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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zPKrn6BysXvfTCqjDcDBbqN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800349</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210703</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210703</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Achado Acidental de um Sarcoma Card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-053X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-8178</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abecasis</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6894-648X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-6789</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiras</surname>
            <given-names>Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abecasis</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Lus&#237;adas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Lus&#237;adas, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Nova Medical School</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Nova Medical School, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rita Reis Santos</bold> &#8226; Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, <postal-code>2790-134</postal-code>. Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>arresantos@chlo.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos RR, Abecasis J, Gomes DA, Paiva M, Trabulo M; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos RR, Gomes DA, Paiva MS, Rocha B, Ribeiras R, Freitas P, Abecasis M, Trabulo M; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos RR, Abecasis J, Rocha B, Ribeiras R, Freitas P, Abecasis M, Trabulo M; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos RR; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Abecasis J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>349</fpage>
      <lpage>352</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Sarcoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios s&#227;o raros e sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica varia desde a descoberta incidental em exames de imagem at&#233; apresenta&#231;&#245;es com risco de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Relatamos o caso de uma jovem do sexo feminino com hist&#243;ria de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) em quem foi encontrada uma massa em &#225;trio esquerdo em tomografia computadorizada realizada antes da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA e qualificada para ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da massa. O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico revelou sarcoma card&#237;aco pleom&#243;rfico prim&#225;rio indiferenciado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 49 anos, caucasiana, com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA parox&#237;stica, encaminhada para abla&#231;&#227;o eletiva de FA em quem foi identificada incidentalmente uma massa em &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) em tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o (TCC). Ela n&#227;o tinha sintomas relacionados &#224; massa.</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) estava em ritmo sinusal. O exame f&#237;sico e a an&#225;lise laboratorial completa n&#227;o revelaram achados anormais.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da hist&#243;ria de FA parox&#237;stica, diagnosticada dois anos antes, a paciente era saud&#225;vel. As medica&#231;&#245;es &#224; admiss&#227;o eram edoxabano (nas &#250;ltimas 2 semanas antes da abla&#231;&#227;o), flecainida e bisoprolol, com controle sub&#243;timo do ritmo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Investiga&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Uma massa s&#233;ssil homog&#234;nea, hipodensa, levemente irregular, localizada na parede posterior do AE, envolvendo ambos os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares direitas (VPD), estava presente na TCC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s esse achado, a paciente realizou um estudo imagol&#243;gico completo.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca. Uma massa s&#233;ssil (*) homog&#234;nea, hipodensa e levemente irregular, localizada na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), envolvendo ambos os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares direitas (setas). Ao: aorta; AD: &#225;trio direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0349-10703-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico revelou uma massa densa, irregular e espessada no teto do AE pr&#243;ximo &#224; entrada das VPD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico mostrou massa volumosa no AE estendendo-se para a parede posterior da raiz da aorta e ap&#234;ndice do AE com aparente plano de clivagem anterior entre a massa e a parede do AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref> a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2D</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico mostrando massa densa e irregular espessada no teto do AE pr&#243;ximo aos &#243;stios das veias pulmonares direitas; B &#8211; D) Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico mostrando massa isoecog&#234;nica estendendo-se da parede posterior da raiz da aorta em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo; anteriormente h&#225; um plano de clivagem entre a massa e a parede atrial esquerda (seta amarela); posteriormente este n&#227;o &#233; o caso, pois os limites da massa n&#227;o s&#227;o claramente identificados. E - F) Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico mostrando massa do AE relacionada &#224;s veias pulmonares direitas (veia pulmonar inferior direita (VIP) e veia pulmonar superior direita (VPUP)). E) Compress&#227;o do fluxo de sa&#237;da de RIPV conforme mostrado por moldagem ostial (seta verde). F) Sem interfer&#234;ncia na vaz&#227;o de RUPV (seta branca). AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0349-10703-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), uma massa claramente definida com um di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo de 32 mm foi mostrada. Esta era isointensa nas sequ&#234;ncias ponderadas em T1, brilhante nas sequ&#234;ncias ponderadas em T2, com alguma perfus&#227;o heterog&#234;nea e realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudo de RMC. Massa AE (setas amarelas). A) Sequ&#234;ncia ponderada em T1 mostrando uma massa isointensa na parede do &#225;trio esquerdo. B) sequ&#234;ncia ponderada em T2 correspondente com supress&#227;o de gordura mostrando alta intensidade de sinal em toda a massa. C) perfus&#227;o de primeira passagem com capta&#231;&#227;o de contraste. D) sequ&#234;ncia de realce tardio com aspecto heterog&#234;neo positivo para presen&#231;a de fibrose.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0349-10703-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial</title>
        <p>Suspeitou-se inicialmente de mixoma por ser a massa incidental assintom&#225;tica mais comum, al&#233;m do trombo, com origem no &#225;trio esquerdo. Neste caso, a aus&#234;ncia de ped&#237;culo, as caracter&#237;sticas imagol&#243;gicas e a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica ao longo da parede posterior e superior do AE levantaram a suspeita de outra entidade cl&#237;nica, nomeadamente com poss&#237;vel comportamento maligno.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gerenciamento</title>
        <p>Dada a suspeita de malignidade, um F-18 FDG PET/CT foi realizado para identificar tanto o tumor prim&#225;rio quanto as poss&#237;veis les&#245;es associadas &#224; dist&#226;ncia. Foi identificada uma massa solit&#225;ria em &#225;trio esquerdo. Realizou-se TC de corpo inteiro para estadiamento, que foi negativa para doen&#231;a extracard&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Diante do diagn&#243;stico presuntivo de tumor card&#237;aco prim&#225;rio de comportamento potencialmente maligno, seja por extens&#227;o local ou risco emb&#243;lico, optou-se por proceder &#224; ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para fins diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos. No intraoperat&#243;rio, a massa ressecada estendeu-se pela parede posterior do AE at&#233; a comissura anterior do anel mitral, sem infiltra&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares. A infiltra&#231;&#227;o posterior da massa com descolamento incompleto for&#231;ou a necessidade de reconstru&#231;&#227;o do septo atrial e interatrial usando um segmento de peric&#225;rdio. A recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica revelou um fragmento el&#225;stico irregular de 50x25x10 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). O exame histopatol&#243;gico &#224; colora&#231;&#227;o de hematoxilina e eosina mostrou que a les&#227;o era composta por &#225;reas s&#243;lidas com fina rede reticulada de col&#225;geno e pleomorfismo nuclear moderado com nucl&#233;olos focais proeminentes e atividade mit&#243;tica (caracter&#237;stica de um sarcoma pleom&#243;rfico indiferenciado) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4B</xref>). A imunohistoqu&#237;mica revelou positividade para vimentina, um marcador mesenquimal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4C</xref>) com marcadores epiteliais e musculares negativos. Ki67 foi 40% positivo em &#225;reas mais proliferativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4D</xref>). Assumiu-se o diagn&#243;stico de sarcoma card&#237;aco pleom&#243;rfico prim&#225;rio indiferenciado com poss&#237;vel amplifica&#231;&#227;o de MDM2.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados macrosc&#243;picos: massa el&#225;stica irregular de 50x25x10mm. A superf&#237;cie de corte apresentava uma massa infiltrativa e fibrosa (*) sem necrose evidente ou altera&#231;&#245;es mix&#243;ides. A (H&amp;E): Borda do tumor com mioc&#225;rdio saud&#225;vel (*); B (H&amp;E): Grande aumento mostrando &#225;reas s&#243;lidas com fina rede de col&#225;geno reticulado e pleomorfismo nuclear moderado, nucl&#233;olos focais proeminentes e mitose; C &#8211; D: Estudo imuno-histoqu&#237;mico &#8211; positivo para vimentina e Ki67 (com ~40% de positividade), respectivamente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0349-10703-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A paciente recebeu alta no nono dia ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Ela foi encaminhada para terapia adjuvante. No quinto m&#234;s de seguimento j&#225; tinha completado 2 ciclos de quimioterapia com doxorrubicina e ifosfamida e encontra-se agora fazendo radioterapia com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os tumores prim&#225;rios do cora&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o entidades extremamente raras, com incid&#234;ncia inferior a 0,1 por cento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> S&#227;o tumores agressivos que podem ser sintom&#225;ticos ou, se n&#227;o produzirem sintomas at&#233; que estejam localmente avan&#231;ados, como no caso relatado, s&#227;o encontrados incidentalmente durante um estudo de imagem card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Costumam ocorrer em pacientes jovens com idade m&#233;dia de 44 anos e est&#227;o distribu&#237;dos aproximadamente igualmente entre os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os sarcomas card&#237;acos, embora extremamente raros, s&#227;o as les&#245;es malignas prim&#225;rias mais comuns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Dependendo do subtipo, podem surgir de c&#233;lulas mesenquimais de ventr&#237;culos, &#225;trios ou peric&#225;rdio. Essas malignidades proliferam rapidamente e causam a morte por infiltra&#231;&#227;o generalizada do mioc&#225;rdio, obstru&#231;&#227;o dos principais vasos card&#237;acos e/ou met&#225;stases &#224; dist&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; o tratamento local mais eficaz para sarcomas card&#237;acos, principalmente em pacientes com doen&#231;a n&#227;o metast&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora os sarcomas card&#237;acos s&#227;o tumores altamente invasivos, margens cir&#250;rgicas claras s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de obter e, portanto, podem recorrer facilmente, destacando a necessidade de tratamentos locais e sist&#234;micos mais eficazes que podem ser usados em conjunto com a cirurgia para melhorar os resultados dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A sobrevida m&#233;dia ao diagn&#243;stico &#233; de 6 a 12 meses, mesmo ap&#243;s a excis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica completa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>As neoplasias card&#237;acas prim&#225;rias s&#227;o entidades muito raras, sendo aned&#243;ticas como achados assintom&#225;ticos. O local de inser&#231;&#227;o e algumas caracter&#237;sticas de imagem, apenas totalmente detalhadas sob avalia&#231;&#227;o multimodal, fornecem pistas para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial, nomeadamente com les&#245;es benignas mais comuns. O uso de ferramentas avan&#231;adas de imagem para estadiamento &#233; fundamental na defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento mais adequada. A ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica completa &#233; solicitada como a primeira op&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>KY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickens</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An Incidental Finding of a Cardiac Sarcoma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-053X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-8178</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abecasis</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6894-648X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-6789</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiras</surname>
            <given-names>Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abecasis</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Lus&#237;adas, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Nova Medical School, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rita Reis Santos</bold> &#8226; Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental. <postal-code>2790-134</postal-code> Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>arresantos@chlo.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos RR, Abecasis J, Gomes DA, Paiva MS, Trabulo M; acquisition of data: Santos RR, Gomes DA, Paiva M, Rocha B, Ribeiras R, Freitas P, Abecasis M, Trabulo M; analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos RR, Abecasis J, Rocha B, Ribeiras R, Freitas P, Abecasis M, Trabulo M; writing of the manuscript: Santos RR; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Abecasis J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Sarcoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Primary cardiac tumors are rare, and their clinical presentation ranges from incidental discovery on imaging tests to life-threatening presentations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We report a case of a young female with a history of atrial fibrillation (AF) who was found a left atrial mass in an elective cardiac computed tomography performed before AF-ablation and was qualified for surgical resection of the mass. A pathological exam revealed a primary undifferentiated pleomorphic cardiac sarcoma.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 49 year-old Caucasian female with a previous history of paroxysmal AF, referred for elective percutaneous AF-catheter ablation, was referred to the hospital due to a left atrial (LA) mass incidentally identified at pre-interventional cardiac computed tomography (CCT). She had no symptoms related to the mass.</p>
        <p>On initial evaluation, an electrocardiogram (ECG) was in sinus rhythm. Physical examination and full laboratory analysis revealed no abnormal findings.</p>
        <p>Beyond the history of paroxysmal AF, diagnosed two years before, the patient was otherwise healthy. The medications on admission were edoxaban (in the last 2 weeks before ablation), flecainide and bisoprolol, with sub-optimal rhythm control.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Investigations</title>
          <p>A homogenous, hypodense, slightly irregular sessile mass localized in the posterior wall of the LA, involving both ostia of the right pulmonary veins (RPV), was present in CCT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). After this finding, the patient performed a complete imagological study.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac computed tomography. A homogenous, hypodense, slightly irregular sessile mass (*), located in the posterior wall of the left atrium (LA), involving both ostia of the right pulmonary veins is depicted (arrows). Ao: Aorta; RA: Right atrium; RV: Right Ventricle; LV: Left Ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0349-10703-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The transthoracic echocardiographic study revealed a dense, irregular, thickened ceiling mass of the LA roof near to RPV entrance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2A</xref>). Transesophageal echocardiography showed voluminous LA mass extending into the posterior wall of the aortic root and LA appendage with an apparent anterior cleavage plane between the mass and LA wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure 2B</xref> to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2D</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Transthoracic echocardiographic study showing a dense and irregular thickened ceiling mass of the LA near the right pulmonary veins ostia; B &#8211; D) Transesophageal echocardiogram showing an isoecogenic mass extending from the posterior wall of the aortic root towards the posterior left atrial wall; anteriorly there is a cleavage plane between the mass and left atrial wall (yellow arrow); posteriorly this is not the case as the limits of the mass are not clearly identified. E - F) Transesophageal echocardiogram showing LA mass related to the right pulmonary veins (right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV) and right upper pulmonary vein (RUPV)). E) RIPV outflow compression as showed by ostial molding (green arrow). F) No interference with the RUPV outflow (white arrow). LA: left atrium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0349-10703-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>At cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) study, a clearly defined mass with a maximum 32 mm diameter was shown. This was isointense at T1-weighed sequences, bright at T2-weighed sequences, with some heterogeneous perfusion and late gadolinium enhancement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>CMR study. LA mass (yellow arrows). A) T1-weighed sequence depicting an isointense posterior left atrium wall mass. B) corresponding T2-weighed sequence with fat-suppression showing high signal intensity across the mass. C) first-pass perfusion with contrast uptake. D) delayed enhancement sequence with a heterogeneous aspect positive for the presence of fibrosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0349-10703-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Differential diagnosis</title>
          <p>A myxoma was initially suspected as it represents the most common asymptomatic incidental mass, beyond thrombus, arising in the left atrium. In this case, the absence of a pedicle, several imagological features and its specific location along the posterior and superior LA wall raised the suspicion of another clinical entity, namely possible malignant behavior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Management</title>
          <p>Given the suspicion of malignancy, an F-18 FDG PET/CT was performed to identify both primary tumor and potential distant associated lesions. A solitary left atrial mass was identified. A complete body CT scan was performed for staging purposes, and it was negative for extra-cardiac disease.</p>
          <p>Given the presumptive diagnosis of a primary cardiac tumor of potential malignant behavior, either for local extension or embolic risk, a decision was made to proceed with surgical resection for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Intraoperatively, the resected mass extended through the posterior wall of LA until the anterior commissure of the mitral annulus, without pulmonary veins infiltration. Posterior infiltration with incomplete mass detachment forced the need for both atrial and inter-atrial septum reconstruction using a pericardial patch. Postoperative recovery was uneventful.</p>
          <p>The macroscopic evaluation revealed an irregular elastic fragment of 50x25x10 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>). Histopathological examination on hematoxylin and eosin stain showed that the lesion was composed of solid areas with a fine reticulate network of collagen and moderate nuclear pleomorphism with prominent focal nucleoli and mitotic activity (characteristic of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4B</xref>). Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity for vimentin, a mesenchymal marker (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4C</xref>) with negative epithelial and muscular markers. Ki67 was 40% positive in more proliferative areas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4D</xref>). The diagnosis of a primary undifferentiated pleomorphic cardiac sarcoma with possible MDM2 amplification was assumed.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Macroscopic findings: 50x25x10mm irregular elastic mass. The cut surface showed an infiltrative and fibrous mass (*) without evident necrosis or myxoid changes. A (H&amp;E): Tumor border with healthy myocardium (*); B (H&amp;E): High power showing solid areas with a fine reticulate collagen network and moderate nuclear pleomorphism, prominent focal nucleoli, and mitosis; C &#8211; D: Immunohistochemistry study &#8211; positive for both vimentin and Ki67 (with ~40% positivity), respectively.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0349-10703-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The patient was discharged on the ninth day after surgery. She was referred for adjuvant therapy. At the fifth month of follow-up, she had already completed 2 cycles of chemotherapy with doxorubicin and ifosfamide and is now performing radiotherapy with an uneventful clinical course.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Primary tumors of the heart are extremely rare entities, with less than 0.1 percent incidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> They are aggressive tumors that may be symptomatic or, if they do not produce symptoms until they are locally advanced, as in the case reported, they are found incidentally during a cardiac imaging study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> They tend to occur in young patients with a mean age of 44 years and are approximately equally distributed between the sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Cardiac sarcomas, albeit extremely rare, are the most common primary malignant lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Depending on the subtype, they can arise from mesenchymal cells of ventricles, atria or pericardium. These malignancies proliferate quickly and cause death through widespread infiltration of the myocardium, obstruction of major cardiac vessels, and/or distant metastases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Surgical resection is the most effective local treatment for cardiac sarcomas, mainly in patients with nonmetastatic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although cardiac sarcomas are highly invasive tumors, clear surgical margins are difficult to obtain, and so they can easily recur, highlighting the need for more effective local and systemic treatments that may be used in conjunction with surgery to improve patient outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Median survival at diagnosis is 6 to 12 months even after complete surgical excision.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Primary cardiac malignancies are very rare entities, being anecdotal as asymptomatic findings. Insertion location and some imaging features, only fully detailed under multimodality assessment, provide clues toward differential diagnosis, namely with more common benign lesions. The use of advanced imaging tools for staging is key when defining the most appropriate treatment strategy. Complete surgical resection is prompted as the first option.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
