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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tP3yYSLRJPpRKCm9PnSx8ym</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000900391</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220492</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220492</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Existem Maneiras Alternativas para Estimar a Atividade Inflamat&#243;ria Ateroscler&#243;tica de Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital BP Mirante</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital BP Mirante, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 09541-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>391</fpage>
      <lpage>392</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle, Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica,/ tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, Inflama&#231;&#227;o/sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o/tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda, Agentes Anti-Inflamat&#243;rios/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O tema da inflama&#231;&#227;o presente no processo ateroscler&#243;tico vem sendo alvo de in&#250;meras pesquisas h&#225; anos. Definitivamente, a aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria, uma vez que o ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos no subendot&#233;lio &#233; um dos primeiros processos que ocorrem na forma&#231;&#227;o da placa. Posteriormente, outras c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias (mon&#243;citos, macr&#243;fagos, c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas, linf&#243;citos e mast&#243;citos) participam continuadamente desde a forma&#231;&#227;o da &#8220;estria gordurosa&#8221;, at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia do evento coronariano agudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A a&#231;&#227;o orquestrada de todos os sinais pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios que existem na placa n&#227;o s&#243; aumenta a inflama&#231;&#227;o, como tamb&#233;m afeta diretamente os elementos estruturais que suportam sua estabilidade mec&#226;nica. Uma variedade de mensageiros pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios s&#227;o liberados por c&#233;lulas endoteliais imunol&#243;gicas e vasculares, ativando citocinas, quimiocinas, compostos lip&#237;dicos bioativos e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o que mant&#234;m e aceleram a inflama&#231;&#227;o e o desenvolvimento local de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dentre todos os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios relacionados &#224; aterosclerose, a prote&#237;na-C reativa (PCR) tem sido a mais utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. N&#237;veis de PCR podem muitas vezes fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis para diagnosticar, tratar e monitorar pacientes com aterosclerose, e confirmar as respostas do paciente a v&#225;rios fatores estimulantes. Alguns estudos apontam que a PCR se liga ao LDL e est&#225; presente nas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. A PCR n&#227;o est&#225; normalmente presente na parede do vaso saud&#225;vel, mas torna-se detect&#225;vel nos est&#225;gios iniciais da aterog&#234;nese e se acumula durante a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose. A PCR &#233; considerada um preditor de eventos cardiovasculares futuros, e na popula&#231;&#227;o geral os n&#237;veis de PCR s&#227;o capazes de prever o risco de forma independente de mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da PCR, outros marcadores cl&#225;ssicos foram estudados e apresentam rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o processo ateroscler&#243;tico. Dentre eles, destacam-se a interleucina-6, interleucina-1, mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o (P-selectina, L-selectina, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 e PECAM-1) e metaloproteinases (MMPs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Atualmente discute-se o papel de c&#233;lulas mortas em apoptose, anticorpos contra fosfol&#237;pides, prote&#237;nas <italic>heat shock</italic> , infec&#231;&#245;es na placa ( <italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinoomycetemcomitans, Helicobacter pylori</italic> e Citomegalov&#237;rus).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar da enorme extens&#227;o de dados na literatura, a maioria dos estudos explora apenas a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cr&#244;nica. Em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, as informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o escassas. No estudo apresentado, os autores avaliaram o &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico (IIS) como um marcador progn&#243;stico em quadros agudos. Dito &#237;ndice, representado pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre plaquetas x neutr&#243;filos/contagem de linf&#243;citos, foi aplicado em 309 pacientes e correlacionado com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica e complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. Os neutr&#243;filos classicamente est&#227;o relacionados a processos inflamat&#243;rios agudos e seu aumento expressivo possivelmente eleva o IIS em quadros mais graves. De fato, IIS mais elevados foram observados em pacientes com maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, com escore Syntax mais elevado, com maiores valores de troponina e com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesn&#237;vel de ST. Portanto, trata-se de um &#237;ndice de f&#225;cil reprodutibilidade e que pode alertar para maior atividade inflamat&#243;ria no processo ateroscler&#243;tico agudo vigente, refletindo gravidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar da atividade inflamat&#243;ria da aterosclerose ser bem descrita, terapias anti-inflamat&#243;rias capazes de atingir a inflama&#231;&#227;o ainda est&#227;o faltando no arsenal do m&#233;dico. A maioria dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos de &#8216;anti-inflamat&#243;rios&#8217; foram negativos, embora o estudo CANTOS ( <italic>Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study</italic> ) utilizando canakinumab provou que bloquear a via da interleucina-1&#946; pode reduzir eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Alvos mais novos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios e a gen&#233;tica pode auxiliar na resolu&#231;&#227;o desse problema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: &#205;ndice Imunoinflamat&#243;rio Sist&#234;mico como Determinante de Carga Ateroscler&#243;tica e Pacientes de Alto Risco com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</italic>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Are There Alternative Ways to Estimate Atherosclerotic Inflammatory Activity in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital BP Mirante, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address Alexandre de Matos Soeiro &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 09541-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atheroclerosis/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation/blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation/drug therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The theme of inflammation in the atherosclerotic process has been the subject of numerous researches for years. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease since the accumulation of leukocytes in the subendothelium is one of the first processes in plaque formation. Subsequently, other inflammatory cells (monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes and mast cells) participate continuously from forming the &#8220;fatty groove&#8221; until the occurrence of the acute coronary event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The orchestrated action of all the pro-inflammatory signals in the plaque increases inflammation and directly affects the structural elements that support its mechanical stability. Various pro-inflammatory messengers are released by immune and vascular endothelial cells, activating cytokines, chemokines, bioactive lipid compounds and adhesion molecules that maintain and accelerate inflammation and the local development of atherosclerotic lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>C-reactive protein (CRP) has been the most used in clinical practice among all inflammatory markers related to atherosclerosis. CRP levels can often provide useful information for diagnosing, treating and monitoring patients with atherosclerosis and confirming the patient&#8217;s responses to various stimulating factors. Some studies indicate that CRP binds to LDL and is present in atherosclerotic plaques. CRP is not normally present in the healthy vessel wall but becomes detectable in the early stages of atherogenesis and accumulates during the progression of atherosclerosis. CRP is considered a predictor of future cardiovascular events, and in the general population, CRP levels can independently predict the risk of cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition to CRP, other classical markers were studied and are directly related to the atherosclerotic process. Among them interleukin-6, interleukin-1, adhesion molecules (P-selectin, L-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and PECAM-1) and metalloproteinases (MMPs) stand out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Currently, the role of dead cells in apoptosis, antibodies against phospholipids, heat shock proteins, plaque infections ( <italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinoomycetemcomitans, Helicobacter pylori and Cytomegalovirus</italic> ) is being discussed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite the enormous amount of data in the literature, most studies only explore chronic atherosclerotic disease. In patients with acute coronary syndromes, information is scarce. In the presented study, the authors evaluated the systemic immunoinflammatory index (SII) as a prognostic marker in acute conditions. This index, represented by the relationship between platelets x neutrophils/lymphocyte count, was applied in 309 patients and correlated with atherosclerotic burden and in-hospital complications. Neutrophils are classically related to acute inflammatory processes, and their significant increase possibly elevates SII in more severe cases. In fact, higher SII was observed in patients with longer hospital stays, with higher Syntax scores, higher troponin values and acute coronary syndrome with ST-elevation. Therefore, it is an easily reproducible index that can alert to greater inflammatory activity in the current acute atherosclerotic process, reflecting severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although the inflammatory activity of atherosclerosis is well described, anti-inflammatory therapies capable of targeting inflammation are still lacking in the physician&#8217;s arsenal. Most clinical trials of &#8216;anti-inflammatory&#8217; were negative, although CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study) using canakinumab proved that blocking the interleukin-1&#946; pathway can reduce cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Newer targets are needed, and genetics can help solve this problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index as a Determinant of Atherosclerotic Burden and High-Risk Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes</italic>
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