237;sico perdem a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. Al&#233;m disso, outras situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que n&#227;o a IC podem levar a eleva&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de biomarcadores como doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas renais, pulmonares e processos infecciosos, limitando sua aplica&#231;&#227;o no contexto do paciente com suspeita de IC, uma vez que neste grupo de pacientes a ocorr&#234;ncia destas doen&#231;as n&#227;o &#233; infrequente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente, fen&#243;tipos distintos tem sido reconhecidos na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com ICFEp, como em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda, press&#245;es pulmonares e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em um futuro pr&#243;ximo poder&#227;o ser incorporados ao escore, aumentando a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica e o detalhamento da fisiopatologia da ICFEp.</p>
      <p>Vari&#225;veis como os &#237;ndices de deforma&#231;&#227;o ou ( <italic>strain</italic> ) atrial esquerda apresentam import&#226;ncia crescente na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e nas press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O desenvolvimento de <italic>softwares</italic> dedicados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> atrial tem permitido a avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e tamb&#233;m a an&#225;lise da rigidez atrial esquerda. Este &#250;ltimo &#233; um par&#226;metro que apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica com as press&#245;es de enchimento do VE e melhor acur&#225;cia na predi&#231;&#227;o de valores &gt;15 mmHg da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, outros par&#226;metros como a deforma&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (global ou da parede livre) desempenham papel promissor no diagn&#243;stico da ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Provavelmente, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, ser&#225; poss&#237;vel a an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica n&#227;o invasiva e relacionada a volumes das cavidades card&#237;acas, par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos como volume sist&#243;lico, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, press&#245;es de enchimento em associa&#231;&#227;o a novos marcadores de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica agregando valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico ao significado da FEVE na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O emprego dos m&#233;todos modernos para gera&#231;&#227;o de imagem, de maneira integrada, pode fornecer os dados acima mencionados e an&#225;lises din&#226;micas sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o arterial, endotelial e perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que podem ser acopladas aos dados demogr&#225;ficos, incluindo fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos e novos biomarcadores com dados sobre prote&#244;mica, metabol&#244;mica e gen&#233;tica. As informa&#231;&#245;es poder&#227;o ser processadas por intelig&#234;ncia artificial, podendo ser &#250;teis na defini&#231;&#227;o de fisiopatologia, diagn&#243;stico, direcionamento terap&#234;utico e predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, apesar da elabora&#231;&#227;o de escores atualizados para o diagn&#243;stico da ICFEp &#224; luz dos novos conhecimentos, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e aos valores de biomarcadores, ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios refinamentos e incorpora&#231;&#227;o de mais &#237;ndices cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que permitam n&#227;o apenas o diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico, mas que tamb&#233;m orientem a etiologia final dos pacientes com ICFEp.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Critical Analysis and Limitations of the Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4500-5270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jose Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nastari</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Ecocardiografia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Viviane Tiemi Hotta &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o HC-FMUSP, Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Miocardiopatias e Doen&#231;as da Aorta. Av. Dr En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 55. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: viviane.hotta@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Hotta VT, Vieira MLC; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Hotta VT; Writing of the manuscript: Hotta VT, Rassi DC, Pena JLB, Vieira MLC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Hotta VT, Rassi DC, Pena JLB, Vieira MLC, Rodrigues ACT, Fernandes F, Cardoso J, Ramires F, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>With the increase in the population&#8217;s life expectancy and the higher frequency of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, an increase in the prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is expected. However, to date, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with HFpEF remain challenging. The syndromic diagnosis of HFpEF includes several etiologies and diseases with specific treatments but has points in common regarding the clinical presentation, laboratory evaluation related to biomarkers, such as BNP and NT-ProBNP, and echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac remodeling and left ventricular diastolic filling pressures. Extensive randomized clinical trials involving the treatment of this condition have failed to demonstrate benefits to the patient, making it necessary to reflect on the diagnosis, mechanisms of morbidity, mortality and reversibility in this syndrome. In this review, the current concepts, controversies and challenges, especially regarding diagnosis, will be addressed, critically analyzing the <italic>European Heart Failure Association</italic> score for the diagnosis of HFpEF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic,Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>It is estimated that in the general population over 60 years of age, approximately 5% of the patients are diagnosed with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and the prevalence rate varies between 3.8 and 7.4% among the studies, considering the different methodologies used for the diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> With the increase in the population&#8217;s life expectancy and the higher frequency of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, an increase in the prevalence of HFpEF is expected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, until now, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with HFpEF remain challenging. The syndromic diagnosis of HFpEF includes several etiologies and diseases with specific treatments but has points in common regarding the clinical presentation, laboratory evaluation related to biomarkers, such as BNP and NT-ProBNP, and echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac remodeling and left ventricular diastolic filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In contrast to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), no treatment has yet convincingly shown a reduction in morbidity or mortality in HFpEF, making it necessary to reflect on the diagnosis, mechanisms of morbidity, mortality and reversibility in this syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this review, the current concepts, controversies and challenges will be addressed, especially regarding the diagnosis, critically analyzing the <italic>European Heart Failure Association</italic> score for the diagnosis of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>European Heart Failure Association score for the diagnosis of HFpEF</title>
          <p>In 2019, the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) published a new statement on the diagnosis of HFpEF, including the role of clinical comorbidities and a system based on a score with updated values of echocardiographic criteria, biomarker measurement, and the role of stress tests ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Algorithm for the diagnosis of HFpEF, <italic>Heart Failure Association</italic> (HFA) of the <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="top">P</td>
                    <td align="left">Initial workup</td>
                    <td align="left">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Symptoms and/or signs of HF</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Step 1 (P): Prestest Assessment</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Comorbidities / Risk factors</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4"> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>ECG</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Standard echocardiography</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Natriuretic peptides</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Ergometry / 6 min walking test or cardiopulmonary exercise testing</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">
                      <bold>E</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Diagnostic workup</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Comprehensive echocardiography</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Step 2 (E): echocardiographic and natriuretic peptide score</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Natriuretic peptides, if not measured in step 1</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">
                      <bold>F1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Advaced workup</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Diastolic stress test: exercise stress echocardiography</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Step 3 (F1): functional testing in case of uncertainty</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Invasive hemodynamic measurements</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="top">
                      <bold>F2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Etiological workup</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Cardiovascularmagnetic resonance</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Step 4 (F2): final etiology</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Cardiac or non-cardiac biopsies</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3"> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Scintigraphy / CT / PET</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Genetic testing</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Specific laboratory tests</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HF: heart failure; ECG: electrocardiogram; CT: computed tomography; PET: positron emission tomography. Adapted from Pieske B et al.<sup>1</sup></italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The initial evaluation should take into account the anamnesis, while addressing the risk factors and comorbidities and the presence of symptoms and signs on the physical examination of heart failure that suggest the diagnosis of HFpEF, according to the diagram below ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). In this initial phase, blood tests should be performed, including natriuretic peptides (NPs), as well as an electrocardiogram, exercise tests, 6-minute walk tests or cardiopulmonary tests, in addition to echocardiographic evaluations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) may show signs of left ventricular hypertrophy (Sokolow-Lyon Index &#8805; 3.5 mV) and/or left atrial overload, but its main indication is to detect the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is highly predictive of underlying HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The rationale for the use of the score is based on the fact that no noninvasive criterion alone is sufficient for the diagnosis of HFpEF and, therefore, an integrated evaluation of clinical information, measurements of serum levels of natriuretic peptide and evaluation of cardiac structure and function by echocardiography is suggested.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is important to remember that the cutoff values may vary according to age, gender, body weight, renal function and the presence of atrial fibrillation. Thus, minor and major criteria are recommended according to the degree of change in the presence of the modifying factors described above.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Natriuretic peptide levels in patients with AF rhythm may be up to three times higher than in patients in sinus rhythm; therefore, the cutoff values are different for these two patient populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> To date, definitive cutoff values for the diagnosis of HFpEF in patients with sinus rhythm or AF have yet to be established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The suggested values for the diagnosis of HFpEF are described in Table 2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Echocardiography is the cardiac imaging method of choice in the evaluation of patients with signs and symptoms of HF. The echocardiogram allows cardiac functional and anatomical evaluation by measuring the diameters and volumes of the cardiac cavities, estimating the left ventricular mass, and analyzing systolic function by the ejection fraction, in addition to global longitudinal and segmental myocardial function. It is the noninvasive method of choice for the analysis of diastolic function, left ventricular filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphological criteria</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Measurements of Left Atrial Volume index (LAVI)</title>
            <p>LAVI is related to LV filling pressures and other diastolic function indices, being the most accurate measure of chronic LA remodeling when compared to LA diameter and area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In patients without atrial fibrillation (AF) or heart valve disease, LAVI &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>is an independent predictor of death, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In patients with HFpEF and permanent AF, the LAVI was 35% higher than that of patients with HFpEF in sinus rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients with permanent AF may have higher LAVI even in the absence of diastolic dysfunction. Thus, different LAVI cutoff values are recommended for the diagnosis of HFpEF in patients with sinus rhythm and AF ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Clinical evaluation flowchart integrating risk factors, physical examination, evaluation of biomarkers and echocardiographic analysis. AF: atrial fibrillation;DM: diabetes mellitur; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; RWT: left ventricular relative wall thickness; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; GLS: global longitudinal strain; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. * Minor criterion should not be counted within the same domain.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0470-10052-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Morphological (A and B) and functional (C to F) echocardiographic criteria for the diagnostic algorithm application in patients with suspected HFpEF. The morphological criteria included the measurement of the left atrial volume index (A) and the calculation of the myocardial mass index and relative wall thickness (B). The functional criteria include the E/e&#180; ratio calculated from the measurement of the E wave on mitral Doppler (C) (v = 73.7 cm/s) and e&#180; wave septal (D) (v = 8.6 cm/s) and lateral (E) (v = 16.1 cm/s) velocities on tissue Doppler, in addition to the tricuspid regurgitation jet peak velocity (v = 2.07 cm/s) to measure the pulmonary artery systolic pressure (F). v: velocity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0470-10052-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Myocardial thickness measurement and left ventricular mass estimation</title>
            <p>In the HFA score, the left ventricular thickness at the end of diastole of the septal and posterior walls are considered morphological criteria for the diagnosis of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These measurements should be obtained preferentially in 2D mode or 2D-guided M mode according to the formula recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The left ventricular myocardial mass index (LVMI) is defined as the left ventricular mass indexed by the body surface area. Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in LVMI according to the following reference values: &#8805; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup>in women and &#8805; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup>in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> It is also important to consider the calculation of the left ventricular relative wall thickness (RWT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The analysis of LVMI and RWT allows the categorization of hypertrophy into concentric (increase in LVMI and RWT &gt;0.42) and eccentric (increase in LVMI and RWT &lt;0.42) or concentric remodeling (normal LVMI and RWT &gt;0.42).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Remodeling patterns or concentric hypertrophy can be seen in patients with HFpEF. The absence of left ventricular hypertrophy, however, does not exclude the diagnosis of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Thus, for the diagnosis of HFpEF, the criteria described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref> are considered.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Functional criteria</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurements of LV Global Longitudinal Systolic Strain (GLS)</title>
          <p>The measurement of LV global longitudinal myocardial deformation or strain (GLS) by speckle tracking is independent of the ultrasound insonation angle, conferring an advantage over the strain evaluated by Doppler, being considered the technique of choice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is important to consider that equipment by different manufacturers can show variations between GLS values acquired from the same patient. An absolute value of GLS &lt;16% can be considered abnormal and a minor criterion for the diagnosis of HFpEF (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Low values of GLS are predictors of hospitalization for HF, cardiovascular death or cardiorespiratory arrest, showing good correlation with LV stiffness and biomarkers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurements on conventional doppler</title>
          <p>On conventional Doppler, E-wave measurements are obtained by Pulsed Doppler analysis of the mitral valve to calculate the E/e&#180; ratio and the tricuspid regurgitation (TR) jet peak velocity is obtained by continuous Doppler. These measurements are important for estimating the increase in filling pressures and, consequently, for the diagnosis of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>High levels of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and right ventricular function reduction are important predictors of mortality in patients with HFpEF. TR jet peak velocity values &gt;2.8 m/s are indirect markers of diastolic dysfunction and are associated with the HFpEF diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tissue doppler measurements</title>
          <p>The measurements of early diastolic peak velocities (e&#180; waves) in the septal and lateral walls by pulsed tissue Doppler constitute a key parameter in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> All measurements should represent the mean of three or more consecutive cardiac cycles, and preferably, the measurements of the e&#180; wave of the septal and lateral velocities should be performed, especially for the calculation of the E/e&#180; ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The major determinant of the early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus is LV relaxation. The e&#180; wave reflects the LV relaxation and is influenced by preload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The e&#180; wave velocity decreases with age; therefore, reference values are recommended according to the age range to calculate the score for the HFpEF diagnosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The average E/e&#180; ratio of the septal and lateral walls reflects the capillary pressure in the absence of pulmonary stenosis and correlates with left ventricular stiffness and the presence of fibrosis, in addition to being less dependent on age and aging than the e&#8217; wave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> This measure also has diagnostic value during physical effort, being little influenced by volumetric changes but influenced by the left ventricular hypertrophy severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic evaluation by echocardiographic and natriuretic peptide score</title>
          <p>The score includes functional, morphological and biomarker-related domains, with each major criterion assigning 2 points and each minor criterion assigning 1 point to the score (Table 2). It is important to remember that not all parameters of each domain can be analyzed. A total score &#8805; 5 points is considered diagnostic for HFpEF, while scores &#8804; 1 point indicate a very unlikely diagnosis and make the investigation of differential diagnoses mandatory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with intermediate scores require an additional complementary assessment (Step 3), as follows. In a structured manner, in practice, steps 1 and 2 can be summarized in the flowchart of Table 2.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">4</xref> illustrate examples of the score application in real cases.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Illustrative example of the diagnostic score application in a patient with suspected HFpEF. A 64-year-old female patient had a history of metabolic syndrome (obesity grade III &#8211; Body Mass Index: 35.6, systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus) and complaints of dyspnea on minimal effort (FC III NYHA). The ECG (above) showed signs of left ventricular hypertrophy according to the Sokolow-Lyon criteria. The TTE displays an interventricular septum and posterior wall thickness of 12 mm and LVMI: 105 g/m2 (1 point). The left atrial volume index estimated at the apical 4C (top left) and apical 2C (top right) views was 48 mL/m2 (2 points). Tissue Doppler shows e&#8217; wave septal velocity = 4 cm/s (bottom left) and lateral e&#180; wave velocity = 3 cm/s (bottom right) (2 points). Thus, by applying the score for the diagnosis of HFpEF, the patient attained 5 points and, therefore, the HFpEF diagnosis was confirmed.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0470-10052-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A 78-year-old patient with obesity, systemic arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, in NYHA FC II. On the TTE, LA = 50 mm, LAVI = 38 mL/m2 (2 points), LV mass index: 89 g/m2, LV relative wall thickness = 0.47, non-analyzable PASP and E/e&#180; ratio = 8.8. BNP = 367 pg/mL (2 points). After applying the score for the diagnosis of HFpEF, the patient attained 4 points and, therefore, had an inconclusive diagnosis of HFpEF.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0470-10052-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the real-life case of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> , it is important to note that although the patient meets the minor morphological criterion of relative wall thickness &gt;0.42, as she has already received a score within the morphological domain for a major criterion (2 points) due to the dilation of the indexed volume, the minor criterion is not counted within the same domain.</p>
          <p>This case is also illustrative because it shows the limitation of the suggested measurements in real cases. In this patient, it was not possible to measure the pulmonary artery systolic pressure due to the absence of tricuspid regurgitation, which is not uncommon in daily practice.</p>
          <p>In addition, this patient had limitations in performing the test under exertion due to obesity and degenerative joint abnormalities and did not continue the etiological investigation suggested by the HFA protocol.</p>
          <p>It is important to consider that in patients diagnosed with mitral stenosis, the E wave may not reflect diastolic function, as in patients with significant tricuspid regurgitation, in which the tricuspid regurgitation velocity may be reduced due to the equalization between RV and RA, underestimating the measurement of PASP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Step 3 (F1): Advanced Evaluation - Functional Test in case of uncertainties</title>
        <p>In patients with intermediate diagnostic scores, the performance of complementary evaluation with echocardiography under physical exertion is indicated because many patients only exhibit symptoms on exertion. Thus, symptoms compatible with HFpEF can be confirmed by hemodynamic abnormalities, such as reduced cardiac output, reduced systolic volume and increased LV filling pressures at rest or during physical exertion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The stress echocardiography may disclose systolic and diastolic dysfunction during exercise testing. The parameters most frequently used for this analysis when HFpEF is suspected are the E/e&#180; ratio and the TR jet peak velocity. It is advisable to perform the test at rest and throughout the exertion or immediately after the peak of the exertion. However, to date, there are no universally accepted protocols, and the tests are performed according to the availability and experience of each service.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The E/e&#180; ratio and the TR jet peak velocity should be acquired at baseline and at each stage, including the peak of exertion, and during the submaximal stage or during the first two minutes of the recovery phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The stress echocardiogram should be considered abnormal if the E/e&#180; ratio obtained at peak effort is &#8805; 15, with or without an increase in the TR peak velocity to a value &gt;3.4 m/s. An isolated increase in the TR peak velocity should not be considered for the diagnosis of HFpEF, as this change may be caused merely by a normal hyperdynamic response to exercise (with increased pulmonary flow) in the absence of LV diastolic dysfunction. An E/e&#180; ratio during exertion &#8805; 15 adds 2 points to the HFA score. An E/e&#180; ratio &#8805; 15 and TR peak velocity &gt;3.4 m/s add 3 points to the score from Step 2 (E). The association of the combined score from Step 2 (E) and Step 3 (F1) &#8805; 5 confirms, then, the diagnosis of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, some limitations may occur: the E/e&#180; ratio might not be analyzed in approximately 10% of patients during submaximal effort (20 W), the TR peak velocity was measurable in only 50% of patients, and approximately 20% of the patients could be considered false positive cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In addition, in our country, the availability of services that perform echocardiography under physical exertion is very scarce, even in cities with large cardiology referral services. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> , some patients are not capable of performing the test under physical exertion, either due to symptomatic limitations or functional limitations, such as the coexistence of orthopedic, joint, vascular or neurological diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finally, the data obtained from the stress echocardiography are not sufficient to replace invasive hemodynamic measures. When the score remains &lt;5 points or if the stress echocardiogram cannot be performed, the invasive evaluation is recommended in case of doubt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The last European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> recommends invasive hemodynamic evaluation under stress; however, this test is very rarely used and only in specific patients in the Brazilian population. In clinical practice, the invasive evaluation can be performed to confirm the elevation of LV filling pressures at rest (LV end-diastolic pressure &#8805; 16 mmHg), confirming the HFpEF diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> An invasive evaluation should also be considered for the exclusion of coronary disease or in specific populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Step 4 (F2): Etiology F final</title>
        <p>The majority of HFpEF cases are related to risk factors and comorbidities; however, the possibility of a specific underlying etiology should always be considered, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, autoimmune diseases, infiltrative cardiomyopathies, deposit diseases and endomyocardial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Once the diagnosis of HFpEF syndrome is made, the investigation of each specific etiology should be guided by clinical suspicion and conducted in a targeted manner, depending on the presumptive diagnosis. The diagnosis of specific etiologies is essential, because these findings can be translated into specific therapies. It is also important to consider that etiologies unrelated to the myocardium may present a clinical picture similar to that of HFpEF, such as constrictive pericarditis, primary valve diseases and high output heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations, perspectives and final considerations:</title>
        <p>HFpEF is a clinical syndrome with multiple contributing factors, etiologies and distinct pathophysiological mechanisms; hence, it is impossible to create a single algorithm capable of diagnosing such a diverse group of diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In addition, the results of the tests may be limited in this group of patients at different stages of the disease and with heterogeneous etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The HFA score does not assign a score to the clinical risk factors and signs and symptoms on physical examination as proposed by American authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is important to consider these factors because, individually, the other parameters dissociated from the clinical condition and physical examination lose diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, clinical conditions other than HF, for example, may lead to elevated serum levels of biomarkers, such as chronic kidney and lung diseases and infectious processes, limiting their application in the context of patients with suspected HF, since the occurrence of these diseases in this group of patients is not uncommon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Currently, distinct phenotypes have also been recognized in the clinical presentation of patients with HFpEF, such as the characterization of left atrial function, pulmonary pressures and right ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> In this context, other echocardiographic parameters may be incorporated into the score in the near future, increasing the diagnostic sensitivity and detailing the pathophysiology of HFpEF.</p>
        <p>Variables such as left atrial strain indices are increasingly important in the evaluation of diastolic function and left ventricular filling pressures. The development of software dedicated to the evaluation of LA strain has allowed a more accurate evaluation of left atrial function and the analysis of left atrial stiffness, a parameter that shows a logarithmic correlation with LV filling pressures and better accuracy in predicting values &gt;15 mmHg of the LV end-diastolic pressure in relation to the E/e&#180; ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> In addition, other parameters, such as right ventricular deformation (global or free wall), also have a promising role in the diagnosis of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the near future, it will probably be possible to perform a noninvasive morphological analysis of cardiac chamber volumes integrated with hemodynamic parameters such as systolic volume, cardiac output and LV filling pressures in association with new markers of systolic and diastolic function, adding diagnostic and prognostic value to the significance of LVEF in the characterization of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The use of modern imaging methods in an integrated manner can provide the abovementioned data in addition to dynamic analyses on arterial and endothelial function and myocardial perfusion, which can be coupled with the demographic data, including classic risk factors and new biomarkers, with data on proteomics, metabolomics and genetics. This information may be processed by artificial intelligence and may be useful to define the pathophysiology and diagnosis, in addition to therapeutic guidance and outcome prediction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, despite the development of updated scores for the diagnosis of HFpEF in the light of new knowledge, especially in relation to echocardiographic techniques and biomarker values, refinements and incorporation of more clinical and echocardiographic indices are still needed, which will allow not only the syndromic diagnosis but also recommendations on the final etiology of patients with HFpEF.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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