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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">53J7WHyV8kQcH5Y7hVPDg3n</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005009202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000900402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210573</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210573</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Rela&#231;&#227;o entre N&#237;veis de Adropina e Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral Coron&#225;ria em Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0853-2549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akkaya</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2031-7964</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;nt&#252;rk</surname>
            <given-names>Ertu&#287;rul Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7221-891X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akkaya</surname>
            <given-names>Fulya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5644-751X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karab&#305;y&#305;k</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8299-1359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;nt&#252;rk</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;nayet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4738-3478</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Samet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Acad&#234;mico e de Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ni&#287;de</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir, Hospital Acad&#234;mico e de Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina, Ni&#287;de &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o de Hospitais P&#250;blicos do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ni&#287;de</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o de Hospitais P&#250;blicos do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Ni&#287;de &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Sa&#250;de Z&#252;beyde Han&#305;m</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ni&#287;de</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica, Universidade Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir, Escola de Sa&#250;de Z&#252;beyde Han&#305;m, Ni&#287;de &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Hasan Akkaya &#8226; Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir University &#8211; Cardiology - Bor yolu &#252;niversite kamp&#252;s&#252; t&#305;p fak&#252;ltesi Ni&#287;de Nigde Turkey 51240 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>drhakkaya@hotmail.com</email> , <email>hakkaya@ohu.edu.tr</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Akkaya H, G&#252;nt&#252;rk EE, Akkaya F, Karab&#305;y&#305;k U, G&#252;nt&#252;rk &#304;, Y&#305;lma S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>402</fpage>
      <lpage>410</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria (CCC) proporciona um fluxo sangu&#237;neo alternativo a tecido mioc&#225;rdico exposto a isquemia e ajuda a preservar as fun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas. A produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) foram apontados como os fatores mais importantes no desenvolvimento da CCC. A adropina &#233; um horm&#244;nio pept&#237;deo respons&#225;vel pela hemostasia energ&#233;tica, e &#233; conhecida por seus efeitos positivos no endot&#233;lio por NO e VEGF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre adropina e a presen&#231;a de CCC em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 102 pacientes com SCC, que tinham oclus&#227;o total de pelo menos 1 art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica importante, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo de pacientes (n: 50) com CCC ruim (Rentrop 0-1) e o grupo de pacientes (n: 52) com CCC boa (Rentrop 2-3). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de adropina identificados foram 210,83&#177;17,76 pg/mL e 268,25&#177;28,94 pg/mL nos grupos com CCC ruim e boa, respectivamente (p&lt;0,001). Detectou-se que os n&#237;veis de adropina t&#234;m correla&#231;&#227;o com as raz&#245;es neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (r: 0,17, p: 0,04) e com os escores de Rentrop (r: 0,76, p&lt;0,001), e correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com idade (r: -0,23, p: 0,01) e com os escores Gensini (r: -0,19, p: 0,02). O n&#237;vel de adropina &#233; um preditor independente da boa evolu&#231;&#227;o da CCC (RC: 1.12, IC 95%: (1,06&#8211;1,18), p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Este estudo sugere que os n&#237;veis de adropina podem ser um fator associado &#224; de CCC em pacientes com SCC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Adropina</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronariopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a caracterizada pelo estreitamento ou a oclus&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, geralmente devido a aterosclerose. Ela &#233; a principal causa de morte em homens e mulheres em todo o mundo, e sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC), os sintomas podem variar com o tempo devido a fatores como consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico, stress emocional, ou varia&#231;&#245;es de temperatura. Al&#233;m disso, a SCC est&#225; associada &#224; estabilidade ou quiesc&#234;ncia da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A adropina &#233; um horm&#244;nio pept&#237;deo composto de setenta e seis amino&#225;cidos que &#233; codificada pelo &#8220;gene associado &#224; homeostase energ&#233;tica (ENHO)&#8221;. O termo &#8220;adropina&#8221; derivou-se das palavras em Latim &#8220;aduro&#8221; e &#8220;pinquis&#8221;, se refere a um agente que promove a queima de gordura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os efeitos da adropina nas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas foram sugeridas por v&#225;rios mecanismos. Entretanto, seus efeitos nas fun&#231;&#245;es endoteliais foram aceitos como seu principal mecanismo. A adropina aumenta a express&#227;o de eNOS, que &#233; o respons&#225;vel principal pela produ&#231;&#227;o de NO. Paralelamente, a defici&#234;ncia de adropina foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade de NO endot&#233;lio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, relatou-se que a adropina inibe a agrega&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> prolifera&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> ades&#227;o endotelial de leuc&#243;citos e mon&#243;citos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e oxida&#231;&#227;o do LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial caracterizada pela defici&#234;ncia de NO endotelial &#233; um preditor independente do surgimento de DAC. Sabe-se que a adropina &#233; eficiente no metabolismo de NO. Concordantemente, foram demonstrados seus efeitos positivos nas fun&#231;&#245;es endoteliais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e baixos n&#237;veis de adropina foram associados a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou-se que pacientes com s&#237;ndrome X t&#234;m n&#237;veis mais baixos de adropina em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A adropina ativa o receptor 2 do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGFR-2) e vias de fosfatidilinositol-3-fosfato quinase no endot&#233;lio da parede do vaso, e contribui para a secre&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) aumentando a atividade da sintase endotelial do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (eNOS). A literatura relata que a adropina levou indiretamente &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o na parede do vaso, e que a inje&#231;&#227;o de adropina sint&#233;tica em um tecido, no qual a isquemia se desenvolveu, levou &#224; cura do tecido por reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A literatura tamb&#233;m demonstra que o desequil&#237;brio entre o suprimento de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico e a demanda de oxig&#234;nio resultante de estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria aumenta a evolu&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria (CCC). A forma&#231;&#227;o de CCC ocorre na forma de &#8220;angiog&#234;nese&#8221;, que ocorre novamente pelo surgimento de novos capilares a partir de vasos sangu&#237;neos existentes, ou &#8220;arteriog&#234;nese&#8221;, que ocorre como resultado do crescimento e da matura&#231;&#227;o de canais de anastomose que existem entre as art&#233;rias existentes desde o nascimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A tecnologia atual n&#227;o permite a medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva de CCC em seres humanos. Portanto, a maneira mais f&#225;cil de se avaliar a CCC &#233; pela avalia&#231;&#227;o visual das art&#233;rias colaterais usando-se a angiografia coron&#225;ria, que pode ser feite em um m&#233;todo semiquantitativo, conforme descrito por Rentrop et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; muitos estudos dispon&#237;veis na literatura sobre os fatores que afetam a CCC. Entretanto, n&#227;o estudos em que o efeito dos n&#237;veis de adropina na CCC tenham sido tratados, apesar de haver v&#225;rios estudos conduzidos em anos anteriores que demonstraram a fun&#231;&#227;o protetiva da adropina na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o endoteliais. Considerando o mencionado acima, pela primeira vez, neste estudo, a adropina &#233; investigada quanto &#224; possibilidade de ser um fator associado &#224; presen&#231;a de CCC do ponto de vista patofisiol&#243;gico em indiv&#237;duos portadores de SCC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 102 pacientes que passaram por AC devido a SCC entre mar&#231;o de 2017 e mar&#231;o de 2020 em Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir University Hospital (centro &#250;nico), prospectivamente. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo de pacientes com CCC ruim (Rentrop 0-1) (n: 50) e o grupo de pacientes com CCC boa (Rentrop 2-3) (n: 52), com base em escores de Rentrop.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com SCC, que tinham oclus&#227;o total de pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica na angiografia coron&#225;ria, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, enquanto pacientes que tiveram s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses, opera&#231;&#227;o de by-pass de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria anterior (CABG), doen&#231;a de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca moderada a grave, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda/cr&#244;nica, n&#237;veis de TFG (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada) &lt;30 ml/min, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, qualquer malignidade conhecida, sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca [NYHA (New York Heart Association) classe 3 ou 4], obstru&#231;&#227;o pulmonar cr&#244;nica moderada/grave, qualquer doen&#231;a infecciosa aguda/cr&#244;nica, e doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;ria ou reumatol&#243;gica aguda/cr&#244;nica, foram exclu&#237;dos deste estudo.</p>
      <p>Pacientes cujos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial identificados foram &gt;140/90 mm/Hg resultantes de medi&#231;&#245;es repetidas ou que foram identificados como usu&#225;rios de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos foram considerados pacientes portadores de hipertens&#227;o, enquanto que pacientes cujos n&#237;veis de glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum identificados foram &gt;126 mg/dL como resultados de medi&#231;&#245;es repetidas ou que foram identificados como usu&#225;rios de medicamentos antidiabetes foram considerados pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas de forma venosa depois de pelo menos 10 horas de jejum, e, em seguida, foram centrifugadas rapidamente a 1000 g e 4 &#176;C por 10 minutos. O soro sangu&#237;neo resultante foi armazenado a -80 &#176;C para an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de adropina foram estudadas duas vezes usando um kit ELISA comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (Fankew, Shanghai Kexing Trading Co., Ltd, China). Identificou-se que os coeficientes inter- e intraensaio da varia&#231;&#227;o estavam abaixo de 9% e 10% respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes passaram por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado pelo mesmo cardiologista, e sua fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson.</p>
      <p>Os valores de &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) dos pacientes foram calculados dividindo-se seus pesos por suas alturas ao quadrado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>As imagens angiogr&#225;ficas foram avaliadas por dois cardiologistas experientes usando os sistemas Picture Archiving and Communication. Dois cardiologistas tomaram uma decis&#227;o conjunta no caso de les&#245;es lim&#237;trofes.</p>
        <p>Os escores de Gensini foram calculados com base no grau de estenose angiogr&#225;fica. Dessa forma, foi atribu&#237;do 1 ponto para estenose 0-25%, foram atribu&#237;dos 2 pontos para estenose 25-50%, foram atribu&#237;dos 4 pontos para estenose 50-75%, foram atribu&#237;dos 8 pontos para estenose 75-90%. Foram atribu&#237;dos 16 pontos para estenose 90-99%, e foram atribu&#237;dos 32 pontos para les&#227;o de 100% (oclus&#227;o total). Esses escores foram multiplicados pelo coeficiente definido para cada art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal e todos os pontos de segmento [art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda: 5, segmento proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA): 2,5, segmento m&#233;dio da ADA: 1,5, segmento apical da ADA: 1, primeiro ramo diagonal: 1, segundo ramo diagonal: 0,5, segmento proximal da art&#233;ria circunflexa (Cx) na presen&#231;a da domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD): 2,5, segmento distal da art&#233;ria Cx: 1, ramo marginal obtuso: 1, ramos p&#243;stero-lateral: 0,5, segmento proximal da ACD: 1, segmento m&#233;dio da ACD: 1, segmento dista da ACD: 1, e art&#233;ria descendente posterior: 1].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rentrop &#233; feita com base na angiografia coron&#225;ria. Assim, casos sem fluxo colateral da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com um fluxo sangu&#237;neo, para a art&#233;ria completamente oclu&#237;da, foram avaliadas como grau 0, casos com preenchimento nos ramos laterais da art&#233;ria oclu&#237;da, mas sem enchimento no seguimento epic&#225;rdico, foram avaliados como grau 1, casos com enchimento parcial do segmento epic&#225;rdico foram avaliados como grau 2, e casos com enchimento colateral total do vaso epic&#225;rdico foram avaliados como grau 3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O pacote do software SPSS 23.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 23.0) foi usado para conduzir as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para avaliar o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados de pesquisa. Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em termos de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP)), enquanto vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em termos de mediana e faixa interquartil (FIQ). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram resumidas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens e comparadas entre os grupos usando-se o teste qui-quadrado. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal entre os grupos foram comparadas usando-se o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, e aquelas n&#227;o t&#234;m distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas usando-se o teste U de Mann Whitney. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foram realizadas para identificar preditores independentes de CCC boa. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi realizado para definir a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel de adropina e outros par&#226;metros. A curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi usada para revelar a sensibilidade, a especificidade e o valor de corte ideal do n&#237;vel de adropina que pode ser usado para prever a CCC boa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 102 pacientes, dos quais 50 tinham CCC ruim e 52 tinham CCC boa, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre os grupos de pacientes com CCC ruim ou boa com rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, idade, IMC, condi&#231;&#227;o de tabagismo, diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertens&#227;o, n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas, FEVE e medicamentos usados ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
                <th scope="col">CCC ruim (n: 50)</th>
                <th scope="col">CCC boa (n: 52)</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">60,47 (8,06)</td>
                <td align="center">59,04 (8,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, m&#233;dia (DP), kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">24,28 (1,61)</td>
                <td align="center">24,12 (1,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, m&#233;dia (DP), mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">122,77 (10,32)</td>
                <td align="center">125,87 (11,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, m&#233;dia (DP), mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">74,37 (8,50)</td>
                <td align="center">74,65 (8,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, m&#233;dia (DP), bat/min</td>
                <td align="center">76,93 (13,95)</td>
                <td align="center">76,69 (13,61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, (%), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">55,80 (8,18)</td>
                <td align="center">53,77 (8,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de estatinas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de &#946;-bloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de nitrato, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>CCC: circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais dos grupos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os n&#237;veis de adropina identificados foram significativamente diferentes, em 210,83&#177;17,76 pg/mL e 268,25&#177;28,94 pg/mL nos grupos com CCC ruim e boa, respectivamente. Os dois grupos n&#227;o variaram significativamente em nenhum dos outros par&#226;metros laboratoriais.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
                <th scope="col">CCC ruim (n: 50)</th>
                <th scope="col">CCC boa (n: 52)</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#237;vel de adropina, m&#233;dia (DP), pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">210,83 (17,76)</td>
                <td align="center">268.25 (28,94)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade, mediana (FIQ), mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">3,55 (0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">3,40 (0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia jejum, m&#233;dia (DP), mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">117,03 (33,83)</td>
                <td align="center">123,80 (44,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina glicada, m&#233;dia (DP), %</td>
                <td align="center">6,40 (1,19)</td>
                <td align="center">6,39 (1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, m&#233;dia (DP), mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">187,90 (25,30)</td>
                <td align="center">194,23 (28,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL, m&#233;dia (DP), mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">43,73 (5,57)</td>
                <td align="center">44,33 (6,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides, mediana (IQR), mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">154,00 (50,85)</td>
                <td align="center">163,50 (47,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL, m&#233;dia (DP), mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">108,50 (28,20)</td>
                <td align="center">110,92 (29,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, m&#233;dia (DP), mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, m&#233;dia (DP), g/L</td>
                <td align="center">14,56 (0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">14,25 (1,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelho, m&#233;dia (DP), %</td>
                <td align="center">12,79 (1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">12,61 (1,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos, m&#233;dia (DP), x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">8,34 (1,65)</td>
                <td align="center">8,36 (1,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filos, m&#233;dia (DP), x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">6,31 (1,94)</td>
                <td align="center">6,21 (1,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos, m&#233;dia (DP), x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 (0,44)</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 (0,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR, m&#233;dia (DP), %</td>
                <td align="center">3,92 (1,64)</td>
                <td align="center">3,89 (1,56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaqueta, m&#233;dia (DP), x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">241,90 (41,35)</td>
                <td align="center">225,04 (39,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>CCC: circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; NLR: raz&#245;es neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas coron&#225;rias dos grupos de pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de acordo com a localiza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias oclu&#237;das. Os escores Gensini m&#233;dios dos grupos com CCC ruim e boa identificados foram significativamente diferentes, em 104,3&#177;18,9 e 95,3&#177;14,4, respectivamente. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em termos da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana principal esquerda, doen&#231;as multivasculares e les&#245;es de bifurca&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados angiogr&#225;ficos coron&#225;rios da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
                <th scope="col">CCC ruim (n: 50)</th>
                <th scope="col">CCC boa (n: 52)</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o de ADA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o de Cx, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o de ACD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (46,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Gensini, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">104,3 (18,9)</td>
                <td align="center">95,3 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana esquerda principal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a multivascular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (40,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#245;es de bifurca&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Rentrop 0, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (36)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Rentrop 1, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (64)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Rentrop 2, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">31 (59,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Rentrop 3, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">21 (40,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>CCC: circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria; ADA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; Cx: art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa foi encontrada entre os n&#237;veis de adropina e os valores de IMC, frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas, n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade, n&#237;veis de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), condi&#231;&#227;o de tabagismo, presen&#231;a de DM, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, colesterol total, n&#237;veis de HDL, triglic&#233;rides e LDL. Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e moderadamente positiva entre os n&#237;veis de adropina e as raz&#245;es neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR); no entanto, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e fortemente positiva entre os n&#237;veis de adropina e os escores de Rentrop. Por outro lado, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e moderadamente negativa entre os n&#237;veis de adropina e idade e escores de Gensini ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de adropina e outras vari&#225;veis da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
                <th scope="col">r</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">-0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">-0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina glicada</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL</td>
                <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Gensini</td>
                <td align="center">-0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Rentrop</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; NLR: raz&#245;es neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de adropina e a) Idade (r: -0,23, p: 0,01); b) Escore de Gensini (r: -0,19, p: 0,02); c) Escore de Rentrop (r: 0,76, p: &lt;0,001); d) NLR (r: 0,17, p: 0,04).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0402-10573-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de curva ROC para avaliar o papel do n&#237;vel de adropina na previs&#227;o de CCC boa ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). A an&#225;lise de ROC revelou que um valor de corte de 276,25 pg/mL em termos de n&#237;vel de adropina previu a CCC boa com sensibilidade de 91% e especificidade de 96% (&#225;rea ROC = 952, p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) quanto ao n&#237;vel de adropina para prever boa circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0402-10573-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , os n&#237;veis de adropina eram mais altos no grupo com CCC boa, e, portanto, foram realizadas an&#225;lises para determinar se o n&#237;vel de adropina pode ser usado como preditor independente da evolu&#231;&#227;o de boa CCC. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada indicaram que o n&#237;vel de adropina era um fator independente e forte da evolu&#231;&#227;o da CCC boa. Identificou-se que score de Gensini, doen&#231;a multivascular, oclus&#227;o de ADA e oclus&#227;o de ACD eram preditores independentes da evolu&#231;&#227;o da CCC boa tamb&#233;m. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, que foi ajustada quanto aos poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, tais como, IMC, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, colesterol total, e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), revelaram que n&#227;o s&#243; os n&#237;veis de adropina, mas tamb&#233;m o escore de Gensini, a doen&#231;a multivascular, oclus&#227;o de ADA e oclus&#227;o de ACD eram preditores independentes da evolu&#231;&#227;o da CCC boa ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada demonstrando preditores independentes de CCC boa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" scope="col"> </th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">Multivariada*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>RC (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>RC (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#237;vel de adropina</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 (1,06-1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (1,06-1,19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,97-1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,97-1,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (0,76-2,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,74-2,01)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,98-1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (1,01-1,07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 (0,26-1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 (0,30-1,42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina glicada</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,51-1,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,56-1,96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,86 (0,89-3,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (0,55-3,32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,55-2,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,51-2,25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,48-1,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,43-1,93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (1,10-1,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,44 (1,09-1,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">1,56 (0,46-5,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,27-4,20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,96-1,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 (0,88-1,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,97-1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,98-1,03)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 (0,44-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 (0,51-1,33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Gensini</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (1,00-1,02)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a multivascular</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,63 (1,68-4,14)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,45 (1,53-3,93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o de ADA</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,59 (2,13-9,90)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,73 (2,08-10,70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o de Cx</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">2,21 (1,07&#8211;4,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">2,41 (1,12-4,41)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oclus&#227;o de ACD</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 (1,17-4,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">2,17 (1,03-4,56)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>*Ajustada quanto a idade, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, IMC, colesterol total e LDL. Nessa an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, os n&#237;veis de adropina, bem como idade, IMC, colesterol total, HDL, triglic&#233;rides, LDL, doen&#231;a multivascular e escore de Gensini s&#227;o valores cont&#237;nuos, outros s&#227;o vari&#225;veis bin&#225;rias.</italic>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; NLR: raz&#245;es neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; ADA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; Cx: art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo em que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de adropina e CCC foi investigada em pacientes diagnosticados com SCC. O principal achado deste estudo foi que os n&#237;veis de adropina eram mais baixos no grupo com CCC ruim que no grupo com CCC boa. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de adropina e os valores de NLR e escores de Rentrop; no entanto, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre os n&#237;veis de adropina e idade e escores de Gensini. Ademais, a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e as an&#225;lises de ROC indicaram que a adropina era um preditor independente da evolu&#231;&#227;o de CCC boa. Al&#233;m do n&#237;vel de adropina, identificou-se que outros fatores, tais como, score de Gensini, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a multivascular, oclus&#227;o de ADA e oclus&#227;o de ACD eram preditores independentes da evolu&#231;&#227;o da CCC boa tamb&#233;m.</p>
      <p>A CCC ocorre quando os vasos coron&#225;rios se estreitam em 70% ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os vasos colaterais resultantes t&#234;m tamanho entre 20-200 &#181;m e paredes finas. A densidade dos vasos colaterais formados varia entre esp&#233;cies, e &#233; moderada nos seres humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esses vasos s&#227;o a via alternativa de suprimento de sangue para o mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico. Os vasos de CCC geralmente s&#227;o fechados e n&#227;o funcionais. Entretanto, quando ocorre a diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o como resultado da estenose coron&#225;ria, os vasos rudimentares se abrem rapidamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias colaterais ajudam a manter as fun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas, oferecendo um fluxo sangu&#237;neo alternativo ao tecido mioc&#225;rdico isqu&#234;mico esquerdo por DAC oclusiva. Geralmente &#233; a isquemia que ocasiona um excesso de art&#233;rias colaterais. Entretanto, mesmo aquelas sem DAC t&#234;m art&#233;rias colaterais em excesso, j&#225; que a CCC existente pode se mostrar insuficientes durante o exerc&#237;cio, apesar de fornecer o sangue necess&#225;rio para o mioc&#225;rdio em repouso. V&#225;rias vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas de cl&#237;nicas independentes foram associadas ao grau de CCC na literatura. Em pacientes com DAC, o momento da oclus&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> a localiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o, a gravidade da estenose coron&#225;ria, e a dura&#231;&#227;o da angina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> afetam o grau de CCC; enquanto, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, a hipertens&#227;o e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> afetam o grau de CCC;</p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da CCC &#233; que ela protege as fun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> limita a dimens&#227;o do infarto<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e afeta positivamente a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> particularmente durante o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, j&#225; se relatou na literatura que a CCC reduziu parcialmente a incid&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico concomitante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, sugeriu-se que os fatores mais importantes na evolu&#231;&#227;o da CCC s&#227;o produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de NO e VEGF. Sabe-se que NO e VEGF aumentam a angiog&#234;nese, especialmente em vasos colaterais coron&#225;rios, e contribuem para a matura&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Demonstrou-se que a adropina aumenta VEGFR-2 em c&#233;lulas endoteliais, e, como resultado, demonstrou-se que ela tamb&#233;m aumenta a express&#227;o de mRNA eNOS e prote&#237;na eNOS, via Akt (transforma&#231;&#227;o da cepa Ak), que &#233; quinase prote&#237;na B, e ERK&#189; (quinase prote&#237;na regulada por sinal extracelular &#189;) tamb&#233;m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Portanto, fica &#243;bvio que as colaterais coron&#225;rias v&#227;o amadurecer mais por VEGFR-2. Na realidade, neste estudo cl&#237;nico, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre os escores de Rentrop, o que indica colaterais coron&#225;rias, e os n&#237;veis de adropina, corroborando os achados do estudo celular mencionado acima.</p>
      <p>Demonstrou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre DAC e n&#237;veis baixos de adropina; e entre os escores SYNTAX (do ingl&#234;s <italic>SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery</italic> - Sinergia entre interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com Taxus e cirurgia card&#237;aca), de Gersini e de Friesinger e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de adropina apresentaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa nos pacientes do grupo com DM tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Sugere-se que n&#237;veis baixos de adropina s&#233;rica s&#227;o um preditor independente da aterosclerose coron&#225;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e a pat&#234;ncia dos enxertos venosos ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em compara&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo, de forma similar aos achados de outros estudos mencionados acima, uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderadamente negativa foi identificada entre os scores de Gensini e os n&#237;veis de adropina. Entretanto, neste estudo, pacientes com DM tipo 2 representavam 30,5% (30% no grupo com CCC ruim, 31% no grupo com CCC boa) do grupo do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes que passaram por CABG n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos sugeriram que h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre envelhecimento e n&#237;veis de adropina, e que essa redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de adropina pode ser um dos fatores pequenos de desencadeiam DAC, cujo aumento com a idade n&#227;o &#233; conhecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Outro estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou que o efeito de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por eNOS e induzida por adropina diminui com a idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Comparativamente, neste estudo, assim como em achados de outros estudos mencionados acima, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa moderada entre n&#237;veis de adropina e idade na dire&#231;&#227;o negativa.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vidas de que a NLR est&#225; associada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e que a inflama&#231;&#227;o tem um papel nas DAC. Para dar um exemplo, um estudo realizados com pacientes de SCC cr&#244;nica, a NLR m&#233;dia foi identificada como 5,0&#177;5,1 no grupo com progress&#227;o de aterosclerose, e como 3,2&#177;3,0 no grupo sem progress&#227;o, e esse achado foi atribu&#237;do &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o entre progress&#227;o de aterosclerose e aumento da NLR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos associados, a NLR demonstrou estar associada &#224; preval&#234;ncia de DAC bem como &#224; complexidade das les&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em outro estudo controlado, valores altos de NLR demonstraram ser um bom preditor de escores de Gensini no grupo de pacientes com SCC. Valores de NLR acima de 2,04 demonstraram ter previsto eficientemente a presen&#231;a de DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Na verdade, outro estudo demonstrou que valores de NLR previram as oclus&#245;es cr&#244;nicas totais dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Foi relatada uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre evolu&#231;&#227;o de CCC boa e NLR no grupo de pacientes com oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica concomitante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em compara&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo, ao contr&#225;rio aos achados respectivos relatados na literatura, n&#227;o se identificou que a NLR foi diferente entre os grupos com CCC ruim e boa, por&#233;m detectou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis de adropina. Considera-se que essa discrep&#226;ncia entre tal resultado deste estudo e os respectivos resultados relatados na literatura se devem ao baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>H&#225; v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es a este estudo. Primeiramente, o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foi limitado, e, segundo, n&#227;o houve grupo de controle composto de indiv&#237;duos com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. Portanto, seria ben&#233;fico replicar o estudo com um grupo de estudo maior e com a adi&#231;&#227;o de um grupo de controle. Al&#233;m disso, a evolu&#231;&#227;o da CCC &#233; um longo processo, e, portanto, uma &#250;nica medi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de adropina pode n&#227;o dar uma ideia clara sobre o desenvolvimento de CCC vital&#237;cia. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi que foi usada a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rentrop, um m&#233;todo visual usado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da CCC, e a ultrassonografia intravascular n&#227;o foi usada. A CCC examinada na classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rentrop &#233; afetada pela press&#227;o arterial do paciente, pela for&#231;a de inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste do operador, e o tempo de filmagem. Por &#250;ltimo, apesar de que se tenha identificado uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de adropina e a CCC, os mecanismos subjacentes n&#227;o est&#227;o claros, e, portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos de grande escala para verificar o efeito da adropina na evolu&#231;&#227;o da CCC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os achados deste estudo sugerem que os n&#237;veis de adropina est&#227;o correlacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de CCC em pacientes com SCC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2017/08. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of the Relationship Between the Adropin Levels and the Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients w&#305;th Chronic Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0853-2549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akkaya</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2031-7964</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;nt&#252;rk</surname>
            <given-names>Ertu&#287;rul Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7221-891X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akkaya</surname>
            <given-names>Fulya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5644-751X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karab&#305;y&#305;k</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8299-1359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;nt&#252;rk</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;nayet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4738-3478</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Samet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir University Medicine Faculty Education and Research Hospital, Ni&#287;de &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Public Hospitals Association, Ni&#287;de &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Biochemistry Department, Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir University Z&#252;beyde Han&#305;m School of Health Ni&#287;de, Ni&#287;de &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Hasan Akkaya &#8226; Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir University &#8211; Cardiology - Bor yolu &#252;niversite kamp&#252;s&#252; t&#305;p fak&#252;ltesi Ni&#287;de Nigde Turkey 51240 &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: drhakkaya@hotmail.com, hakkaya@ohu.edu.tr</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Akkaya H, G&#252;nt&#252;rk EE, Akkaya F, Karab&#305;y&#305;k U, G&#252;nt&#252;rk &#304;, Y&#305;lma S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) provides an alternative blood flow to myocardial tissue exposed to ischemia and helps to preserve myocardial functions. Endothelial-derived nitric-oxide (NO) production and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been suggested as the most important factors in the development of CCC. Adropin is a peptide hormone responsible for energy hemostasis, and is known for its positive effects on the endothelium through NO and VEGF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The aim of this study is to investigate the association between adropin and the presence of CCC in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 102 patients with CCS, who had complete occlusion of at least one major epicardial coronary artery, were included in the study and were divided into two groups: the group of patients (n:50) with poor CCC (Rentrop 0-1) and the group of patients (n:52) with good CCC (Rentrop 2-3). The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Mean adropine levels were found as 210.83&#177;17.76 pg/mL and 268.25&#177;28.94 pg/mL in the poor and good CCC groups, respectively (p&lt;0.001). Adropin levels proved to be positively correlated with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (r:0.17, p:0.04) and the rentrop scores (r:0.76, p&lt;0.001), and negatively correlated with age (r:-0.23, p:0.01) and Gensini scores (r:-0.19, p:0.02). Adropin level is a strong independent predictor of good CCC development (OR:1.12, 95% CI:(1.06&#8211;1.18), p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> This study suggests that adropin levels may be a possible factor associated with the presence of CCC in CCS patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptides</kwd>
        <kwd>Adropin</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Collateral Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduct&#305;on</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a disease characterized by narrowing or occlusion of the coronary arteries, usually due to atherosclerosis. It is the leading cause of death in men and women worldwide, and its incidence increases with age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), symptoms may vary over time due to such factors as myocardial oxygen consumption, emotional stress, or temperature changes. CCS is also associated with the stability or quiescence of the atherosclerotic plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adropin is a peptide hormone containing seventy-six amino acids and is encoded by the &#8220;energy homeostasis-associated gene (ENHO)&#8221;. The term &#8220;adropin&#8221; was derived from the Latin words of &#8220;aduro&#8221; and &#8220;pinquis&#8221;, and refers to an agent that promotes burning of fats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The effects of adropin in heart diseases have been suggested by various mechanisms, but its effects on endothelial functions have been accepted as its main mechanism. Adropin increases the expression of eNOS, which is primarily responsible for NO production. In parallel, adropin deficiency has been associated with a decrease in NO bioavailability in the endothelium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Furthermore, adropin has been reported to inhibit platelet aggregation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> smooth muscle proliferation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> endothelial adhesion of leukocytes and monocytes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and LDL oxidation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Endothelial dysfunction characterized by endothelial NO deficiency is an independent predictor of the onset of CAD. Adropin is known to be effective on NO metabolism. Concordantly, its positive effects on endothelial functions have been shown,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and low adropin levels have been associated with endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Additionally, Cardiac Syndrome X patients with endothelial dysfunction were shown to have lower adropin levels when compared to healthy individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adropin activates the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and phosphatidyl inositol-3-phosphate kinase pathways in the vessel wall endothelium, and contributes to the nitric oxide (NO) secretion by increasing the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. It has been reported in the literature that adropin indirectly led to vasodilation in the vessel wall, and that injection of synthetic adropin into a tissue, in which ischemia has developed, led to the healing of tissue through reperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It has also been shown in the literature that the imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and oxygen demand resulting from coronary artery stenosis or coronary artery occlusion increases the development of coronary collateral circulation (CCC). The formation of CCC occurs in the form of either &#8220;angiogenesis&#8221;, which occurs de novo through the budding of new capillaries from the existing blood vessels, or &#8220;arteriogenesis&#8221;, which occurs as a result of the growth and maturation of anastomosis channels that exist between the existing arteries since birth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current technology does not allow the non-invasive measurement of CCC in humans. Thus, the easiest way to evaluate CCC is through the visual evaluation of the collateral arteries using coronary angiography, which can be done in a semi-quantitative method, as described by Rentrop et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are many studies available in the literature on the factors that affect the CCC. Nevertheless, there is no study in which the effect of adropin levels on the CCC has been addressed, despite the fact that there are a number of studies conducted in previous years which demonstrated the protective role of adropin on endothelial structure and function. In view of that mentioned above, for the first time, in this study, adropin is investigated as to whether it can be a possible factor associated with the presence of CCC from the pathophysiological standpoint in individuals with CCS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study included, prospectively, 102 patients, who underwent CA due to CCS between March 2017 and March 2020 at Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir University Hospital (Single-center). The patients were divided into two groups: the group of patients with poor CCC (Rentrop 0-1)(n:50) and the group of patients with good CCC (Rentrop 2-3)(n:52) based on the Rentrop scores.</p>
        <p>Patients with CCS, who had complete occlusion of at least one major epicardial coronary artery on the coronary angiography, were included in the study, whereas patients who presented an acute coronary syndrome in the last 6 months, previous coronary artery bypass (CABG) operation, moderate to severe heart valve disease, acute/chronic kidney failure, eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) levels of &lt;30 ml/min, liver failure, any known malignancy, heart failure symptoms [NYHA (New York Heart Association) class 3 or 4], moderate/severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, any acute/chronic infective disease, and acute/chronic rheumatological or inflammatory disease, were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>Patients, whose blood pressure levels were found to be &gt;140/90 mm/Hg as a result of repetitive measurements or who were found to have been using any antihypertensive medication, were considered to be hypertension patients, whereas patients, whose fasting plasma glucose levels were found to be &gt; 126 mg/dL as a result of repetitive measurements or who were found to have been using any antidiabetic medication, were considered to be diabetes mellitus patients.</p>
        <p>Blood samples were collected venously after at least 10 hours of fasting, and were then quickly centrifuged at 1000 g and 4&#176;C for 10 minutes. The resultant blood serums were stored at -80&#176;C for biochemical analysis. Serum adropin concentrations were studied twice, using a commercially available ELISA kit (Fankew, Shanghai Kexing Trading Co., Ltd, China). The inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation were found to be below 9% and 10%, respectively.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent a transthoracic echocardiography by the same cardiologist, and their left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF) were calculated using the Simpson&#8217;s method.</p>
        <p>Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) values of the patients were calculated by dividing their body weights by the squares of their heights.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic evaluations</title>
          <p>Angiographic images were evaluated by two experienced cardiologists using the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. Two cardiologists made a joint decision in the case of borderline lesions.</p>
          <p>Gensini scores were calculated based on the degree of angiographic stenosis. Accordingly, 1 point was assigned for 0-25% stenosis, 2 points were assigned for 25-50% stenosis, 4 points were assigned for 50-75% stenosis, 8 points were assigned for 75-90% stenosis, 16 points were assigned for 90-99% stenosis, and 32 points were assigned for 100% lesion (complete occlusion). These scores were then multiplied by the coefficient defined for each main coronary artery and each segment points [left main coronary artery:5, proximal segment of the left anterior descending artery (LAD):2.5, middle segment of LAD:1.5, apical segment of LAD:1, first diagonal branch:1, second diagonal branch:0.5, proximal segment of the circumflex artery (Cx) in the presence of right coronary artery (RCA) dominance:2.5, distal segment of the Cx artery:1, the obtuse marginal branch:1, posterolateral branch:0.5, RCA proximal segment:1, RCA middle segment:1, RCA distal segment:1, and posterior descending artery:1].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Rentrop classification is made based on the coronary angiography. Accordingly, cases with no collateral flow from the coronary artery with a blood flow, to the completely occluded coronary artery were assessed as grade 0, cases that filled in the lateral branches of the occluded artery but that did no fill in the epicardial segment were assessed as grade 1; cases with partial filling in the epicardial segment were assessed as grade 2; and cases with complete collateral filling of the epicardial vessel were assessed as grade 3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS 23.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 23.0) software package was used to conduct the statistical analyses. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the distribution pattern of the research data. Normally distributed numerical variables were expressed in terms of mean&#177; standard deviation (SD), whereas non-normally distributed numerical variables were expressed in terms of median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables were summarized as numbers and percentages, and compared between the groups using the Chi-square test. The variables that showed normal distribution between the groups were compared using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test and those without a normal distribution were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. A value of p&lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the dependent predictors of good CCC. The Spearman correlation test was performed to define the correlation between adropin level and other parameters. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to reveal the sensitivity, specificity, and the optimal cut-off value of adropin level that can be used to predict good CCC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 102 patients, of whom 50 presented poor CCC and 52 presented good CCC, were included in the study. No significant differences were found between the patient groups with poor or good CCC in terms of gender, age, BMI, smoking status, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, arterial blood pressure levels, heart rates, LVEF, and medications used ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">Poor CCC (n:50)</th>
                  <th scope="col">Good CCC (n:52)</th>
                  <th scope="col">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(70)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.47(8.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.04(8.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, mean (SD), kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">24.28(1.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.12(1.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(30)</td>
                  <td align="center">26(50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(30)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(20)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">122.77(10.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">125.87(11.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">74.37(8.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.65(8.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, mean (SD), beat/min</td>
                  <td align="center">76.93(13.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.69(13.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, (%), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.80(8.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">53.77(8.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(20)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(21.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#946;-Blocker usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrate usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(18)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(15.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotensin receptor blocker usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(13.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(20)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(13.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CCC: coronary collateral circulation; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The laboratory characteristics of the groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Mean adropine levels were found to be significantly different, in 210.83&#177;17.76 pg/mL and 268.25&#177;28.94 pg/mL in the poor and good CCC groups, respectively. The two groups did not differ significantly in any of the other laboratory parameters.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Laboratory characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">Poor CCC (n:50)</th>
                  <th scope="col">Good CCC (n:52)</th>
                  <th scope="col">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adropin level, mean (SD), pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">210.83(17.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">268.25(28.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High-sensitive C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">3.55(0.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.40(0.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">117.03(33.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">123.80(44.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), %</td>
                  <td align="center">6.40(1.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.39(1.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">187.90(25.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">194.23(28.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL, mean SD), mmol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">43.73(5.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.33(6.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, median (IQR), mmol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">154.00(50.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">163.50(47.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL, mean (SD), mmol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">108.50(28.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">110.92(29.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mean (SD), mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14(0.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13(0.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/L</td>
                  <td align="center">14.56(0.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.25(1.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Red cell distribution width, mean (SD), %</td>
                  <td align="center">12.79(1.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.61(1.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White blood cell, mean (SD), x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                  <td align="center">8.34(1.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.36(1.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil, mean (SD), x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                  <td align="center">6.31(1.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.21(1.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte, mean (SD), x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1.75(0.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70(0.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR, mean (SD), %</td>
                  <td align="center">3.92(1.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.89(1.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet, mean (SD), x 10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                  <td align="center">241.90(41.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">225.04(39.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CCC: coronary collateral circulation; SD: standard deviation; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Coronary angiographic characteristics of the patient groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . No significant difference was found between the groups according to the location of the occluded coronary arteries. Mean Gensini scores of the poor and good CCC groups were found to be significantly different, in 104.3&#177;18.9 and 95.3&#177;14.4, respectively. There was also no difference between the groups in terms of left main coronary artery disease, multivessel disease, and bifurcation lesions.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coronary angiographic findings of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">Poor CCC (n:50)</th>
                  <th scope="col">Good CCC (n:52)</th>
                  <th scope="col">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD occlusion, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(30)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cx occlusion, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(30)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA occlusion, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(36)</td>
                  <td align="center">24(46.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gensini score, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">104.3(18.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">95.3(14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left main coronary artery disease, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multivessel disease, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23(46)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(40.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bifurcation lesions, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(20)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rentrop Score 0, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(36)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rentrop Score 1, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(64)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rentrop Score 2, n(%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">31(59.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rentrop Score 3, n(%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">21(40.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CCC: coronary collateral circulation; LAD: left anterior descending artery; Cx: circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>No significant correlation was found between the adropine levels and the BMI values, heart rates, high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels, hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin) levels, smoking status, presence of DM, presence of hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride and LDL levels. A significant and moderately positive correlation was observed between the adropin levels and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (NLR), whereas a significant and strongly positive correlation was observed between the adropin levels and the Rentrop scores. By contrast, a significant and moderately negative correlation was observed between the adropin levels and the age and Gensini scores ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between adropin level and other variables of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">r</th>
                  <th scope="col">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High-sensitive C-reactive protein</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin A1c</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gensini score</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rentrop score</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dispersion graphs showing the relationship between adropin level and a) Age (r: -0.23, p: 0.01); b) Gensini score (r: -0.19, p: 0.02); c) Rentrop score (r: 0.76, p: &lt;0.001); d) NLR (r: 0.17, p: 0.04).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0402-10573-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>ROC curve analysis was performed to assess the role of adropin level in predicting good CCC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). The ROC analysis revealed that a cut-off value of 276.25 pg/mL in terms of adropin level predicted good CCC with 91% sensitivity and 96% specificity (ROC area=952, p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Receiver&#8211;operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for adropin level to predict good coronary collateral circulation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0402-10573-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> , adropin levels were higher in the good CCC group, hence logistic analyses were performed in order to determine whether or not adropin levels can be used as an independent predictor of developing good CCC. The results of the univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that adropin levels were a strong independent predictor of developing good CCC. Gensini score, multivessel disease, LAD occlusion, and RCA occlusion were found to be independent predictors of developing good CCC as well. In addition, the results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis, which was adjusted for possible confounding factors, such as age, BMI, heart rate, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), revealed that not only the adropine level, but also the gensini score, multivessel disease, LAD occlusion, and RCA occlusion were independent predictors of developing good CCC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showing independent predictors of good CCC</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" scope="col"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">Univariate</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">Multivariate*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>OR(95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adropin level</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12(1.06-1.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13(1.06-1.19)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01(0.97-1.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01(0.97-1.05)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24(0.76-2.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23(0.74-2.01)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03(0.98-1.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04(1.01-1.07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High-sensitive C-reactive protein</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58(0.26-1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61(0.30-1.42)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin A1c</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98(0.51-1.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01(0.56-1.96)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">1.86(0.89-3.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35(0.55-3.32)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09(0.55-2.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06(0.51-2.25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96(0.48-1.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91(0.43-1.93)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42(1.10-1.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.44(1.09-1.90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  <td align="center">1.56(0.46-5.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05(0.27-4.20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23(0.96-1.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19(0.88-1.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99(0.97-1.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01(0.98-1.03)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66(0.44-1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74(0.51-1.33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gensini score</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02(1.01-1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01(1.00-1.02)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multivessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.63(1.68-4.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.45(1.53-3.93)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD occlusion</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">4.59(2.13-9.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">4.73(2.08-10.70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cx occlusion</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">2.21(1.07&#8211;4.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">2.41(1.12-4.41)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA occlusion</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">2.31(1.17-4.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">2.17(1.03-4.56)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Adjusted for age, heart rate, BMI, total cholesterol and LDL. In this statistical analysis, adropin levels, as well as age, BMI, total cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride, LDL, multivessel disease, and gensini score are continuous values, others are binary variables. BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios; LAD: left anterior descending artery; Cx: circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>D&#305;scuss&#305;on</title>
        <p>This is the first study in which the relationship between the adropin levels and CCC was investigated in patients diagnosed with CCS. The main finding of the study was that the adropine levels were lower in the poor CCC group than in the good CCC group. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between the adropin levels and the NLR values and Rentrop scores, whereas a negative correlation was found between the adropin levels and the age and gensini scores. Furthermore, logistic regression and ROC analyses indicated that adropin was an independent predictor of developing good CCC. Apart from the adropin level, other factors such as Gensini score, presence of multivessel disease, LAD occlusion, and RCA occlusion have been shown to be predictive of developing good CCC as well.</p>
        <p>CCC occurs when the coronary vessels narrow down for 70% or more.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The resultant collateral vessels are between 20-200 &#181;m in size and are thin-walled. The denseness of the collateral vessels formed varies from species to species, and it is moderate in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> These vessels are the alternative blood supply pathway of the ischemic myocardium. CCC vessels are normally closed and non-functional. However, when the pressure difference occurs as a result of coronary stenosis, the rudimentary vessels rapidly open up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Coronary collateral arteries help maintain myocardial functions by providing an alternative blood flow to myocardial tissue left ischemic by occlusive CAD. It is usually ischemia that gives rise to an excess of collateral arteries, yet even those without CAD have an excess of collateral arteries, as the existing CCC may render insufficient during exercise even though it provides the blood needed by the myocardium while at rest. Several independent clinical and angiographic variables have been associated with the CCC grade in the literature. In patients with CAD, the time of occlusion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> the location of the lesion, the severity of coronary stenosis, and the duration of angina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> affect the degree of CCC; while in healthy individuals, hypertension and resting heart rate<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> affect the degree of CCC.</p>
        <p>The clinical importance of CCCs is that they protect the myocardial functions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> limit the infarct size<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and positively affect ventricular remodeling,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> particularly during the acute myocardial infarction. Additionally, it has been also reported in the literature that CCCs partially reduced the incidence of concomitant cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, it has been suggested that the most important factors in the development of CCC are the production of endothelium-derived NO and VEGF. It is known that NO and VEGF increase angiogenesis, especially in coronary collateral vessels, and contribute to the maturation of collateral arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Adropin has been shown to increase VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells, and as a result, it has also been shown to increase the expression of eNOS mRNA and eNOS protein, via Akt (Ak strain transforming), that is protein kinase B, and ERK&#189; (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase &#189;) as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thus, it is obvious that coronary collaterals will mature further through VEGFR-2. As a matter of fact, in this clinical study, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the Rentrop scores, which indicate the coronary collaterals, and the adropin levels, substantiating the findings of the above-mentioned cellular study.</p>
        <p>A relationship has been shown between CAD and low adropin levels; and SYNTAX (SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery), Gensini and Friesinger scores and serum adropin levels were shown to be negatively correlated in the patient group with type 2 DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> It has been suggested that low serum adropin levels are an independent predictor of coronary atherosclerosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and the patency of saphenous vein grafts after CABG operation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In comparison, in this study, similar to the findings of other studies mentioned above, a moderately negative correlation was found between the Gensini scores and the adropin levels. Nevertheless, in this study, patients with type 2 DM comprised 30.5% (30% in the poor CCC group, 31% in the good CCC group) of the study group. In addition, the patients, who underwent CABG, were not included in this study.</p>
        <p>Several studies have suggested that there is an inverse relationship between aging and adropin levels, and that this decrease in adropin levels may be one of the minor factors that trigger CAD, which is known to increase with age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> It was also shown in another study that the effect of adropin-induced eNOS-mediated vasodilation decreases with age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In comparison, in this study, similar to the findings of other studies mentioned above, a significant moderate correlation was observed between adropin levels and age in the negative direction.</p>
        <p>There is no doubt that the NLR is associated with inflammation and that the inflammation plays a role in CAD. To give an example, in a study conducted with chronic CCS patients, mean NLR was found as 5.0&#177;5.1 in the group with atherosclerosis progression, and as 3.2&#177;3.0 in the group without progression, and this finding was attributed to the correlation between the atherosclerosis progression and increased NLR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In addition to the associated classical risk factors, NLR has been shown to be associated with the prevalence of CAD and the complexity of the lesions as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In another controlled study, high NLR values proved to be a good predictor of Gensini scores in the group of patients with CCS. NLR values above 2.04 were found to have effectively predicted the presence of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In fact, it has been shown in another study that NLR values even predicted the chronic total occlusions of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A correlation was reported between good CCC development and NLR in the group of patients with concomitant chronic total occlusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In comparison, in this study, contrary to the respective findings reported in the literature, NLR was not found to have differed between the poor and good CCC groups, yet it was found to have correlated with adropin levels. It is thought that this discrepancy between the said result of this study and the respective results reported in the literature might be due to the low number of patients included in this study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations to the study</title>
          <p>There were several limitations to this study. First, the number of patients included in this study was limited, and secondly, there was no control group comprising individuals with normal coronary arteries. Hence, it would be beneficial to replicate the study with a larger study group and with the addition of a control group. Additionally, the development of CCC is a long process, thus a single measurement of adropin levels may not give a clear idea about lifelong development of CCC. Another limitation was that Rentrop classification, a visual method used in the evaluation of CCC, was used, and intravascular ultrasonography was not used. CCC examined in the Rentrop classification are affected by the patient&#8217;s blood pressure, the contrast injection strength of the operator, and the filming time. Lastly, despite the fact that a correlation was found between the adropin levels and the CCC, the underlying mechanisms are not clear, thus large-scale studies are needed to verify the effect of adropin on the development of CCC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that adropin levels correlate with the presence and amount of CCC in CCS patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ni&#287;de &#214;mer Halisdemir under the protocol number 2017/08. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
