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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BhjvwPG6Z9kdz5F7xBCnyXL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005009204</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000900363</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210805</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210805</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qualidade da Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial em um Hospital Terci&#225;rio no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malagutte</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Nogueira Dias Secco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Ferreira da Silva Mazeto Pupo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Andreza Antonelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio Rubens de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1435-7994</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cuadrado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-8189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati Bazan &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu, Distrito Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sgz.bazan@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Malagutte KNC, Hueb JC, Okoshi K, Nunes HRC, Martin LC, Bazan R, Bazan SGZ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Malagutte KNC, Silveira CFSP, Reis FM, Rossi DAA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Malagutte KNC, Silveira CFSP, Reis FM, Rossi DAA, Hueb JC, Okoshi K, Nunes HRC, Martin LC, Bazan R, Bazan SGZ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nunes HRC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Malagutte KNC, Silveira CFSP, Reis FM, Rossi DAA, Hueb JC, Okoshi K, Martin LC, Bazan R, Bazan SGZ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bazan SGZ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>363</fpage>
      <lpage>369</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) afeta de 0,5% a 2,0% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e geralmente est&#225; associada a doen&#231;as estruturais card&#237;acas, comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico e complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral previne eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e &#233; monitorada pela raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a estabilidade do RNI em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar tratados com anticoagulante varfarina, avaliar complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas ou hemorr&#225;gicas e identificar o grupo com risco mais alto de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou hemorr&#225;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Dados de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de 203 pacientes atendidos em um hospital terci&#225;rio no Brasil foram analisados e o tempo de intervalo terap&#234;utico (TTR) foi calculado usando-se o m&#233;todo Rosendaal. Em seguida poss&#237;veis fatores que influenciam o TTR foram analisados e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre TTR e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou hemorr&#225;gicos foi calculada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O TTR m&#233;dio foi 52,2%. Pacientes com instabilidade de RNI na fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o tinham um TTR m&#233;dio mais baixo (46,8%) do que aqueles sem instabilidade (53,9%). Entre os pacientes estudados, 6,9% sofreram eventos hemorr&#225;gicos e 8,4% tiveram um acidente vascular cerebral. O grupo com risco mais alto de acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento era composto de pacientes com instabilidade de RNI na fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A qualidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nesse hospital terci&#225;rio no Brasil &#233; semelhante &#224; de centros de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Pacientes com instabilidade de RNI maior na fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o evolu&#237;ram para um TTR m&#233;dio mais baixo durante o acompanhamento, tinham uma chance de acidente vascular cerebral 4,94 vezes maior e uma chance de sangramento 3,35 vezes maior. Portanto, para esse grupo de pacientes, individualizar a escolha de tratamento anticoagulante seria recomendado, considerando-se a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia</kwd>
        <kwd>Varfarina</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum, afetando de 0,5% a 2,0% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade e &#233; geralmente associada a doen&#231;as estruturais card&#237;acas, causando comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico e complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas com grandes implica&#231;&#245;es financeiras e um impacto significativo na morbidade e na mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com FA &#233; aproximadamente 5% por ano, que &#233; de 5 a 7 vezes maior do que o de pacientes sem FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Para evitar esses eventos emb&#243;licos cerebrais, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO) &#233; utilizada. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK), principalmente a varfarina) em pacientes com FA, independentemente da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, reduz a incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral em aproximadamente 65 a 80%, diminuindo o risco anual de acidente vascular cerebral para 1,4% em compara&#231;&#227;o com o risco de 4,5% do placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A absor&#231;&#227;o, a farmacocin&#233;tica e a farmacodin&#226;mica da varfarina podem ser influenciadas por fatores gen&#233;ticos, dieta e intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas; esses fatores de influ&#234;ncia conseguem potencializar ou diminuir o efeito anticoagulante. O objetivo da ACO &#233; minimizar efetivamente o risco tromboemb&#243;lico sem impacto significativo nos &#237;ndices de hemorragia. Esse objetivo foi alcan&#231;ado com uma raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI) de aproximadamente 2,5 (2,0-3,0)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> para pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar.</p>
      <p>A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o por AVK demanda monitoramento constante pelo RNI, que se inicia j&#225; entre 5 e 7 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento e deve ser reavaliado a qualquer momento se houver altera&#231;&#227;o na dieta ou na dosagem de anticoagulante e/ou introduzir ou retirar outros medicamentos. A fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o abrange os 6 primeiros meses de tratamento. Quando o RNI atinge a estabilidade, o monitoramento pode ser feito a cada 4 semanas.</p>
      <p>A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa f&#225;cil e a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento &#233; essencial para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas e hemorr&#225;gicas nos pacientes.</p>
      <p>A baixa ader&#234;ncia dos pacientes a recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas e a baixa ader&#234;ncia dos m&#233;dicos &#224;s diretrizes s&#227;o desafios correntes para o tratamento por anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral eficaz. A literatura mostra que n&#227;o mais de 50% dos pacientes com recomenda&#231;&#245;es de ACO recebem uma prescri&#231;&#227;o, e apenas 50 a 55% destes se encontram em uma faixa desej&#225;vel de ACO, com 30 a 40% estando desprotegidos (RNI &lt;2,0) e 10 a 15% ultrapassando o limite superior de RNI de 3,0.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ferramenta mais usada atualmente para avaliar a qualidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em usu&#225;rios de AVK &#233; o c&#225;lculo do tempo de intervalo terap&#234;utico (TTR).</p>
      <p>Esse m&#233;todo, descrito por Rosendaal em 1993, usa uma interpola&#231;&#227;o linear para atribuir um valor de RNI a cada dia do intervalo entre as medi&#231;&#245;es registradas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos mostram que os valores de TTR abaixo de 60% est&#227;o relacionados a um risco maior de mortalidade global, sangramento importante, acidente vascular cerebral e tromboembolismo sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No Brasil houve apenas alguns estudos empregando o m&#233;todo TTR para avaliar a qualidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com AVK.</p>
      <p>Esse estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a estabilidade do RNI entre pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar e permanente, anticoagulados com AVK e que est&#227;o recebendo acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio especializado de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (HC-FMB-UNESP). O referido estudo tamb&#233;m teve o objetivo de avaliar as complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas e hemorr&#225;gicas nesses pacientes, como tamb&#233;m de identificar o grupo em maior risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou hemorr&#225;gicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Pacientes e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo longitudinal em que foram inclu&#237;dos 203 pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar permanente com mais de 18 anos de idade, que foram acompanhados por pelo menos 24 meses no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (HC-FMB-UNESP) entre janeiro de 2009 e janeiro 2015. Pacientes que passaram mais de dois meses consecutivos sem consultas m&#233;dicas no ambulat&#243;rio foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Todos os procedimentos foram apresentados e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (n&#176; 445.651).</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas, a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos (acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio e &#234;mbolos perif&#233;ricos), e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos importantes, tais como sangramento importante (que exige tratamento m&#233;dico e/ou transfus&#227;o de sangue) e sangramento potencialmente fatal foram obtidas pela an&#225;lise de registros m&#233;dicos dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>O TTR foi calculado para cada paciente dividindo-se o tempo em que o paciente permaneceu com um RNI dentro da faixa considerada aceit&#225;vel (2,0 a 3,0) pelo tempo total de acompanhamento do paciente, e multiplicando-se o resultado dessa divis&#227;o por 100% para avaliar a qualidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, e os fatores que poderiam influenciar o TTR. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre TTR e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou hemorr&#225;gicos tamb&#233;m foram analisados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e n&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e 25&#186; e 75&#176; percentis. A normalidade de vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi avaliada usando-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como valores absolutos e porcentagens. O c&#225;lculo do valor de TTR seguiu o m&#233;todo descrito por Rosendaal em 1993. Portanto, o valor de TTR foi definido como: TTR = 100% (tempo total de acompanhamento com RNI entre 2 e 3) / tempo total de acompanhamento, o tempo total de acompanhamento com RNI entre 2 e 3 foi calculado obtendo-se o tempo entre duas medi&#231;&#245;es de RNI (M1 e M2) e atribuindo metade do tempo para o valor de M1 e a outra metade do tempo ao valor M2, e assim por diante para todas as medi&#231;&#245;es de RNI feitas para um determinado paciente. Ao final desse processo, &#233; poss&#237;vel obter a soma total do tempo que um paciente passou com o RNI entre 2 e 3 dividir esse tempo pelo tempo total que esse paciente foi acompanhado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> V&#225;rios modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram ajustados para explicar a chance de acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento em fun&#231;&#227;o do TTR e outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas que foram estatisticamente significativas com p &lt;0,20 nas associa&#231;&#245;es bivariadas. No modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla final, as associa&#231;&#245;es com p &lt;0,05 foram consideradas significativas. A an&#225;lise foi realizada com o software SPSS v21.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 203 pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar e permanente que foram acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2015 (por um m&#237;nimo de 2 anos e um m&#225;ximo de 10 anos) foram avaliados analisando-se seus prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. As diretrizes do <italic>American College of Chest Physicians</italic> (Col&#233;gio Americano de M&#233;dicos do Peito)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foram usadas para monitorar pacientes em terapia anticoagulante e os pacientes tiveram uma m&#233;dia de 43 consultas.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas desses pacientes foram analisadas e s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas de todos os pacientes (n=203 pacientes)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">68 &#177; 9,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o brancos</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA2DS2VASc</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (3-4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">38,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">86,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>75 anos de idade ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">33,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">26,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral ou AIT anterior</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM, PAo ou DAP</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">25,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 65 e 74 anos de idade</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">32,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">56,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de consultas</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">42 (26-63)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS-BLED</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1-3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento anterior</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o renal alterada</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica alterada</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcoolismo</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">40,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">33,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">65,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adapta&#231;&#227;o durante a instabilidade do RNI</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">52 &#177; 17,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 60%</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">63,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 65%</td>
                <td align="center">148</td>
                <td align="center">72,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 70%</td>
                <td align="center">171</td>
                <td align="center">84,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral durante a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento durante a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral ou sangramento durante a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, quando forem normalmente distribu&#237;das, e como mediana e faixa interquartil (25%-75%) quando forem n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como valores absolutos e porcentagens. AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior; PAo: placa a&#243;rtica; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; TTR: tempo de intervalo terap&#234;utico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Usando o m&#233;todo de interpola&#231;&#227;o linear proposto por Rosendaal, o TTR de cada paciente foi calculado, obtendo-se uma mediana de TTR de 53 (10-88) e uma m&#233;dia de 52,21% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histograma de valores de TTR.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0363-10805-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os fatores que influenciaram o valor de TTR dessa popula&#231;&#227;o foram analisados, e a instabilidade do RNI na fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o apresentaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com o valor final de TTR. Pacientes que apresentaram RNI inst&#225;vel na fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o (RNI fora de n&#237;vel terap&#234;utico mais de 60% do tempo nos primeiros 6 meses de tratamento) tiveram o n&#237;vel de TTR mais baixo (46,83%) que pacientes sem instabilidade (53,88%) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagrama de caixa de valores de TTR de acordo com a instabilidade durante a fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0363-10805-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os 203 pacientes estudados, 14 (6,9%) sofreram eventos hemorr&#225;gicos e 17 (8,4%) tiveram um acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico. Quando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos importantes (acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento) e o valor de TTR foi analisada, concluiu-se que um TTR baixo (&lt;60%) estava associado a uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Porcentagem de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral de acordo como valor de TTR durante o acompanhamento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0363-10805-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Outro fator associado &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral foi a instabilidade no RNI na fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o. Entre os pacientes com RNI inst&#225;vel durante o per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o, o risco de acidente vascular cerebral era 4,94 vezes maior (RC=4,94 (1,62 &#8211; 15,02); p = 0,005) do que o risco para os pacientes sem instabilidade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para risco de acidente vascular cerebral (associa&#231;&#245;es bivariadas)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" scope="col">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th scope="col">RC</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">IC 95%</th>
                <th scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA2DS2VASc</td>
                <td>1,29</td>
                <td>0,92</td>
                <td>1,81</td>
                <td>0,135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">1,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">3,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,808</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">,</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>75 anos de idade ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,390</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">4,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral ou AIT anterior</td>
                <td align="center">2,95</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">8,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM, PAo ou DAP</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">3,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,708</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 65 e 74 anos de idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">2,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,432</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS-BLED</td>
                <td align="center">1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">2,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento anterior</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">,</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o renal alterada</td>
                <td align="center">1,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">5,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,898</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica alterada</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">,</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcoolismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">11,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">2,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,655</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">2,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">6,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">3,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,616</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">4,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,893</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adapta&#231;&#227;o durante a instabilidade do RNI</td>
                <td align="center">3,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td align="center">8,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 60%</td>
                <td align="center">2,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">10,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 65%</td>
                <td align="center">2,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">13,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 70%</td>
                <td align="center">2,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">,</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior; PAo: placa a&#243;rtica; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; TTR: tempo de intervalo terap&#234;utico;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para risco de acidente vascular cerebral (modelo parcimonioso)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" scope="col">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th scope="col">RC</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">IC 95%</th>
                <th scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA2DS2VASc</td>
                <td>1,62</td>
                <td>1,04</td>
                <td>2,53</td>
                <td>0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">3,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">10,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adapta&#231;&#227;o durante a instabilidade do RNI</td>
                <td align="center">4,94</td>
                <td align="center">1,62</td>
                <td align="center">15,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise dos fatores relacionados a sangramento, percebeu-se que pacientes com instabilidade de RNI durante a fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o tinham uma chance 3,35 maior de sangramento que os pacientes sem instabilidade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para risco de sangramento (associa&#231;&#245;es bivariadas)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" scope="col">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th scope="col">RC</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">IC 95%</th>
                <th scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA2DS2VASc</td>
                <td>1,01</td>
                <td>0,69</td>
                <td>1,47</td>
                <td>0,979</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">17,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>75 anos de idade ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
                <td align="center">3,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,823</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">2,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">6,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral ou AIT anterior</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">2,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM, PAo ou DAP</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">2,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 65 e 74 anos de idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">4,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,395</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,304</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS-BLED</td>
                <td align="center">2,41</td>
                <td align="center">1,38</td>
                <td align="center">4,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento anterior</td>
                <td align="center">14,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">244,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o renal alterada</td>
                <td align="center">3,80</td>
                <td align="center">1,08</td>
                <td align="center">13,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica alterada</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">,</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcoolismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">15,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">2,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,712</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">4,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,420</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">3,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">15,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">5,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,864</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adapta&#231;&#227;o durante a instabilidade do RNI</td>
                <td align="center">3,61</td>
                <td align="center">1,20</td>
                <td align="center">10,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,642</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 60%</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">2,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,607</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 65%</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">2,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,455</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TTR abaixo de 70%</td>
                <td align="center">1,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">5,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,875</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior; PAo: placa a&#243;rtica; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; TTR: tempo de intervalo terap&#234;utico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para risco de sangramento (modelo parcimonioso)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" scope="col">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th scope="col">RC</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">IC 95%</th>
                <th scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td>2,28</td>
                <td>0,71</td>
                <td>7,25</td>
                <td>0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o renal alterada</td>
                <td align="center">2,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
                <td align="center">9,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,160</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adapta&#231;&#227;o durante a instabilidade do RNI</td>
                <td align="center">3,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">10,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, realizado em um hospital p&#250;blico, os TTR individuais foram calculados, e o valor m&#233;dio foi 52,2%. Esse TTR m&#233;dio &#233; ligeiramente menor que o descrito em um hospital p&#250;blico, que apresentou um TTR m&#233;dio de 56,6% (&#177; 18,9).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A literatura considera que n&#237;veis de TTR acima de 60% sejam indicativos de boa qualidade de coagula&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e, no presente estudo, apenas 36,5% se encontravam com um TTR acima de 60%. O estudo SPORTIF III e V,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que incluiu 3587 pacientes, demonstrou que pacientes com um TTR abaixo de 60% apresentaram &#237;ndices mais altos de mortalidade (4,20%) e sangramento importante (3,85%) quando comparados ao grupo com TTR entre 60% e 75% (1,84% e 1,96%, respectivamente) e ao grupo com TTR acima de 75% (1,69% e 1,58%, respectivamente). Embora esteja relacionado a uma ocorr&#234;ncia menor de eventos adversos, tais como sangramento e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, um TTR acima de 60% n&#227;o &#233; alcan&#231;ado facilmente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. O estudo ROCKET AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> realizado com 6983 pacientes de 1178 centros de 45 pa&#237;ses demonstrou que o TTR, calculado de acordo com o m&#233;todo Rosendaal, varia de acordo com a regi&#227;o, com um TTR m&#233;dio de 50,4% para pacientes do Leste Asi&#225;tico, 35,9% para pacientes da &#205;ndia, 49,7% para pacientes do Leste Europeu, 54,8% para pacientes da &#193;frica do Sul, 55,2% para pacientes da Am&#233;rica Latina, 63,2% para pacientes da Europa Ocidental e 64,1% para pacientes do Canad&#225; e dos Estados Unidos. Um TTR mais alto foi encontrado entre pacientes acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio especializado em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas de pacientes foram avaliadas, juntamente com o valor de TTR, e foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre instabilidade de RNI na fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e um TTR mais baixo, o que significa que pacientes com valores de RNI inst&#225;veis durante a fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o apresentaram um TTR mais baixo (46,83%) durante todo o tratamento.</p>
      <p>Esse estudo tamb&#233;m estabeleceu a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o TTR baixo e a ocorr&#234;ncia de um acidente vascular cerebral, demonstrando que quanto pior a qualidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, maior a chance de acidente vascular cerebral. Os pacientes com um TTR m&#233;dio abaixo de 60% apresentaram uma chance 2,88 maior de acidente vascular cerebral do que aqueles com um TTR m&#233;dio acima de 60%. Outro achado desse estudo foi que pacientes que apresentaram RNI inst&#225;vel durante a fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o tinham um risco 4,94 vezes maior de acidente vascular cerebral e um risco 3,35 vezes maior de sangramento do que aqueles que n&#227;o tinham instabilidade no RNI. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento, n&#227;o se encontrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com um TTR m&#233;dio baixo. Esse achado pode ser relacionado ao fato de que pacientes que mantiveram um TTR nesse estudo apresentaram principalmente medidas de RNI dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica, e, portanto, com maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o a acidente vascular cerebral do que a sangramento.</p>
      <p>O valor m&#233;dio de TTR e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos est&#227;o relacionados &#224; ader&#234;ncia &#224; terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e alguns fatores levam &#224; n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia aos AVK. A instabilidade de RNI, al&#233;m de uma faixa terap&#234;utica estreita, metabolismo vari&#225;vel, e poss&#237;vel dieta e intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o bem estabelecida do AVK. Esse fato levou ao surgimento de novas terapias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, e v&#225;rios estudos importantes sobre anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOAC) foram publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Esses estudos t&#234;m um impacto semelhante na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em compara&#231;&#227;o com a varfarina, mas os DOAC apresentaram perfis de seguran&#231;a semelhantes ou superiores. Al&#233;m disso, &#224; medida que os DOAC alcan&#231;am o in&#237;cio do efeito de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o mais rapidamente do que os AVK e sua a&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais previs&#237;vel, h&#225; menos necessidade de monitoramento terap&#234;utico frequente, o que contribui para maior persist&#234;ncia com qualquer DOAC do que com os AVK, conforme observado por Ozaki et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o AVK tenha as limita&#231;&#245;es descritas anteriormente, o uso disseminado de DOAC em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento &#233; um desafio devido a limita&#231;&#245;es de custo, j&#225; que os custos s&#227;o extremamente altos. Entretanto, v&#225;rios estudos na Europa, nos Estados Unidos, no Canad&#225;, na China e na &#193;frica do Sul foram publicados para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio, nos quais cada DOAC foi individualmente comparado &#224; varfarina, e em todos eles ficou claro que o DOAC apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio maior do que a varfarina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com um estudo realizado no Brasil, o custo mensal em d&#243;lares americanos por paciente fazendo a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o por varfarina &#233; de $54,26, considerando as despesas com os profissionais de sa&#250;de envolvidos em consultas ambulatoriais para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, custos laboratoriais para o monitoramento de RNI, aquisi&#231;&#227;o de varfarina e custos indiretos, tais como dias de trabalho perdidos e transporte para a cl&#237;nica. Os custos mensais m&#233;dios de apixabana, dabigatrana e rivaroxabana para institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas (de 1&#186; de janeiro a 19 de agosto de 2015) foram $ 49,87, $ 51,40 e $ 52,16, respectivamente, demonstrando que os custos acumulativos para pacientes monitorados em um ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mais altos para varfarina do que para os DOAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, ao avaliar exclusivamente os pacientes com FA, os custos do tratamento com varfarina eram semelhantes aos de tratamento com DOAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nesse caso, o conforto e a melhor ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento oferecido por um DOAC devido &#224; n&#227;o necessidade de monitorar o n&#237;vel de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, ao in&#237;cio e o fim r&#225;pidos do efeito de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, &#224; baixa intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa, a aus&#234;ncia de intera&#231;&#245;es com a dieta e, mais importante, a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos cerebrais, devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em alguns grupos de pacientes espec&#237;ficos, tais como aqueles com instabilidade de RNI durante a fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o, que provavelmente se beneficiariam da efic&#225;cia e da seguran&#231;a de um DOAC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo s&#227;o o tamanho da amostra, que pode ser pequeno para os fins do estudo, e o n&#227;o tratamento de aspectos de ader&#234;ncia ao uso de AVK.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo nos permitem concluir que o TTR de pacientes acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (HC-FMB-UNESP), de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2015, estavam abaixo daquilo descrito como ideal na literatura, como ocorre em outros pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Tamb&#233;m se concluiu que a instabilidade do RNI na fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o foi um fator causal de TTR baixo e ocorr&#234;ncia mais alta de acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico e sangramento na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 44.651. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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    <front-stub>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quality of Oral Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation Patients at a Tertiary Hospital in Brazil</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malagutte</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Nogueira Dias Secco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Ferreira da Silva Mazeto Pupo da</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Andreza Antonelli</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio Rubens de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1435-7994</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cuadrado</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-8189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati Bazan &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu, Distrito Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sgz.bazan@unesp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Malagutte KNC, Hueb JC, Okoshi K, Nunes HRC, Martin LC, Bazan R, Bazan SGZ; Acquisition of data: Malagutte KNC, Silveira CFSP, Reis FM, Rossi DAA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Malagutte KNC, Silveira CFSP, Reis FM, Rossi DAA, Hueb JC, Okoshi K, Nunes HRC, Martin LC, Bazan R, Bazan SGZ; Statistical analysis: Nunes HRC; Writing of the manuscript: Malagutte KNC, Silveira CFSP, Reis FM, Rossi DAA, Hueb JC, Okoshi K, Martin LC, Bazan R, Bazan SGZ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bazan SGZ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects 0.5% to 2.0% of the general population and is usually associated with cardiac structural diseases, hemodynamic damage, and thromboembolic complications. Oral anticoagulation prevents thromboembolic events and is monitored by the international normalized ratio (INR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate INR stability in nonvalvular AF patients treated with warfarin anticoagulation, to evaluate thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications, and to identify the group at higher risk for thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Data from the medical records of 203 patients who received medical care at a tertiary hospital in Brazil were reviewed, and the time in therapeutic range (TTR) was calculated using the Rosendaal method. The possible TTR influencing factors were then analyzed, and the relationship between the TTR and thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events was calculated. The level of significance was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The mean TTR was 52.2%. Patients with INR instability in the adaptation phase had a lower mean TTR (46.8%) than those without instability (53.9%). Among the studied patients, 6.9% suffered hemorrhagic events, and 8.4% had a stroke. The higher risk group for stroke and bleeding consisted of patients with INR instability in the adaptation phase.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The quality of anticoagulation in this tertiary hospital in Brazil is similar to that in centers in developing countries. Patients with greater INR instability in the adaptation phase evolved to a lower mean TTR during follow-up, had a 4.94-fold greater chance of stroke, and had a 3.35-fold greater chance of bleeding. Thus, for this patient group, individualizing the choice of anticoagulation therapy would be advised, considering the cost-benefit ratio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage</kwd>
        <kwd>Warfarin</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting from 0.5% to 2.0% of the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Its prevalence increases with age, and it is generally associated with cardiac structural diseases, causing hemodynamic damage and thromboembolic complications with major economic implications and a significant impact on morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The rate of stroke in nonvalvular AF patients is approximately 5% per year, which is 5 to 7-fold greater than that in patients without AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> To prevent such cerebral embolic events, oral anticoagulation (OAC) is employed. Anticoagulation (with vitamin K antagonists (VKA), notably warfarin) in AF patients, regardless of clinical presentation, reduces stroke incidence by approximately 65% to 80%, diminishing the annual risk of stroke to 1.4% versus the 4.5% risk with placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The absorption, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of warfarin may be influenced by genetic factors, diet, and drug interactions; these influential factors are capable of potentializing or decreasing the anticoagulating effect. The OAC goal is to effectively minimize thromboembolic risk without a significant impact on hemorrhage rates. This goal was achieved with an international normalized ratio (INR) of approximately 2.5 (2.0-3.0)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> for nonvalvular AF patients.</p>
        <p>VKA anticoagulation demands constant monitoring through the INR, which starts as early as 5 to 7 days after the onset of treatment and should be reevaluated at anytime if there is an alteration in diet or anticoagulant dosage and when introducing or withdrawing other drugs. The anticoagulation adaptation phase includes the first 6 months of treatment. After the INR reaches stability, monitoring may be carried out every 4 weeks.</p>
        <p>Long-term anticoagulation is not an easy task, and adherence to treatment is paramount in order to avoid hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications in patients.</p>
        <p>Low patient adherence to doctor&#8217;s recommendations and poor doctor adherence to the guidelines are current challenges to effective oral anticoagulation treatment. The literature shows that no more than 50% of patients with OAC recommendations receive a prescription, and only 50-55% of those find themselves within the desirable range of OAC, with 30-40% unprotected (INR &lt; 2.0) and 10-15% surpassing the upper INR limit of 3.0.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most employed tool currently used to evaluate anticoagulation quality in VKA users is calculating the time in therapeutic range (TTR).</p>
        <p>This method, described by Rosendaal in 1993, uses a linear interpolation to assign an INR value to each day of the interval between the recorded measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies show that TTR values below 60% are related to a greater risk of death from all causes, major bleeding, stroke, and systemic thromboembolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In Brazil, there have been only a few studies employing the TTR method to evaluate the anticoagulation quality with VKA.</p>
        <p>This study aimed to evaluate INR stability among permanent and nonvalvular AF patients who were anticoagulated with VKA and who are currently undergoing follow-up in the specialized anticoagulation outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of the School of Medicine of Botucatu (HC-FMB-UNESP). This study also aimed to evaluate the thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications in these patients and to identify the group at greater risk for thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Patients and methods</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective, longitudinal study in which 203 permanent and nonvalvular AF patients over 18 years of age, who had received follow-up for at least 24 months in the anticoagulation outpatient clinic of HC-FMB-UNESP between January 2009 and January 2015, were included. Patients who stayed for more than two consecutive months without doctor&#180;s appointments in the outpatient clinic were excluded.</p>
        <p>All procedures were submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of Botucatu Medical School (logged under protocol number 445.651).</p>
        <p>The clinical and demographic variables, the occurrence of thromboembolic events (ischemic stroke, transitory ischemic accident, and peripheral emboli), and the occurrence of important hemorrhagic events, such as major bleeding (requiring medical treatment and/or blood transfusion) and life-threatening bleeding, were obtained through a review of patient medical records.</p>
        <p>The TTR was calculated for each patient by dividing the time the patient remained with an INR within the range considered acceptable (2.0 to 3.0) by the patient&#8217;s total follow-up time and multiplying the result of this division by 100% in order to evaluate the anticoagulation quality and the factors that might influence TTR. The relation between TTR and the occurrence of hemorrhagic or thromboembolic events were also analyzed.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables with normal and non-normal distributions are presented as mean and standard deviation or median and<sup>25th</sup>and<sup>75th</sup>percentiles. The normality of numerical variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables are presented as absolute values and percentages. The calculation of the TTR value followed the method described by Rosendaal in 1993. Thus, the TTR value was defined as: TTR= 100% x (total follow-up time with INR between 2 to 3) / total follow-up time, the total follow-up time with INR between 2 and 3 was calculated by having the time between two INR measurements (M1 and M2) and assigning one half of the time to the M1 value and the other half of the time to the value M2, and so on for all INR measurements made for a given patient. At the end of this process, it is possible to obtain the sum total of the time a patient spent with his INR between 2 and 3 and divided this time by the total time that this patient received follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Multiple logistic regression models were adjusted to explain the chance of stroke and bleeding as a function of TTR and other clinical variables that were statistically significant with p &lt; 0.20 in the bivariate associations. In the final multiple regression model, associations were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05. The analysis was performed with SPSS v21.0 software.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 203 patients with permanent and nonvalvular AF who were followed up in the anticoagulation outpatient clinic from January 2009 to January 2015 (for a minimum of 2 years and a maximum of 10 years) were evaluated through a review of their medical records. The guidelines of the American College of Chest Physicians<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> were used to monitor patients with anticoagulant therapy, and the patients had an average of 43 outpatient visits.</p>
        <p>Clinical and demographic variables from these patients were analyzed and are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics of all patients (n=203 patients)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">68 &#177; 9.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nonwhite race</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA2DS2VASc</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (3-4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">38.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">175</td>
                  <td align="center">86.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age 75 years or older</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">26.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke or TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">17.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI, AoP, or PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">25.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age between 65 and 74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">32.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">114</td>
                  <td align="center">56.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of visits</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">42 (26-63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS-BLED</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1-3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous bleeding</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered renal function</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered liver function</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">82</td>
                  <td align="center">40.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">132</td>
                  <td align="center">65.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiplatelet use</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">12.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INR instability during adaptation</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">23.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">52 &#177; 17.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 60%</td>
                  <td align="center">129</td>
                  <td align="center">63.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 65%</td>
                  <td align="center">148</td>
                  <td align="center">72.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 70%</td>
                  <td align="center">171</td>
                  <td align="center">84.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke during anticoagulation</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bleeding during anticoagulation</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke or bleeding during anticoagulation</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">14.8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation when normally distributed and median and interquartile range (25%-75%) when non-normally distributed. Categorical variables are presented in absolute values and percentages. TIA: transitory ischemic attack; MI: previous myocardial infarction; AoP: aortic plaque; PAD: peripheral artery disease; INR: international normalized ratio; TTR: time in therapeutic range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Using the linear interpolation method proposed by Rosendaal, the TTR of each patient was calculated, obtaining a median TTR of 53 (10-88) and a mean of 52.21% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histogram of TTR values.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0363-10805-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The factors that influenced the TTR value in this population were analyzed, and the instability of the INR in the adaptation phase presented an inverse relationship with the final value of the TTR. Patients who presented an unstable INR in the adaptation phase (INR out of therapeutic level more than 60% of the time in the first 6 months of treatment) had a lower mean TTR (46.83%) than patients without instability (53.88%) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box-plot of TTR values according to instability during the adaptation phase.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0363-10805-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Among the 203 studied patients, 14 (6.9%) suffered hemorrhagic events, and 17 (8.4%) suffered ischemic stroke. When the relationship between the occurrence of major events (stroke and bleeding) and TTR value was analyzed, it was concluded that a low TTR (&lt;60%) was associated with a greater occurrence of stroke ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percentage of patients with stroke according to TTR value during follow-up.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-03-0363-10805-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Another factor associated with a greater occurrence of stroke was INR instability in the adaptation phase. Among patients with unstable INR during the adaptation period, the stroke risk was 4.94-fold greater (OR=4.94 (1.62 &#8211; 15.02); p = 0.005) than that in those without instability ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Logistic regression for stroke risk (bivariate associations)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Variables</th>
                  <th scope="col">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">95% CI</th>
                  <th scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CHA2DS2VASc</td>
                  <td>1.29</td>
                  <td>0.92</td>
                  <td>1.81</td>
                  <td>0.135</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">3.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.808</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">.</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age 75 years or older</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.390</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">4.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.371</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke or TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">2.95</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">8.62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI, AoP, or PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">3.68</td>
                  <td align="center">0.708</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age among 65 and 74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                  <td align="center">2.53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.776</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">1.82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.432</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS-BLED</td>
                  <td align="center">1.31</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">2.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.288</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous bleeding</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">.</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered renal function</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">5.20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.898</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered liver function</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">.</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism</td>
                  <td align="center">1.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">11.83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">2.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.655</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">2.48</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">6.76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">3.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.616</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiplatelet use</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">4.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.893</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INR instability during adaptation</td>
                  <td align="center">3.24</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18</td>
                  <td align="center">8.95</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 60%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  <td align="center">10.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.106</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 65%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">13.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 70%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">.</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>TIA: transitory ischemic accident; MI: previous myocardial infarction; AoP: aortic plaque; PAD: peripheral artery disease; INR: international normalized ratio; TTR: time in therapeutic range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Logistic regression for stroke risk (parsimonious model)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Variable</th>
                  <th scope="col">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">95% CI</th>
                  <th scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CHA2DS2VASc</td>
                  <td>1.62</td>
                  <td>1.04</td>
                  <td>2.53</td>
                  <td>0.031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">3.38</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">10.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INR instability during adaptation</td>
                  <td align="center">4.94</td>
                  <td align="center">1.62</td>
                  <td align="center">15.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>INR: international normalized ratio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the analysis of the factors related to bleeding, it was perceived that patients with INR instability during the adaptation phase had a 3.35-fold greater chance of bleeding than those without instability ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Logistic regression for bleeding risk (bivariate associations)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Variables</th>
                  <th scope="col">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">95% CI</th>
                  <th scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CHA2DS2VASc</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">1.47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.979</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">17.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.465</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age 75 years or older</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">3.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">2.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">6.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke or TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">2.77</td>
                  <td align="center">0.321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI, AoP, or PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">2.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.711</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age between 65 and 74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">4.85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.395</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">1.69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.304</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS-BLED</td>
                  <td align="center">2.41</td>
                  <td align="center">1.38</td>
                  <td align="center">4.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous bleeding</td>
                  <td align="center">14.46</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">244.62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered renal function</td>
                  <td align="center">3.80</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">13.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered liver function</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">.</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism</td>
                  <td align="center">1.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  <td align="center">15.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">2.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.712</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">4.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.420</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">3.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">15.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiplatelet use</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">5.44</td>
                  <td align="center">0.864</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INR instability during adaptation</td>
                  <td align="center">3.61</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20</td>
                  <td align="center">10.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.642</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 60%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">2.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.607</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 65%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">2.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.455</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTR under 70%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">5.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.875</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>TIA: transitory ischemic accident; MI: previous myocardial infarction; AoP: aortic plaque; PAD: peripheral artery disease; INR: international normalized ratio; TTR: time in therapeutic range</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Logistic regression for bleeding risk (parsimonious model)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Variables</th>
                  <th scope="col">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">95% CI</th>
                  <th scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td>2.28</td>
                  <td>0.71</td>
                  <td>7.25</td>
                  <td>0.162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered renal function</td>
                  <td align="center">2.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                  <td align="center">9.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.160</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INR instability during adaptation</td>
                  <td align="center">3.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">10.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>INR: international normalized ratio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, performed at a public hospital, the individual TTRs were calculated, and the mean value was 52.2%. This average TTR is slightly smaller than that described in a private hospital study, which presented a mean TTR of 56.6% (&#177; 18,9).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The literature considers TTR levels over 60% an indicator of good anticoagulation quality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and in the present study, only 36.5% of patients found themselves with a TTR over 60%. The SPORTIF III and V study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which included 3,587 patients, showed that patients with a TTR under 60% presented higher mortality (4.20%) and major bleeding (3.85%) rates when compared with the group with a TTR between 60% and 75% (1.84% and 1.96%, respectively), as well as with the group with a TTR over 75% (1.69% and 1.58%, respectively). Although it is related to a smaller occurrence of adverse events, such as bleeding or thromboembolic events, a TTR over 60% is not easily achieved in developing countries such as Brazil. The ROCKET AF study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> carried out with 6,983 patients from 1,178 centers from 45 countries demonstrated that the TTR, calculated according to the Rosendaal method, varies according to region, with a mean TTR of 50.4% for patients from East Asia, 35.9% for patients from India, 49.7% for patients from East Europe, 54.8% for patients from South Africa and 55.2% for patients from Latin America, 63.2% for patients from Western Europe, and 64.1% for patients from Canada/United States. A higher TTR was found among those patients followed up in a specialized anticoagulation outpatient care facility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients were evaluated, along with the TTR value, and an association between INR instability in the anticoagulation adaptation phase and a lower TTR was found, meaning that patients with unstable INR values during the adaptation phase presented a lower TTR (46.83%) during the entire treatment.</p>
        <p>This study also established a relationship between low TTR and the occurrence of stroke, showing that the worse the anticoagulation quality, the greater the chance of stroke. The patients with a mean TTR under 60% presented a 2.88-fold greater chance of stroke than those with a mean TTR over 60%. Another finding of this study was that patients who presented an unstable INR during the adaptation phase had a 4.94-fold greater risk of stroke and a 3.35-fold greater risk of bleeding than those who did not have INR instability.</p>
        <p>Regarding the occurrence of bleeding, we did not find a statistically significant relationship with a low mean TTR. This finding may be related to the fact that patients who maintained a lower TTR in this study mainly presented INR measures below the therapeutic range and, therefore, with greater predisposition to stroke than bleeding.</p>
        <p>The mean TTR value and the occurrence of events are related to the adherence to anticoagulation therapy, and some factors lead to a nonadherence to VKA. INR instability, in addition to a narrow therapeutic range, variable metabolism, and potential diet and drug interactions, is a well-established limitation of VKA. This fact pushed the emergence of new anticoagulation therapies, and several important studies on direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) were published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> These studies revealed a similar impact of reducing thromboembolic events when compared to warfarin, but the DOACs had similar or superior safety profiles. In addition, as DOACs reach the onset of an anticoagulation effect more quickly than AVK, and their actions are more predictable, there is less need for frequent therapeutic monitoring, which contributes to greater persistence with any DOAC than for VKA, as seen by Aya F. Ozaki et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although VKA has the previously described limitations, the disseminated use of DOAC in developing countries is challenged by cost limitations, as the costs are still extremely high. However, several studies in Europe, the United States, Canada, China, and South Africa were published to evaluate cost-effectiveness, in which each DOAC was individually compared with warfarin. In all of these, it was clear that the DOAC presented a greater cost-effectiveness than warfarin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to a study carried out in Brazil, the monthly cost in dollar per patient who received anticoagulation with warfarin is $54.26, considering the expenses of health professionals involved in the anticoagulation outpatient visits, laboratory costs for INR monitoring, warfarin acquisition, and indirect costs, such as days of work missed and transportation to clinic. The mean monthly costs of apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban for public institutions (from January 1<sup>st</sup>to August 19<sup>th</sup>, 2015) were $49.87, $51.40, and $52.16, respectively, showing that the cumulative costs per patient followed up in an anticoagulation clinic are higher for warfarin than for DOACs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, when exclusively evaluating AF patients, warfarin costs were similar to DOAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In this case, the comfort and better adherence to treatment provided by a DOAC, since the patient does not need anticoagulation level monitoring, the fast onset and end of the anticoagulation effect, low drug interaction, absence of diet interaction, and, most importantly, the reduction in cerebral hemorrhagic events should be taken into account, especially in some specific patient groups, such as those with INR instability during the adaptation phase, which would most likely benefit from the efficacy and safety of a DOAC.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The main limitations of this study are the sample size, which may be small for the purposes of the study, and the failure to address aspects of adherence to the use of VKA.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The results of this study allow us to conclude that the TTR of patients who received follow-up at the anticoagulation outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of the School of Medicine of Botucatu (HC-FMB-UNESP), from January 2009 to January 2015, was below what is described as ideal in the literature, as occurs in other developing countries. It can also be concluded that the instability of the INR in the adaptation phase was a causal factor for both a low TTR and a higher occurrence of ischemic stroke and bleeding in the population studied.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Karina Nogueira Dias Secco Malagutte, from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unesp.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu under the protocol number 445.651. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
