<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">p5gMdjBG6GHgFM9DYtZhgQR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800326</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220435</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220435</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares Tardias da COVID-19 &#8211; Uma Ci&#234;ncia em Constru&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2727-9198</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sofia Cabral</bold> &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto, Hospital Santo Ant&#243;nio &#8211; Largo do Prof. Abel Salazar, <postal-code>4099-001</postal-code> Porto - Portugal. E-mail: <email>msofiacabral@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>326</fpage>
      <lpage>327</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Covid-19/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Fluxo Mediada</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>No in&#237;cio de 2020, o mundo enfrentou o aparecimento de uma nova pandemia, a Doen&#231;a do Coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), causada por um novo coronav&#237;rus (v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2). Rapidamente descobrimos que, embora o trato respirat&#243;rio fosse o principal alvo, muitos outros sistemas de org&#227;os tamb&#233;m podiam ser afetados. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (CV) da COVID-19 est&#227;o entre as mais comuns e temidas e podem se apresentar como les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, arritmias, s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular e doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tanto a doen&#231;a cardiovascular preexistente quanto a com&#243;rbida bem como a presen&#231;a concomitante de fatores de risco CV s&#227;o indicadores de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o e progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Digno de nota, o envolvimento CV agudo &#233; um forte preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar por COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A intera&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o e o sistema CV &#233; ainda objeto de estudo mas, al&#233;m da les&#227;o celular directa pelo v&#237;rus, acredita-se que a ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias inflamat&#243;rias desempenhe um papel fundamental. Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da fisiopatologia do envolvimento CV na COVID-19 est&#225; para al&#233;m do &#226;mbito deste coment&#225;rio e foi amplamente abordado em outros trabalhos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Sendo reconhecidas como comuns as desregula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e vascular na fase aguda da infec&#231;&#227;o, as preocupa&#231;&#245;es concentram-se agora nas anormalias CV residuais a longo prazo. Huang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> relataram que mais da metade dos pacientes convalescentes com COVID-19 apresentavam sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou fibrose na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na mesma linha, a meta-an&#225;lise de Kim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> mostrou que quase metade dos pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 apresentavam um ou mais resultados anormais de RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, e sem surpresa, a infec&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode induzir les&#227;o vascular sustentada. &#192; luz do tropismo do SARS-CoV-2 para c&#233;lulas que expressam a enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 ligada &#224; membrana, n&#227;o &#233; de admirar que o endot&#233;lio vascular seja um dos principais tecidos envolvidos na infec&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, os efeitos da infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 no endot&#233;lio vascular e a intera&#231;&#227;o complexa entre os dois ainda s&#227;o pouco compreendidos. Na sua ess&#234;ncia, a homeostase CV depende principalmente do papel do endot&#233;lio. Ele regula o t&#244;nus vascular, a ades&#227;o celular, a tromboresist&#234;ncia, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e, no final, a inflama&#231;&#227;o da parede do vaso. Sempre que o endot&#233;lio &#233; ativado, resultando em disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular muda de processos vasodilatadores mediados pelo oxido n&#237;trico para processos redox vasoconstritores. Isso pode ocorrer como um fen&#244;meno agudo transit&#243;rio, com pouca ou nenhuma consequ&#234;ncia, ou como uma ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial prejudicial sustentada, eventualmente levando a um meio pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nico e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A vasomotricidade dependente do endot&#233;lio &#233; amplamente reconhecida como um indicador de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF), originalmente introduzida na d&#233;cada de 1990, &#233; o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo mais recomendado para avali&#225;-la.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No estudo de Mansiroglu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> os investigadores usaram a DMF para revelar a presen&#231;a de envolvimento vascular sutil em pacientes jovens com infec&#231;&#227;o ligeira por COVID-19 no per&#237;odo inicial p&#243;s-infec&#231;&#227;o. Os autores conduziram uma investiga&#231;&#227;o de caso-controle, de centro &#250;nico, bem emparelhada, envolvendo 80 pacientes recuperados de Covid-19 em 35 dias (25-178; IIQ: 38,5) ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o. Comparados aos controles, o grupo com Covid-19 n&#227;o apresentou sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de envolvimento card&#237;aco estrutural ou funcional pela infec&#231;&#227;o recente. Em contraste, eles exibiram uma resposta de DMF significativamente menor (9,52&#177;5,98 vs. 12,01&#177;6,18, p= 0,010). Estes resultados expandem outros de estudos anteriores ao restringir a inclus&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos com menos de 45 anos, com infec&#231;&#227;o ligeira que n&#227;o justificava a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A exclus&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es concorrentes compartilhando o denominador comum de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m foi uma caracter&#237;stica distinta. N&#227;o obstante, dado o curto per&#237;odo de tempo decorrido desde a infec&#231;&#227;o, &#233; discut&#237;vel se esses achados podem ser extrapolados como tradutores de qualquer consequ&#234;ncia a longo prazo da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Poucos estudos sobre a resposta &#224; DMF analisaram pacientes com COVID-19 jovens e saud&#225;veis, obtendo resultados equivalentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Achados semelhantes tamb&#233;m foram relatados em um cen&#225;rio mais amplo. Oikonomou et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> estudaram prospectivamente 73 pacientes mais velhos hospitalizados com COVID-19 (37% dos quais necessitaram de tratamento intensivo) e descobriram que a DMF estava significantemente (p &lt; 0,001) diminu&#237;da no grupo com COVID-19 (1,65 &#177; 2,31%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma coorte emparelhada por escore de propens&#227;o (6,51 &#177; 2,91%). Outro aspecto marcante &#233; que essa diferen&#231;a permaneceu significativa seis meses ap&#243;s a alta (5,24 &#177; 1,62% e 6,48 &#177; 3,08%, respectivamente, p=0,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m consistente com estes resultados, o estudo de Gao et al. deu um passo adiante ao demonstrar que a DMF estava reduzida em sobreviventes de COVID-19, mesmo 327 dias ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dada a evid&#234;ncia acumulada, parece ineg&#225;vel a influ&#234;ncia a longo prazo na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular de uma infec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por COVID-19. No entanto, independentemente dos mecanismos envolvidos, as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dessa afec&#231;&#227;o vascular s&#227;o ainda um mist&#233;rio. Em particular, a susceptibilidade dos sobreviventes de COVID-19 &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o precoce de aterosclerose &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o dominante. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se esse dano vascular ter&#225; impacto em eventos CV futuros. Como resultado, &#233; necess&#225;ria investiga&#231;&#227;o longitudinal prospectiva adicional de alta qualidade sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida por COVID-19 e resultados CV a longo prazo. O conhecimento atual relativo &#224;s consequ&#234;ncias tardias da les&#227;o vascular induzida pela COVID-19 &#233; ainda embrion&#225;rio. A pesquisa de Mansiroglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#233; assim, a par de outras, pioneira neste campo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Casos de COVID-19 com Dilata&#231;&#227;o Fluxo-Mediada</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>811</fpage>
          <lpage>818</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11845-021-02644-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):811-8. Doi: 10.1007/s11845-021-02644-w</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Figliozzi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masci</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmadi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tondi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koutli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aimo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of adverse prognosis in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <elocation-id>e13362</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/eci.13362</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Figliozzi S, Masci PG, Ahmadi N, Tondi L, Koutli E, Aimo A, et al. Predictors of adverse prognosis in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(10):e13362. Doi: 10.1111/eci.13362</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>BFO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petriz</surname>
              <given-names>JLF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>IRR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of High Cardiovascular Risk on Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>927</fpage>
          <lpage>934</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210349</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Gomes BFO, Petriz JLF, Menezes IRR, Azevedo AS, Silva T, Silva VL, et al. Impact of High Cardiovascular Risk on Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(5):927-34. Doi: 10.36660/abc.20210349.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <article-title>European Society of Cardiology guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: part 1-epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1033</fpage>
          <lpage>1058</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab696</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 European Society of Cardiology guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: part 1-epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(11):1033-58. Doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab696.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Involvement in Patients Recovered From COVID-2019 Identified Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2330</fpage>
          <lpage>2339</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Huang L, Zhao P, Tang D, Zhu T, Han R, Zhan C, et al. Cardiac Involvement in Patients Recovered From COVID-2019 Identified Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(11):2330-9. Doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.004</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suh</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of abnormal cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in recovered patients from COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>100</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12968-021-00792-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Kim JY, Han K, Suh YJ. Prevalence of abnormal cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in recovered patients from COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2021;23(1):100. Doi: 10.1186/s12968-021-00792-7</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deanfield</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halcox</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabelink</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1285</fpage>
          <lpage>1295</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652859</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Deanfield JE, Halcox JP, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance. Circulation. 2007;115(10):1285-95. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652859.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vlachopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xaplanteris</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aboyans</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brodmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#237;fkov&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosentino</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation: Endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>241</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>507</fpage>
          <lpage>532</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Vlachopoulos C, Xaplanteris P, Aboyans V, Brodmann M, C&#237;fkov&#225; R, Cosentino F, et al. The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation: Endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):507-32. Doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mansiroglu</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seymen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sincer</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gunes</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Casos de COVID-19 com Dilata&#231;&#227;o Fluxo-Mediada</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>325</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Mansiroglu AK, Seymen H, Sincer I, Gunes Y. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Casos de COVID-19 com Dilata&#231;&#227;o Fluxo-Mediada. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(2):319-325.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ratchford</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stickford</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Province</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stute</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Augenreich</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koontz</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular alterations among young adults with SARS-CoV-2</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>H404</fpage>
          <lpage>h410</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.00897.2020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Ratchford SM, Stickford JL, Province VM, Stute N, Augenreich MA, Koontz LK, et al. Vascular alterations among young adults with SARS-CoV-2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2021;320(1):H404-h10. Doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00897.2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oikonomou</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souvaliotis</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lampsas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siasos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulakou</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theofilis</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial dysfunction in acute and long standing COVID-19: A prospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Vascul Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>144</volume>
          <fpage>106975</fpage>
          <lpage>106975</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vph.2022.106975</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Oikonomou E, Souvaliotis N, Lampsas S, Siasos G, Poulakou G, Theofilis P, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in acute and long standing COVID-19: A prospective cohort study. Vascul Pharmacol. 2022;144:106975. Doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.106975.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>YP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bi</surname>
              <given-names>XJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease-2019 Survivors Late After Recovery</article-title>
          <source>Front Med (Lausanne)</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>809033</fpage>
          <lpage>809033</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmed.2022.809033</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Gao YP, Zhou W, Huang PN, Liu HY, Bi XJ, Zhu Y, et al. Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease-2019 Survivors Late After Recovery. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:809033. Doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.809033</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 and Late Cardiovascular Manifestations &#8211; Building Up Evidence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2727-9198</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Sofia Cabral</bold> &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto, Hospital Santo Ant&#243;nio &#8211; Largo do Prof. Abel Salazar, <postal-code>4099-001</postal-code> Porto - Portugal. E-mail: <email>msofiacabral@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Covid-19/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Flow Dilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium, Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In early 2020, the world faced the outbreak of a new pandemic, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 virus). We soon discovered that while the respiratory tract was the prime target, many other organ systems might also be affected. COVID-19 cardiovascular (CV) manifestations are among the most common and feared and may manifest as myocardial injury, arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, vascular dysfunction, and thromboembolic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Both pre-existing and comorbid cardiovascular disease and the concurrent presence of CV risk factors are harbingers of a poorer disease course and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Notably, acute CV involvement is a strong independent predictor of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The way in which the infection interacts with the CV system remains a subject of study, but apart from direct cell injury by the virus, the activation of inflammatory pathways is thought to play a key role. A comprehensive account of the pathophysiology of CV involvement in COVID-19 is beyond the scope of this commentary and has been extensively covered elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>While it is now clear that both cardiac and vascular dysregulations are to be expected during the active stage of the infection, concerns now focus on long-term residual CV abnormalities. Huang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> reported that more than half of convalescent COVID-19 patients displayed signs of myocardial inflammation or fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Similarly, the meta-analysis by Kim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> showed that nearly half of recovered COVID-19 patients exhibited one or more abnormal CMR results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Likewise, and somewhat unsurprisingly, the infection may also induce enduring vascular injury. In light of the tropism of SARS-CoV-2 for membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-expressing cells, it is no wonder that the vascular endothelium is a major player in the infection. Nonetheless, the effects of COVID-19 infection on vascular endothelium and the complex interplay between the two are still poorly understood. In essence, CV homeostasis is primarily dependent on the role of the endothelium. It regulates vascular tone, cell adhesion, thromboresistance, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and ultimately, vessel wall inflammation. Whenever the endothelium is activated, resulting in endothelial dysfunction, cell-signaling shifts from nitric oxide - mediated vasodilatory to vasoconstrictor redox processes. This can occur as a transient acute phenomenon, with little to no consequences, or as a sustained detrimental endothelium activation, eventually leading to a pro-atherogenic, pro-thrombotic milieu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Endothelium-dependent vasomotion is widely acknowledged as a surrogate marker of endothelial function, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD), originally introduced in the 1990s, is the most endorsed non-invasive method for assessing it.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the study by Mansiroglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> investigators used FMD to uncover subtle vascular involvement in young, mildly affected COVID-19 patients in the early post-infection period. The authors conducted a single-center, well-matched case-control investigation involving 80 recovered Covid-19 patients within 35 days (25-178;IQR: 38.5) of infection. Compared to the controls, the Covid-19 group had no echocardiographic signs of structural or functional cardiac affection from the recent infection. In contrast, they exhibited a significantly lower FMD response (9.52&#177;5.98 <italic>versus</italic> 12.01&#177;6.18, p= 0.010). These results expand on previous studies by restricting enrollment to individuals younger than 45, with mild infection not warranting hospitalization. The exclusion of competing conditions sharing the common denominator of endothelial dysfunction was also a distinctive feature. Notwithstanding, given the short timeframe from infection, it is arguable whether these findings extrapolate to any long-term consequence of the disease. Few studies on FMD response looked at young, otherwise healthy COVID-19 patients, getting equivalent results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Similar findings have also been reported in a broader setting. Oikonomou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> prospectively studied 73 elder COVID-19 hospitalized patients (37% of whom required intensive care treatment) and found that FMD was significantly (p &lt; 0.001) impaired in the COVID-19 group (1.65 &#177; 2.31%) compared with a propensity score-matched cohort (6.51 &#177; 2.91%). Another remarkable aspect is that this difference remained significant six months after discharge (5.24 &#177; 1.62% and 6.48 &#177; 3.08%, respectively, p=0,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Consistent with these results, the study by Gao et al., went a step further by demonstrating that FMD was reduced in survivors of COVID-19, even 327 days after diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Given the accumulating evidence, the long-term influence of a prior COVID-19 infection on vascular function is compelling. However, regardless of the involved mechanisms, the clinical implications of this vascular affection remain a mystery. Of special concern is the prospect of early onset of atherosclerosis in survivors of COVID-19. In this regard, it is unclear whether this vascular damage will impact on future CV events. As a result, further high-quality prospective longitudinal research on the association between COVID-19-induced endothelial dysfunction and long-term CV outcomes is necessary. As we stand, we are at the outset of unfolding the full long-term consequences of Covid-19-induced vascular injury. The research by Mansiroglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>, along with others&#8217;, is ground-breaking.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Evaluation of Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 with Flow-Mediated Dilatation</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
