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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">N84CjPrJ6H6H4n36fBsQmng</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800358</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210655</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210655</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#8220;Iluminando o Cora&#231;&#227;o&#8221; com Eco 3D: Transilumina&#231;&#227;o de Deisc&#234;ncia de Pr&#243;tese Valvular Mitral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6339-659X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9981-6637</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9543-2767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2165-7680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Oporto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Oporto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Oporto, Oporto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;nca: Mariana Ribeiro Silva</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE - Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes, <postal-code>4434-502</postal-code>. Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>marianardsilva@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva MR, Azevedo AI; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva MR, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva MR, Azevedo AI, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J, Fontes-Carvalho R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva MR, Azevedo AI, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J, Fontes-Carvalho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>358</fpage>
      <lpage>360</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia, Tridimensional/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o de Imagem Assistida por Computador</kwd>
        <kwd>Varia&#231;&#245;es Dependentes do Observador</kwd>
        <kwd>Translumina&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O ecocardiograma tridimensional (3D) com transilumina&#231;&#227;o (TI) &#233; uma nova ferramenta de renderiza&#231;&#227;o 3D que melhora caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas de uma imagem que n&#227;o s&#227;o exibidas de maneira ideal por imagens em 3D convencionais. A renderiza&#231;&#227;o 3D convencional n&#227;o tem a consist&#234;ncia, em rela&#231;&#227;o a detalhes da imagem e percep&#231;&#227;o de profundidade, geralmente apresentando imagens inadequadas. Imagens 3D com transilumina&#231;&#227;o aproveitam a integra&#231;&#227;o de uma fonte de luz virtual m&#243;vel ao conjunto de dados. A fonte de luz pode ser movimentada para frente e para tr&#225;s e de lado a lado, sendo posicionada em locais espec&#237;ficos para destacar a regi&#227;o de interesse, aumentar a precis&#227;o, melhorar a percep&#231;&#227;o de profundidade, criar sombras e permitir uma distin&#231;&#227;o mais precisa entre estruturas. Al&#233;m disso, essa nova ferramenta de renderiza&#231;&#227;o 3D melhora a visualiza&#231;&#227;o e o delineamento de orif&#237;cios e bordas, cavidades, massas e anormalidades estruturais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e &#233; essencial para captar imagens detalhadas durante procedimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A transilumina&#231;&#227;o pode ser particularmente valiosa em cen&#225;rios desafiadores, especialmente na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses e dispositivos card&#237;acos que produzem sombreamento ac&#250;stico, levando a uma maior precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No painel, apresentamos dois casos em que o ecocardiograma 3D com TI apresentou maior valor diagn&#243;stico na avalia&#231;&#227;o de deisc&#234;ncia de pr&#243;tese valvular.</p>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso 1</title>
      <p>Um paciente do sexo masculino de 55 anos de idade passou por um implante de pr&#243;tese bola-gaiola (3M Starr-Edwards) aos 29 anos de idade. Ele foi admitido com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, classe funcional III da New York Heart Association (NYHA). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) demonstrou vazamento periprot&#233;tico mitral de moderado a grave; o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) em 3D demonstrou deisc&#234;ncia da pr&#243;tese, com vazamento periprot&#233;tico grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). A TI melhorou a percep&#231;&#227;o de profundidade e a defini&#231;&#227;o precisa do grau de deisc&#234;ncia prot&#233;tica, demonstrando uma desinser&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese mitral envolvendo mais de 50% da circunfer&#234;ncia mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">V&#237;deo 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pain&#233;is A e B. Deisc&#234;ncia da pr&#243;tese mitral 3M Starr-Edwards vista do &#225;trio esquerdo (ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na posi&#231;&#227;o de 9 horas no rel&#243;gio). Painel A: imagem 3D convencional. Painel B: Renderiza&#231;&#227;o com TI, a luz &#233; posicionada abaixo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. O efeito de sombreamento melhora a percep&#231;&#227;o de profundidade e oferece uma defini&#231;&#227;o mais precisa do grau de deisc&#234;ncia prot&#233;tica. Pain&#233;is C e D: Deisc&#234;ncia do anel mitral vista do &#225;trio esquerdo (v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica entre a posi&#231;&#227;o de 11 horas e 12 horas no rel&#243;gio). Painel C: imagem 3D convencional. Painel D: Renderiza&#231;&#227;o com TI; a luz &#233; posicionada lateralmente pr&#243;ximo ao ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, melhorando os pontos de separa&#231;&#227;o do anel e retratando a integridade do folheto mitral posterior. 3D: tridimensional; TI: transilumina&#231;&#227;o.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0358-10655-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0655-video-1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0655-video-1.mp4</ext-link> </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0358-10655-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Caso 2</title>
      <p>Um paciente do sexo masculino de 73 anos de idade passou por anuloplastia mitral com um anel completo de 34 mm. Quatro anos mais tarde, ele apresentou dispneia. O ETT revelou regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) moderada e uma estrutura hiperecog&#234;nica no &#225;trio esquerdo; o ETE-3D confirmou a presen&#231;a de RM moderada e mostrou um anel parcialmente separado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>). Nesse caso, a TI permitiu uma melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de separa&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese em anel, demonstrando a integridade do folheto mitral posterior e forneceu informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais sobre o mecanismo de RM, que se devia a um anel mitral nativo dilatado que levou a uma coapta&#231;&#227;o incompleta do folheto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">V&#237;deo 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0655-video-2.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0655-video-2.mp4</ext-link> </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0358-10655-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Apesar de a TI 3D ser altamente vi&#225;vel em uma variedade de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, incluindo a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, ela ainda n&#227;o &#233; uma t&#233;cnica amplamente dispon&#237;vel, exige treinamento adequado e aprofundamento nos estudos com foco em desfechos clinicamente relevantes e na efic&#225;cia em validar a implementa&#231;&#227;o da renderiza&#231;&#227;o por TI na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina. Al&#233;m disso, as evid&#234;ncias atuais ainda est&#227;o limitadas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos benef&#237;cios agregados da TI em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras t&#233;cnicas.</p>
      <p>Ainda assim, essa nova t&#233;cnica n&#227;o exige uma curva de aprendizado muito &#237;ngreme e &#233; um processo relativamente intuitivo para mover a fonte de luz virtual para enfatizar a estrutura de interesse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A transilumina&#231;&#227;o surge como uma alternativa &#224; imagem 3D convencional, especialmente nas condi&#231;&#245;es em que se imagine que a renderiza&#231;&#227;o convencional vai produzir imagens inadequadas, especialmente na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de pr&#243;tese valvular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses dois casos destacam a import&#226;ncia da renderiza&#231;&#227;o por TI na avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural complexa.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic Accuracy of Transillumination in Mitral Valve Prolapse: Side-by-Side Comparison of Standard Transthoracic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography against Surgical Findings</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <month>01</month>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>98</fpage>
          <lpage>100</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2020.08.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Volpato V, Mantegazza V, Tamborini G, Muratori M, Gripari P, Andreini D, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Transillumination in Mitral Valve Prolapse: Side-by-Side Comparison of Standard Transthoracic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography against Surgical Findings. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2021;Jan;34(1):98-100. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.08.017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#8220;Lightning The Heart&#8221; with 3D Echo: Transillumination of a Prosthetic Mitral Valve Dehiscence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6339-659X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9981-6637</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9543-2767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2165-7680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Oporto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Oporto,Oporto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mariana Ribeiro Silva &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE - Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes, <postal-code>4434-502</postal-code>. Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>marianardsilva@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Silva MR, Azevedo AI; Acquisition of data: Silva MR, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva MR, Azevedo AI, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J, Fontes-Carvalho R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva MR, Azevedo AI, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J, Fontes-Carvalho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional/m&#233;thods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Image Interpretation, Computer Assisted</kwd>
        <kwd>Observer, Variation</kwd>
        <kwd>Transillumination</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve/diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiogram with transillumination (TI) is a novel 3D rendering tool that enhances specific image features not optimally displayed by conventional 3D imaging. Conventional 3D rendering lacks consistency regarding image details and depth perception, often presenting suboptimal images. Transillumination 3D imaging benefits from the integration of a movable virtual light source into the data set. The light source can be moved anteriorly or posteriorly and from side to side, being positioned at specific locations in order to highlight the region of interest, increase accuracy, improve depth perception, create shadows, and enable a more precise distinction between structures. Additionally, this new 3D rendering tool improves visualization and delineation of orifice and edges, cavities, masses, and structural abnormalities,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and is essential to perform detailed imaging during procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Transillumination may be particularly valuable in challenging scenarios, especially in the evaluation of cardiac prosthesis and devices that produce acoustic shadowing, leading to increased diagnostic accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the panel, we present two cases where 3D echocardiogram with TI conveyed additional diagnostic value in the evaluation of prosthetic valve dehiscence.</p>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>A 55-year-old man underwent mitral valve replacement with a caged-ball prosthesis (3M Starr-Edwards) at the age of 29. He was admitted with acute heart failure, functional New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a moderate-severe mitral periprosthetic leak; 3D-transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) showed prosthesis dehiscence, with a severe periprosthetic leak (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1A</xref>). TI improved depth perception and accurate definition of the degree of prosthetic dehiscence, demonstrating a disinsertion of the mitral prosthesis, involving more than 50% of mitral circumference (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1B</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Video 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Panels A and B. 3M Starr-Edwards mitral prosthesis dehiscence viewed from left atrium (left atrial appendage at 9 o&#8217;clock position). Panel A: conventional 3D imaging. Panel B: TI rendering; the light is positioned below left atrial appendage. The shadowing effect improves depth perception and most accurate definition of the degree of prosthetic dehiscence. Panels C and D: Mitral ring dehiscence viewed from left atrium (aortic valve between 11 and 12 o&#8217;clock position). Panel C: conventional 3D imaging. Panel D: TI rendering; the light is positioned laterally near the left atrial appendage, enhancing the points of separation of the ring and depicting the integrity of the posterior mitral leaflet. 3D: three-dimensional; TI: transillumination.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0358-10655-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Video 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0655-video-1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0655-video-1.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0358-10655-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>A 73-year-old man underwent mitral annuloplasty with a 34-mm complete ring. Four months later, he presented dyspnoea. TTE showed moderate mitral regurgitation (MR) and a hyperechogenic structure in the left atrium; 3D-TOE confirmed the presence of moderate MR and showed a partially detached ring (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1C</xref>). In this case, TI enabled better visualization of the separation points of the prosthetic ring, showing the integrity of the posterior mitral leaflet, and provided additional information about MR mechanism, which was due to a dilated native mitral annulus that led to incomplete leaflet coaptation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1D</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Video 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Video 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0655-video-2.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0655-video-2.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0358-10655-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Despite 3D TI being highly feasible in a variety of cardiac conditions, including structural heart disease, it is not a widely available technique yet, and it still requires adequate training and further studies focusing on clinically relevant endpoints and effectiveness to validate the implementation of TI rendering in routine clinical practice. Furthermore, the current evidence is still limited regarding the added benefit of TI when compared to other techniques.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, this novel technique does not require a steep learning curve and is a relatively intuitive process to move the virtual light source in order to emphasize the structure of interest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Transillumination rises as an alternative to conventional 3D imaging, especially in conditions where it is anticipated that conventional rendering will provide suboptimal images, particularly in the evaluation of prosthetic valve disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These two cases highlight the importance of TI rendering in the evaluation of complex structural heart disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
