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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hLvC95SWWXtdYDqtzSJkHRC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005009201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000900382</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210416</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210416</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice Imunoinflamat&#243;rio Sist&#234;mico como Determinante de Carga Ateroscler&#243;tica e Pacientes de Alto Risco com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2542-8196</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gur</surname>
            <given-names>Demet Ozkaramanli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9153-0995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Efe</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Mucip</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3720-0076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alpsoy</surname>
            <given-names>Seref</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3304-4125</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aky&#252;z</surname>
            <given-names>Ayd&#305;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3152-8292</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uslu</surname>
            <given-names>Nurullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3799-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;elikkol</surname>
            <given-names>Aliye</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9321-1699</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gur</surname>
            <given-names>Ozcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Namik Kemal University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tekirdag </named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Namik Kemal University,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tekirdag &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Namik Kemal University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Biochemistry Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tekirdag </named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Namik Kemal University,Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Tekirdag &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Namik Kemal University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tekirdag </named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Namik Kemal University,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tekirdag &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur &#8226; Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine Department of Cardiology, Tekirdag 59000 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>dozkarm@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Muhammet Mucip Efe, Seref Alpsoy, Nurullah Uslu, Aliye &#199;elikkol, Ozcan Gur; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Muhammet Mucip Efe, Seref Alpsoy, Ayd&#305;n Aky&#252;z, Nurullah Uslu, Aliye &#199;elikkol; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Muhammet Mucip Efe, Seref Alpsoy, Ayd&#305;n Aky&#252;z, Nurullah Uslu, Aliye &#199;elikkol, Ozcan Gur; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Muhammet Mucip Efe, Ayd&#305;n Aky&#252;z, Nurullah Uslu. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Ozcan Gur; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Seref Alpsoy, Ayd&#305;n Aky&#252;z, Aliye &#199;elikkol, Ozcan Gur.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>382</fpage>
      <lpage>390</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico (IIS), derivado das contagens de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e linf&#243;citos, representa o equil&#237;brio homeost&#225;tico entre os estados inflamat&#243;rio, imune e tromb&#243;tico. O IIS &#233; superior a &#237;ndices como a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos no progn&#243;stico de v&#225;rias malignidades, al&#233;m de ser um melhor preditor de futuros eventos card&#237;acos que os fatores de risco tradicionais ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo objetivou avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o do IIS com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica e complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico, carga ateroscler&#243;tica, sangramento, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade hospitalar, foram avaliados em uma coorte retrospectiva de 309 pacientes consecutivos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. O IIS foi calculado como (plaqueta x neutr&#243;filos)/contagem de linf&#243;citos na admiss&#227;o. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi categorizada em tercis de IIS. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os maiores valores de IIS foram encontrados em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (641,4 com angina pectoris inst&#225;vel, 843,0 com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e 996,0 com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; p=0,004). Concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de troponina (0,94 versus 1,26 versus 3; p&lt;0,001), n&#250;mero de vasos doentes (1 versus 2 versus 2; p&lt;0,001), escore SYNTAX ( <italic>The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery</italic> &#8212; sinergia entre interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com taxus e cirurgia card&#237;aca) (9 versus 14 versus 17,5; p&lt;0,001) e dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o (2 versus 2 versus 3; p&lt;0,001) tamb&#233;m aumentaram de acordo com o tercil de IIS (tercil 1 versus tercil 2 versus tercil 3). O IIS foi um preditor independente de escore SYNTAX (&#223;: 0,232 [0,001 a 0,003]; p&lt;0,001), extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico (&#223;: 0,152 [0 a 0,001]; p=0,005) e dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o (&#223;: 0,168 [0,0 a 0,001]; p=0,003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo demonstrou que o IIS, um &#237;ndice hematol&#243;gico simples, &#233; um marcador melhor de carga ateroscler&#243;tica e interna&#231;&#227;o mais longa do que fatores de risco bem conhecidos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aterosclerose &#233; caraterizada por uma inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau, interrompida por per&#237;odos de exacerba&#231;&#245;es agudas. Esses picos da resposta inflamat&#243;ria aceleram o processo da doen&#231;a e se manifestam clinicamente como s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A SCA &#233; comum em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), resultando em altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A estratifica&#231;&#227;o precisa do risco no curso inicial da doen&#231;a, portanto, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>H&#225; v&#225;rios marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como a prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), o fator de necrose tumoral-&#945; e v&#225;rias interleucinas, que est&#227;o associados a um desfecho pior no contexto da SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#205;ndices hematol&#243;gicos simples, como a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (RNL) e a rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos (RPL), tamb&#233;m s&#227;o indicadores &#250;teis de inflama&#231;&#227;o e fatores progn&#243;sticos promissores para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na SCA, a ativa&#231;&#227;o descontrolada da imunidade inata e adaptativa converge com a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, resultando na forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. O &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico (IIS), derivado das contagens de plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, combina os principais atores dessas vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas para representar o comprometimento do equil&#237;brio. Foi descrito pela primeira vez como uma ferramenta progn&#243;stica no carcinoma hepatocelular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> seguido por outros tumores s&#243;lidos, como os dos c&#226;nceres colorretal, esof&#225;gico e cervical.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Demonstrou-se que o IIS &#233; um melhor preditor de sobrevida do que outros &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos, como a RNL ou a RPL em malignidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Recentemente, Yang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> revelaram ainda que o IIS &#233; um melhor preditor de eventos cardiovasculares maiores do que fatores de risco cardiovascular bem conhecidos em pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP). Este estudo, portanto, teve como objetivo explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o do IIS na admiss&#227;o com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica e desfechos cl&#237;nicos iniciais para identificar pacientes de alto risco com SCA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (2019/28/02/12), foram avaliados retrospectivamente pacientes com SCA que visitaram o pronto-socorro e foram tratados com angiografia coronariana entre janeiro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019. Foram identificados 520 pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados com SCA &#8212; ou seja, angina pectoris inst&#225;vel (API), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) &#8212; com base em suas carater&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Pacientes com altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de troponina devido a uma doen&#231;a diferente da SCA, com doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria/infeciosa conhecida, em hemodi&#225;lise e com diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais, assim como aqueles que n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana durante a interna&#231;&#227;o inicial n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). A partir dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de 334 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, foram coletadas carater&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, como idade, g&#234;nero e presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e diabetes mellitus (DM). Pacientes previamente submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises, pois a associa&#231;&#227;o do IIS com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica n&#227;o p&#244;de ser estratificada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. Par&#226;metros laboratoriais, como hemoglobina, concentra&#231;&#227;o de ureia e creatinina, bem como contagens de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e linf&#243;citos, foram determinados na admiss&#227;o na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos identificados para avalia&#231;&#227;o foram carga ateroscler&#243;tica, extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico, sangramento, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0382-10416-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para determinar a carga ateroscler&#243;tica, angiogramas coronarianos foram avaliados por dois cardiologistas, cegados aos grupos de estudo, que analisaram o n&#250;mero de vasos doentes e os escores SYNTAX ( <italic>The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery</italic> &#8212; sinergia entre interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com taxus e cirurgia card&#237;aca). Qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica com 50% ou mais de estenose foi considerada um vaso doente. O escore SYNTAX foi calculado conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O m&#225;ximo de troponina I ultrassens&#237;vel (hs-cTnI) representou a extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico. Sangramento foi definido como uma queda de hemoglobina (Hb) de 3 g/dL ou mais durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. N&#237;veis de creatinina (Cr) foram obtidos durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o para calcular o aumento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de refer&#234;ncia de Cr, sendo que um aumento de &gt;0,3 mg/dL ou 1,5 vez o valor de refer&#234;ncia indicou a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda. O IIS foi calculado como (plaquetas x neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos), como descrito e estudado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi estratificada em tr&#234;s grupos com base nos n&#237;veis de IIS.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no programa IBM<sup>&#174;</sup> SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> Statistics para Mac, vers&#227;o 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, Nova York). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como n&#250;mero e porcentagens. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi testada nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os tercis de IIS foram comparados pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via em vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis em vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste de Dunn foi utilizado em compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas se desvios significativos fossem observados no teste de Kruskal-Wallis. No caso de desvios significativos revelados pela ANOVA, a an&#225;lise post hoc foi planejada para ser realizada utilizando o teste de Tukey ou Tamhane, dependendo da homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias. Nenhuma an&#225;lise post hoc foi feita para vari&#225;veis derivadas do IIS. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste qui-quadrado. Utilizou-se o valor de p=0,017, ajustado pelo m&#233;todo de Bonferroni, nas compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos IIS, RNL e RPL com o escore SYNTAX em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de SCA foi testada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman. Com a defini&#231;&#227;o de cada desfecho cl&#237;nico como vari&#225;vel dependente, foram realizadas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear e log&#237;stica. Vari&#225;veis com valor de p&#8804;0,2 nas compara&#231;&#245;es univariadas foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado usando o m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic> para determinar se o IIS foi preditor desse desfecho cl&#237;nico espec&#237;fico. Todas as suposi&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para o uso da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foram verificadas antes da interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% dentro de [colchetes]. Vari&#225;veis de refer&#234;ncia como idade, g&#234;nero, fatores de risco cardiovascular, Cr, PCR e IIS apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1"> Tabela 1 </xref> foram inclu&#237;das nas an&#225;lises univariadas para determinar poss&#237;veis preditores, mas apenas aquelas com valor de p&#8804;0,2 foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de refer&#234;ncia e compara&#231;&#227;o destas caracter&#237;sticas com base nos tercis do &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th scope="col">Total n=309</th>
                  <th scope="col">Tercil 1 do IIS n=103</th>
                  <th scope="col">Tercil 2 do IIS n=103</th>
                  <th scope="col">Tercil 3 do IIS n=103</th>
                  <th scope="col">1 versus 2 Valor de p</th>
                  <th scope="col">2 versus 3 Valor de p</th>
                  <th scope="col">1 versus 3 Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">64,5&#177;12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8&#177;11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">65,1&#177;13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">65,5&#177;11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,500</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,306</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (26,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (31,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,350</td>
                  <td align="center">0,350</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>API, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (26,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (16,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125</td>
                  <td align="center">0,141</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMSSST, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (36,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (30,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,200</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                  <td align="center">0,552</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMCSST, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (46,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (61,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (39,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (45,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,665</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                  <td align="center">0,155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (37,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (41,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (39,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,194</td>
                  <td align="center">0,309</td>
                  <td align="center">0,887</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (40,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (45,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,473</td>
                  <td align="center">0,155</td>
                  <td align="center">0,574</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center">13,8&#177;1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2&#177;1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3&#177;1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">11,4&#177;2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,571</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 (3,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1 (2,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8 (3,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,84 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 (1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (0,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 (0,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de mon&#243;citos, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 (0,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 (0,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 (0,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 (0,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,163</td>
                  <td align="center">0,893</td>
                  <td align="center">0,341</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de plaquetas, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (96)</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (75,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (75,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (116,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">4,55 (8,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8 (8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 (8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 (10,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,651</td>
                  <td align="center">0,262</td>
                  <td align="center">0,271</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ureia, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,5 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,469</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,984</td>
                  <td align="center">0,694</td>
                  <td align="center">0,854</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IIS</td>
                  <td align="center">835 (860,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">462 (194,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">833 (252,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2055 (935,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Os valores de p representam as compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas dos tercis do &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico dos tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes sem an&#225;lise post hoc. &#201; importante notar que, de acordo com a corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para o valor de p &#233; 0,017 nesta tabela. API: angina pectoris inst&#225;vel; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IIS: &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As carater&#237;sticas de refer&#234;ncia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e a compara&#231;&#227;o dessas carater&#237;sticas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tercis de IIS s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos investigados quanto a fatores de risco cardiovascular, como idade, g&#234;nero, DM, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. Quando os grupos de IIS foram comparados com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de SCA, pacientes com API tinham maior probabilidade de estarem no tercil mais baixo de IIS, enquanto os com IAMCSST apresentaram maior probabilidade de terem ISS mais elevado. Pacientes com API tinham maior probabilidade de estarem no tercil mais baixo de IIS, enquanto os com IAMCSST apresentaram maior probabilidade de terem IIS mais elevado ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2a</xref> ). Para identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e o IIS, o tipo de SCA foi avaliado dentro do espectro do IIS, indicando que o IIS diferiu significativamente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de SCA. As compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas revelaram que o IIS aumentou gradualmente da API para o IAMCSST, sendo a diferen&#231;a entre eles estatisticamente significante ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2b</xref> ). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina, ureia, creatinina e os n&#237;veis de PCR foram compar&#225;veis nos subgrupos de IIS.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(a) Compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos do &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; (b) compara&#231;&#227;o do tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda dentro do espectro do &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico. API: angina pectoris inst&#225;vel; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0382-10416-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> resume os desfechos cl&#237;nicos nos grupos de IIS. A carga e a complexidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana refletiram-se no n&#250;mero de vasos doentes e no escore SYNTAX de cada paciente, ambos com diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de IIS. Houve um n&#250;mero significativamente menor de vasos doentes no tercil mais baixo de IIS em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros grupos de IIS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3a</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, o escore SYNTAX aumentou substancialmente &#224; medida que o tercil de IIS cresceu ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3b</xref> ). O n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo de troponina &#8212; marcador de dano mioc&#225;rdico &#8212; aumentou de acordo com o crescimento do tercil de IIS, sendo as diferen&#231;as entre os tercis 1 e 3 e entre os tercis 2 e 3 estatisticamente significativas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3c</xref> ). A interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi mais longa em pacientes com IIS mais alto em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros dois grupos de IIS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3d</xref> ). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de IIS em termos de sangramento, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ou mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tercis do &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">Desfecho</th>
                <th scope="col">Tercil 1 do IIS n=103</th>
                <th scope="col">Tercil 2 do IIS n=103</th>
                <th scope="col">Tercil 3 do IIS n=103</th>
                <th scope="col">1 versus 2 Valor de p</th>
                <th scope="col">2 versus 3 Valor de p</th>
                <th scope="col">1 versus 3 Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de vasos doentes</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga ateroscler&#243;tica ou Escore SYNTAX</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">17,5 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico ou troponina m&#225;xima, ng/L</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (2,06)</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (3,61)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,434</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o, dias</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,709</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (31,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,257*</td>
                <td align="center">0,157*</td>
                <td align="center">0,538*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00*</td>
                <td align="center">0,477*</td>
                <td align="center">0,598*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade hospitalar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,568*</td>
                <td align="center">1,00*</td>
                <td align="center">0,407*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*&#201; importante notar que, de acordo com a corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para o valor de p &#233; 0,017 para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. IIS: &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico; SYNTAX: The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery (sinergia entre interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com taxus e cirurgia card&#237;aca).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o pareada dos tercis do &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico em rela&#231;&#227;o a (a) n&#250;mero de vasos doentes; (b) escore SYNTAX; (c) n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos de troponina; (d) interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. SYNTAX: The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery (sinergia entre interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com taxus e cirurgia card&#237;aca).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0382-10416-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foram avaliadas as correla&#231;&#245;es dos &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos IIS, RNL e RPL com o escore SYNTAX quanto ao tipo de SCA ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Em pacientes com API, os &#237;ndices RNL e RPL n&#227;o se correlacionaram com o escore SYNTAX; j&#225; o IIS apresentou corre&#231;&#227;o positiva com o escore SYNTAX. Em pacientes com IAMSSST, tanto IIS, quanto RNL e RPL foram positivamente correlacionados com o escore SYNTAX. Da mesma forma, todos os tr&#234;s &#237;ndices apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o escore SYNTAX em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o do escore SYNTAX com o &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico, rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos e rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" scope="col"> </th>
                <th rowspan="2" scope="col"> </th>
                <th colspan="3" scope="col">IIS</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">RNL</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">RPL</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>r<sub>s</sub></th>
                <th colspan="2">p</th>
                <th>r<sub>s</sub></th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r<sub>s</sub></th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>API</td>
                <td>SYNTAX</td>
                <td align="center">0,300</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,031</td>
                <td align="center">0,266</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
                <td align="center">0,145</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMSSST</td>
                <td>SYNTAX</td>
                <td align="center">0,345</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td align="center">0,183</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMCSST</td>
                <td>SYNTAX</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,471</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,456</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,387</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>IIS: &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos; API: angina pectoris inst&#225;vel; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; SYNTAX: The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery (sinergia entre interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com taxus e cirurgia card&#237;aca).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos testados pelas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear multivariadas foram a carga ateroscler&#243;tica (representada pelo escore SYNTAX), a extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico (concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de troponina) e a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o. A regress&#227;o linear revelou que o IIS (&#223;: 0,232 [0,001 a 0,003]; p&lt;0,001), a idade (&#223;: 0,156 [0,019 a 0,165]; p=0,014) e a DM (&#223;: 0,165 [0,935 a 4,42]; p=0,003) foram preditores significativos do escore SYNTAX. Os preditores independentes da extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico foram o IIS (&#223;: 0,152 [0 a 0,001]; p=0,005); o g&#234;nero feminino (&#223;: -0,147 [-1,801 a -0,271]; p=0,008) e a DM (&#223;: 0,142 [0,197 a 1,557]; p=0,012). De forma semelhante, os preditores independentes de dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o foram o IIS (&#223;: 0,168 [0,0 a 0,001]; p=0,003) e a DM (&#223;: 0,124 [0,095 a 1,74]; p=0,029).</p>
      <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos testados pelas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram sangramento e mortalidade hospitalar. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria indicou que um preditor independente de sangramento foi o valor de refer&#234;ncia da hemoglobina ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> &#8212; OR: 1,29 [1,09 a 1,52]; p=0,002). Para mortalidade hospitalar, somente a idade (OR: 1,09 [1,035 a 1,155]; p=0,001) e a Cr de refer&#234;ncia (OR: 4,6 [1,137 a 18,787]; p=0,032) foram preditores. O IIS n&#227;o foi preditor de nenhum dos desfechos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nessa coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com SCA, demonstrou-se que um simples &#237;ndice hematol&#243;gico derivado da contagem de neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos e plaquetas na admiss&#227;o pode ser utilizado para extrapolar a carga ateroscler&#243;tica, a extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico e a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, independentemente dos fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como a PCR. A correla&#231;&#227;o do IIS com o escore SYNTAX persistiu em pacientes com SCA, independentemente da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de necrose. Esse achado sugere que o IIS pode potencialmente ser usado para identificar indiv&#237;duos de alto risco com SCA j&#225; na admiss&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A mortalidade e a morbidade em eventos cardiovasculares s&#227;o multifatoriais e resultam de uma conflu&#234;ncia de diferentes vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas, nas quais a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica grave seja um indicador estabelecido de mortalidade na SCA, nenhum biomarcador inflamat&#243;rio &#250;nico &#233; capaz de orientar o tratamento do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Mesmo a PCR, cujo papel na inflama&#231;&#227;o e na aterosclerose est&#225; bem estabelecido, s&#243; consegue predizer eventos cardiovasculares moderadamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> V&#225;rios &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos, como a RNL e a RPL, t&#234;m sido propostos para representar a resposta inflamat&#243;ria precoce na SCA com signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um processo cont&#237;nuo e evid&#234;ncias revelam que um grande n&#250;mero de citocinas circulantes diminuem ap&#243;s um evento agudo, com persist&#234;ncia de altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de algumas citocinas, como a interleucina-6 no in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre os subtipos de leuc&#243;citos, os neutr&#243;filos s&#227;o os principais elementos da primeira linha de defesa n&#227;o espec&#237;fica. A contagem de neutr&#243;filos &#233; um fator progn&#243;stico bem definido na doen&#231;a cardiovascular, particularmente em pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os linf&#243;citos, por outro lado, fazem parte da imunidade adaptativa, que alivia a inflama&#231;&#227;o por meio dos subtipos B<sub>1</sub>, T-auxiliar<sub>2</sub> e T-regulador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A contagem de linf&#243;citos diminui secund&#225;ria aos horm&#244;nios de estresse agudo ap&#243;s o IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Estudos cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m estabeleceram a associa&#231;&#227;o da baixa contagem de linf&#243;citos com o aumento da mortalidade hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Assim, uma RNL alta est&#225; relacionada a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos, tanto em pacientes com SCA quanto em portadores de DAC est&#225;vel submetidos &#224; ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A RNL tamb&#233;m mostrou estar associada &#224; gravidade e &#224; complexidade da DAC, representada pelo escore SYNTAX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com base em evid&#234;ncias que demonstram uma intera&#231;&#227;o leuc&#243;citos-plaquetas pr&#243;xima na trombose desencadeada por inflama&#231;&#227;o, Choi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> combinaram a RNL com o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio e revelaram que a adi&#231;&#227;o de um &#237;ndice relacionado a plaquetas melhora a predi&#231;&#227;o de futuros eventos card&#237;acos, especialmente em pacientes com SCA. &#199;i&#231;ek et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que uma combina&#231;&#227;o de RNL e RPL aumentou o poder de predizer um progn&#243;stico pior a curto e longo prazo comparado ao uso isolado destes marcadores em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria. Neste estudo, especulou-se que um &#237;ndice que combinasse RNL e RPL representaria melhor o estado inflamat&#243;rio-tromb&#243;tico dos pacientes no per&#237;odo peri-IM.</p>
      <p>H&#225; poucos dados sobre o valor do IIS em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Yang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> avaliaram o papel do IIS em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP e identificaram que, em um seguimento de 54,6&#177;35,1 meses, o IIS foi um melhor preditor de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, como morte cardiovascular, IM n&#227;o fatal e acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal, do que fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais. Eles sugeriram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o quantificada pelo IIS representou os piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos. No entanto, eles n&#227;o reportaram a associa&#231;&#227;o do IIS com a complexidade da DAC. Pela primeira vez na literatura, demonstrou-se que o IIS apresenta uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente com o escore SYNTAX, independentemente da PCR e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos. Este achado tamb&#233;m explica os resultados de Yang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> uma vez que pacientes com IIS e escores SYNTAX mais elevados s&#227;o mais propensos a eventos cardiovasculares futuros.</p>
      <p>Neste trabalho, foi interessante encontrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o IIS e o escore SYNTAX em todos os subtipos de SCA. Dentre os tr&#234;s &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos, ou seja, RNL, RPL e IIS, somente o IIS foi correlacionado com o escore SYNTAX em pacientes com API sem necrose mioc&#225;rdica grave. Estudos sobre SCA mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o da RNL e da RPL com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica foram conduzidos principalmente com pacientes com IAMSSST ou IAMCSST com necrose mioc&#225;rdica grave e concentra&#231;&#245;es de troponina significativamente elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o IIS foi profundamente influenciado pelo tipo de SCA, com IIS substancialmente mais elevado em pacientes com IAMCSST e mais baixo em pacientes com API. Esses achados sugerem que, ao contr&#225;rio da simples percep&#231;&#227;o que considera o IIS como resultado do pico inflamat&#243;rio por volta da ocorr&#234;ncia da SCA, o IIS reflete o processo ateroscler&#243;tico interligado de refer&#234;ncia, propenso a complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O IIS foi relacionado com a extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico e essa rela&#231;&#227;o provavelmente se deu por meio do tipo de SCA, com valores mais elevados de IIS em pacientes com IAMCSST. Este achado est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores, cujos resultados demonstraram que, na aus&#234;ncia de necrose, a correla&#231;&#227;o da contagem de leuc&#243;citos com a mortalidade diminuiu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> N&#250;&#241;ez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o mais fraca entre leuc&#243;citos e o IAMSSST comparado ao IAMSCSST e especularam que quanto maior a extens&#227;o da necrose, maior a resposta dos leuc&#243;citos. Os resultados da presente pesquisa sugerem que o IIS, que integra a contagem plaquet&#225;ria &#224;s contagens de leuc&#243;citos, pode definir melhor a inflama&#231;&#227;o residual cont&#237;nua do que outros &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de necrose.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, o IIS foi um preditor de dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com SCA. O aumento dos valores de IIS representa pacientes de alto risco com escore SYNTAX elevado e dano mioc&#225;rdico grave, explicando o atendimento hospitalar mais longo. Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre IIS e mortalidade hospitalar, o que pode estar atribu&#237;do ao tratamento precoce com interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o relativamente curto.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; natureza retrospectiva de seu delineamento e &#224; falta de dados de seguimento. A sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra foi elaborada, pois tentou-se excluir todos os pacientes com infe&#231;&#227;o ativa ou condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria, diminuindo assim o n&#250;mero de participantes. Ademais, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com CRM pr&#233;via, j&#225; que a carga ateroscler&#243;tica n&#227;o poderia ser determinada pelo n&#250;mero de vasos doentes ou pelo escore SYNTAX nestes indiv&#237;duos. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo foi n&#227;o incluir nas an&#225;lises a medica&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O equil&#237;brio imune, inflamat&#243;rio e tromb&#243;tico &#233; fundamental na patog&#234;nese da SCA. Dada sua associa&#231;&#227;o distinta com o escore SYNTAX, a extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico e a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o, o IIS pode ser potencialmente usado para identificar pacientes de alto risco por meio de uma abordagem prontamente dispon&#237;vel e de baixo custo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>25. N&#250;&#241;ez J, N&#250;&#241;ez E, Sanchis J, Bod&#237; V, Ll&#224;cer A. Prognostic Value of Leukocytosis in Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Cinderella of the Inflammatory Markers. Curr Med Chem. 2006;13(18):2113-8. doi: 10.2174/092986706777935221.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
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              <surname>N&#250;&#241;ez</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bod&#237;</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ll&#224;cer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title>Prognostic Value of Leukocytosis in Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Cinderella of the Inflammatory Markers</article-title>
          <source>Curr Med Chem</source>
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          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
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        <mixed-citation>26. N&#250;&#241;ez J, F&#225;cila L, Ll&#224;cer A, Sanch&#237;s J, Bod&#237; V, Bertomeu V, et al. Prognostic Value of White Blood Cell Count in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Long-term Mortality. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2005;58(6):631-9.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>N&#250;&#241;ez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>F&#225;cila</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ll&#224;cer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanch&#237;s</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Bod&#237;</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Bertomeu</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Ethical Review Board of Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2019/28/02/12. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index as a Determinant of Atherosclerotic Burden and High-Risk Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2542-8196</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gur</surname>
            <given-names>Demet Ozkaramanli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9153-0995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Efe</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Mucip</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3720-0076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alpsoy</surname>
            <given-names>Seref</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3304-4125</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aky&#252;z</surname>
            <given-names>Ayd&#305;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3152-8292</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uslu</surname>
            <given-names>Nurullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3799-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;elikkol</surname>
            <given-names>Aliye</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9321-1699</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gur</surname>
            <given-names>Ozcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Namik Kemal University,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tekirdag &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Tekirdag &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tekirdag &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur &#8226; Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine Department of Cardiology, Tekirdag 59000 &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: dozkarm@yahoo.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Muhammet Mucip Efe, Seref Alpsoy, Nurullah Uslu, Aliye &#199;elikkol, Ozcan Gur. Acquisition of data: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Muhammet Mucip Efe, Seref Alpsoy, Ayd&#305;n Aky&#252;z, Nurullah Uslu, Aliye &#199;elikkol. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Muhammet Mucip Efe, Seref Alpsoy, Ayd&#305;n Aky&#252;z, Nurullah Uslu, Aliye &#199;elikkol, Ozcan Gur. Statistical analysis: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Muhammet Mucip Efe, Ayd&#305;n Aky&#252;z, Nurullah Uslu. Obtaining financing: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur. Writing of the manuscript: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Ozcan Gur. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Demet Ozkaramanli Gur, Seref Alpsoy, Ayd&#305;n Aky&#252;z, Aliye &#199;elikkol, Ozcan Gur.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII), which is derived from neutrophil, platelet and lymphocyte counts, represents the homeostatic balance among inflammatory, immune and thrombotic status. The systemic immune-inflammatory index is superior to indices such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in predicting prognosis in various malignancies, while it is shown to predict future cardiac events better than traditional risk factors after coronary intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>Herein, we aimed to evaluate the relationship of the systemic immune-inflammatory index with atherosclerotic burden and in-hospital complications in acute coronary syndrome patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The clinical outcomes, such as extent of myocardial damage, atherosclerotic burden, bleeding, acute kidney injury, duration of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality, were evaluated in a retrospective cohort of 309 consecutive acute coronary syndrome patients. The systemic immune-inflammatory index was calculated as (Platelet X Neutrophil)/Lymphocyte count on admission. Study population was categorized into tertiles with regard to systemic immune-inflammatory index. A p value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The highest systemic immune-inflammatory index values were within ST elevation myocardial infarction patients (641.4 in unstable angina pectoris, 843.0 in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients and 996.0 in ST elevation myocardial infarction patients; p=0.004). Maximal troponin concentration (0.94 vs. 1.26 vs. 3; p&lt;0.001), number of diseased vessels (1 vs. 2 vs. 2; p&lt;0.001), the SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and coronary artery bypass grafting) score (9 vs. 14 vs. 17.5; p&lt;0.001) and duration of hospital stay (2 vs. 2 vs. 3; p&lt;0.001) also increased with increasing SII<sub>tertile</sub>(tertile1 vs. tertile 2 vs. tertile 3). Systemic immune-inflammatory index was an independent predictor of SYNTAX score (&#223;: 0.232 [0.001 to 0.003]; p&lt;0.001), extent of myocardial damage (&#223;: 0.152 [0 to 0.001]; p=0.005) and duration of hospital stay (&#223;: 0.168 [0.0 to 0.001]; p=0.003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>This study has demonstrated that the systemic immune-inflammatory index, a simple hematological index, is a marker of atherosclerotic burden and longer hospital stay on well-known risk factors in high risk acute coronary syndrome patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is characterized by low grade chronic inflammation, which is interrupted by periods of acute exacerbations. These surges of inflammatory response accelerate the disease process and clinically manifest as acute coronary syndromes (ACS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ACS is common in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), resulting in high mortality and morbidity rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Accurate risk stratification in early disease course, therefore, is of paramount significance.</p>
        <p>There are several inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-&#945;, and various interleukins, which are associated with poor outcome in the context of ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Simple hematological indices, such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are also useful indicators of inflammation and promising prognostic factors in cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In ACS, deranged activation of innate and adaptive immunity converges with platelet activation, resulting in thrombus formation. Systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII), which is derived from platelet, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, combines all the main players of these pathophysiological pathways to represent the impaired balance. It was first described as a prognostic tool in hepatocellular carcinoma,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> which was followed by other solid tumors, such as those for colorectal, esophageal, and cervical cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> SII was shown to predict survival better than other hematological indices, such as NLR or PLR in malignancies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Recently, Yang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> have further demonstrated that SII predicts major cardiovascular events better than well-known cardiovascular risk factors in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).This study, therefore, aimed to explore the association of admission SII with atherosclerotic burden and early clinical outcomes in order to identify high-risk patients with ACS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>After obtaining approval from the local ethics committee (2019/28/02/12), we retrospectively evaluated ACS patients who presented to the emergency department and were treated with coronary angiography between January 2018 and January 2019. There were 520 consecutive patients diagnosed with ACS &#8212; namely, unstable angina pectoris (UAP), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) &#8212; based on their electrocardiographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Patients with high troponin concentrations due to a pathology other than ACS, with a known inflammatory/infectious disease, undergoing hemodialysis and with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) with normal coronary arteries, as well as those who did not undergo coronary angiography during the index hospitalization were not included in the study ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). From the hospital records of 334 eligible patients, demographic characteristics, such as age, gender and presence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus (DM), were recorded. Patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were not included into the analyses, as the association of SII with the atherosclerotic burden could not be stratified in this specific population. Laboratory parameters on admission to the emergency unit, such as hemoglobin, urea and creatinine concentration, as well as neutrophil, platelet and lymphocyte counts, were determined. Clinical outcomes to be evaluated were identified as atherosclerotic burden, extent of myocardial damage, occurrence of bleeding, acute kidney injury, duration of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart for patient recruitment. CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0382-10416-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>To determine the atherosclerotic burden, coronary angiograms were evaluated by two cardiologists, blinded to the study groups, who assessed the number of diseased vessels and the synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with taxus and CABG (SYNTAX) scores. Any epicardial coronary artery with 50% or more stenosis was identified as a diseased vessel. SYNTAX score was calculated as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Maximum high sensitive troponin I (hs-cTnI) level represented the extent of myocardial damage. Bleeding was defined as a Hemoglobin (Hb) fall of 3 gr/dL or more during the hospital stay. Creatinine (Cr) levels during the hospital stay were obtained to calculate the increase from the baseline Cr level, in which an increase &#187;0.3 mg/dL or 1.5 times baseline reflected the occurrence of acute kidney injury. SII was calculated as (platelet x neutrophil/lymphocyte), as described and studied previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The study population was stratified into three groups with regard to SII levels.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were carried out using IBM<sup>&#174;</sup>SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup>Statistics for Mac, Version 20 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York). The continuous variables were presented as mean &#177;standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range); the categorical variables were presented as number and percentages. The variables were tested for normality of distribution by Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test. SII tertiles were compared by the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in normally distributed variables and Kruskal-Wallis test in variables without normal distribution. Dunn&#8217;s test was used in the nonparametric pairwise comparisons if significant deviations were observed by Kruskal-Wallis test. Post hoc analysis in case of significant deviations showed by ANOVA was planned to be performed using Tukey&#8217;s or Tamhane&#8217;s test, depending on the homogeneity of variances. No post hoc analysis was performed for variables from which SII was driven. The categorical variables were compared by chi-squared. A p-value of 0.017 adjusted by the Bonferroni method was used in pairwise comparisons of categorical variables.</p>
          <p>Correlation of hematological indices SII, NLR and PLR with SYNTAX score with respect to ACS type was tested with Spearman rank-order test. With setting each clinical outcome as the dependent variable, linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted, and the variables with a p value &#8804;0.2 in univariate comparisons were included into the multivariate model using the Stepwise method, in order to determine whether SII was a predictor of that specific clinical outcome. All necessary assumptions for the use of linear regression analysis were verified before results were interpreted. Results are presented with 95% confidence interval within [brackets]. Baseline variables such as age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, creatinine, CRP and SII levels that are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> were included in the univariate analyses to determine possible predictors, but only the ones with a p value &#8804;0.2 were added to the multivariate model. A p value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Baseline characteristics and comparison of baseline characteristics in relation to systemic immune-inflammatory index tertiles</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">Variable</th>
                    <th scope="col">Total n=309</th>
                    <th scope="col">SII Tertile 1 n=103</th>
                    <th scope="col">SII Tertile 2 n=103</th>
                    <th scope="col">SII Tertile 3 n=103</th>
                    <th scope="col">1 vs. 2 p value</th>
                    <th scope="col">2 vs. 3 p value</th>
                    <th scope="col">1 vs. 3 p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">64.5&#177;12.1</td>
                    <td align="center">62.8&#177;11.8</td>
                    <td align="center">65.1&#177;13.1</td>
                    <td align="center">65.5&#177;11.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.500</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.306</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female gender, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (26.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (31.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.350</td>
                    <td align="center">0.350</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>UAP, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (17.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (26.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (16.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (8.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.125</td>
                    <td align="center">0.141</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSTEMI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (36.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (44.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (30.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.200</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                    <td align="center">0.552</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STEMI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">143 (46.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (38.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (38.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (61.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (39.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (38.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (45.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.665</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                    <td align="center">0.155</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (37.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (41.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (32)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (39.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.194</td>
                    <td align="center">0.309</td>
                    <td align="center">0.887</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (40.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (40.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (45.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.473</td>
                    <td align="center">0.155</td>
                    <td align="center">0.574</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">13.5&#177;1</td>
                    <td align="center">13.8&#177;1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">13.2&#177;1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">13.3&#177;1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.075</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White blood cells, 103/&#181;L</td>
                    <td align="center">9.9&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">11.4&#177;2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.571</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil count, 103/&#181;L</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8 (3.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.1 (2.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7 (2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.8 (3.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocyte count, 103/&#181;L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.84 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.3 (1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8 (0.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3 (0.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Monocyte count, 103/&#181;L</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63 (0.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7 (0.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6 (0.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6 (0.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.163</td>
                    <td align="center">0.893</td>
                    <td align="center">0.341</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Platelet count, 103/&#181;L</td>
                    <td align="center">238 (96)</td>
                    <td align="center">207 (75.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">241 (75.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">278 (116.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C-reactive protein, mg/L</td>
                    <td align="center">4.55 (8.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.8 (8.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7 (8.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4 (10.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.651</td>
                    <td align="center">0.262</td>
                    <td align="center">0.271</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urea, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.5 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (17.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.469</td>
                    <td align="center">0.082</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94 (0.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.984</td>
                    <td align="center">0.694</td>
                    <td align="center">0.854</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SII</td>
                    <td align="center">835 (860.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">462 (194.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">833 (252.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">2055 (935.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*p values represent the pairwise comparisons of the systemic immune-inflammatory index tertiles of the three patient groups <underline>without post hoc analysis</underline> . Note that the level of significance for the p value according to the Bonferroni correction is 0.017 in this table. UAP: unstable angina pectoris; NSTEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST elevation myocardial infarction; SII: systemic immune-inflammatory index.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Baseline characteristics of the studied population and the comparison of these characteristics in relation to SII tertiles are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . There was no difference among study groups in terms of cardiovascular risk factors such as age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. When the SII groups were compared with regard to presenting ACS type, patients with UAP were more likely to be in the lowest SII tertile, while patients with STEMI were more likely to have higher SII. Patients with UAP were more likely to be in the lowest SII tertile, while patients with STEMI were more likely to have higher SII values ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2a</xref> ). To uncover the association of clinical presentation and SII, type of presenting ACS was evaluated within the SII spectrum, which showed that SII significantly differed with regard to type of ACS. Pairwise comparisons revealed that SII gradually increased from UAP to STEMI, in which the difference between UAP and STEMI was statistically significant ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2b</xref> ). The hemoglobin concentration, urea, creatinine and CRP levels were comparable within SII subgroups.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(a) Comparison of systemic immune-inflammatory index groups with regard to presenting acute coronary syndrome type; (b) Comparison of type of presenting acute coronary syndrome within the systemic immune-inflammatory index spectrum. UAP: unstable angina pectoris; NSTEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST elevation myocardial infarction; ACS: acute coronary syndrome.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0382-10416-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> summarizes the clinical outcomes in SII groups. The burden and complexity of coronary artery disease were reflected by the number of diseased vessels and the SYNTAX score of each patient, both of which demonstrated significant deflection among the SII groups. There was significantly lower number of diseased vessels in the lowest SII tertile when compared to other SII groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3a</xref> ). Moreover, the SYNTAX score increased remarkably as the SII tertile increased ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3b</xref> ). Maximal troponin level, which was the marker of myocardial damage, increased with increasing SII tertile, in which the differences between Tertile 1 vs. Tertile 3 and between Tertile 2 vs. Tertile 3 were statistically significant ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3c</xref> ). Hospital stay was longer in patients with the highest SII when compared to other two SII groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3d</xref> ). There was no significant difference among SII groups in terms of bleeding, acute kidney injury or in-hospital mortality.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical outcomes in relation to systemic immune-inflammatory index tertiles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">Outcome</th>
                  <th scope="col">SII Tertile 1 n=103</th>
                  <th scope="col">SII Tertile 2 n=103</th>
                  <th scope="col">SII Tertile 3 n=103</th>
                  <th scope="col">1 vs 2 p value</th>
                  <th scope="col">2 vs 3 p value</th>
                  <th scope="col">1 vs 3 p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of diseased vessels</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atherosclerotic burden or SYNTAX Score</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.5 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extent of myocardial damage or Maximal troponin, ng/L</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (2.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26 (3.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.434</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital stay, days</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.709</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bleeding, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (26.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (21.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (31.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.257*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.538*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute kidney injury, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (16.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (21.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.477*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.598*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital mortality, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.568*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.407*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Note that the level of significance for the p values according to the Bonferroni correction is 0.017 for categorical variables. CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; SII: systemic immune-inflammatory index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pairwise comparison of systemic immune-inflammatory index tertiles with regard to (a) Number of diseased vessels; (b) SYNTAX score; (c) Maximal troponin levels; (d) Hospital stay. SYNTAX: synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and coronary artery bypass grafting.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0382-10416-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Correlations of hematological indices SII, NLR and PLR with SYNTAX score with respect to ACS type were evaluated ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). In UAP patients, NLR and PLR were not correlated with SYNTAX score, while there was a positive correlation between SII and SYNTAX score. In NSTEMI patients, SII, NLR and PLR were positively correlated with SYNTAX score. Similarly, all three indices were positively correlated with SYNTAX score in STEMI patients.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation of SYNTAX score with systemic immune-inflammatory index, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio with regard to type of presenting acute coronary syndrome.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" scope="col"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" scope="col"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3" scope="col">SII</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">NLR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">PLR</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r<sub>s</sub></th>
                  <th colspan="2">p</th>
                  <th>r<sub>s</sub></th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r<sub>s</sub></th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>UAP</td>
                  <td>SYNTAX</td>
                  <td align="center">0.300</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.031</td>
                  <td align="center">0.266</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  <td align="center">0.145</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td>SYNTAX</td>
                  <td align="center">0.345</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.236</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                  <td align="center">0.183</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td>SYNTAX</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.471</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.456</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.387</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SII: systemic immune-inflammatory index; NLR: neutrophile-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet-lymphocyte ratio; UAP: unstable angina pectoris; NSTEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST elevation myocardial infarction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Clinical outcomes tested by multivariate linear regression analyses were atherosclerotic burden represented by SYNTAX score, extent of myocardial damage (maximal troponin concentration) and duration of hospital stay. Linear regression revealed that SII (&#223;: 0.232 [0.001 to 0.003]; p&lt;0.001), age (&#223;: 0.156 [0.019 to 0.165]; p=0.014) and DM (&#223;: 0.165 [0.935 to 4.42]; p=0.003) were significant predictors of SYNTAX score. The independent predictors of the extent of myocardial damage were SII (&#223;: 0.152 [0 to 0.001]; p=0.005); female gender (&#223;: -0.147 [-1.801 to -0.271]; p=0.008) and DM (&#223;: 0.142 [0.197 to 1.557]; p=0.012). Similarly, the independent predictors of duration of hospital stay were SII (&#223;: 0.168 [0.0 to 0.001]; p=0.003) and presence of diabetes mellitus (&#223;: 0.124 [0.095 to 1.74]; p=0.029).</p>
        <p>Clinical outcomes tested by logistic regression analyses were bleeding and in-hospital mortality. Binary logistic regression indicated that an independent predictor of bleeding was baseline hemoglobin value (odds ratio (OR): 1.29 [1.09 to 1.52] p=0.002). For in-hospital mortality, only age (OR: 1.09 [1.035 to 1.155] p=0.001) and baseline creatinine (OR: 4.6 [1.137 to 18.787] p=0.032) were predictors. SII was not a predictor in neither of outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this retrospective cohort of ACS patients, we demonstrated that a simple hematological index derived from neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts on admission can be utilized to extrapolate the atherosclerotic burden, the extent of myocardial damage and the duration of hospital stay, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers such as CRP. Correlation of SII with SYNTAX score persisted in ACS patients irrespective of presence or absence of necrosis. This finding suggests that SII can potentially be used to identify high-risk individuals in ACS as early as on admission.</p>
        <p>Mortality and morbidity in cardiovascular events are multifactorial, and results from a confluence of differing pathophysiological pathways in which inflammation plays a central role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although severe systemic inflammation is an established indicator of mortality in ACS, no single inflammatory biomarker could have been identified to guide the treatment of cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Even CRP, whose role in inflammation and atherosclerosis is well established, can only modestly predict cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Several hematological indices, such as NLR or PLR, have been proposed to represent early inflammatory response in ACS and possess prognostic significance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nevertheless, inflammation is a continuous process and evidence revealed that a plethora of circulating cytokines subsides after an acute event with persisting high concentrations of some cytokines, such as interleukin-6 in the early post-MI period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Of white blood cell subtypes, neutrophils are the key elements of nonspecific first line defense. Neutrophil count is a well-defined prognostic factor in cardiovascular disease, particularly in patients with ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Lymphocytes, on the other hand, are part of adaptive immunity, which alleviates inflammation through B<sub>1</sub>, T-helper<sub>2</sub>and T-regulatory subtypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Lymphocyte count decreases secondary to acute stress hormones following myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Clinical studies have also established the association of low lymphocyte count with increased in-hospital mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A high NLR, thus, is associated with worse clinical outcomes, both in patients with ACS and in those with stable CAD undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> NLR was also shown to be associated with severity and complexity of CAD, as represented by SYNTAX score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the basis of evidence that shows close leukocyte-platelet interaction in inflammation triggering thrombosis, Choi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> have combined NLR with mean platelet volume and showed that addition of a platelet related index predicts future cardiac events better, especially in patients with ACS. &#199;i&#231;ek et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> have also shown that a combination of NLR and PLR increased the power of predicting poor short and long-term prognosis when compared to using them alone in patients undergoing primary PCI. In this study, we speculated that an index that combines NLR and PLR would better represent the inflammo-thrombotic status of patients in the peri-MI period.</p>
        <p>There is scarce data on the value of SII in cardiovascular diseases. Yang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> have evaluated the role of SII in patients undergoing PCI and showed that, on a follow-up of 54.6&#177;35.1 months, SII predicted major cardiac events such as cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI and nonfatal stroke better than traditional cardiovascular risk factors. They simply suggested that inflammation quantified by SII accounted for the poor clinical outcomes. They did not, though, report the association of SII with complexity of CAD. For the first time in literature, we have demonstrated that the SII was independently associated with SYNTAX score, irrespective of CRP and other well-known cardiovascular risk factors. Our finding also explains the results of Yang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> since patients with higher SII and SYNTAX scores are more prone to future cardiovascular events.</p>
        <p>Herein, it was intriguing to find a positive correlation of SII with SYNTAX score in all ACS subtypes. Among three hematological indices, namely NLR, PLR and SII, only SII was correlated with SYNTAX score in UAP patients without severe myocardial necrosis. ACS studies showing the relation of NLR and PLR with atherosclerotic burden were mostly derived from patients with either non-ST MI or STEMI with severe myocardial necrosis and significantly elevated troponin concentrations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Moreover, SII was profoundly influenced by the type of the presenting ACS; in which STEMI patients had remarkably higher SII indices and UAP patients had lower SII indices. These findings suggest that, contrary to simple perception that considers SII as the result of inflammatory surge around the time of ACS, SII reflects the intertwined baseline atherosclerotic process prone to complications.</p>
        <p>SII was related to the extent of myocardial damage and this relationship was probably through the type of ACS, with higher SII values in STEMI patients. Our finding is in line with the previous studies which have shown that, in the absence of necrosis, correlation of white blood cell count (WBC) with mortality was diminished.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Nunez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> have found weaker association of WBC with non-STEMI when compared to STEMI, and speculated that the greater the extent of necrosis, the larger the WBC response. Our results suggest that SII, which integrates platelet count to the WBC counts, can define residual ongoing inflammation better than other hematological indices, even in the absence of necrosis.</p>
        <p>In this study, SII was a predictor of duration of hospital stay in patients with ACS. Increasing SII values represent high-risk patients with high SYNTAX score and severe myocardial damage, which explains the reason of longer durations of hospital care. Herein, we did not demonstrate an association between SII and in-hospital mortality, which can be attributed to early treatment with primary percutaneous intervention and relatively short duration of hospital stay.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations regarding the retrospective nature of the study design and lack of follow-up data. Patient selection was elaborate as we have tried to exclude all patients with active infection or inflammatory condition, thus decreasing the number of subjects. Additionally, we did not include patients with CABG, since atherosclerotic burden could not be determined by neither number of diseased vessels nor SYNTAX score in patients with previous CABG. Another limitation of the current study was the fact that we could not include the baseline medication of the study population into the analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Immune, inflammatory and thrombotic balance is of pivotal importance in the pathogenesis of ACS. Given the distinctive association of SII with SYNTAX score, extent of myocardial damage and duration of hospital stay, it can potentially be used to identify high risk patients through a readily available and inexpensive approach.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ethical Review Board of Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine under the protocol number 2019/28/02/12. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
