<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xJK5pNQGfPxQwT7JYq3QhKn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800328</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201362</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201362</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rastreamento, Diagn&#243;stico e Manejo da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial em Pacientes com C&#226;ncer: Evid&#234;ncias Atuais e Perspectivas Futuras</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8837-2746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9625-1124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Telma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5876-2348</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fragoso</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2904-8580</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9913-0435</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7808-3596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite-Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Adelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2165-7680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2306-8393</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Vila Nova de Gaia Hospital Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Vila Nova de Gaia Hospital Center, Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica Cardio-Oncol&#243;gica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardio-Oncol&#243;gica, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia, Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Oncologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Oncologia, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia, Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de Aracetti</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Arazede</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de Aracetti, Arazede &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica, Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Pesquisa Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Pesquisa Cardiovascular (UnIC), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes s.n., <postal-code>4434-502</postal-code>, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>pedromgoncalvesteixeira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Costa T, Fragoso I, Leite-Moreira A, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J, Fontes-Carvalho R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Costa T, Fragoso I, Ferreira D, Brand&#227;o M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Costa T, Fragoso I; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Costa T, Fragoso I, Ferreira D, Brand&#227;o M, Leite-Moreira A, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J, Fontes-Carvalho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>328</fpage>
      <lpage>341</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, tendo uma alta carga de morbimortalidade, e isso tamb&#233;m &#233; v&#225;lido para pacientes com c&#226;ncer. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre FA e c&#226;ncer vai ainda mais longe, com alguns estudos sugerindo que a FA pode ser um marcador de c&#226;ncer oculto. H&#225;, no entanto, uma not&#225;vel escassez de dados sobre os desafios espec&#237;ficos do manejo da FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer. O reconhecimento e o manejo imediatos da FA nesta popula&#231;&#227;o especial podem diminuir a morbidade relacionada &#224; arritmia e ter um importante benef&#237;cio progn&#243;stico. Esta revis&#227;o se concentrar&#225; nos desafios atuais de diagn&#243;stico e manejo da FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, com &#234;nfase especial nas estrat&#233;gias e dispositivos de rastreamento da FA e na terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K (NOACs) para preven&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica nesses pacientes. Alguns <italic>insights</italic> sobre as perspectivas futuras para a preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da FA nesta popula&#231;&#227;o especial tamb&#233;m ser&#227;o abordados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#226;ncer</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Rastreamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardio-Oncologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Coagula&#231;&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="105"/>
        <page-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Cardio-oncologia emergiu como um campo cl&#237;nico crucial no manejo de pacientes com c&#226;ncer na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada. As cl&#237;nicas de cardio-oncologia agora oferecem um atendimento cl&#237;nico verdadeiramente centrado no paciente e se mostraram &#250;teis na preven&#231;&#227;o da toxicidade cardiovascular relacionada &#224; terapia do c&#226;ncer</p>
      <p>Tradicionalmente, as cl&#237;nicas de oncologia limitavam-se ao conhecimento da potencial toxicidade aos cardiomi&#243;citos e o risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subsequente. Agora temos uma vis&#227;o cada vez mais amadurecida da pl&#234;iade de cardiotoxicidade relacionada &#224; terapia do c&#226;ncer. Isso inclui um amplo espectro de complica&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias, tromboemb&#243;licas e arr&#237;tmicas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Carga da FA</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; reconhecida como a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum, com preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 0,5 a 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Pacientes com FA t&#234;m um risco cinco vezes maior de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e um risco tr&#234;s vezes maior de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, a FA &#233; um preditor independente de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os fatores que predisp&#245;em ao desenvolvimento de FA incluem o envelhecimento (a preval&#234;ncia de FA chega a 10% em pacientes com mais de 80 anos),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares como hipertens&#227;o, valvopatia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e uma variedade de comorbidades n&#227;o-cardiovasculares como diabetes, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica, apneia obstrutiva do sono, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal, entre outras.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre FA e c&#226;ncer &#233; reconhecida h&#225; muito tempo e &#233; de certa forma esperada com base no aumento da preval&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer com o envelhecimento e na alta frequ&#234;ncia de comorbidades que predisp&#245;em &#224; FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos de coorte de base populacional mostraram a clara associa&#231;&#227;o bidirecional entre essas entidades. Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente mostrou que a taxa de diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer foi tr&#234;s vezes maior nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de FA. Por outro lado, o risco de FA estava particularmente aumentado nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer (OR 7,62, IC 3,08 a 18,88).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em um grande estudo caso-controle populacional com 28.833 casos de FA, 0,59% deles foram diagnosticados com c&#226;ncer colorretal nos 90 dias anteriores ao diagn&#243;stico de FA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com apenas 0,05% dos controles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Outro estudo de coorte tamb&#233;m descobriu que a FA estava associada a uma maior taxa de incid&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer nas duas d&#233;cadas subsequentes de seguimento e, mais uma vez, isso &#233; particularmente verdadeiro dentro do per&#237;odo de 90 dias ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de FA. Nesse per&#237;odo de 90 dias, os homens apresentaram risco aproximadamente tr&#234;s vezes maior de ter um diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer, enquanto as mulheres tiveram um risco quatro vezes maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em um estudo observacional publicado recentemente, abrangendo 4.324.545 indiv&#237;duos, dos quais 316.040 apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer, a FA permaneceu independentemente associada a todos os principais subtipos de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia geral de FA foi de 1,74% entre os pacientes com c&#226;ncer versus 0,37% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, e essa diferen&#231;a aumentou com a idade. A for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o diminuiu ao longo do tempo a partir do diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer, mas permaneceu significativa mesmo ap&#243;s 5 anos (taxa de incid&#234;ncia de 3,4 do dia 0 ao dia 90 e 1,1 de 2 a 5 anos a partir do diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer). Outro estudo de coorte nacional concluiu que a FA estava fortemente associada ao c&#226;ncer metast&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sabe-se que a FA pode ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica, principalmente em idosos. A frequente natureza parox&#237;stica da FA complica ainda mais o seu reconhecimento precoce. Estudos demonstraram que at&#233; 45% de todos os AVCs relacionados &#224; FA ocorreram em pacientes com FA assintom&#225;tica e desconhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Acredita-se que o risco significativo de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas da FA seja ainda maior em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, em quem geralmente prevalece um estado pr&#243;-coagulante.</p>
        <p>O rastreamento e a investiga&#231;&#227;o da FA podem ter um papel potencial na preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es se o tratamento adequado for prescrito precocemente.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, como a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FA e c&#226;ncer vai ainda mais longe, alguns estudos sugerem que a FA pode ser um marcador de c&#226;ncer oculto. Os autores de uma meta-an&#225;lise composta por 5 estudos observacionais de base populacional, incluindo mais de 5.500.000 pacientes, recomendaram que pacientes com FA de in&#237;cio recente fossem avaliados para c&#226;ncer oculto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Atualmente isso &#233; bastante controverso, e foi refutado por outros autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o se concentrar&#225; nos desafios atuais de diagn&#243;stico e manejo de FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, com &#234;nfase especial no rastreamento de FA e terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC tromboemb&#243;lico nesses pacientes. Alguns <italic>insights</italic> sobre as perspectivas futuras para a preven&#231;&#227;o, identifica&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da FA nesta popula&#231;&#227;o especial tamb&#233;m ser&#227;o fornecidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>FA e C&#226;ncer: liga&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas propostas</title>
        <p>M&#250;ltiplas rela&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas foram propostas para explicar a forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre as duas entidades (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A intera&#231;&#227;o multifatorial e bidirecional entre c&#226;ncer e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Veja o texto para mais detalhes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0328-01362-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A exist&#234;ncia de fatores de risco compartilhados para c&#226;ncer e FA &#8211; como doen&#231;as cardiovasculares preexistentes, envelhecimento, obesidade, diabetes, consumo de &#225;lcool e tabagismo &#8211; pode explicar uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa dessa rela&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com c&#226;ncer frequentemente experimentam dor, hip&#243;xia, anormalidades eletrol&#237;ticas e desnutri&#231;&#227;o, todas as quais podem provocar v&#225;rias anormalidades auton&#244;micas e end&#243;crino-metab&#243;licas que contribuem para a FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No n&#237;vel dos &#225;trios, o crescimento tumoral prim&#225;rio ou metast&#225;tico pode provocar compress&#227;o ou invas&#227;o local, ambos com potencial para desencadear FA.</p>
        <p>Tem sido sugerido que o c&#226;ncer aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de FA atrav&#233;s da produ&#231;&#227;o anormal de pept&#237;deos semelhantes aos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Uma variedade de s&#237;ndromes paraneopl&#225;sicas pode levar a desarranjos end&#243;crinos ou metab&#243;licos e preparar o terreno para o desenvolvimento de FA. Outros mecanismos autoimunes que t&#234;m como alvo o tecido atrial foram postulados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O c&#226;ncer oculto n&#227;o diagnosticado, acompanhado pelo t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico alterado e um estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio, pode preceder a FA e explicar, pelo menos em parte, a associa&#231;&#227;o. Em alguns desses casos, a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pode desmascarar o dist&#250;rbio neopl&#225;sico, promovendo eventos hemorr&#225;gicos relacionados ao tumor. Al&#233;m disso, estando mais expostos a exames m&#233;dicos e testes diagn&#243;sticos, pacientes com c&#226;ncer recentemente diagnosticados t&#234;m maior probabilidade de diagn&#243;stico de FA de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
        <p>H&#225; uma grande quantidade de evid&#234;ncias ligando a FA a dist&#250;rbios inflamat&#243;rios. A alta preval&#234;ncia de FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e em est&#225;gios agudos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou miocardite, fornecem uma valiosa vis&#227;o sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre FA e inflama&#231;&#227;o. Estudos histol&#243;gicos exploraram ainda mais essa quest&#227;o, com pacientes com FA apresentando infiltrados de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias no endoc&#225;rdio do &#225;trio direito, o que n&#227;o foi observado nos controles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos avaliaram biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios nesse contexto, mostrando que a prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> interleucina 2 (IL-2),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> interleucina 6 (IL-6),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> fator de necrose tumoral-&#945; (TNF-&#945;) e prote&#237;na quimiot&#225;tica de mon&#243;citos 1 (MCP-1)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> estavam significativamente elevados em pacientes com FA quando comparados aos controles. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre c&#226;ncer e inflama&#231;&#227;o, sendo notavelmente robusta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> permite levantar a hip&#243;tese de que a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; provavelmente um substrato comum para FA e c&#226;ncer em alguns pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A FA &#233; frequentemente observada ap&#243;s a terapia cir&#250;rgica para c&#226;ncer, e isso &#233; particularmente evidente ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar para c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o, com um grande estudo observacional mostrando uma preval&#234;ncia de 12,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Isso tamb&#233;m foi documentado ap&#243;s cirurgia para c&#226;ncer de es&#244;fago, colorretal e de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finalmente, v&#225;rios medicamentos anticancer&#237;genos amplamente utilizados t&#234;m sido associados a um risco aumentado de FA incidente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Um interesse renovado neste campo surgiu ap&#243;s os primeiros relatos de FA relacionada ao ibrutinibe, um inibidor de tirosina quinase (TKi) utilizado em pacientes com leucemia linfoc&#237;tica cr&#244;nica, linfoma de c&#233;lulas do manto e outras malignidades hematol&#243;gicas. A incid&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes sob terapia com ibrutinibe variou de 3% a 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Os efeitos antiplaquet&#225;rios do ibrutinibe, que parece inibir as etapas iniciais de ades&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;rias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> podem representar desafios terap&#234;uticos quando &#233; necess&#225;rio tomar uma decis&#227;o sobre a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Tem sido sugerido que a terapia de priva&#231;&#227;o androg&#234;nica utilizada para tratar o c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata pode levar a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de FA, possivelmente relacionada ao hipogonadismo relacionado &#224; hormonoterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Esse risco foi mais pronunciado com a abiraterona, medicamento que tamb&#233;m bloqueia as enzimas CYP17, podendo causar hipermineralocortisolismo, promovendo hipocalemia e FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, os inibidores do checkpoint imunol&#243;gico (ICI, <italic>immune checkpoint inhibitors</italic>), tamb&#233;m foram associados &#224; FA de in&#237;cio recente devido &#224; sua propens&#227;o a causar inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e peric&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s de mecanismos autoimunes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Outros efeitos colaterais autoimunes dos ICIs, como tireoidite, tamb&#233;m podem predispor ao desenvolvimento de FA.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia relatada de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial induzida por terapia de c&#226;ncer</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Classe terap&#234;utica</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Agente medicamentoso</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Frequ&#234;ncia de FA relatada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Agentes alquilantes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Antraciclinas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,55 &#8211; 10,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Melfalano</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10,8 &#8211; 33%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Bussulfan</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ciclofosfamida</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Antimetab&#243;litos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5-Fluorouracil</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Capecitabina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5 &#8211; 1,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Gemcitabina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0-8,1% <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">(*)</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Taxanes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Paclitaxel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,18 - 1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Imunomoduladores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Talidomida</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Lenalidomida</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,6 - 7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Derivados de platina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cisplatina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10-32%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7" valign="middle">Inibidores da tirosina quinase</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ibrutinibe (BTK)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3-16%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Nilotinibe (BCR-ABL1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ponatinibe (BCR-ABL1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3-7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Vemurafenibe (BRAF)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Imatinibe (BCR-ABL1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,55 &#8211; 33%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Dasatinibe (BCR-ABL1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sorafenibe (VEGFR)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,1% <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">(**)</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Inibidores do proteassoma</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Bortezomibe</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Carfilzomibe</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2 &#8211; 3,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Anticorpos monoclonais</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Trastuzumabe (HER2/ERBB2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Bevacizumabe (VEFG)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cetuximabe (EGFR/HER1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alentuzumabe (CD52)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rituximabe (CD20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Outros</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Interleucina 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,3 &#8211; 8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">ICIs</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Nivolumabe (anti-PD1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">13%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pembrolizumabe (anti-PD1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ipilimumabe (anti-CTLA4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Terapia com c&#233;lulas CAR-T</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Hormonoterapia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Degarelix</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Abiraterona</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 &#8211; 5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Radioterapia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5 &#8211;3,2%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Incid&#234;ncia de FA de 0% quando usada isoladamente, 8% quando associada &#224; vinorelbina.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>(**)</label>
              <p>A preval&#234;ncia relatada foi encontrada em associa&#231;&#227;o com 5-FU, em estudo de fase II. &#201; interessante lembrar que essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; utilizada atualmente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A radioterapia tor&#225;cica est&#225; associada &#224; fibrose mioc&#225;rdica potencialmente causando uma cardiomiopatia restritiva em longo prazo, e a associada eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de enchimento favorece o desenvolvimento de FA. O aumento da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica a n&#237;vel dos &#225;trios pode preparar o terreno para a subsequente remodela&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e/ou el&#233;trica, eventualmente causando a FA.</p>
        <p>Deve-se reconhecer, no entanto, que a incid&#234;ncia real de FA relacionada &#224; terapia do c&#226;ncer provavelmente ser&#225; subestimada, pois o monitoramento de rotina &#233; raramente realizado ou compreende apenas um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de registro &#250;nico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A justificativa para o rastreamento da FA</title>
        <p>A FA n&#227;o raramente &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica, e o risco de AVC ou morte foi semelhante entre a FA sintom&#225;tica e a FA silenciosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> At&#233; 5% dos indiv&#237;duos com FA t&#234;m um AVC como manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial de sua arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Isso pode representar cerca de um ter&#231;o de todos os AVCs relacionados &#224; FA. A FA est&#225; associada ao aumento do risco de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> e isso tamb&#233;m se mostrou verdadeiro em pacientes com c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC tromboemb&#243;lico devido &#224; introdu&#231;&#227;o precoce de anticoagulante oral em pacientes de risco &#233; talvez o benef&#237;cio mais plaus&#237;vel dos programas de rastreamento de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Outros benef&#237;cios te&#243;ricos propostos do reconhecimento e manejo precoce da FA incluem redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; FA e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade relacionada &#224; FA.</p>
        <p>O valor agregado do rastreamento oportunista/sistem&#225;tico versus o padr&#227;o de cuidado para detectar FA silenciosa na popula&#231;&#227;o geral est&#225; bem estabelecido, e as taxas de FA rec&#233;m-diagnosticada variaram de 0,5 a 3,9% na maioria dos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> O ganho crescente dos programas de rastreio parece estar mais intimamente relacionado com a popula&#231;&#227;o rastreada e a dura&#231;&#227;o do rastreamento do que com as caracter&#237;sticas dos dispositivos/testes espec&#237;ficos.</p>
        <p>Fatores como idade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> hist&#243;rico anterior de AVC tromboemb&#243;lico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> escore CHA2DS2-VASc<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> e n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> t&#234;m sido propostos como potencialmente &#250;teis para otimizar o &#8220;n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para rastreamento&#8221; desses programas, possivelmente permitindo a melhora do benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido e custo-benef&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Curiosamente, o escore CHA2DS2-VASc n&#227;o apenas prediz o risco de AVC entre pacientes com FA conhecida, mas tamb&#233;m tem um desempenho bastante razo&#225;vel na previs&#227;o de FA rec&#233;m-diagnosticada. Isso pode ser &#250;til como uma porta de entrada para programas de rastreamento, n&#227;o apenas (1) ajudando a selecionar os pacientes com maior probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de FA silenciosa, mas tamb&#233;m porque (2) garante que todos os casos detectados obtenham benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico da prescri&#231;&#227;o do anticoagulante oral (ACO).</p>
        <p>O ensaio cl&#237;nico STROKESTOP incluiu indiv&#237;duos de 75 e 76 anos, selecionando participantes com um escore CHA2DS2-VASc de pelo menos 2 pontos (idade&gt;75). FA previamente desconhecida foi encontrada em 0,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o rastreada em seu primeiro ECG, enquanto registros de ECG intermitentes aumentaram a detec&#231;&#227;o de FA em 4 vezes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo STROKESTOP II acrescentou a isso o uso do NT-proBNP, em uma estrat&#233;gia gradual para rastreamento de FA em indiv&#237;duos de 75 e 76 anos. O grupo de alto risco (NT-proBNP &#8805;125 ng/L) recebeu um rastreio de ECG estendido, enquanto o grupo de baixo risco realizou apenas um registro de ECG. No grupo de alto risco, 4,4% tiveram FA rec&#233;m-diagnosticada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mesmo em coortes com maior risco de AVC tromboemb&#243;lico (ou seja, aqueles com AVC emb&#243;lico anterior de origem indeterminada), o tratamento emp&#237;rico com ACO n&#227;o demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o no AVC recorrente. Isso refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do registro eficaz da FA antes da implementa&#231;&#227;o de tais terapias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> mesmo em coortes de alta preval&#234;ncia e alto risco, como pacientes com c&#226;ncer. Em pacientes com FA documentada, a terapia com ACO reduziu as taxas de AVC em dois ter&#231;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gias para o rastreamento de FA</title>
        <p>V&#225;rios m&#233;todos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para rastreamento de FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). O m&#233;todo mais simples de rastreamento para FA &#233; a tomada de pulso, que fornece boa sensibilidade, mas uma especificidade modesta (intervalo relatado de 65 a 91%). Outras abordagens incluem dispositivos automatizados de press&#227;o arterial (aqueles capazes de realizar an&#225;lises oscilom&#233;tricas),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> dispositivos n&#227;o invasivos para registro de ECG de deriva&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica e <italic>patches</italic> de monitoramento do ritmo card&#237;aco.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>V&#225;rios m&#233;todos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para rastreamento ambulatorial de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. PA: press&#227;o arterial. DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel. MCI: monitor card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0328-01362-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Mais recentemente, o monitoramento ambulatorial baseado em smartphone e smartwatch introduziu a capacidade de monitoramento ativado pelo paciente sem a necessidade de dispositivos vest&#237;veis e por per&#237;odos indefinidos. O smartwatch mostrou resultados promissores em um estudo com 419.000 participantes, sobre rastreamento em massa para FA. Padr&#245;es de ritmo irregulares foram detectados em 0,52% dos participantes, e isso levou &#224; confirma&#231;&#227;o posterior com um eletrocardiograma (ECG) por <italic>patch</italic>. O valor preditivo positivo dos ritmos irregulares detectados pelo smartwatch como poss&#237;vel FA foi de 0,71. Deve-se notar, no entanto, o perfil et&#225;rio desfavor&#225;vel dos indiv&#237;duos inscritos, em sua maioria jovens (52% com menos de 40 anos e apenas 6% com 65 anos ou mais).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de ritmo baseada em intelig&#234;ncia artificial &#233; frequentemente dependente de algoritmos heterog&#234;neos e, portanto, &#233; necess&#225;ria a valida&#231;&#227;o subsequente dos achados. Isso se aplica n&#227;o apenas &#224; an&#225;lise de pletismografia para irregularidades de onda de pulso, mas tamb&#233;m para gera&#231;&#227;o de ECG de deriva&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica de alguns dispositivos, cuja precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica ainda n&#227;o substitui o julgamento humano. Isso pode representar um desafio para os sistemas de sa&#250;de, j&#225; frequentemente confrontados com escassez de recursos humanos, uma vez que a grande quantidade de dados gerados por esses dispositivos acaba por necessitar de valida&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, estudos randomizados de rastreamento de FA n&#227;o demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o no AVC ou outros desfechos importantes. Deve-se reconhecer, no entanto, que nenhum desses estudos tinha poder adequado para demonstrar tal efeito. V&#225;rios estudos est&#227;o atualmente em andamento, buscando fornecer insights sobre esse importante t&#243;pico (SAFER,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> DANCANVAS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> LOOP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> GUARD-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup>).</p>
        <p>Duas importantes desvantagens t&#234;m sido apontadas a respeito das estrat&#233;gias de rastreamento da FA. A primeira diz respeito ao risco de resultados falso-positivos e potencial de risco aumentado de sangramento em pacientes nos quais a ACO n&#227;o traz benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico. As consequ&#234;ncias psicol&#243;gicas esperadas de um resultado falso positivo, no que diz respeito aos n&#237;veis de ansiedade e diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida, podem ter import&#226;ncia redobrada em pacientes oncol&#243;gicos. A segunda enfatiza o significado cl&#237;nico incerto de epis&#243;dios curtos de FA documentados com modalidades de rastreamento prolongado. De fato, esses epis&#243;dios de arritmia de curta dura&#231;&#227;o podem n&#227;o representar risco aumentado de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o de FA de in&#237;cio recente com qualquer estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento, deve-se ressaltar, no entanto, que a confirma&#231;&#227;o de FA por ECG ainda &#233; obrigat&#243;ria nas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para rastreamento de FA</title>
        <p>A Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC, <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>) recomenda o rastreamento oportuno da FA atrav&#233;s da tomada de pulso ou fita de ECG em pacientes com &gt;65 anos, com Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o (COR, <italic>Class of Recommendation</italic>) I e N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia (LOE, <italic>Level of Evidence</italic>) B.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De acordo com as mesmas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, o rastreamento sistem&#225;tico por ECG pode ser considerado para detectar FA em pacientes com 75 anos ou mais ou naqueles com alto risco de AVC (COR IIb, LOE B).Um documento de consenso da <italic>European Heart Rhythm Association</italic> (EHRA) acrescenta que o rastreamento para FA &#233; recomendado em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, devido ao seu custo-efetividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, a <italic>United States Preventive Services Task Force</italic> (For&#231;a-Tarefa de Servi&#231;os Preventivos) dos Estados Unidos afirma que as evid&#234;ncias atuais s&#227;o insuficientes para avaliar o equil&#237;brio entre benef&#237;cios e danos do rastreamento de FA com eletrocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar da alta carga de FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre o rastreamento de FA nesses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rastreamento de FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer: quais s&#227;o as evid&#234;ncias?</title>
        <p>H&#225; uma surpreendente escassez de dados sobre o rastreamento de FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer. Al&#233;m disso, malignidade atual e/ou exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; quimioterapia ou radioterapia foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o em alguns estudos sobre rastreamento de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Curiosamente, a maioria dos estudos de rastreamento de FA nem sequer relata a preval&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer quando se trata de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o rastreada. Entre os poucos estudos que relatam a preval&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer no in&#237;cio do estudo, n&#227;o existe uma descri&#231;&#227;o clara sobre a taxa de FA rec&#233;m identificada e/ou o &#8220;n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio rastrear&#8221; nesses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Um estudo transversal nacional da Irlanda rastreou aleatoriamente 2.200 pacientes com 70 anos ou mais com um monitor de ECG de 3 deriva&#231;&#245;es na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. A taxa de incid&#234;ncia de FA rec&#233;m-diagnosticada foi de 1,2%. Este estudo relatou uma preval&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o de 0,3% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral rastreada, mas, uma vez mais, n&#227;o h&#225; dados dispon&#237;veis sobre a taxa de incid&#234;ncia de FA rec&#233;m-identificada para esses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo da FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer</title>
        <p>Os princ&#237;pios gerais de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da FA e recomenda&#231;&#245;es gerais de manejo tamb&#233;m se aplicam a pacientes com c&#226;ncer. Por uma quest&#227;o de consist&#234;ncia, o autor seguir&#225; a abordagem &#8220;ABC&#8221; recomendada pelas diretrizes para o tratamento da FA (A: evitar acidente vascular cerebral, anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (<italic>avoid stroke, anticoagulation</italic>); B: melhor controle dos sintomas, incluindo decis&#245;es compartilhadas pelo paciente sobre estrat&#233;gias de controle de frequ&#234;ncia ou ritmo (<italic>better symptom management, including patient-shared decisions on rate or rhythm control strategies</italic>); C: redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular e de comorbidade (<italic>cardiovascular and comorbidity risk reduction</italic>). Tamb&#233;m abordamos algumas particularidades dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer que merecem considera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Regime antitromb&#243;tico</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com FA da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, o risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico &#233; estratificado com precis&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria pelo escore CHA2DS2-VASc, e pacientes com escore &#8805;1 (exceto para o sexo feminino isolado), s&#227;o considerados como tendo risco/benef&#237;cio favor&#225;vel sob terapia com ACO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Isso deve ser equilibrado com o risco de sangramento em cada paciente. O escore HAS-BLED foi proposto para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de sangramento na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> A escala de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco HEMORR2HAGES tem a caracter&#237;stica &#250;nica de incluir o c&#226;ncer como fator de risco para sangramento na FA, mas carece de valida&#231;&#227;o externa. A modifica&#231;&#227;o do fator de risco &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia para minimizar o risco de sangramento. Al&#233;m do desempenho abaixo do ideal e da capacidade discriminat&#243;ria, os in&#250;meros escores de risco de sangramento dispon&#237;veis t&#234;m o m&#233;rito de destacar esses fatores de risco modific&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>A terapia com ACO reduz o risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico em cerca de 60%. V&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos de refer&#234;ncia evidenciaram o perfil de seguran&#231;a superior de NOACs <italic>versus</italic> AVKs (antagonistas da vitamina K) com efic&#225;cia compar&#225;vel na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> Entretanto, esses estudos, direta (excluindo pacientes submetidos a quimioterapia/radioterapia ativa) ou indiretamente (n&#227;o permitindo a inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com sobrevida esperada de &lt;12 meses), exclu&#237;ram pacientes com c&#226;ncer ativo.</p>
          <p>Os eventos tromb&#243;ticos s&#227;o a segunda causa de mortalidade em pacientes com c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> No entanto, o c&#226;ncer e muitas de suas caracter&#237;sticas de risco tromb&#243;tico n&#227;o s&#227;o incorporados no c&#225;lculo do escore CHA2DS2-VASc. Al&#233;m disso, o risco de sangramento associado ao c&#226;ncer pode, teoricamente, mudar o &#8220;ponto de benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido&#8221; da ACO nesses pacientes em dire&#231;&#227;o a um escore CHA2DS2-VASc mais alto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pacientes com c&#226;ncer e FA apresentam risco tromb&#243;tico e hemorr&#225;gico simultaneamente alto. Os fatores dos pacientes, bem como os riscos espec&#237;ficos do tumor e os efeitos adversos da terap&#234;utica do c&#226;ncer, representam desafios adicionais. A indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para esses pacientes deve ser individualizada, e diversos fatores, n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos nos escores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, devem ser considerados. (*) Alcaloides vinca, agentes alquilantes, anticorpos monoclonais (aflibercepte, bevacizumabe, ramucirumabe, trastuzumabe emtansina), antiestrog&#234;nicos, antimetab&#243;litos (pentostatina), antraciclinas, bleomicina, camptotecinas, carfilzomibe, epipodofilotoxinas, ibrutinibe, BCR-ABL, BRAF e inibidores de VEGF/VEGFR, interleucinas, L-asparaginase, ruxolitinibe, taxanos, temozolomida, ciclofosfamida, ifosfamida, megestrol, tamoxifeno. (**) O escore CHA2DS2-VASc &#233; um forte preditor de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes com FA previamente conhecida, mas com desempenho insatisfat&#243;rio para a previs&#227;o de risco de AVC em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e FA rec&#233;m-diagnosticada. Consulte o texto para obter mais detalhes. (***) Agentes alquilantes (carboplatina, ciclofosfamida, cisplatina, estramustina, oxaliplatina, temozolomida), an&#225;logos do horm&#244;nio liberador de gonadotropina, antiandrog&#234;nicos, anticorpos monoclonais (aflibercepte, bevacizumabe, cetuximabe, panitumumabe), antraciclinas, antimetab&#243;litos (capecitabina, 5-fluorouracil, gencitabina, metotrexato, pentostatina), imunomoduladores (lenalidomida, pomalidomida, talidomida), inibidores de aromatase, bleomicina, inibidores de prote&#237;na quinase (axitinibe, lenvatinibe, pazopanibe, sorafenibe, sunitinibe), inibidores de mTOR, inibidores de proteassomo (carfilzomibe), irinotecano, taxanos, tasonermina, tretino&#237;na, megestrol, progestag&#234;nios, raloxifeno, tamoxifeno, vinflunina, vorinostat, agentes estimuladores da eritropoiese e fatores estimulantes de col&#244;nias de granul&#243;citos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0328-01362-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          <p>An&#225;lises conflitantes t&#234;m sido feitas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desempenho dos escores CHADS2 e CHA2DS2-VASc em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e FA. Em um estudo que incluiu mais de 120.000 pacientes, aqueles com c&#226;ncer e um baixo escore CHA2DS2-VASc (0-1) tiveram um risco maior de AVC do que pacientes sem c&#226;ncer, mas naqueles com escore &#8805;2, o risco de AVC foi semelhante entre pacientes com e sem c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em um estudo com cerca de 2.000 pacientes, o escore CHADS2 foi mais preditivo de risco aumentado de AVC em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e FA pr&#233;-existente (cada aumento de um ponto foi associado a um risco quase 40% maior de AVC) do que o escore CHA2DS2-VASc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> No mesmo estudo, entretanto, ambos os escores previram com precis&#227;o o risco de acidente vascular cerebral e a sobrevida. Curiosamente, em outro estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> o escore CHADS2 n&#227;o apresentou poder para prever tromboembolismo em pacientes com c&#226;ncer com FA de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
          <p>Por outro lado, pacientes com c&#226;ncer recente apresentaram maior risco de sangramento, independente do escore CHA2DS2-VASc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup> Pacientes com c&#226;ncer t&#234;m um risco visivelmente maior de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, pela localiza&#231;&#227;o da malignidade, cirurgia do c&#226;ncer, trombocitopenia, disfun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, agentes quimioter&#225;picos, radioterapia, insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hep&#225;tica iatrog&#234;nica e/ou relacionada ao tumor, supress&#227;o da medula &#243;ssea (pelo dist&#250;rbio neopl&#225;sico ou terap&#234;utica relacionada ao c&#226;ncer), coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada ou hiperfibrin&#243;lise em subconjuntos espec&#237;ficos, mucosite e doen&#231;a de von Willebrand adquirida. No registro de Riete,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> sangramento pr&#233;vio, clearance de creatinina &lt;;30 mL/min, imobilidade &#8805;4 dias e doen&#231;a metast&#225;tica foram os preditores mais importantes de sangramento maior em pacientes com c&#226;ncer submetidos &#224; terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Em uma grande an&#225;lise de dados de registro, pacientes com c&#226;ncer tiveram um aumento de duas a seis vezes no risco de sangramento em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sem c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> A taxa de AVC isqu&#234;mico foi, no entanto, compar&#225;vel.</p>
          <p>Evid&#234;ncias de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados comparando NOACs com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK) ou heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) para preven&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e FA n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis at&#233; o momento.</p>
          <p>Recentemente v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) enfatizaram o perfil de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do NOAC para profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> e tratamento<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup> em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, em compara&#231;&#227;o com heparinas de baixo peso molecular (HBPM). Em todos esses estudos, o risco de sangramento minor foi maior com NOAC <italic>versus</italic> HBPM (causado pela maior taxa de sangramento gastrointestinal). O risco de sangramento major foi semelhante entre as duas classes de medicamentos em alguns estudos (Caravaggio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup> e SELECT-D<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref></sup>), mas um risco aumentado com o uso de NOAC foi observado em um estudo (Hokusai VTE Cancer<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup>). At&#233; certo ponto, uma extrapola&#231;&#227;o cautelosa pode ser feita a partir desses estudos, mas a fisiopatologia tromboemb&#243;lica &#250;nica em pacientes com FA merece estudos dedicados.</p>
          <p>Dados observacionais recentes de uma coorte de 16.096 pacientes com FA e c&#226;ncer sugerem que os NOACs podem ser pelo menos t&#227;o eficazes quanto a varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC isqu&#234;mico e ter um perfil de sangramento mais seguro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Um resumo de v&#225;rias sub-an&#225;lises dos principais estudos cl&#237;nicos de terapia de FA com ACO em pacientes com c&#226;ncer &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. Em uma sub-an&#225;lise do estudo ARISTOTLE, a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia de apixabana <italic>versus</italic> varfarina foram compar&#225;veis entre pacientes com e sem c&#226;ncer ativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup> Curiosamente, os pacientes com c&#226;ncer obtiveram um benef&#237;cio maior da terapia com apixabana para o <italic>endpoint</italic> composto de AVC/embolismo sist&#234;mico, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) e morte. Esses resultados foram replicados em uma an&#225;lise de 1.153 pacientes inicialmente inclu&#237;dos no estudo ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48, que desenvolveu neoplasias novas ou recorrentes em um seguimento m&#233;dio de 495 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup> No geral, o perfil de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do edoxaban em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina foi preservado.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>NOACs versus varfarina para preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">NOAC</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"><italic>Endpoint</italic> de efic&#225;cia prim&#225;ria vs. Varfarina RR [IC 95%]</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"><italic>Endpoint</italic> de seguran&#231;a prim&#225;rio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> vs. Varfarina RR [IC 95%]</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o Geral <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref> </th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">C&#226;ncer <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref> </th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o Geral <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref> </th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">
                    <italic>C&#226;ncer</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Dabigatrana</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,91 [0,53-0,82] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14 [0,03 - 0,57] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,93 [0,81-1,07] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23 [0,07-0,74] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Rivaroxabana</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,79 [0,66-0,96]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,52 [0,22-1,21]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03 [0,96-1,11]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,09 [0,82-1,44] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Apixabana</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,79 [0,66-0,95]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,09 [0,56-2,26]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,69 [0,60-0,80]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 [0,56-1,14] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Edoxabana</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,79 [0,63-0,99] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60 [0,31-1,15] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,87 [0,73-1,04] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,98 [0,69&#8211;1,40] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Resultados de sangramento maior, a menos que especificado de outra forma.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Dados de ECRs de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>Dados de sub-an&#225;lise post-hoc ou estudos observacionais.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>Resultados de um estudo retrospectivo observacional, que incluiu 140 pacientes em uso de dabigatrana, e observou dois acidentes vasculares cerebrais isqu&#234;micos e tr&#234;s eventos hemorr&#225;gicos maiores neste bra&#231;o de estudo (Kim K, et al. 2018].</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>S&#227;o apresentados os resultados para a dosagem de 150mg de Dabigatrana.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>Sangramento grave ou n&#227;o grave clinicamente relevante.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>S&#227;o apresentados os resultados para a dosagem de 60mg de Edoxabana.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em uma meta-an&#225;lise recentemente publicada que incluiu mais de 20.000 pacientes com FA e c&#226;ncer recebendo ACO, os NOACs apresentaram taxas mais baixas ou semelhantes de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e hemorr&#225;gicos em compara&#231;&#227;o com a varfarina (37% de redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC, 27% de redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de sangramento maior).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup> Esses resultados ainda s&#227;o explorat&#243;rios e devem ser interpretados com cautela at&#233; que os ECRs estejam dispon&#237;veis. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante diz respeito aos dados limitados sobre o estadiamento do c&#226;ncer, o que pode ter levado a fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o controlados se o tipo de ACO (NOACs <italic>vs</italic>. AVK) variasse de acordo com o estadiamento do c&#226;ncer. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com maior gravidade da doen&#231;a (ou seja, aqueles com expectativa de vida reduzida) foram indiretamente exclu&#237;dos pela an&#225;lise, pois foram exclu&#237;dos pelos numerosos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o individualizada do perfil de risco tromb&#243;tico e de sangramento, comorbidades e intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas esperadas em cada paciente continua sendo fundamental, seja antes do in&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia com ACO, ao avaliar a necessidade de ajuste de dose ou modifica&#231;&#227;o do esquema, ou at&#233; mesmo a descontinua&#231;&#227;o da terapia.</p>
          <p>Equilibrar o risco tromb&#243;tico e/ou de sangramento permanece particularmente desafiador em cen&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos, de acordo com as comorbidades, localiza&#231;&#227;o do tumor, estadiamento e terapias relacionadas ao c&#226;ncer, alguns das quais s&#227;o abordados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>. Embora, no momento, n&#227;o existam dados para orientar a escolha de anticoagulantes espec&#237;ficos na maioria desses cen&#225;rios extremos, parece aconselh&#225;vel abster-se de usar rivaroxabana, dabigatrana ou edoxabana em pacientes com c&#226;ncer gastrointestinal com alto risco de sangramento.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Encerramento do AAE</title>
        <p>O encerrramento percut&#226;neo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) n&#227;o foi inferior &#224; varfarina para a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, e pode ser considerado naqueles pacientes com maior risco de AVC que apresentam contraindica&#231;&#227;o para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> A ACO n&#227;o &#233; nem mesmo necess&#225;ria no p&#243;s-procedimento, pois a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla nos primeiros seis meses mostrou-se igualmente segura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup> &#201; interessante lembrar que pacientes com trombocitopenia (contagem de plaquetas &lt;100.000) ou anemia (hemoglobina &lt;10g/dL) foram exclu&#237;dos dos principais estudos que validaram seu uso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Especificidades do controle da frequ&#234;ncia e do ritmo card&#237;acos em pacientes com c&#226;ncer</title>
        <p>Para controle sintom&#225;tico, uma estrat&#233;gia de controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (controle do batimento) ou restaura&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal (controle do ritmo) pode ser razo&#225;vel. A idade e o estado funcional do paciente, as comorbidades, a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA e as intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas previstas com o uso de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos e de controle de frequ&#234;ncia s&#227;o aspectos valiosos ao decidir entre as duas estrat&#233;gias.</p>
        <p>A FA de in&#237;cio recente pode surgir no contexto de dist&#250;rbios sist&#234;micos, infecciosos, metab&#243;licos e/ou end&#243;crinos, e sua corre&#231;&#227;o pode ser suficiente para restaurar o ritmo sinusal.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m desses cen&#225;rios, na FA hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt;48h, uma estrat&#233;gia de controle de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca costuma ser a primeira abordagem. Evid&#234;ncias de ECR de refer&#234;ncia que mostram aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio com uma estrat&#233;gia de controle de ritmo e um potencial menor de intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas com drogas de controle de frequ&#234;ncia, foram recentemente questionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup> Aconselha-se uma estrat&#233;gia moderada de controle da frequ&#234;ncia, com um objetivo de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso de 100-110bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup> Para este prop&#243;sito, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o-diidropirid&#237;nicos (diltiazem, verapamil) e a digoxina apresentam o maior risco de intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas relevantes com tratamentos de c&#226;ncer, e betabloqueadores n&#227;o significativamente metabolizados pelas enzimas hep&#225;ticas (atenolol, nadolol) podem ser preferidos.</p>
        <p>Os agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos t&#234;m um perfil de seguran&#231;a estreito e, ao escolher um antiarr&#237;tmico, deve ser dada aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s intera&#231;&#245;es graves com medicamentos contra o c&#226;ncer. Mesmo em pacientes submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica planejada para esse fim, os antiarr&#237;tmicos podem aumentar a probabilidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal. A amiodarona &#233; um substrato importante da enzima CYP3A e tamb&#233;m um inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na P, e deve ser usada com cautela quando estritamente necess&#225;rio. Antiarr&#237;tmicos alternativos em pacientes sem doen&#231;a estrutural card&#237;aca (SHD, <italic>structural heart disease</italic>) s&#227;o o sotalol, a flecainida e a propafenona. A mexiletina (antiarr&#237;tmico classe Ib) pode ser considerada em pacientes com SHD.</p>
        <p>Dados do registro ORBIT-AF mostram preval&#234;ncia de 4% de procedimento anterior de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em pacientes com FA com hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es se esses procedimentos ocorreram antes ou ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico do c&#226;ncer. Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer apresentaram menor probabilidade de terem sido submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer.</p>
        <p>O procedimento tem bons resultados em longo prazo em m&#227;os experientes, com baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es. Pacientes com c&#226;ncer com expectativa de vida percebida acima de 12 meses seriam teoricamente candidatos plaus&#237;veis, visando benef&#237;cio sintom&#225;tico e/ou progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas</title>
        <p>Apesar de serem esperadas menos intera&#231;&#245;es alimentares e medicamentosas com o uso de NOACs em compara&#231;&#227;o com a varfarina, algumas considera&#231;&#245;es farmacocin&#233;ticas t&#234;m relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Um transportador intestinal, a glicoprote&#237;na P (P-gp), &#233; respons&#225;vel pela re-secre&#231;&#227;o gastrointestinal de todos os NOACs. A P-gp tamb&#233;m est&#225; envolvida na secre&#231;&#227;o renal de NOACs. Previsivelmente, fortes inibidores da P-gp resultam em n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos aumentados de NOAC.</p>
        <p>As vias enzim&#225;ticas do citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) s&#227;o uma etapa cr&#237;tica na clearance hep&#225;tica de rivaroxabana e apixabana. Fortes inibidores da CYP3A4 ir&#227;o potencialmente aumentar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos desses medicamentos.</p>
        <p>Como regra geral, inibidores fortes de P-gp e CYP3A4 n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendados em combina&#231;&#227;o com NOACs. Por outro lado, fortes indutores de P-gp e CY3A4, resultando em baixos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NOAC, podem comprometer a efic&#225;cia do tratamento. Intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas detalhadas e combina&#231;&#245;es perigosas s&#227;o detalhadas em outros lugares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quando evitar a intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa grave compromete a efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica antineopl&#225;sica, as heparinas de baixo peso molecular (HBPMs) podem ser consideradas como uma alternativa.</p>
        <p>As considera&#231;&#245;es farmacodin&#226;micas incluem n&#227;o apenas o aumento do risco hemorr&#225;gico com terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria simult&#226;nea (por exemplo, em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas), mas tamb&#233;m o tratamento concomitante com agentes quimioter&#225;picos com atividade antitromb&#243;tica. Aconselha-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o individual do risco tromb&#243;tico e hemorr&#225;gico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ajustes das doses renal e hep&#225;tica</title>
        <p>Em geral, o uso de NOAC n&#227;o &#233; recomendado na doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) est&#225;gio V (<italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina &lt;15mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>). A apixabana &#233; considerada uma alternativa razo&#225;vel &#224; varfarina nesses pacientes, de acordo com algumas recomenda&#231;&#245;es,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup> mas as evid&#234;ncias de suporte ainda s&#227;o fracas. Pacientes com DRC est&#225;gio IV (CrCl entre 15 e 30 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>) podem ser tratados com regime de dose reduzida de rivaroxabana, apixabana ou edoxabana. A DRC em est&#225;gio III (CrCl 30-60mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>) geralmente exige o ajuste da dose de NOAC, juntamente com as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente que afetam a farmacocin&#233;tica do f&#225;rmaco (por exemplo, idade e peso).</p>
        <p>Todos os NOACs permanecem contraindicados na doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica terminal (cirrose Child-Turcotte-Pugh C) devido &#224; falta de dados. A rivaroxabana tamb&#233;m deve ser evitada em pacientes com cirrose hep&#225;tica Child B.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Trombocitopenia</title>
        <p>Pacientes com c&#226;ncer com trombocitopenia t&#234;m risco aumentado de sangramento, permanecendo em risco aumentado para complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o surgiram dados robustos sobre qual estrat&#233;gia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o deve ser seguida nesse cen&#225;rio desafiador. Foi proposta uma estrat&#233;gia de transfus&#227;o de plaquetas ou um regime de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com dose modificada com HBPM em pacientes com trombocitopenia grave (contagem de plaquetas &lt;50 x 109/L).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup> Algumas causas de trombocitopenia envolvendo mecanismos imunomediados s&#227;o caracterizadas por um risco tromb&#243;tico proeminente, bem como risco hemorr&#225;gico. Dito isto, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre um limite inferior de contagem de plaquetas quando se considera a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, pois isso &#233; ditado pelo cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico e pelo risco prevalente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modifica&#231;&#227;o do fator de risco</title>
        <p>A modifica&#231;&#227;o do fator de risco &#233; crucial na preven&#231;&#227;o da FA e na preven&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia. Isso inclui perda de peso, tratamento do diabetes, controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial, reconhecimento e tratamento da apneia do sono, corre&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide, cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, evitar o consumo de &#225;lcool e tratamento de qualquer doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural/isqu&#234;mica subjacente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dire&#231;&#245;es futuras</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Preven&#231;&#227;o de FA</title>
          <p>V&#225;rias interven&#231;&#245;es, com foco no estilo de vida e modifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco, levaram a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na carga de FA na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Essas incluem a perda de peso em pacientes obesos, controle glic&#234;mico ideal em pacientes com DM, manejo da hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, reconhecimento e tratamento da apneia obstrutiva do sono, cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de &#225;lcool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref></sup> A extens&#227;o &#224; qual os pacientes com c&#226;ncer obt&#234;m o mesmo benef&#237;cio com essas interven&#231;&#245;es ainda n&#227;o foi determinada, mas a alta carga de fatores de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssicos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; um argumento a favor dessas interven&#231;&#245;es. O treinamento aer&#243;bico moderado &#233; seguro e proporciona benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares e de qualidade de vida (QV) em pacientes com c&#226;nce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> Aqueles que integram programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o em Cardio-Oncologia experimentam menos eventos adversos relacionados &#224; terap&#234;utica do c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico de FA</title>
          <p>Algoritmos baseados em intelig&#234;ncia artificial para identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es sutis de ECG associados ao desenvolvimento futuro de FA (por exemplo, aumento do AE, S&#237;ndrome de Bay&#233;s)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> podem ser &#250;teis na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que mais podem se beneficiar do rastreamento de FA. O mesmo vale para os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos das dimens&#245;es e <italic>strain</italic> do AE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup> e/ou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup> A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, permitindo a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o morfofuncional atrial, tamb&#233;m pode se tornar uma ferramenta crucial no reconhecimento precoce da &#8220;miocardiopatia atrial fibr&#243;tica&#8221;, que est&#225; associada &#224; FA incidente e recorrente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> Estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS, <italic>Genome-wide association studies</italic>) encontraram v&#225;rias variantes de genes estruturais atriais associados ao desenvolvimento de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as ci&#234;ncias &#244;micas podem ajudar a refinar nosso conhecimento sobre os processos biol&#243;gicos subjacentes &#224; FA incidente, talvez ajudando os m&#233;dicos em sua identifica&#231;&#227;o e tratamento precoces.</p>
          <p>Existem modelos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica e desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca manifesta, de acordo com as classes de quimioter&#225;picos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> A FA de in&#237;cio recente pode ser objeto de tais ferramentas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de linha de base, no futuro. Isso pode ajudar os m&#233;dicos a identificar melhor os pacientes que mais podem se beneficiar do rastreamento de FA.</p>
          <p>A efic&#225;cia do rastreamento de FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, no que diz respeito &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores, deve ser abordada em estudos prospectivos com poder adequado. A crescente disponibilidade de dispositivos e aplicativos f&#225;ceis de usar, com potencial para rastreamento de longo prazo em um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes, pode impulsionar esse campo de pesquisa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Manejo de FA</title>
          <p>Se a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA traz um benef&#237;cio progn&#243;stico semelhante em pacientes com c&#226;ncer com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr), como foi demonstrado na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, ainda &#233; desconhecido. Evid&#234;ncias de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre o uso de NOAC para preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e FA (em compara&#231;&#227;o com AVK ou HBPM) tamb&#233;m s&#227;o uma lacuna importante a ser preenchida nos pr&#243;ximos anos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As cl&#237;nicas de cardio-oncologia permitiram que muitas cardiotoxicidades relacionadas &#224; terap&#234;utica do c&#226;ncer fossem evitadas, reconhecidas precocemente e manejadas de maneira otimizada.</p>
      <p>Apesar da alta frequ&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes com malignidade ativa, essa condi&#231;&#227;o continua sendo uma comorbidade pouco reconhecida nesses pacientes. Sua natureza parox&#237;stica frequente, juntamente com programas de rastreamento deficientes, podem perpetuar essa situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O rastreamento da FA em pacientes com c&#226;ncer pode ter um papel na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da FA e na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, atrav&#233;s da prescri&#231;&#227;o apropriada de terapia anticoagulante nos indiv&#237;duos em risco. A melhor estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento e o dispositivo ideal para melhorar o resultado desses programas de rastreio ainda n&#227;o foram estabelecidos.</p>
      <p>No futuro, par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, gen&#233;ticos, anal&#237;ticos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos podem ajudar a estratificar o risco de desenvolvimento subsequente de FA, auxiliando na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que merecem protocolos de rastreamento mais r&#237;gidos.</p>
      <p>Esses pacientes desafiadores, simultaneamente com maior risco tromb&#243;tico e hemorr&#225;gico, merecem estudos cl&#237;nicos dedicados. O impacto progn&#243;stico das interven&#231;&#245;es visando a corre&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural ou funcional subjacente e o regime anticoagulante ideal requerem investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais.</p>
      <p>As equipes multidisciplinares de Cardio-Oncologia est&#227;o numa posi&#231;&#227;o privilegiada para continuar com esta miss&#227;o, pois garantem uma abordagem verdadeiramente hol&#237;stica nesses pacientes desafiadores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>January</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wann</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calkins</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cigarroa</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleveland</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>e125</fpage>
          <lpage>e151</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC, Jr., et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2019;140(2):e125-e151. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hindricks</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Potpara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dagres</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arbelo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blomstr&#246;m-Lundqvist</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association of C.ardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>498</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomstr&#246;m-Lundqvist C, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association of C.ardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J.2021;42(5):373-498. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heeringa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Kuip</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hofman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kors</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Herpen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stricker</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>949</fpage>
          <lpage>953</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehi825</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Stricker BH, et al. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(8):949-53. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi825</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Conen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandhu</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buring</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of Malignant Cancer Among Women With New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>389</fpage>
          <lpage>396</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0280</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Conen D, Wong JA, Sandhu RK, Cook NR, Lee IM, Buring JE, et al. Risk of Malignant Cancer Among Women With New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(4):389-96. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0280.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tse</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korantzopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Letsas</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Cancer and the Risk of Developing Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Res Pract</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>2019</volume>
          <fpage>8985273</fpage>
          <lpage>8985273</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2019/8985273</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Yuan M, Zhang Z, Tse G, Feng X, Korantzopoulos P, Letsas KP, et al. Association of Cancer and the Risk of Developing Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cardiol Res Pract. 2019;2019:8985273. doi: 10.1155/2019/8985273.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erichsen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christiansen</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehnert</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;rensen</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Colorectal cancer and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: a population-based case-control study</article-title>
          <source>Intern Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>431</fpage>
          <lpage>438</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11739-011-0701-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Erichsen R, Christiansen CF, Mehnert F, Weiss NS, Baron JA, S&#248;rensen HT. Colorectal cancer and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: a population-based case-control study. Intern Emerg Med. 2012;7(5):431-8. doi: 10.1007/s11739-011-0701-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vinter</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christesen</surname>
              <given-names>AMS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fenger-Gr&#248;n</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tj&#248;nneland</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frost</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of Cancer: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <elocation-id>e009543</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.118.009543</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Vinter N, Christesen AMS, Fenger-Gr&#248;n M, Tj&#248;nneland A, Frost L. Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of Cancer: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc.2018;7(17):e009543. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009543.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jakobsen</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamberts</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlson</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lock-Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gislason</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence of atrial fibrillation in different major cancer subtypes: a Nationwide population-based 12 year follow up study</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cancer</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1105</fpage>
          <lpage>1105</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12885-019-6314-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Jakobsen CB, Lamberts M, Carlson N, Lock-Hansen M, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in different major cancer subtypes: a Nationwide population-based 12 year follow up study. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):1105. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6314-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ostenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erichsen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farkas</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;rensen</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation as a marker of occult cancer</article-title>
          <source>PloS One</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e102861</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0102861</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ostenfeld EB, Erichsen R, Pedersen L, Farkas DK, Weiss NS, S&#248;rensen HT. Atrial fibrillation as a marker of occult cancer. PloS One. 2014;9(8):e102861. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102861.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pisters</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Oostenbrugge</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knottnerus</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Vos</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boreas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lodder</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The likelihood of decreasing strokes in atrial fibrillation patients by strict application of guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>779</fpage>
          <lpage>784</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euq080</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Pisters R, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Knottnerus IL, de Vos CB, Boreas A, Lodder J, et al. The likelihood of decreasing strokes in atrial fibrillation patients by strict application of guidelines. Europace.2010;12(6):779-84. doi: 10.1093/europace/euq080.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lateef</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapoor</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahsan</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latif</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mirza</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation and cancer; understanding the mysterious relationship through a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>J Comm Community Hosp Intern Med Perspectiv</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>127</fpage>
          <lpage>132</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/20009666.2020.1726571</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Lateef N, Kapoor V, Ahsan MJ, Latif A, Ahmed U, Mirza M, et al. Atrial fibrillation and cancer; understanding the mysterious relationship through a systematic review. J Comm Community Hosp Intern Med Perspectiv. 2020;10(2):127-32. doi: 10.1080/20009666.2020.1726571.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Velagapudi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turagam</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kocheril</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation in cancer patients: an underrecognized condition</article-title>
          <source>Southern Med J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>667</fpage>
          <lpage>868</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3182299e6c</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Velagapudi P, Turagam MK, Kocheril AG. Atrial fibrillation in cancer patients: an underrecognized condition. Southern Med J. 2011;104(9):667-8. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3182299e6c.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mao</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The unrecognized role of tumor suppressor genes in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Gene</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>642</volume>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Mao L, Huang W, Zou P, Dang X, Zeng X. The unrecognized role of tumor suppressor genes in atrial fibrillation. Gene. 2018;642:26-31. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guzzetti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costantino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fundar&#242;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systemic inflammation, atrial fibrillation, and cancer</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e40</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.0000028399.42411.13</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Guzzetti S, Costantino G, Fundar&#242; C. Systemic inflammation, atrial fibrillation, and cancer. Circulation. 2002;106(9):e40. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000028399.42411.13.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frustaci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chimenti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellocci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgante</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maseri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1180</fpage>
          <lpage>1184</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.96.4.1180</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MA, Maseri A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1997;96(4):1180-4. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.4.1180.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Asselbergs</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Berg</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diercks</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Gilst</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Veldhuisen</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.12.028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Asselbergs FW, van den Berg MP, Diercks GF, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ. C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2005;98(1):73-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.12.028.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marott</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zacho</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friberg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tybjaerg-Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Does elevated C-reactive protein increase atrial fibrillation risk? A Mendelian randomization of 47,000 individuals from the general population</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>789</fpage>
          <lpage>795</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.066</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Marott SC, Nordestgaard BG, Zacho J, Friberg J, Jensen GB, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, et al. Does elevated C-reactive protein increase atrial fibrillation risk? A Mendelian randomization of 47,000 individuals from the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(10):789-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.066.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hak</surname>
              <given-names>&#321;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>My&#347;liwska</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wieckiewicz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szyndler</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siebert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogowski</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Interleukin-2 as a predictor of early postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary bypass graft (CABG)</article-title>
          <source>J Interferon Cytokine Res</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>327</fpage>
          <lpage>332</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/jir.2008.0082.2906</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Hak &#321;, My&#347;liwska J, Wieckiewicz J, Szyndler K, Siebert J, Rogowski J. Interleukin-2 as a predictor of early postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary bypass graft (CABG). J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2009;29(6):327-32. doi: 10.1089/jir.2008.0082.2906.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcus</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ordovas</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scheinman</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badhwar</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intracardiac and extracardiac markers of inflammation during atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>154</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.10.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Marcus GM, Smith LM, Ordovas K, Scheinman MM, Kim AM, Badhwar N, et al. Intracardiac and extracardiac markers of inflammation during atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(2):149-54. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.10.004</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solus</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rho</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milne</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>438</fpage>
          <lpage>444</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.12.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Li J, Solus J, Chen Q, Rho YH, Milne G, Stein CM, et al. Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(4):438-44. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.12.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coussens</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Werb</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammation and cancer</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>420</volume>
          <issue>6917</issue>
          <fpage>860</fpage>
          <lpage>867</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature01322</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002;420(6917):860-7. doi: 10.1038/nature01322.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Multhoff</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molls</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radons</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic inflammation in cancer development</article-title>
          <source>Front Immunol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <fpage>98</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fimmu.2011.00098</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Multhoff G, Molls M, Radons J. Chronic inflammation in cancer development. Front Immunol. 2011;2:98. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00098</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farmakis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parissis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Insights into onco-cardiology: atrial fibrillation in cancer</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>945</fpage>
          <lpage>953</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Farmakis D, Parissis J, Filippatos G. Insights into onco-cardiology: atrial fibrillation in cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(10):945-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.026.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Onaitis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Amico</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Brien</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harpole</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors for atrial fibrillation after lung cancer surgery: analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons general thoracic surgery database</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>368</fpage>
          <lpage>374</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.100</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Onaitis M, D&#8217;Amico T, Zhao Y, O&#8217;Brien S, Harpole D. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation after lung cancer surgery: analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons general thoracic surgery database. Ann Thorac Surg.2010;90(2):368-74. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.100.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ojima</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iwahashi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamori</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katsuda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iida</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation after esophageal cancer surgery: an analysis of 207 consecutive patients</article-title>
          <source>Surg Today</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>839</fpage>
          <lpage>847</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00595-013-0616-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Ojima T, Iwahashi M, Nakamori M, Nakamura M, Katsuda M, Iida T, et al. Atrial fibrillation after esophageal cancer surgery: an analysis of 207 consecutive patients. Surg Today. 2014;44(5):839-47. doi: 10.1007/s00595-013-0616-3</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guzzetti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costantino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vernocchi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sada</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fundar&#242;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>First diagnosis of colorectal or breast cancer and prevalence of atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>emergency Intern Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>227</fpage>
          <lpage>331</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11739-008-0124-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Guzzetti S, Costantino G, Vernocchi A, Sada S, Fundar&#242; C. First diagnosis of colorectal or breast cancer and prevalence of atrial fibrillation. emergency Intern Emerg Med. 2008;3(3):227-31. doi: 10.1007/s11739-008-0124-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guzzetti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costantino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sada</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fundar&#242;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Colorectal cancer and atrial fibrillation: a case-control study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>587</fpage>
          <lpage>588</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01029-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Guzzetti S, Costantino G, Sada S, Fundar&#242; C. Colorectal cancer and atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Am J Med. 2002;112(7):587-8. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01029-x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leong</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caron</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hillis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Healey</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraser</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The risk of atrial fibrillation with ibrutinib use: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>138</fpage>
          <lpage>140</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1182/blood-2016-05-712828</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Leong DP, Caron F, Hillis C, Duan A, Healey JS, Fraser G, et al. The risk of atrial fibrillation with ibrutinib use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2016;128(1):138-40. doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-712828</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shatzel</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tao</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCarty</surname>
              <given-names>OJT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danilov</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeLoughery</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ibrutinib-associated bleeding: pathogenesis, management and risk reduction strategies</article-title>
          <source>J Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>835</fpage>
          <lpage>847</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13651">https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13651</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Shatzel JJ, Olson SR, Tao DL, McCarty OJT, Danilov AV, DeLoughery TG. Ibrutinib-associated bleeding: pathogenesis, management and risk reduction strategies. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(5):835-47. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13651">https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13651</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oni</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Normalization of Testosterone Levels After Testosterone Replacement Therapy Is Associated With Decreased Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>835</fpage>
          <lpage>847</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2017.05.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30 Sharma R, Oni OA, Gupta K, Sharma M, Sharma R, Singh V, et al. Normalization of Testosterone Levels After Testosterone Replacement Therapy Is Associated With Decreased Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(5):835-47. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2017.05.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Milliez</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girerd</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plouin</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blacher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safar</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mourad</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1243</fpage>
          <lpage>1248</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31 Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, Blacher J, Safar ME, Mourad JJ. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(8):1243-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martin Huertas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saavedra Serrano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perna</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrer G&#243;mez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso Gordoa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac toxicity of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: a clinical case of nivolumab-induced myocarditis and review of the evidence and new challenges</article-title>
          <source>Cancer Manag Med Res</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <fpage>4541</fpage>
          <lpage>4548</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/CMAR.S185202</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32 Martin Huertas R, Saavedra Serrano C, Perna C, Ferrer G&#243;mez A, Alonso Gordoa T. Cardiac toxicity of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: a clinical case of nivolumab-induced myocarditis and review of the evidence and new challenges. Cancer Manag Med Res. 2019;11:4541-8. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S185202.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flaker</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belew</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beckman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vidaillet</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kron</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safford</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation: demographic features and prognostic information from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>657</fpage>
          <lpage>663</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2004.06.032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33 Flaker GC, Belew K, Beckman K, Vidaillet H, Kron J, Safford R, et al. Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation: demographic features and prognostic information from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study. Am Heart J. 2005;149(4):657-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.06.032.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boriani</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laroche</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diemberger</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fantecchi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popescu</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation: clinical correlates, management, and outcomes in the EORP-AF Pilot General Registry</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>509.e2</fpage>
          <lpage>518.e2</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.11.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34 Boriani G, Laroche C, Diemberger I, Fantecchi E, Popescu MI, Rasmussen LH, et al. Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation: clinical correlates, management, and outcomes in the EORP-AF Pilot General Registry. Am J Med. 2015;128(5):509-18.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.11.026.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lubitz</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McManus</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weng</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aparicio</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walkey</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stroke as the Initial Manifestation of Atrial Fibrillation: The Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>490</fpage>
          <lpage>492</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.11.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>35 Lubitz SA, Yin X, McManus DD, Weng LC, Aparicio HJ, Walkey AJ, et al. Stroke as the Initial Manifestation of Atrial Fibrillation: The Framingham Heart Study. Stroke. 2017;48(2):490-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.11.026</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Odutayo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>CX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsiao</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopewell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emdin</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation and risks of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and death: systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>354</volume>
          <fpage>i4482</fpage>
          <lpage>i4482</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.i4482</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>36 Odutayo A, Wong CX, Hsiao AJ, Hopewell S, Altman DG, Emdin CA. Atrial fibrillation and risks of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;354:i4482. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4482.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friberg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammar</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pettersson</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenqvist</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased mortality in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: report from the Stockholm Cohort-Study of Atrial Fibrillation (SCAF)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2346</fpage>
          <lpage>2353</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehm308</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>37 Friberg L, Hammar N, Pettersson H, Rosenqvist M. Increased mortality in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: report from the Stockholm Cohort-Study of Atrial Fibrillation (SCAF). Eur Heart J. 2007;28(19):2346-53. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm308.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andersson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magnuson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bryngelsson</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fr&#248;bert</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henriksson</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edvardsson</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>All-cause mortality in 272,186 patients hospitalized with incident atrial fibrillation 1995-2008: a Swedish nationwide long-term case-control study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1061</fpage>
          <lpage>1067</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehs469</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>38 Andersson T, Magnuson A, Bryngelsson IL, Fr&#248;bert O, Henriksson KM, Edvardsson N, et al. All-cause mortality in 272,186 patients hospitalized with incident atrial fibrillation 1995-2008: a Swedish nationwide long-term case-control study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(14):1061-7. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs469</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choe</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality and causes of death in patients with atrial fibrillation: A nationwide population-based study</article-title>
          <source>PloS One</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0209687</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0209687</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>39 Lee E, Choi EK, Han KD, Lee H, Choe WS, Lee SR, et al. Mortality and causes of death in patients with atrial fibrillation: A nationwide population-based study. PloS One. 2018;13(12):e0209687. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209687</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Provid&#234;ncia</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Fibrillation and Non-cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>526</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150142</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>40 Ferreira C, Provid&#234;ncia R, Ferreira MJ, Gon&#231;alves LM. Atrial Fibrillation and Non-cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105:519-26. doi: 10.5935/abc.20150142.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Imperatori</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mariscalco</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riganti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rotolo</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conti</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dominioni</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation after pulmonary lobectomy for lung cancer affects long-term survival in a prospective single-center study</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiothor Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <fpage>4</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1749-8090-7-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>41 Imperatori A, Mariscalco G, Riganti G, Rotolo N, Conti V, Dominioni L. Atrial fibrillation after pulmonary lobectomy for lung cancer affects long-term survival in a prospective single-center study. J Cardiothor Surg. 2012;7:4. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-7-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mairesse</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moran</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Gelder</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elsner</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenqvist</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mant</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening for atrial fibrillation: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulaci&#243;n Card&#237;aca y Electrofisiolog&#237;a (SOLAECE)</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1589</fpage>
          <lpage>1623</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/eux177</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>42 Mairesse GH, Moran P, Van Gelder IC, Elsner C, Rosenqvist M, Mant J, et al. Screening for atrial fibrillation: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulaci&#243;n Card&#237;aca y Electrofisiolog&#237;a (SOLAECE). Europace. 2017;19(10):1589-623. doi: 10.1093/europace/eux177.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lowres</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neubeck</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salkeld</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krass</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McLachlan</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfern</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of stroke prevention through community screening for atrial fibrillation using iPhone ECG in pharmacies. The SEARCH-AF study</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1167</fpage>
          <lpage>1176</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1160/TH14-03-0231</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>43 Lowres N, Neubeck L, Salkeld G, Krass I, McLachlan AJ, Redfern J, et al. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of stroke prevention through community screening for atrial fibrillation using iPhone ECG in pharmacies. The SEARCH-AF study. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(6):1167-76. doi: 10.1160/TH14-03-0231</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Svennberg</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engdahl</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Khalili</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friberg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frykman</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenqvist</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mass Screening for Untreated Atrial Fibrillation: The STROKESTOP Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2176</fpage>
          <lpage>2184</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014343</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>44 Svennberg E, Engdahl J, Al-Khalili F, Friberg L, Frykman V, Rosenqvist M. Mass Screening for Untreated Atrial Fibrillation: The STROKESTOP Study. Circulation. 2015;131(25):2176-84. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014343.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poh</surname>
              <given-names>YC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pun</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>YF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic Performance of a Smartphone-Based Photoplethysmographic Application for Atrial Fibrillation Screening in a Primary Care Setting</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003428</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>45 Chan PH, Wong CK, Poh YC, Pun L, Leung WW, Wong YF, et al. Diagnostic Performance of a Smartphone-Based Photoplethysmographic Application for Atrial Fibrillation Screening in a Primary Care Setting. J Am Heart J.2016;5(7):e003428.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perez</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahaffey</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedlin</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rumsfeld</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferris</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Large-Scale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1909</fpage>
          <lpage>1917</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1901183</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>46 Perez MV, Mahaffey KW, Hedlin H, Rumsfeld JS, Garcia A, Ferris T, et al. Large-Scale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(20):1909-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901183.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fitzmaurice</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jowett</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mant</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holder</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening versus routine practice in detection of atrial fibrillation in patients aged 65 or over: cluster randomised controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>335</volume>
          <issue>7616</issue>
          <fpage>383</fpage>
          <lpage>383</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.39280.660567.55</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>47 Fitzmaurice DA, Hobbs FD, Jowett S, Mant J, Murray ET, Holder R, et al. Screening versus routine practice in detection of atrial fibrillation in patients aged 65 or over: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ.2007;335(7616):383. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39280.660567.55.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halcox</surname>
              <given-names>JPJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wareham</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardew</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilmore</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barry</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of Remote Heart Rhythm Sampling Using the AliveCor Heart Monitor to Screen for Atrial Fibrillation: The REHEARSE-AF Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1784</fpage>
          <lpage>1794</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030583</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>48 Halcox JPJ, Wareham K, Cardew A, Gilmore M, Barry JP, Phillips C, et al. Assessment of Remote Heart Rhythm Sampling Using the AliveCor Heart Monitor to Screen for Atrial Fibrillation: The REHEARSE-AF Study. Circulation. 2017;136(19):1784-94. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030583.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steinhubl</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waalen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ariniello</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ebner</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of a Home-Based Wearable Continuous ECG Monitoring Patch on Detection of Undiagnosed Atrial Fibrillation: The mSToPS Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>146</fpage>
          <lpage>155</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2018.8102</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>49 Steinhubl SR, Waalen J, Edwards AM, Ariniello LM, Mehta RR, Ebner GS, et al. Effect of a Home-Based Wearable Continuous ECG Monitoring Patch on Detection of Undiagnosed Atrial Fibrillation: The mSToPS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;320(2):146-55. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.8102.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanna</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diener</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passman</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Lazzaro</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernstein</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morillo</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>2478</fpage>
          <lpage>2486</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1313600</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>50 Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, Di Lazzaro V, Bernstein RA, Morillo CA, et al. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl Med.2014;370(26):2478-86. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1313600.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gladstone</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spring</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dorian</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panzov</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorpe</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <comment>014</comment>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>2467</fpage>
          <lpage>2477</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1311376</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>51 Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, Panzov V, Thorpe KE, Hall J, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 014;370(26):2467-77. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1311376.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berkovitch</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbag</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segev</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kivity</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sidi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldenberg</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CHADS-VASC SCORE and the risk of new onset atrial fibrillation among middle age adults</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <supplement>13 Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>881</fpage>
          <lpage>881</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>52 Berkovitch A, Sabbag A, Segev S, Kivity S, Sidi Y, Goldenberg I, et al. CHADS-VASC SCORE and the risk of new onset atrial fibrillation among middle age adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13 Suppl.):881.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wojszel</surname>
              <given-names>ZB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasiukiewicz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swietek</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swietek</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magnuszewski</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CHA2DS2-VASc score can guide the screening of atrial fibrillation - cross-sectional study in a geriatric ward</article-title>
          <source>Clin Interv Aging</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>887</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/CIA.S206976</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>53 Wojszel ZB, Kasiukiewicz A, Swietek M, Swietek ML, Magnuszewski L. CHA2DS2-VASc score can guide the screening of atrial fibrillation - cross-sectional study in a geriatric ward. Clin Interv Aging.2019;14:879-87. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S206976.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B54">
        <label>54</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Engdahl</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svennberg</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friberg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Khalili</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frykman</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kemp Gudmundsdottir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stepwise mass screening for atrial fibrillation using N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide: the STROKESTOP II study design</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>297</fpage>
          <lpage>302</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/CIA.S206976</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>54 Engdahl J, Svennberg E, Friberg L, Al-Khalili F, Frykman V, Kemp Gudmundsdottir K, et al. Stepwise mass screening for atrial fibrillation using N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide: the STROKESTOP II study design. Europace. 2016;19(2):297-302. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S206976.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B55">
        <label>55</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghazal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theobald</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenqvist</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Khalili</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level in screening for atrial fibrillation in primary health care</article-title>
          <source>PloS One</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0212974</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/CIA.S206976</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>55 Ghazal F, Theobald H, Rosenqvist M, Al-Khalili F. Assessment of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level in screening for atrial fibrillation in primary health care. PloS One. 2019;14(2):e0212974. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S206976.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B56">
        <label>56</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kemp Gudmundsdottir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fredriksson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svennberg</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Khalili</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friberg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frykman</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stepwise mass screening for atrial fibrillation using N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide: the STROKESTOP II study</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>56 Kemp Gudmundsdottir K, Fredriksson T, Svennberg E, Al-Khalili F, Friberg L, Frykman V, et al. Stepwise mass screening for atrial fibrillation using N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide: the STROKESTOP II study. Europace. 2020;22(1):24-32.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B57">
        <label>57</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mundl</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasner</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bangdiwala</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berkowitz</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source</article-title>
          <source>NN Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>378</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2191</fpage>
          <lpage>2201</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1802686</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>57 Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, Kasner SE, Bangdiwala SI, Berkowitz SD, et al. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. NN Engl J Med. 2018;378(23):2191-201. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802686.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B58">
        <label>58</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Diener</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacco</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Easton</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernstein</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uchiyama</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dabigatran for Prevention of Stroke after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>380</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1906</fpage>
          <lpage>1917</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1813959</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>58 Diener HC, Sacco RL, Easton JD, Granger CB, Bernstein RA, Uchiyama S, et al. Dabigatran for Prevention of Stroke after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med.2019;380(20):1906-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813959</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B59">
        <label>59</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pun</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>YF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chu</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic performance of an automatic blood pressure measurement device, Microlife WatchBP Home A, for atrial fibrillation screening in a real-world primary care setting</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e013685</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013685</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>59 Chan PH, Wong CK, Pun L, Wong YF, Wong MM, Chu DW, et al. Diagnostic performance of an automatic blood pressure measurement device, Microlife WatchBP Home A, for atrial fibrillation screening in a real-world primary care setting. BMJ. 2017;7(6):e013685. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013685.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B60">
        <label>60</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freedman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calkins</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heally</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenqvist</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening for atrial fibrillation with ECG to reduce stroke. A report of the AF-SCREEN International Collaborators</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1851</fpage>
          <lpage>1867</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026693</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>60 Freedman B, Camm J, Calkins H, Heally JS, Rosenqvist M, Wang J, et al. Screening for atrial fibrillation with ECG to reduce stroke. A report of the AF-SCREEN International Collaborators. Circulation.2017;135(19):1851-67. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026693.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B61">
        <label>61</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Diederichsen</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;gaard</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambrechtsen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steffensen</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frost</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Danish Cardiovascular Screening Trial (DANCAVAS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Trials</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <fpage>554</fpage>
          <lpage>554</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13063-015-1082-6</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13063-015-1082-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>61 Diederichsen AC, Rasmussen LM, S&#248;gaard R, Lambrechtsen J, Steffensen FH, Frost L, et al. The Danish Cardiovascular Screening Trial (DANCAVAS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:554. doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-1082-6. doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-1082-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B62">
        <label>62</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Diederichsen</surname>
              <given-names>SZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haugan</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#248;ber</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#248;jberg</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronborg</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation detected by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring using implantable loop recorder to prevent stroke in individuals at risk (the LOOP study): Rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>187</volume>
          <fpage>122</fpage>
          <lpage>132</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2017.02.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>62 Diederichsen SZ, Haugan KJ, K&#248;ber L, H&#248;jberg S, Brandes A, Kronborg C, et al. Atrial fibrillation detected by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring using implantable loop recorder to prevent stroke in individuals at risk (the LOOP study): Rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2017;187 Am Heart J.2017;187:122-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.02.017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B63">
        <label>63</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Khatib</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desvigne-Nickens</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Djouss&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <elocation-id>e021566</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.121.021566</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>63 Benjamin EJ, Al-Khatib SM, Desvigne-Nickens P, Alonso A, Djouss&#233; P, et al. J Am Heart Assoc.2021;10(16):e021566. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.021566</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B64">
        <label>64</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Healey</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gold</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Israel</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Gelder</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capucci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation and the Risk of Stroke</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>120</fpage>
          <lpage>129</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1105575</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>64 Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, Israel CW, Van Gelder IC, Capucci A, et al. Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation and the Risk of Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(2):120-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105575.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B65">
        <label>65</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Curry</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krist</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owens</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barry</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caughey</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davidson</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening for Atrial Fibrillation With Electrocardiography: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>478</fpage>
          <lpage>484</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2018.10321</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>65 Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for Atrial Fibrillation With Electrocardiography: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA.2018;320(5):478-84. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.10321.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B66">
        <label>66</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steinhubl</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ebner</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballesteros</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waalen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steinberg</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rationale and design of a home-based trial using wearable sensors to detect asymptomatic atrial fibrillation in a targeted population: The mHealth Screening To Prevent Strokes (mSToPS) trial</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>175</volume>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2016.02.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>66 Steinhubl SR, Mehta RR, Ebner GS, Ballesteros MM, Waalen J, Steinberg G, et al. Rationale and design of a home-based trial using wearable sensors to detect asymptomatic atrial fibrillation in a targeted population: The mHealth Screening To Prevent Strokes (mSToPS) trial. Am Heart J. 2016;175:77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.02.011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B67">
        <label>67</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weber-Kr&#252;ger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gelbrich</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stahrenberg</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kermer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamann</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Finding atrial fibrillation in stroke patients: Randomized evaluation of enhanced and prolonged Holter monitoring--Find-AF(RANDOMISED)-rationale and design</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>438.e1</fpage>
          <lpage>445.e1</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2014.06.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>67 Weber-Kr&#252;ger M, Gelbrich G, Stahrenberg R, Liman J, Kermer P, Hamann GF, et al. Finding atrial fibrillation in stroke patients: Randomized evaluation of enhanced and prolonged Holter monitoring--Find-AF(RANDOMISED)-rationale and design. Am Heart J. 2014;168(4):438-45.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.06.018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B68">
        <label>68</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rold&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mar&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallego</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>V&#237;lchez</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vald&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The HAS-BLED score has better prediction accuracy for major bleeding than CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc scores in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2199</fpage>
          <lpage>2204</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1623</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>68 Rold&#225;n V, Mar&#237;n F, Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez S, Gallego P, V&#237;lchez JA, Vald&#233;s M, et al. The HAS-BLED score has better prediction accuracy for major bleeding than CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc scores in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol.2013;62(23):2199-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1623.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B69">
        <label>69</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eikelboom</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oldgren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parekh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1139</fpage>
          <lpage>1151</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa0905561</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>69 Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, et al. Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(12):1139-51. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0905561.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B70">
        <label>70</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahaffey</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singer</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hacke</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>883</fpage>
          <lpage>891</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1009638</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>70 Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, et al. Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(10):883-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009638.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B71">
        <label>71</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hylek</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>981</fpage>
          <lpage>992</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1107039</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>71 Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJV, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, et al. Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):981-92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107039.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B72">
        <label>72</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giugliano</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruff</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiviott</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halperin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Edoxaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>369</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2093</fpage>
          <lpage>2104</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1310907</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>72 Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Halperin JL, et al. Edoxaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(22):2093-104. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310907.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B73">
        <label>73</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khorana</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culakova</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuderer</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lyman</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy</article-title>
          <source>J Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>632</fpage>
          <lpage>634</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02374.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>73 Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E, Kuderer NM, Lyman GH. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(3):632-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02374.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B74">
        <label>74</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Souza</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlson</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fosb&#248;l</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamberts</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smedegaard</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score and risk of thromboembolism and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation and recent cancer</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>651</fpage>
          <lpage>658</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2047487318759858</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>74 D&#8217;Souza M, Carlson N, Fosb&#248;l E, Lamberts M, Smedegaard L, Nielsen D, et al. CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score and risk of thromboembolism and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation and recent cancer. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25(6):651-8. doi: 10.1177/2047487318759858.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B75">
        <label>75</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rybicki</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khorana</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Usefulness of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc Scores for Stroke Prediction in Patients With Cancer and Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2182</fpage>
          <lpage>2186</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.08.038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>75 Patell R, Gutierrez A, Rybicki L, Khorana AA. Usefulness of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc Scores for Stroke Prediction in Patients With Cancer and Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(12):2182-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.08.038</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B76">
        <label>76</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>YF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsao</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incident thromboembolism and heart failure associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation in cancer patients</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>355</fpage>
          <lpage>357</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.08.036</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>76 Hu YF, Liu CJ, Chang PM, Tsao HM, Lin YJ, Chang SL, et al. Incident thromboembolism and heart failure associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation in cancer patients. Int J Cardiol. 2013;165(2):355-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.08.036.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B77">
        <label>77</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kamphuisen</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyer-Westendorf</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Res</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>S49</fpage>
          <lpage>S55</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0049-3848(14)50009-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>77 Kamphuisen PW, Beyer-Westendorf J. Bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer. Thromb Res. 2014;133 (Suppl 2):S49-55. doi: 10.1016/S0049-3848(14)50009-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B78">
        <label>78</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Melloni</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shrader</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carver</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccini</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management and outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation and a history of cancer: the ORBIT-AF registry</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>192</fpage>
          <lpage>197</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjqcco/qcx004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>78 Melloni C, Shrader P, Carver J, Piccini JP, Thomas L, Fonarow GC, et al. Management and outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation and a history of cancer: the ORBIT-AF registry. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2017;3(3):192-7. doi: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcx004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B79">
        <label>79</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khorana</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soff</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kakkar</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vadhan-Raj</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riess</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wun</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients with Cancer</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>380</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>720</fpage>
          <lpage>728</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1814630</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>79 Khorana AA, Soff GA, Kakkar AK, Vadhan-Raj S, Riess H, Wun T, et al. Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(8):720-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1814630.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B80">
        <label>80</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carrier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abou-Nassar</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mallick</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tagalakis</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shivakumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schattner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apixaban to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>380</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>711</fpage>
          <lpage>719</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1814468</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>80 Carrier M, Abou-Nassar K, Mallick R, Tagalakis V, Shivakumar S, Schattner A, et al. Apixaban to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;380(8):711-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1814468.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B81">
        <label>81</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raskob</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Es</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verhamme</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Nisio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Edoxaban for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>378</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>615</fpage>
          <lpage>624</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1711948</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>81 Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, Carrier M, Di Nisio M, Garcia D, et al. Edoxaban for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. N Engl J Med.2017; 378(7):615-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1711948.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B82">
        <label>82</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thirlwall</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lokare</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor With Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients With Cancer With Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SELECT-D)</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Oncol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2017</fpage>
          <lpage>2023</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2018.78.8034</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>82 Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, Chapman O, Lokare A, Hill C, et al. Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor With Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients With Cancer With Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(20):2017-23. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.78.8034.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B83">
        <label>83</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agnelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becattini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mu&#241;oz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huisman</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connors</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apixaban for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Cancer</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1599</fpage>
          <lpage>1607</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1915103</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>83 Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, Mu&#241;oz A, Huisman MV, Connors JM, et al. Apixaban for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1599-607. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915103.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B84">
        <label>84</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norby</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Datta</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lutsey</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacLehose</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparative effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with cancer and atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Blood Adv</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>200</fpage>
          <lpage>209</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010694</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>84 Shah S, Norby FL, Datta YH, Lutsey PL, MacLehose RF, Chen LY, et al. Comparative effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with cancer and atrial fibrillation. Blood Adv.2018;2(3):200-9. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010694.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B85">
        <label>85</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Melloni</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunning</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khouri</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Apixaban Versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and a History of Cancer: Insights from the ARISTOTLE Trial</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1440.e1</fpage>
          <lpage>1448.e1</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.06.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>85 Melloni C, Dunning A, Granger CB, Thomas L, Khouri MG, Garcia DA, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Apixaban Versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and a History of Cancer: Insights from the ARISTOTLE Trial. Am J Med. 2017;130(12):1440-8.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.06.026.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B86">
        <label>86</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fanola</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruff</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duggal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babilonia</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Edoxaban in Patients With Active Malignancy and Atrial Fibrillation: Analysis of the ENGAGE AF - TIMI 48 Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <elocation-id>e008987</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.118.008987</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>86 Fanola CL, Ruff CT, Murphy SA, Jin J, Duggal A, Babilonia NA, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Edoxaban in Patients With Active Malignancy and Atrial Fibrillation: Analysis of the ENGAGE AF - TIMI 48 Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(16):e008987. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.008987.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B87">
        <label>87</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tong</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin in Patients With Cancer and Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <elocation-id>e012540</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.119.012540</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>87 Deng Y, Tong Y, Deng Y, Zou L, Li S, Chen H. Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin in Patients With Cancer and Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(14):e012540. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012540.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B88">
        <label>88</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doshi</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Price</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sievert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Closure as an Alternative to Warfarin for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2614</fpage>
          <lpage>2623</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.025</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>88 Holmes DR Jr., Doshi SK, Kar S, Price MJ, Sanchez JM, Sievert H, et al. Left Atrial Appendage Closure as an Alternative to Warfarin for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(24):2614-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B89">
        <label>89</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>VY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#246;bius-Winkler</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuzil</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schuler</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiebe</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman device in patients with a contraindication for oral anticoagulation: the ASAP study (ASA Plavix Feasibility Study With Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Closure Technology)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2551</fpage>
          <lpage>2556</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>89 Reddy VY, M&#246;bius-Winkler S, Miller MA, Neuzil P, Schuler G, Wiebe J, et al. Left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman device in patients with a contraindication for oral anticoagulation: the ASAP study (ASA Plavix Feasibility Study With Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Closure Technology). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(25):2551-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.035.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B90">
        <label>90</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wyse</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waldo</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DiMarco</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domanski</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenberg</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schron</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Comparison of Rate Control and Rhythm Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>347</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>1825</fpage>
          <lpage>1833</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa021328</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>90 Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, Domanski MJ, Rosenberg Y, Schron EB, et al. A Comparison of Rate Control and Rhythm Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(23):1825-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021328.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B91">
        <label>91</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kirchhof</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goette</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckardt</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elvan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>383</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1305</fpage>
          <lpage>1316</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2019422</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>91 Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A, Brandes A, Eckardt L, Elvan A, et al. Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med.2020; 383(14):1305-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B92">
        <label>92</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Gelder</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groenveld</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crijns</surname>
              <given-names>HJGM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuininga</surname>
              <given-names>YS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tijssen</surname>
              <given-names>JGP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alings</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lenient versus Strict Rate Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>362</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1363</fpage>
          <lpage>1373</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1001337</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>92 Van Gelder IC, Groenveld HF, Crijns HJGM, Tuininga YS, Tijssen JGP, Alings AM, et al. Lenient versus Strict Rate Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(15):1363-73. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001337.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B93">
        <label>93</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steffel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verhamme</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Potpara</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albaladejo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desteghe</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1330</fpage>
          <lpage>1393</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehy136</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>93 Steffel J, Verhamme P, Potpara TS, Albaladejo P, Antz M, Desteghe L, et al. The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(16):1330-93. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy136.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B94">
        <label>94</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;n-Garc&#237;a</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rold&#225;n Rabad&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitroi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maz&#243;n Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#237;ez-Villanueva</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Fibrillation in Active Cancer Patients: Expert Position Paper and Recommendatio</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>749</fpage>
          <lpage>759</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rec.2019.03.019</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>94 L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez T, Mart&#237;n-Garc&#237;a A, Rold&#225;n Rabad&#225;n I, Mitroi C, Maz&#243;n Ramos P, D&#237;ez-Villanueva P, et al. Atrial Fibrillation in Active Cancer Patients: Expert Position Paper and Recommendatio. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2019;72(9):749-59. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.03.019.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B95">
        <label>95</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siontis</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckard</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhave</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaubel</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes Associated With Apixaban Use in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease and Atrial Fibrillation in the United States</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1519</fpage>
          <lpage>1529</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035418</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/rth2.12111</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>95 Siontis KC, Zhang X, Eckard A, Bhave N, Schaubel DE, He K, et al. Outcomes Associated With Apixaban Use in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease and Atrial Fibrillation in the United States. Circulation. 2018;138(15):1519-29. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035418. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12111.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B96">
        <label>96</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Samuelson Bannow</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>AYY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khorana</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zwicker</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noble</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ay</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of anticoagulation for cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with thrombocytopenia: A systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Res Pract Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>644</fpage>
          <lpage>669</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/rth2.12111</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>96 Samuelson Bannow BR, Lee AYY, Khorana AA, Zwicker JI, Noble S, Ay C, et al. Management of anticoagulation for cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with thrombocytopenia: A systematic review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost.2018;2(4):644-69.. 2018;2(4):664-9. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12111.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B97">
        <label>97</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckhardt</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gopinathannair</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joglar</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lifestyle and Risk Factor Modification for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>e750</fpage>
          <lpage>e772</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000748</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>97 Chung MK, Eckhardt LL, Chen LY, Ahmed HM, Gopinathannair R, Joglar JA, et al. Lifestyle and Risk Factor Modification for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(16):e750-e72. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000748.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B98">
        <label>98</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gilchrist</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barac</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ades</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfano</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation to Manage Cardiovascular Outcomes in Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>139</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>e997</fpage>
          <lpage>e1012</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000679</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>98 Gilchrist SC, Barac A, Ades PA, Alfano CM, Franklin BA, Jones LW, et al. Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation to Manage Cardiovascular Outcomes in Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(21):e997-e1012. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000679.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B99">
        <label>99</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cormie</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zopf</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitz</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of Exercise on Cancer Mortality, Recurrence, and Treatment-Related Adverse Effects</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiol Rev</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/epirev/mxx007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>99 Cormie P, Zopf EM, Zhang X, Schmitz KH. The Impact of Exercise on Cancer Mortality, Recurrence, and Treatment-Related Adverse Effects. Epidemiol Rev.2017;39(1):71-92. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxx007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B100">
        <label>100</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Attia</surname>
              <given-names>ZI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noseworthy</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez-Jimenez</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asirvatham</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deshmukh</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An artificial intelligence-enabled ECG algorithm for the identification of patients with atrial fibrillation during sinus rhythm: a retrospective analysis of outcome prediction</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <comment>London, England</comment>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>394</volume>
          <issue>10201</issue>
          <fpage>861</fpage>
          <lpage>867</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31721-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>100 Attia ZI, Noseworthy PA, Lopez-Jimenez F, Asirvatham SJ, Deshmukh AJ, Gersh BJ, et al. An artificial intelligence-enabled ECG algorithm for the identification of patients with atrial fibrillation during sinus rhythm: a retrospective analysis of outcome prediction. Lancet. (London, England). 2019;394(10201):861-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31721-0</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B101">
        <label>101</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kawakami</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramkumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nolan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negishi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Mechanical Dispersion Assessed by Strain Echocardiography as an Independent Predictor of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Case-Control Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1268.e3</fpage>
          <lpage>1276.e3</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2019.06.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>101 Kawakami H, Ramkumar S, Nolan M, Wright L, Yang H, Negishi K, et al. Left Atrial Mechanical Dispersion Assessed by Strain Echocardiography as an Independent Predictor of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Case-Control Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(10):1268-76.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.06.002</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B102">
        <label>102</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andreasen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertelsen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghouse</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lundegaard</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahlberg</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Refsgaard</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early-onset atrial fibrillation patients show reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and increased atrial fibrosis</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>10039</fpage>
          <lpage>10039</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-020-66671-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>102 Andreasen L, Bertelsen L, Ghouse J, Lundegaard PR, Ahlberg G, Refsgaard L, et al. Early-onset atrial fibrillation patients show reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and increased atrial fibrosis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):10039. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66671-w.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B103">
        <label>103</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Habibi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khurram</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zipunnikov</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fukumoto</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of left atrial function and left atrial enhancement in patients with atrial fibrillation: cardiac magnetic resonance study</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e002769</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-020-66671-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>103 Habibi M, Lima JA, Khurram IM, Zimmerman SL, Zipunnikov V, Fukumoto K, et al. Association of left atrial function and left atrial enhancement in patients with atrial fibrillation: cardiac magnetic resonance study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(2):e002769. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66671-w.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B104">
        <label>104</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Christophersen</surname>
              <given-names>IE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rienstra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roselli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geelhoed</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Large-scale analyses of common and rare variants identify 12 new loci associated with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Nat Genet</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>946</fpage>
          <lpage>952</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ng.3843</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>104 Christophersen IE, Rienstra M, Roselli C, Yin X, Geelhoed B, Barnard J, et al. Large-scale analyses of common and rare variants identify 12 new loci associated with atrial fibrillation. Nat Genet. 2017;49(6):946-52. doi: 10.1038/ng.3843.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B105">
        <label>105</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lyon</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dent</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanway</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Earl</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brezden-Masley</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Baseline cardiovascular risk assessment in cancer patients scheduled to receive cardiotoxic cancer therapies: a position statement and new risk assessment tools from the Cardio-Oncology Study Group of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the International Cardio-Oncology Society</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1945</fpage>
          <lpage>1960</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1920</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>105 Lyon AR, Dent S, Stanway S, Earl H, Brezden-Masley C, Cohen-Solal A, et al. Baseline cardiovascular risk assessment in cancer patients scheduled to receive cardiotoxic cancer therapies: a position statement and new risk assessment tools from the Cardio-Oncology Study Group of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the International Cardio-Oncology Society. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(11):1945-60. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1920</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Cancer Patients: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8837-2746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9625-1124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Telma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5876-2348</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fragoso</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2904-8580</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9913-0435</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7808-3596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite-Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Adelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2165-7680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2306-8393</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Vila Nova de Gaia Hospital Center, Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardio-Oncol&#243;gica, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia, Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Oncologia, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia, Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Arazede</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de Aracetti, Arazede &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica, Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Pesquisa Cardiovascular (UnIC), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes s.n., <postal-code>4434-502</postal-code>, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>pedromgoncalvesteixeira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Costa T, Fragoso I, Leite-Moreira A, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J, Fontes-Carvalho R; Acquisition of data: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Costa T, Fragoso I, Ferreira D, Brand&#227;o M; Writing of the manuscript: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Costa T, Fragoso I; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Costa T, Fragoso I, Ferreira D, Brand&#227;o M, Leite-Moreira A, Sampaio F, Ribeiro J, Fontes-Carvalho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in the general population, carrying a high morbimortality burden, and this also holds true in cancer patients. The association between AF and cancer goes even further, with some studies suggesting that AF can be a marker of occult cancer. There is, however, a remarkable paucity of data concerning specific challenges of AF management in cancer patients. AF prompt recognition and management in this special population can lessen the arrhythmia-related morbidity and have an important prognostic benefit. This review will focus on current AF diagnosis and management challenges in cancer patients, with special emphasis on AF screening strategies and devices, and anticoagulation therapy with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anti-coagulants (NOACs) for thromboembolic prevention in these patients. Some insights concerning future perspectives for AF prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in this special population will also be addressed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Mass Screening</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardio-Oncology</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Coagulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardio-oncology has emerged as a key clinical field in the management of cancer patients, over the past decade. Cardio-oncology clinics now provide truly patient-centered clinical care and has proved useful in the prevention of cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity.</p>
        <p>Traditionally, oncology clinics were limited to the awareness of potential cardiomyocyte toxicity and risk of subsequent heart failure. We now have an ever more matured view of the varied cancer therapy-related cardiotoxicity. This includes a broad spectrum of inflammatory, thromboembolic and arrhythmic complications.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>AF burden</title>
          <p>Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is recognized as the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, with a prevalence of approximately 0.5 to 2% of the general population. Patients with AF have a five-fold increased risk of stroke and a three-fold increased risk of heart failure. Furthermore, AF is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Factors predisposing to AF development include aging (with the prevalence of AF being as high as 10% in patients over 80 years old),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, valvular heart disease, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and a variety of non-cardiovascular comorbidities such as diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, thyroid dysfunction, inflammatory bowel disease, amongst others.</p>
          <p>The association between AF and cancer has long been recognized and is somewhat expected based on the increasing prevalence of cancer with aging, and the high frequency of comorbidities predisposing to AF in cancer patients.</p>
          <p>Several population-based cohort studies showed the remarkable, bidirectional association between these entities. A recent meta-analysis showed that the rate of cancer diagnosis was three times higher in the first 3 months following AF diagnosis. Conversely, the risk of AF was particularly increased in the first 3 months after cancer diagnosis (OR 7.62, CI 3.08 to 18.88).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Additionally, in a large population-based case-control study with 28,833 AF cases, 0.59% were diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the 90 days before AF diagnosis, compared with only 0.05% of the controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Another cohort study also found that AF was associated with a higher incidence rate of cancer diagnosis in the next two decades of follow-up, and, again, this holds particularly true within 90 days after the diagnosis of AF. In this 90-day period men had an approximately 3-fold higher risk of having a cancer diagnosis, while women had a 4-fold higher risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In a recently published observational study including 4,324,545 individuals, of which 316,040 had a cancer diagnosis, AF remained independently associated with all major cancer subtypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The overall AF prevalence was 1.74% among cancer patients <italic>vs</italic>. 0.37% in the general population, and this difference increased with age. The strength of the association declined over time from the cancer diagnosis but remained significant even after 5 years (incidence rate ratio of 3.4 from day 0 to 90, and 1.1 from 2 to 5 years from cancer diagnosis). Another nationwide cohort study concluded that AF was strongly associated with metastatic cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is known that AF can be an asymptomatic condition, especially in the elderly. The frequent paroxysmal nature of AF further complicates its early recognition. Studies have demonstrated that up to 45% of all AF-related strokes occurred in patients with asymptomatic and unknown AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The significant risk for thromboembolic complications posed by AF is thought to be even greater in cancer patients, in whom a procoagulant state usually prevails.</p>
          <p>Screening and searching for AF may have a potential role in preventing complications if adequate treatment is prescribed early.</p>
          <p>On the other hand, as the association between AF and cancer goes even further, some studies suggest that AF can be a marker of occult cancer. The authors of a meta-analysis comprising 5 population-based observational studies including more than 5,500,000 patients recommended that patients with new-onset AF should be screened for occult cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This is, at present, highly controversial and has been contradicted by others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>This review will focus on current AF diagnosis and management challenges in cancer patients, with special emphasis on AF screening, and anticoagulation therapy for thromboembolic stroke prevention in these patients. Some insights concerning future perspectives for AF prevention, identification, and treatment in this special population, will also be provided.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>AF and Cancer: proposed pathophysiological links</title>
          <p>Multiple pathophysiological links have been proposed to explain the strong association between the two entities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The multifactorial, bidirectional, interplay between cancer and atrial fibrillation. See text for further details.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0328-01362-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The existence of shared risk factors for cancer and AF &#8211; such as preexisting cardiovascular disease, aging, obesity, diabetes, alcohol consumption and smoking &#8211; may explain a significant proportion of this epidemiological link.</p>
          <p>Moreover, cancer patients frequently experience pain, hypoxia, electrolyte abnormalities and malnutrition, all of which can prompt several autonomic and endocrine-metabolic abnormalities contributing to AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>At the atria level, primary or metastatic tumor growth can elicit local compression or invasion, both potentially triggering AF.</p>
          <p>It has been suggested that cancer increases the incidence of AF through the abnormal production of thyroid hormones-like peptides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A variety of paraneoplastic syndromes may ultimately lead to endocrine or metabolic derangements and set the stage for AF development. Other auto-immune mechanisms involving targeting of atrial tissue have been postulated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Occult undiagnosed cancer, with its accompanying altered autonomic tone and a pro-inflammatory state, may precede AF and explain, at least in part, the association. In some of these cases, anticoagulation therapy may unmask the neoplastic disorder by promoting tumor-related bleeding events. Also, being more closely exposed to medical examination and diagnostic tests, recently diagnosed cancer patients have higher probability of new-onset AF diagnosis.</p>
          <p>There is a large amount of evidence linking AF to inflammatory disorders. The high prevalence of AF in the postoperative period and in the acute stages of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or myocarditis, provide a valuable insight into the relationship between AF and inflammation. Histological studies further explored this, with AF patients showing inflammatory cell infiltrates in their right atrial endocardium, which was not observed in controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Several studies evaluated inflammatory biomarkers in this context, showing C-reactive protein (CRP),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> interleukin 2 (IL-2),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> interleukin 6 (IL-6),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> tumor necrosis factor &#945; (TNF-&#945;) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> to be significantly elevated in AF patients when compared to controls. The association between cancer and inflammation, being notably robust,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> allows the hypothesis that inflammation is probably a common substrate for AF and cancer in some patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>AF is frequently seen following surgical therapy for cancer, and this is particularly evident after pulmonary resection for lung cancer, with a large observational study showing a prevalence of 12.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This was also documented following surgery for esophageal, colorectal and breast cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Finally, several widely used anticancer drugs have been associated with an increased risk of incident AF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). A renewed interest in this field arose following the first reports of ibrutinib-related AF, a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKi) used in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and other hematological malignancies. The incidence of AF in patients undergoing ibrutinib therapy ranged from 3% to 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The unique antiplatelet effects of ibrutinib, which appears to inhibit the initial steps of platelet adhesion and activation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> may pose therapeutic challenges when a decision must be reached about anticoagulation. It has been suggested that androgen deprivation therapy used to treat prostate cancer may lead to higher incidence of AF, possibly related to hormonotherapy-related hypogonadism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> This risk was more pronounced with abiraterone, a drug that also blocks CYP17 enzymes, and thus can cause hypermineralocortisolism, promoting hypokalemia and AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> More recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), have also been linked to new-onset AF because of their propension to cause myocardial and pericardial inflammation through auto-immune mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Other autoimmune side effects of ICIs, such as thyroiditis, may predispose to AF development as well.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Reported frequency of cancer therapy-induced atrial fibrillation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Therapeutic class</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Drug agent</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Reported frequency of AF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Alkylating agents</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Anthracyclines</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.55 &#8211; 10.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Melphalan</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10.8 &#8211; 33%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Busulfan</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cyclophosphamide</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Antimetabolites</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5-Fluorouracil</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Capecitabine</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5 &#8211; 1.1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Gemcitabine</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0-8.1% <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">(*)</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Taxanes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Paclitaxel</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.18 - 1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">IImmunomodulators</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Talidomide</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Lenalidomide</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.6 - 7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Platinum derivates</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cisplatin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10-32%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="7" valign="middle">Tyrosine kinase inhibitors</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Ibrutinib (BTK)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3-16%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Nilotinib (BCR-ABL1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Ponatinib (BCR-ABL1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3-7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Vemurafenib (BRAF)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Imatinib (BCR-ABL1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.55 &#8211; 33%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Dasatinib (BCR-ABL1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Sorafenib (VEGFR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5.1% <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">(**)</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Proteasome inhibitors</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Bortezomib</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Carfilzomib</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2 &#8211; 3.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Monoclonal antibodies</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Trastuzumab (HER2/ERBB2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Bevacizumab (VEFG)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cetuximab (EGFR/HER1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Alentuzumab (CD52)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rituximab (CD20)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Other</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Interleukin 2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.3 &#8211; 8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">ICIs</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Nivolumab (anti-PD1)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">13%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Pembrolizumab (anti-PD1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">CAR-T cell therapy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Hormonotherapy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Degarelix</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Abiraterone</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 &#8211; 5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Radiation therapy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5 &#8211;3.2%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>AF incidence of 0% when used alone, 8% when associated with vinorelbine.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>(**)</label>
                <p>The reported prevalence was found in association with 5-FU, in a phase II study. It is noteworthy to recall that this association is not currently used in daily clinical practice.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Chest radiotherapy is associated with myocardial fibrosis, potentially causing a restrictive cardiomyopathy over the long term, and the associated filling pressure elevation favors AF development. Enhanced myocardial fibrosis at the atria level may set the stage for subsequent mechanical and/or electrical remodeling, ultimately causing AF.</p>
          <p>It must be acknowledged, however, that the real incidence of cancer therapy-related AF is likely to be underestimated, as routine rhythm monitoring is seldom performed or comprises only a single recording of a 12-lead ECG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The rationale for AF screening</title>
          <p>AF is not infrequently an asymptomatic condition, and the risk of stroke or death was found to be similar between symptomatic AF and silent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Up to 5% of individuals with AF have a stroke as the initial clinical manifestation of their arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> This may represent near one-third of all AF-related strokes. AF is associated with increased mortality risk in the general population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> and this has also proved to be true in cancer patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Prevention of thromboembolic stroke due to an early introduction of oral anticoagulation in patients at risk is perhaps the most plausible benefit of AF screening programs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Other proposed theoretical benefits of early AF recognition and management include reduction of AF-related morbidity and hospitalizations, and reduction of AF-related mortality.</p>
          <p>The added value of opportunistic / systematic screening <italic>versus</italic> standard of care to detect silent AF in the general population is well established, and the rates of newly diagnosed AF ranged from 0.5 to 3.9% in most studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> The increasing yield of screening programs seems to be more intimately related to the screened population and the duration of screening, rather than specific devices / test characteristics.</p>
          <p>Factors such as age,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> previous history of thromboembolic stroke,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> CHA2DS2-VASc score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> and NT-proBNP levels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> have been proposed as potentially useful to optimize the &#8220;number needed to screen&#8221; of such programs, possibly allowing for improved net clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness.</p>
          <p>Interestingly, CHA2DS2-VASc score not only predicts stroke risk among patients with known AF, but also performs fairly well when predicting newly diagnosed AF. This may be useful as a gatekeeper for screening programs, not only (1) helping to select those patients with higher pre-test probability for silent AF, but also because (2) it warrants all detected cases will derive clinical benefit from oral anticoagulant (OAC) prescription.</p>
          <p>The clinical trial STROKESTOP included 75- and 76-year-old individuals, thereby selecting participants with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of at least 2 points (age &gt;75). Previously unknown AF was found in 0.5% of the screened population in their first ECG, whereas intermittent ECG recordings increased new AF detection by 4-fold.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The STROKESTOP II study also added the use of NT-proBNP, in a stepwise strategy for AF screening in 75- and 76-year-old individuals. The high-risk group (NT-proBNP &#8805;125 ng/L) was offered extended ECG-screening, whereas the low-risk group performed only one single-lead ECG recording. In the high-risk group 4.4% had newly diagnosed AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Even in cohorts at higher risk for thromboembolic stroke (i.e. those with previous embolic stroke of undetermined source), empirical treatment with OAC failed to demonstrate a reduction in recurrent stroke. This reinforces the importance of effective AF documentation prior to the implementation of such therapies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> even in high prevalence and high-risk cohorts, such as cancer patients. In patients with documented AF, OAC therapy reduced stroke rates by two-thirds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Strategies for AF screening</title>
          <p>Several methods are available for AF screening (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). The simplest method for AF screening is pulse taking, which provides good sensitivity but only modest specificity (reported range of 65&#8211;91%). Other approaches include automated blood pressure devices (those able to perform oscillometric analysis),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> non-invasive devices for a single-lead ECG registration, and cardiac rhythm monitoring patches.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Several methods are available for outpatient atrial fibrillation screening. BP: blood pressure. CIED: cardiac implantable electronic device. ICM: implantable cardiac monitor</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0328-01362-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>More recently, smartphone and smartwatch-based ambulatory monitoring introduced the ability for patient-activated monitoring without the need for wearable devices, and for indefinite periods. Such a smartwatch device showed promising results in a study with 419,000 participants, concerning mass-screening for AF. Irregular rhythm patterns were detected in 0.52% of participants, and this prompted subsequent confirmation with an electrocardiography (ECG) patch. The positive predictive value of the irregular rhythms detected by the smartwatch as possible AF was 0.71. It must be noted, however, the unfavorable age profile of the enrolled individuals, which were mostly young (52% were younger than 40 years and only 6% were 65 or older).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Artificial intelligence-based rhythm analysis is frequently dependent on heterogeneous algorithms and, therefore, subsequent validation of findings is needed. This applies not only to plethysmography analysis for pulse wave irregularities but also for single-lead ECG generation of some devices, whose diagnostic accuracy does not yet replace human judgement. This may represent a challenge for healthcare systems, potentially leading to human resources&#8217; shortness, since the great amount of data generated by these devices ultimately requires validation.</p>
          <p>To date, randomized trials of AF screening have not demonstrated a reduction in stroke or other hard outcomes. It must be acknowledged, however, that none of these trials was adequately powered to demonstrate such an effect. Several trials are currently ongoing, aiming to give insights into this important topic (SAFER,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> DANCANVAS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> LOOP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> GUARD-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup>).</p>
          <p>Two important drawbacks have been pointed out regarding AF screening strategies. The first one concerns the risk of false positive results and potential for increased bleeding risk in patients in which OAC does not bring clinical benefit. The expected psychological consequences of a false positive result, concerning anxiety levels and diminished quality of life, may have redoubled their importance in oncologic patients. The second emphasizes the uncertain clinical significance of short episodes of AF documented with prolonged screening modalities. In fact, these short-lasting arrythmia episodes may not represent an increased risk of thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Following new-onset AF detection with whichever screening strategy used, it must be stressed, nevertheless, that ECG confirmation of AF is still mandatory in the guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Current recommendations for AF screening</title>
          <p>The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommends opportunistic screening for AF by pulse taking or ECG rhythm strip in patients aged &gt;65 years-old, with a Class of Recommendation (COR) I and a Level of Evidence (LOE) B.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> According to the same recommendations, systematic ECG screening may be considered to detect AF in patients aged 75 years or older, or those at high stroke risk (COR IIb, LOE B). A position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) adds that screening for AF is advised in high-risk populations, because of its cost-effectiveness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In contrast, the United States Preventive Services Task Force states that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for AF with electrocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Despite the high burden of AF in cancer patients, there are no specific recommendations regarding AF screening in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>AF screening in cancer patients: what is the evidence?</title>
          <p>There is an astonishing paucity of data concerning AF screening in cancer patients. Moreover, current malignancy and/or chemotherapy or radiotherapy exposure were considered the exclusion criteria in some trials on AF screening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Intriguingly, most of AF screening studies do not even report cancer prevalence when it comes to the screened population characterization. Among the few studies that report cancer prevalence at baseline, no clear description exists regarding the rate of newly identified AF and/or &#8220;number needed to screen&#8221; in those patients.</p>
          <p>A national cross-sectional study from Ireland randomly screened 2,200 patients aged 70 years and over using a three-lead ECG monitor in a primary care setting. The incident rate of newly diagnosed AF was 1.2%. This study reported a lung cancer prevalence of 0.3% in the overall screened population, but once again, no data on incident rate for newly identified AF is available for those patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Management of AF in cancer patients</title>
          <p>The overall principles of AF prevention and treatment, and general management recommendations, also apply to cancer patients. For the sake of consistency, the author&#8217;s will follow the guideline-recommended &#8220;ABC&#8221; approach to AF treatment (A: avoid stroke, anticoagulation; B: better symptom management, including patient-shared decisions on rate or rhythm control strategies; C: cardiovascular and comorbidity risk reduction). We also address some cancer patients&#8217; particularities that deserve consideration.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Antithrombotic regimen</title>
            <p>In AF patients from the general population, the ischemic stroke risk is stratified with satisfactory precision by CHA2DS2-VASc score, and patients with a score &#8805;1 (except for female gender alone) are considered to have favorable risk/benefit under OAC therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This must be balanced alongside the bleeding risk in each patient. The HAS-BLED score has been proposed for bleeding risk assessment in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> The HEMORR2HAGES risk assessment scale has the unique feature of including cancer as a risk factor for bleeding in AF, although it lacks external validation. Risk factor modification is of utmost importance to minimize bleeding risk. Apart from their suboptimal performance and discriminatory capacity, the numerous bleeding-risk scores available have the merit of highlighting such modifiable risk factors.</p>
            <p>The OAC therapy reduces the risk of ischemic stroke rate by roughly 60%. Several landmark clinical trials have highlighted the superior safety profile of NOACs vs. VKAs with a comparable efficacy in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> However, these studies directly (precluding patients undergoing active chemotherapy/radiation therapy) or indirectly (not allowing the enrollment of individuals with an expected survival &lt;12 months) excluded active cancer patients.</p>
            <p>Thrombotic events are the second leading cause of mortality in cancer patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> However, cancer and many of its thrombotic-risk features are not incorporated into the CHA2DS2-VASc score calculation. Additionally, cancer-associated bleeding risk may theoretically shift the &#8220;net clinical benefit point&#8221; of OAC in these patients towards a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cancer patients with AF are at simultaneously high thrombotic and bleeding risk. Patient factors, as well as tumor-specific risks and cancer therapeutics adverse effects pose additional challenges. The indication for anticoagulation in these patients must be individualized, and several factors, not included in classic risk scores, should be considered. (*) Vinca alkaloids, alkylating agents, monoclonal antibodies (aflibercept, bevacizumab, ramucirumab, trastuzumab emtansine), antiestrogens, antimetabolites (pentostatin), anthracyclines, bleomycin, campothecins, carfilzomib, epipodophyllotoxins, ibrutinib, BCR-ABL, BRAF, and VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors, interleukins, L-asparaginase, ruxolitinib, taxanes, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, megestrol, tamoxifen. (**) CHA2DS2-VASc score is a strong predictor of thromboembolic events in patients with previously known AF but performed poorly for stroke risk prediction in those with cancer and newly diagnosed AF. See text for further details. (***) Alkylating agents (carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, estramustine, oxaliplatin, temozolomide), gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, antiandrogens, monoclonal antibodies (aflibercept, bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab), anthracyclines, antimetabolites (capecitabine, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, methotrexate, pentostatin), immunomodulators (lenalidomide, pomalidomide, thalidomide), aromatase inhibitors, bleomycin, protein kinase inhibitors (axitinib, lenvatinib, pazopanib, sorafenib, sunitinib), mTOR inhibitors, proteosome inhibitors (carfilzomib), irinotecan, taxanes, tasonermin, tretinoin, megestrol, progestogens, raloxifene, tamoxifen, vinflunine, vorinostat, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0328-01362-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            <p>Conflicting analysis have been made concerning the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores performance in cancer patients with AF. In a study including over 120,000 patients, those with cancer and a low CHA2DS2-VASc score (0&#8211;1) had a higher risk of stroke than noncancer patients, but in those with a score &#8805;2, the stroke risk was similar between cancer and noncancer patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In a study comprising roughly 2000 patients, the CHADS2 score was more predictive of increased stroke risk in patients with cancer and pre-existing AF (each point increase was associated with a nearly 40% greater risk of stroke) than the CHA2DS2-VASc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> In the same study, notwithstanding, both scores accurately predicted the risk of stroke and survival. Intriguingly, the CHADS2 score lacked power to predict thromboembolism in cancer patients with new-onset AF in another study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup></p>
            <p>On the other hand, patients with recently diagnosed cancer were at greater risk of bleeding, irrespective of the CHA2DS2-VASc score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup> Cancer patients have a noticeable higher risk for bleeding events, either due to malignancy location, cancer surgery, thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, iatrogenic and/or tumor-related kidney or liver failure, bone marrow suppression (by the neoplastic disorder or cancer-related therapeutics), disseminated intravascular coagulation or hyperfibrinolysis in specific subsets, mucositis, and acquired von Willebrand syndrome. In the Riete registry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> prior bleeding, creatinine clearance &lt;30 mL/min, immobility &#8805;4 days and metastatic disease were the most important predictors of major bleeding in cancer patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy.</p>
            <p>In a large registry data analysis, cancer patients had a two- to six-fold increase in the bleeding risk compared with patients without cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> Ischemic stroke rate was, however, comparable.</p>
            <p>Evidence from randomized clinical trials comparing NOACs to either vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for thromboembolic prevention in cancer patients with AF is not available at the present date.</p>
            <p>Several RCTs recently emphasized NOAC&#8217;s efficacy and safety profile for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> and treatment<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup> in cancer patients, compared to low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). In all these studies, the minor bleeding risk was greater with NOAC <italic>versus</italic> LMWH (driven by a higher rate of gastrointestinal bleeding). The major bleeding risk was similar between the two drug classes in some studies (Caravaggio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup> and SELECT-D<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref></sup>), but an increased risk with NOAC use was observed in one trial (Hokusai VTE Cancer<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup>). To some extent, cautious extrapolation can be made from these trials, but the unique thromboembolic pathophysiology in AF patients deserves dedicated trials.</p>
            <p>Recent observational data from a cohort of 16,096 patients with AF and cancer suggest NOACs may be at least as effective as warfarin for the prevention of ischemic stroke and have a safer bleeding profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup></p>
            <p>A summary of various subanalysis from major clinical trials on OAC therapy in AF assessing cancer patients is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>. In a subanalysis of the ARISTOTLE trial, the safety and efficacy of apixaban <italic>versus</italic> warfarin were comparable between patients with and without active cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup> Interestingly, cancer patients derived a greater benefit from apixaban therapy for the composite endpoint of stroke/systemic embolism, myocardial infarction (MI) and death. These results were replicated in an analysis of 1,153 patients initially included in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial, who developed new or recurrent malignancy over a median follow-up of 495 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup> Overall, the efficacy and safety profile of edoxaban in relation to warfarin were preserved.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>NOACs versus Warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">NOAC</th>
                    <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Primary Efficacy endpoint vs. Warfarin RR [95% CI]</th>
                    <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Primary Safety endpoint <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref> vs. Warfarin RR [95% CI]</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">General population <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">**</xref> </th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Cancer <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref> </th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">General population <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">**</xref> </th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Cancer <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Dabigatran</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.91 [0.53-0.82] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14 [0.03 - 0.57] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#167;</xref> </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.93 [0.81-1.07] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23 [0.07-0.74] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Rivaroxaban</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.79 [0.66-0.96]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.52 [0.22-1.21]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03 [0.96-1.11]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.09 [0.82-1.44] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Apixaban</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.79 [0.66-0.95]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.09 [0.56-2.26]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.69 [0.60-0.80]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 [0.56-1.14] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Edoxaban</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.79 [0.63-0.99] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60 [0.31-1.15] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.87 [0.73-1.04] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.98 [0.69&#8211;1.40] <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN12">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>Major bleeding results, unless otherwise specified.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN13">
                  <label>**</label>
                  <p>Data from landmark RCTs.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN14">
                  <label>***</label>
                  <p>Data from post-hoc subanalysis or observational studies.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN15">
                  <label>&#167;</label>
                  <p>Results from an observational retrospective study, which included 140 patients on Dabigatran, and counted two ischemic strokes and three major bleeding events in this study arm (Kim K, et al. 2018].</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN16">
                  <label>&#8224;</label>
                  <p>The results for Dabigatran 150mg dosage are presented.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN17">
                  <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                  <p>Major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN18">
                  <label>&#8225;</label>
                  <p>The results for Edoxaban 60mg dosage are presented.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>In a recently published meta-analysis comprising over 20,000 patients with AF and cancer undergoing OAC, NOACs showed lower or similar rates of thromboembolic and bleeding events when compared with warfarin (37% stroke risk reduction, 27% major bleeding risk reduction).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup> These results are still exploratory and should be interpreted with caution until RCTs are available. One important limitation concerns the limited data about cancer staging, which might have led to uncontrolled confounding factors if the type of OACs (NOACs vs AVK) varied by cancer staging. Furthermore, patients with greater disease severity (i.e. those with reduced life expectancy) were indirectly precluded by the analysis, as they were excluded by the numerous included studies.</p>
            <p>The individualized assessment of thrombotic and bleeding risk profile, comorbidities, and expected drug-to-drug interactions in each patient remains crucial, either before the OAC strategy initiation, when evaluating the need for dose adjustment or scheme modification, or even therapy discontinuation.</p>
            <p>Balancing thrombotic and/or bleeding risk remains particularly challenging in specific scenarios, according to comorbidities, tumor location, staging, and cancer-related therapies, some of which are addressed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>. Although, at present, there are no data to guide the choice of specific anticoagulants in most of these extreme scenarios, refraining from using rivaroxaban, dabigatran or edoxaban in gastro-intestinal cancer patients with high bleeding risk seems advisable.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>LAA closure</title>
          <p>Left atrial appendage (LAA) percutaneous closure was non-inferior to warfarin for the prevention of thromboembolic events and may be considered for those patients at the highest stroke risk who have contraindication for anticoagulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> The OAC is not even necessary post-procedure, as dual antiplatelet therapy in the first 6 months showed to be equally safe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup> It is noteworthy to remind that patients with either thrombocytopenia (platelet count &lt;100.000) or anemia (hemoglobin &lt;10g/dL) were excluded from major trials validating its use.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart rate and rhythm control specificities in cancer patients</title>
          <p>For symptomatic control, a strategy of either heart rate control (rate control) or sinus rhythm restoration and maintenance (rhythm control) may be reasonable. The patient&#8217;s age and functional status, comorbidities, AF duration, and predicted drug-drug interactions with rate-controlling and anti-arrhythmic drugs, are valuable aspects when deciding between the two strategies.</p>
          <p>New-onset AF may arise in the context of systemic, infectious, metabolic, and/or endocrine disorders, and their correction may be enough to restore sinus rhythm.</p>
          <p>Apart from these scenarios, in hemodynamically stable AF with &gt;48h duration a rate control strategy is usually the first approach. Landmark RCT evidence showing lack of benefit with a rhythm control strategy and a lower potential for drug interactions with rate-controlling drugs have recently been questioned.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup> A lenient rate control strategy is advised, with a resting heart rate objective of 100-110bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup> For this purpose, non-dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil) and digoxin carry the highest risk for relevant drug interactions with cancer treatments and beta-blockers not significantly metabolized by liver enzymes (atenolol, nadolol) may be preferred.</p>
          <p>Antiarrhythmics have a narrow safety profile, and when choosing an antiarrhythmic agent, attention must be given to severe interactions with cancer drugs. Even in patients submitted to planned electric cardioversion for this purpose, antiarrhythmic drugs may increase the likelihood of sinus rhythm maintenance. Amiodarone is both a major CYP3A substrate and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and should be use with caution, when strictly necessary. Alternative antiarrhythmics in patients without structural heart disease (SHD) are sotalol, flecainide and propafenone. Mexiletine (class Ib antiarrhythmic) may be considered in those with SHD.</p>
          <p>Data from the ORBIT-AF registry shows a 4% prevalence of prior catheter ablation procedure in AF patients with a history of cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> There is no information on whether these procedures took place before or after the cancer diagnosis. Patients with a history of cancer were less likely to have been submitted to catheter ablation of AF, when compared with those without cancer history.</p>
          <p>The procedure has good long-term results in experienced hands, with low complication rates. Cancer patients with a perceived life expectancy &gt; 12 months would theoretically be plausible candidates, aiming for symptomatic and/or prognostic benefit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Drug-drug interactions</title>
          <p>Although fewer food and drug-drug interactions are expected with NOAC use when compared with warfarin, some pharmacokinetic considerations have clinical relevance. A gut transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), is responsible for gastrointestinal re-secretion of all NOACs. P-gp is also involved in NOAC renal secretion. Predictably, strong P-gp inhibitors result in increased NOAC plasma levels.</p>
          <p>Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymatic pathways are a critical step in the hepatic clearance of rivaroxaban and apixaban. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors will potentially increase plasma levels of these drugs.</p>
          <p>As a rule of thumb, strong inhibitors of both P-gp and CYP3A4 are not recommended in combination with NOACs. On the other hand, strong inducers of both P-gp and CY3A4, resulting in low NOAC plasma levels, may compromise treatment efficacy. Detailed drug-drug interactions and hazardous combinations have been detailed elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup></p>
          <p>When the avoidance of severe drug-drug interaction compromises anti-cancer therapeutics efficacy, low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) may be considered as an alternative.</p>
          <p>Pharmacodynamic considerations include not only the increased hemorrhagic risk with simultaneous antiplatelet therapy (e.g. in patients with acute coronary syndromes), but also the concomitant treatment with chemotherapeutic agents with antithrombotic activity. Individual assessment of thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk is advised.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Renal and Hepatic dose adjustments</title>
          <p>In general, NOAC use is not advised in stage V chronic kidney disease (CKD) (creatinine clearance &lt;15mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>). Apixaban is considered a reasonable alternative to warfarin in these patients, according to some recommendations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup> but the supporting evidence is still weak. Patients with stage IV CKD (CrCl between 15 and 30 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>) may be treated with a reduced-dose regimen of rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban. Stage III CKD (CrCl 30-60ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>) generally mandates NOAC dose adjustment, taking into account the patient&#8217;s characteristics affecting the drug pharmacokinetics (i.e., age and weight).</p>
          <p>All NOACs remain contra-indicated in end-stage hepatic disease (Child-Turcotte-Pugh C cirrhosis), due to lack of data. Rivaroxaban should also be avoided in those with Child B liver cirrhosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Thrombocytopenia</title>
          <p>Cancer patients with thrombocytopenia have increased bleeding risk, remaining at increased risk for thrombotic complications. To date, no robust data have emerged on which anticoagulation strategy should be pursued in this challenging scenario. It has been proposed either a strategy of platelet transfusion, or dose-modified anticoagulation regimen with LMWHs in those with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count &lt;50 x 109/L).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup> Some causes of thrombocytopenia involving immune-mediated mechanisms are characterized by a prominent thrombotic, as well as hemorrhagic, risk. That said, there is no consensus on a lower limit of platelet count when considering anticoagulation, as this is dictated by the clinical scenario and the prevailing risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk factor modification</title>
          <p>Risk factor modification is crucial in AF prevention and recurrence avoidance. This includes weight loss, diabetes treatment, arterial hypertension control, sleep apnea identification and treatment, correction of thyroid dysfunction, smoke cessation, alcohol consumption avoidance, and treatment of any underlying structural / ischemic heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Future directions</title>
          <sec>
            <title>AF prevention</title>
            <p>Several interventions, focusing on lifestyle and risk factor modification, prompted a significant reduction in AF burden in the general population. These include weight loss in obese patients, optimal glycemic control in DM patients, hypertension and dyslipidemia management, obstructive sleep apnea identification and treatment, smoking cessation, and alcohol consumption reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref></sup> The extent to which cancer patients derive the same benefit with these interventions remains to be determined, but the high burden of classical cardiovascular risk factors in this population argues in favor of these interventions. Moderate aerobic exercise training is safe and provides QoL and cardiovascular benefit in cancer patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> Those integrating Cardio-Oncology rehabilitation programs experience fewer cancer therapeutic-related adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>AF diagnosis</title>
            <p>Artificial intelligence-based algorithms for the identification of subtle ECG changes associated with future AF development (e.g. LA enlargement, Bay&#233;s Syndrome)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> may prove useful to identify patients who might benefit the most from AF screening. The same is true concerning echocardiographic parameters of LA dimensions and strain<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup> and/or LV systo-diastolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup> Cardiac magnetic resonance, allowing atrial morpho-functional characterization, may also become a crucial tool in early recognition of &#8220;fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy&#8221;, which is associated with incident and recurrent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have found several variants of atrial structural genes to be associated with AF development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup> Also, OMIC sciences may help refine our knowledge of the biological processes underlying incident AF, perhaps helping clinicians in its early identification and treatment.</p>
            <p>Risk stratification models exist for myocardial toxicity and overt heart failure development, according to chemotherapeutic classes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> New-onset AF may be the object of such baseline risk stratification tools in the future. This could help clinicians to better identify those patients who might benefit the most from AF screening.</p>
            <p>The effectiveness of AF screening in cancer patients, concerning the prevention of major adverse cardio and cerebrovascular events, must be addressed in adequately powered prospective studies. The growing availability of user-friendly devices and apps, with potential for long-term screening in a large number of patients, may boost this research field.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>AF management</title>
            <p>Whether AF ablation carries a similar prognostic benefit in cancer patients with HFrEF, as demonstrated in the general population is currently unknown. Evidence from randomized clinical trials on NOAC use for stroke prevention in cancer patients with AF (compared with either VKA or LMWH) is also an important gap to be filled in the years to come.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Cardio-oncology clinics have allowed many cancer therapeutics-related cardiotoxicity events to be prevented, early recognized and optimally managed.</p>
        <p>Despite the high frequency of AF in patients with active malignancy, this condition remains an under-recognized comorbidity in these patients. Its frequent paroxysmal nature, together with slack screening programs, may perpetuate this situation.</p>
        <p>AF screening in cancer patients may have a role in early AF recognition and thromboembolic event prevention, through the timely prescription of anticoagulant therapy in individuals at risk. The best screening strategy and the optimal device to improve the yield of such screening programs are yet to be established.</p>
        <p>In the future, clinical, genetic, analytical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters may help to stratify the risk of subsequent AF development, thereby helping in the selection of patients who deserve more stringent screening protocols.</p>
        <p>These challenging patients, simultaneously at higher thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk, deserve dedicated clinical trials. The prognostic impact of interventions aiming at the correction of underlying structural or functional heart disease, and the optimal anticoagulant regimen, require further investigation.</p>
        <p>Multidisciplinary Cardio-Oncology teams are at a privileged position to carry on this mission, as they warrant a truly holistic approach to these challenging patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
