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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7fLGGYsbBkp5JLfmDVR77Cn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800346</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210660</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210660</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial no Monitoramento de Holter ap&#243;s Acidente Vascular Cerebral - Um Flashback de Dez Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-9411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1002-9985</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0671-009X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campelo</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: T&#226;nia Proen&#231;a &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o &#8211; Cardiologia - Alameda Prof. Hern&#226;ni Monteiro, <postal-code>4200-319</postal-code>, Porto - Portugal. E-mail: <email>taniagproenca@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Proen&#231;a T, Pinto RA, Carvalho MM, Sousa C, Campelo M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Proen&#231;a T, Pinto RA, Carvalho MM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sousa C, Dias P, Campelo M, Macedo F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>346</fpage>
      <lpage>348</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC)/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Supraventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboembolismo/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatorial/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; um importante fator de risco para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, aumentando cinco vezes o risco de acidente vascular cerebral; tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a eventos mais graves e a um risco maior de recorr&#234;ncia de AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o diagn&#243;stico de FA como causa de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico altera a abordagem terap&#234;utica com grande impacto progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A detec&#231;&#227;o de FA previamente desconhecida ap&#243;s o AVC &#233; crucial, e v&#225;rios estudos estabeleceram a efic&#225;cia do monitoramento de ECG para a detec&#231;&#227;o de FA p&#243;s-AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De acordo com as Diretrizes do ESO para o manejo de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), ap&#243;s a fase aguda, deve ser realizada um monitoramento Holter ECG de 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As novas diretrizes da ESC recomendam o registro de ECG de curto prazo pelo menos nas primeiras 24 h e monitoramento cont&#237;nuo de ECG por pelo menos 72 h sempre que poss&#237;vel no AVC criptog&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio em pacientes que sofreram AVC isqu&#234;mico ou AIT e realizamos Holter entre outubro de 2009 e outubro de 2011. Todos os pacientes consecutivos foram selecionados e aqueles com FA ou FA pr&#233;via foram exclu&#237;dos. Acompanhamos esses pacientes por 8 a 10 anos, observamos a incid&#234;ncia de FA e avaliamos os preditores cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de FA de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
      <p>Atividade ect&#243;pica supraventricular excessiva (AESVE) foi definida como &#8805; 500 contra&#231;&#245;es atriais prematuras por 24 horas ou qualquer epis&#243;dio de taquicardia supraventricular sustentada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 25. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do chi-quadrado, e as diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No total, foram inclu&#237;dos 104 pacientes; 79,5% tiveram AVC e 20,5% tiveram AIT; 45,7% eram do sexo feminino; a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 63,8 &#177; 14,7 anos na &#233;poca do evento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cardiovascular, T 59,0% apresentavam hipertens&#227;o, 47,4% dislipidemia, 19,5% diabetes, 43,6% fumantes ou ex-fumantes e 66,7% etilistas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, 98% dos pacientes apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal e apenas 2% apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o discretamente alterada; o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do &#225;trio anteroposterior esquerdo era de 39 mm e 60% dos pacientes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia mitral n&#227;o significativa. Holter de 24 horas revelou AESVE em 13,5% dos pacientes e FA parox&#237;stica em 1,9%. Todos os pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica detectada no Holter tiveram AVC e tinham mais de 55 anos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base e resultados do acompanhamento</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="49%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">N</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">104</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade, anos (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,8 (49,1-78,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Mulher, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dislipidemia, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Fumante ou ex-fumante, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Grandes consumidores de &#225;lcool, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do &#225;trio esquerdo, mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica esquerda, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Normal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Levemente reduzido</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Evento agudo, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Derrame</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; AIT</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Resultados de Holter na linha de base</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; FA, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; AESVE, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">No seguimento</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; FA, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AESVE: atividade ect&#243;pica supraventricular excessiva.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em um seguimento de 8-10 anos, a FA de in&#237;cio recente foi detectada em 11,5% dos pacientes; estes tiveram mortalidade semelhante aos em ritmo sinusal sustentado (16,7% vs. 21,1%, p=0,724). A ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool, fator de risco estabelecido para o desenvolvimento de FA, foi associada a um aumento n&#227;o significativo da FA (18,0% vs. 11,5%, p=0,464), enquanto fatores de risco cardiovascular, aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, insufici&#234;ncia mitral n&#227;o foram associados com desenvolvimento de FA. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s contra&#231;&#245;es atriais prematuras (CAPs), a documenta&#231;&#227;o de AESVE na apresenta&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se significativamente associada ao novo in&#237;cio de FA no seguimento (35,7% vs. 8,1%, p=0,003). A AESVE tamb&#233;m parece estar relacionada &#224; maior mortalidade no seguimento de longo prazo, embora essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha sido estatisticamente significativa (35,7% vs. 18,6%, p=0,145) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diferen&#231;as no seguimento entre pacientes com e sem AESVE. A AESVE na apresenta&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente associada &#224; FA de in&#237;cio recente no seguimento (35,7% vs. 8,1%, p=0,003) e parece estar relacionada a maior mortalidade (35,7% vs 18,6% p=0,145). AESVE: atividade ect&#243;pica supraventricular excessiva; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0346-10660-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo corrobora relatos anteriores sugerindo que CAPs excessivos aumentaram o risco de morte e FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O Copenhagen Holter Study mostrou que CAPs excessivos foram associados a um risco aumentado de morte, acidente vascular cerebral e interna&#231;&#245;es por FA em um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 6,3 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A mesma coorte foi acompanhada por 15 anos, e os pacientes com &#8805; 30 CAPs/hora ou com qualquer execu&#231;&#227;o de &#8805; 20 CAPs tiveram um risco aumentado de AVC isqu&#234;mico al&#233;m de desenvolver FA. Nesse estudo, o AVC foi mais frequentemente a primeira apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do que a FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Todos esses relatos e o presente estudo lan&#231;aram a quest&#227;o se os pacientes com ESVEA se beneficiam da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. De facto, a atribui&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular como causa do AVC altera totalmente a terap&#234;utica do doente, pelo que &#233; da maior import&#226;ncia n&#227;o s&#243; identificar os doentes com FA parox&#237;stica, mas tamb&#233;m reconhecer quais s&#227;o os que t&#234;m mais risco de ter epis&#243;dios ocultos de FA. O Holter de 24 horas permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de FA parox&#237;stica, mas aparentemente com baixa efic&#225;cia. Em nosso estudo, apenas 1,9% dos pacientes foram identificados com FA imediatamente ap&#243;s AVC ou AIT, enquanto 11,5% apresentaram FA no seguimento de longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que a AESVE &#233; um forte preditor de FA de in&#237;cio recente, destacando a import&#226;ncia do monitoramento de ECG. Esse achado, combinado com outros fatores de risco, como acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico de origem desconhecida, pode ser usado para identificar pacientes com maior risco de desenvolver FA que se beneficiam de um monitoramento de ECG de longo prazo ou de um acompanhamento mais regular.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Gr&#246;schel</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation in Holter Monitoring after Stroke &#8211; A Ten Year Flashback</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-9411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1002-9985</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0671-009X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campelo</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Medicina, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Adress: T&#226;nia Proen&#231;a &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o &#8211; Cardiologia - Alameda Prof. Hern&#226;ni Monteiro, <postal-code>4200-319</postal-code>, Porto - Portugal. E-mail: <email>taniagproenca@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Proen&#231;a T, Pinto RA, Carvalho MM, Sousa C, Campelo M; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Proen&#231;a T, Pinto RA, Carvalho MM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sousa C, Dias P, Campelo M, Macedo F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ectopic Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Thromboembolis/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatory/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for thromboembolic events, increasing five times the risk of stroke; it is also associated with more severe events and a higher risk of stroke recurrence. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> On the other hand, the diagnosis of AF as the cause of ischaemic stroke shifts the therapeutic approach with a major prognostic impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Detection of previously unknown AF after stroke is crucial, and several studies have established the effectiveness of ECG monitoring for post-stroke AF detection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> According to ESO Guidelines for managing ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA), after the acute phase, a 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring should be performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> New ESC Guidelines recommend short-term ECG recording for at least the first 24 h and continuous ECG monitoring for at least 72 h whenever possible in cryptogenic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We conducted a retrospective study in a single tertiary center in patients who suffered an ischaemic stroke or TIA and performed Holter monitoring between October 2009 and October 2011. All consecutive patients were selected, and those with AF or previous AF were excluded. We followed these patients for 8 to 10 years, observed the incidence of AF and evaluated the clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic predictors of new-onset AF.</p>
        <p>Excessive supraventricular ectopic activity (ESVEA) was defined as &#8805; 500 premature atrial contractions per 24 hours or any sustained supraventricular tachycardia episode.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test, and differences were considered statistically significant when the p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In total, 104 patients were included; 79.5% had a stroke, and 20.5% had a TIA; 45.7% were female; the mean age was 63.8 &#177; 14.7-year-old at the time of the event (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 1</xref>). Concerning cardiovascular risk factors, 59.0% had hypertension, 47.4% had dyslipidemia, 19.5% had diabetes, 43.6% were smokers or previous smokers, and 66.7% were high alcohol consumers. Regarding echocardiographic features, 98% of patients had normal systolic ejection fraction, and only 2% had mildly impaired ejection fraction; medium left anteroposterior atrial diameter was 39 mm and 60% of patients had non-significative mitral regurgitation. 24-hour Holter monitoring revealed ESVEA in 13.5% of patients and paroxysmal AF in 1.9%. All patients with paroxysmal AF detected in Holter monitoring had a stroke and were older than 55.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics and Follow-up results</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age, years (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.8 (49.1-78.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Female, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hypertension, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Smoker or previous smoker, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">High alcohol consumers, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Medium left atrial diameter, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Left systolic ventricular function, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Mildly reduced</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Acute event, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Stroke</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; TIA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Holter results at baseline</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; AF, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; ESVEA, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">At follow-up</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; AF, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>TIA: transient ischaemic attack; AF: atrial fibrillation; ESVEA: excessive supraventricular ectopic activity.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>At a follow-up of 8-10 years, new-onset AF was detected in 11.5% of patients; these had similar mortality compared to those in sustained sinus rhythm (16.7% vs. 21.1%, p=0.724). Alcohol intake, an established risk factor for the development of AF, was associated with a non-significant increase in AF (18.0% vs. 11.5%, p=0.464), while cardiovascular risk factors, left atrium enlargement, mitral regurgitation was not associated with AF development. Regarding premature atrial contractions (PACs), documentation of ESVEA at presentation showed to be significatively associated with new-onset of AF at follow-up (35.7% vs. 8.1%, p=0.003). ESVEA also seems to be related to higher mortality at a long-term follow-up, although this difference was not statistically significant (35.7% vs. 18.6%, p=0.145) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Differences in follow-up between patients with and without ESVEA. ESVEA at presentation was significatively associated with new-onset AF at follow-up (35.7% vs. 8.1%, p=0.003) and seemed to be related to higher mortality (35.7% vs. 18.6% p=0.145). ESVEA: Excessive supraventricular ectopic activit ; AF: atrial fibrillation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0346-10660-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study corroborates previous reports suggesting that excessive PACs increased the risk of death and AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Copenhagen Holter Study showed that excessive PACs were associated with an increased risk of death, stroke, and admissions for AF at a median follow-up 6.3 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The same cohort was followed for 15 years, and the patients with &#8805; 30 PACs/hour or with any runs of &#8805; 20 PACs had an increased risk of ischemic stroke beyond developing AF. In that study, stroke was often the first clinical presentation than AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> All these reports and the present study released whether patients with ESVEA benefit from anticoagulation. In fact, the assignment of atrial fibrillation as the cause of stroke totally changes patient&#8217;s therapy, so it is of major importance to identify patients with paroxysmal AF and recognize which ones have more risk of having occult episodes of AF. 24-hour Holter monitoring allows the detection of paroxysmal AF, but apparently with low effectiveness. In our study, only 1.9% of patients were identified with AF promptly after stroke or TIA, while 11.5% exhibited AF in long-term follow-up.</p>
        <p>Our study showed that ESVEA is a strong predictor of new-onset AF, highlighting the importance of ECG monitoring. This finding, combined with other risk factors such as embolic stroke of unknown source, can be used to identify patients at higher risk of developing AF who benefit from a long-term ECG monitoring or a more regular follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
