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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pn5TmzDgHryLCRjpQZTL4fH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000900458</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220557</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220557</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST Tratado com Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria: A Import&#226;ncia de Dados Locais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9680-3689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Unidade de Coronariopatia Aguda, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; C. Nicolau &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jose.nicolau@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>458</fpage>
      <lpage>459</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Fibrinol&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Castro et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> devem ser elogiados por fornecerem &#224; comunidade cient&#237;fica uma publica&#231;&#227;o &#250;til que analisa os preditores de mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP).</p>
    <p>A ICPP &#233; o m&#233;todo preferido de reperfus&#227;o para pacientes com IAMCSST que se apresentam dentro de 12 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o do in&#237;cio dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Do que seja do meu conhecimento, a metan&#225;lise mais recente que comparou terapia fibrinol&#237;tica com ICPP encontrou <italic>odds ratios</italic> de 0,73 (p = 0,002), 0,38 (p &lt; 0,001), 0,38 (p &lt; 0,001) e 1,03 (p = 0,86), respectivamente para morte por todas as causas, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento maior. Por&#233;m, a aus&#234;ncia de ampla disponibilidade de laborat&#243;rios de cateterismo e problemas log&#237;sticos, principalmente relacionados ao transporte, limitam o acesso dos pacientes com IAMCSST a essa forma de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Isso &#233; destacado na presente publica&#231;&#227;o, onde apenas 0,26% da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada era da vasta regi&#227;o Norte do Brasil, enquanto a maioria (58%) era da regi&#227;o Sudeste. Talvez mais importante seja o fato de que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapias de reperfus&#227;o (fibrinol&#237;ticos ou ICPP) em geral est&#225; longe do ideal no Brasil, e importantes diferen&#231;as regionais t&#234;m sido observadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que a metan&#225;lise anteriormente citada de Fazel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> encontrou odds ratios de 0,79, 0,53, 0,70 e 1,19 para morte por todas as causas, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento grave, respectivamente, ao comparar o tratamento farmacoinvasivo e a abordagem com tratamento fibrinol&#237;tico, que pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o para problemas relacionados ao acesso &#224; ICPP.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre o artigo de Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e a literatura resumida na Tabela 3 deve ser interpretada com cautela. Primeiro, o artigo brasileiro analisou apenas a fase intra-hospitalar, enquanto os demais analisaram per&#237;odos de seguimento que variaram de 30 dias a 1 ano. Segundo, nem todos os estudos estavam relacionados a pacientes submetidos &#224; ICPP. Por exemplo, o &#8220;DynTIMI&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> foi derivado do estudo ExTRACT, que testou o papel da enoxaparina <italic>versus</italic> heparina n&#227;o fracionada em pacientes com IAMCSST, e o GRACE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foi um registro internacional com uma ampla popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (com ou sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST). Vale ressaltar que todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na Tabela 3 desenvolveram escores de risco para facilitar a compreens&#227;o e facilitar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, o que n&#227;o foi o caso da publica&#231;&#227;o de Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os autores perderam uma excelente oportunidade para desenvolver um escore de risco baseado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, assim como fizeram algumas publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores do Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De maneira um tanto simplificada, Castro et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> afirmaram que o &#250;nico fator de risco da Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares (CENIC) que n&#227;o estava de acordo com as demais publica&#231;&#245;es era o sexo feminino. O papel do sexo feminino como fator de risco progn&#243;stico no IAMCSST &#233; motivo de discuss&#227;o h&#225; d&#233;cadas, com alguns estudos, como o presente, concluindo que o sexo feminino &#233; um fator de risco independente para pior progn&#243;stico, e outros concluindo o contr&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Talvez a melhor explica&#231;&#227;o seja aquela fornecida na publica&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de Vacarinno et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> h&#225; muitos anos, a saber, que existe uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre sexo, idade e mortalidade por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, onde mulheres mais jovens, mas n&#227;o mulheres mais velhas, apresentam maiores taxas de &#243;bito hospitalar do que homens da mesma idade;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> no entanto, publica&#231;&#227;o recente sugeriu que outras intera&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m podem ser importantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada, podemos notar que existem muitas outras diferen&#231;as entre o estudo brasileiro e os demais. Por exemplo, o escore de risco CADILLAC incluiu 7 vari&#225;veis, incluindo anemia e insufici&#234;ncia renal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e o escore ALPHA teve apenas 5 vari&#225;veis, incluindo frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, necessidade de suporte de vida e acesso arterial, atingindo uma estat&#237;stica c impressionante de 0,88 para mortalidade por todas as causas em 30 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resumo, o estudo de Castro et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> contribui para uma melhor compreens&#227;o da epidemiologia do IAMCSST no Brasil, com um n&#250;mero robusto de aproximadamente 27.000 pacientes analisados. Sua principal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; provavelmente um potencial vi&#233;s de inclus&#227;o, uma vez que a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos pesquisadores foi espont&#226;nea e, talvez mais importante, foi perdida a oportunidade de se desenvolver e validar um escore brasileiro para pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICPP.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Preditores de Mortalidade Hospitalar nos Pacientes Tratados por Angioplastia Prim&#225;ria: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle Multic&#234;ntrico</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The Importance of Local Data</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9680-3689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Unidade de Coronariopatia Aguda, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Jos&#233; C. Nicolau &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jose.nicolau@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinolityc Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> should be commended for providing the scientific community with a useful publication analyzing predictors of all-cause mortality in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) who are submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).</p>
      <p>PPCI is the preferred method of reperfusion for patients with STEMI presenting within 12 hours of evolution from onset of symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> To the best of my knowledge, the most recent meta-analysis comparing fibrinolytic therapy with PPCI found odds ratios of 0.73 (p = 0.002), 0.38 (p &lt; 0.001), 0.38 (p &lt; 0.001), and 1.03 (p = 0.86) for all-cause death, reinfarction, stroke, and major bleeding, respectively. However, absence of widespread availability of catheterization laboratories and logistical problems, mainly related to transportation, limit the access of patients with STEMI to this form of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This is highlighted in the present publication, where only 0.26% of the analyzed population was from the vast North Region of Brazil, whereas the majority (58%) was from the Southeast Region. Maybe more importantly, the utilization of reperfusion therapies (fibrinolytics or PPCI) in general is far from ideal in Brazil, and important regional differences have been observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Importantly, the previously cited meta-analysis by Fazel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> found odds ratios of 0.79, 0.53, 0.70, and 1.19 for all-cause deaths, reinfarction, stroke, and major bleeding, respectively, when comparing the pharmacoinvasive approach with fibrinolytic treatment, which can be an option for issues related to access to PPCI.</p>
      <p>The comparison between the paper by Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and the literature summarized in Table 3 must be interpreted carefully. First, the Brazilian paper analyzed only the in-hospital phase, while the others analyzed follow-ups ranging from 30 days to 1 year. Second, not all studies</p>
      <p>were related to patients submitted to PPCI. For example, the &#8220;DynTIMI&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> was derived from the ExTRACT study, which tested the role of enoxaparin versus non-fractioned heparin in patients with STEMI, and the GRACE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> was an international registry with a broad population of patients with acute coronary syndromes (with or without ST-elevation). It is noteworthy that all the studies included in Table 3 developed risk scores to facilitate understanding and to increase the utilization of the results in daily practice, which was not the case of the publication by Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The authors missed an excellent opportunity to develop a risk score based on a Brazilian population, as did some previous publications from Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In a somewhat simplistic manner, Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> stated that the only risk factor from the National Registry of Cardiovascular Interventions (CENIC, acronym in Portuguese) not in agreement with the other publications was female sex. The role of female sex as a prognostic risk factor in STEMI has been a matter of discussion for decades, with some studies, such as the present one, concluding that female sex is an independent risk factor for worse prognosis and others concluding that it is not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The best explanation was, perhaps, the one provided in the classical publication by Vacarinno et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> many years ago, namely, that there is an interaction between sex, age, and mortality in myocardial infarction with younger women, but not older women, having higher rates of in-hospital deaths than men of the same age;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> however, a more recent publication suggested that other interactions may be important as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a more detailed analysis, we can note that there are many other differences between the Brazilian study and the others. For example, the CADILLAC risk score included 7 variables, including anemia and renal insufficiency,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and the ALPHA score had only 5 variables, including heart rate, need for life support, and arterial access, reaching an impressive c-statistic of 0.88 for all-cause mortality at 30 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, the study by Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of STEMI in Brazil, with a robust number of approximately 27,000 patients analyzed. Its main limitation is likely a potential inclusion bias, since the contribution of the investigators was spontaneous, and, maybe more importantly, an opportunity to develop and validate a Brazilian score for patients with STEMI submitted to PPCI was missed.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Predictors of Hospital Mortality Based on Primary Angioplasty Treatment: A Multicenter Case-Control Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
