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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MkBMvns3PXvH5npkzsRGKQS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005007204</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800319</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210561</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210561</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Casos de COVID-19 com Dilata&#231;&#227;o Fluxo-Mediada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1495-1697</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansiroglu</surname>
            <given-names>Asli Kurtar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seymen</surname>
            <given-names>Hande</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2399-9585</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sincer</surname>
            <given-names>Isa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Yilmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bolu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Departamento de Cardiologia, Bolu &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Asli Kurtar Mansiroglu</bold> &#8226; Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Department of Cardiology -<postal-code>14280</postal-code>, Bolu, Turquia. E-mail: <email>dr.asli.kurtar@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mansiroglu AK, Seymen H, Sincer I, Gunes Y; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sincer I.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>319</fpage>
      <lpage>325</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Sabe-se que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel crucial em muitas doen&#231;as, incluindo a COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Utilizando a dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (DFM), objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inflama&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial de pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi realizado com um total de 161 indiv&#237;duos, dos quais 80 foram diagnosticados com COVID-19 nos &#250;ltimos seis meses (48 mulheres e 32 homens com idade m&#233;dia de 32,10&#177;5,87 anos) e 81 eram controles saud&#225;veis (45 mulheres e 36 homens com idade m&#233;dia de 30,51&#177;7,33 anos). Os achados do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e da DFM foram analisados em todos os indiv&#237;duos. Resultados com p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O ecocardiograma e a DFM do grupo COVID-19 foram realizados 35 dias (intervalo: 25&#8211;178) ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Em contraste, a DFM (%) foi significativamente maior no grupo controle (9,52&#177;5,98 versus 12,01&#177;6,18; p=0,01). Na an&#225;lise multivariada com o modelo <italic>stepwise</italic> progressivo, a DFM foi significativamente diferente no grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo COVID-19 (1,086 (1,026&#8211;1,149), p=0,04). O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman indicou que a DFM (r=0,27; p=0,006) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca com a presen&#231;a de COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os achados deste estudo apontam para disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida por COVID-19, avaliada por DFM, na fase inicial de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Endoteliais/infec&#231;&#227;o;</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular/les&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do Fluxo Mediado</kwd>
        <kwd>Mialgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Dist&#250;rbios do Olfato</kwd>
        <kwd>Dist&#250;rbios do Paladar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Um novo tipo de doen&#231;a causada por coronav&#237;rus surgiu em dezembro de 2019, sendo chamada de COVID-19 pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS). Ela infecta principalmente o trato respirat&#243;rio e se espalhou rapidamente pelo mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como v&#237;rus de RNA capazes de sofrer muta&#231;&#245;es e se recombinar rapidamente, os coronav&#237;rus s&#227;o conhecidos por infectar sobretudo o trato respirat&#243;rio ou o trato intestinal em humanos e animais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os coronav&#237;rus entram na c&#233;lula hospedeira ligando-se &#224; enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 da peptidase de zinco, uma mol&#233;cula de superf&#237;cie encontrada nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais de art&#233;rias e vasos, no epit&#233;lio do trato respirat&#243;rio, no m&#250;sculo liso arterial, no epit&#233;lio do intestino delgado e em c&#233;lulas imunes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial se desenvolvem como resultado da infe&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais pela COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Isso aumenta os n&#237;veis de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias (fator de necrose tumoral alfa, interleucina-1 e interleucina-6/IL-6), quimiocinas (prote&#237;na quimiot&#225;tica de mon&#243;citos-1), ant&#237;geno do fator de von Willebrand (FvW), e atividade FvW, fator anti-hemof&#237;lico (FAH) e reagentes de fase aguda (IL-6, prote&#237;na C reativa e d&#237;mero D).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a COVID-19 afete principalmente os tratos respirat&#243;rios superior e inferior, o endot&#233;lio vascular &#233; outro alvo conhecido. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser causada diretamente pela atividade do v&#237;rus ou pela resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica resultante. A dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (DFM) &#8212; m&#233;todo ultrassonogr&#225;fico n&#227;o invasivo &#8212; tem sido bastante utilizada para avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial devido &#224; sua simplicidade e economia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m abordado o efeito da DFM em doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, como artrite reumatoide, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, diabetes mellitus (DM) e hipertens&#227;o. At&#233; o momento e at&#233; onde sabemos, h&#225; apenas alguns relatos sobre o uso da DFM para avaliar a COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, a DFM foi utilizada para investigar poss&#237;veis efeitos anormais na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular de pacientes recuperados de uma infec&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo de centro &#250;nico foi realizado no Abant Izzet Baysal University Training and Research Hospital entre outubro de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021. A pesquisa contou com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 80 indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com COVID-19 nos &#250;ltimos seis meses que n&#227;o necessitaram de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e 81 indiv&#237;duos controle saud&#225;veis, com distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria de &gt;18 e &lt;45 anos. Todos os pacientes do grupo COVID-19 estavam curados e sem sintomas no momento da entrada no estudo.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: idade &gt;45 anos, qualquer presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o/FE&lt;50%), valvopatia moderada a grave, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, doen&#231;a renal ou hep&#225;tica moderada a grave, doen&#231;a tireoidiana, desequil&#237;brio eletrol&#237;tico, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica ou janela ac&#250;stica ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local e um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi assinado por cada indiv&#237;duo antes da participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Com base no Plano de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento de COVID-19 da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de (7&#7491; edi&#231;&#227;o), os casos de COVID-19 foram classificados em quatro tipos cl&#237;nicos: leves (sintomas cl&#237;nicos leves sem pneumonia em imagem radiol&#243;gica), comuns (febre, comprometimento do trato respirat&#243;rio e outros sintomas com pneumonia em imagem radiol&#243;gica), graves (desconforto respirat&#243;rio, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de &#8805;30 vezes/min, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio &#8804;93% em repouso, PaO2/FiO2 &#8804;300 mmHg) e cr&#237;ticos (insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria com necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, choque e insufici&#234;ncia de outro &#243;rg&#227;o exigindo monitoramento e tratamento em uma unidade de terapia intensiva).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O comprometimento pulmonar foi categorizado por meio do &#8220;escore total de gravidade&#8221; (ETG), baseado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da tomografia computadorizada (TC) de t&#243;rax. Para isso, as porcentagens de comprometimento calculadas para cada um dos cinco lobos foram convertidas em uma das seguintes categorias de pontua&#231;&#227;o: nenhum (0%) (escore 0), m&#237;nimo (1&#8211;25%) (escore 1), leve (26&#8211;50%) (escore 2), moderado (51&#8211;75%) (escore 3) e grave (76&#8211;100%) (escore 4). Por fim, a soma de todas as pontua&#231;&#245;es gerou um valor de ETG que variou de 0 a 20.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais foram obtidos a partir de prontu&#225;rios hospitalares no diagn&#243;stico da infe&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19. Os dados laboratoriais do grupo controle foram coletados na entrada do estudo.</p>
      <p>Pacientes e controles foram avaliados por meio de ecocardiograma e ultrassonografia braquial com Doppler para obter a medida da DFM na entrada do estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Um transdutor Vivid S6 de 4 MHz (GE Vingmed, N-3191 Horten-Noruega) foi utilizado para realizar os procedimentos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos necess&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Todas as imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas por meio do monitoramento cont&#237;nuo do eletrocardiograma (ECG) por um cardiologista com cegamento simples com os pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o lateral esquerda. Considerou-se a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos e foram medidos os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a espessura do septo ventricular esquerdo e os di&#226;metros do &#225;trio esquerdo. O m&#233;todo de Simpson biplano modificado foi aplicado para medir a FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Medidas Doppler bidimensionais e pulsadas foram calculadas com base nos crit&#233;rios da American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros foram obtidos em uma sala silenciosa, escura e com ar-condicionado (ou seja, temperatura ambiente de 22&#8211;25&#176;C) ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de pelo menos 15 minutos. Al&#233;m disso, foi solicitado aos participantes que evitassem se exercitar, fumar e consumir &#225;lcool ou cafe&#237;na por pelo menos 8 horas antes das medi&#231;&#245;es de DFM. Um transdutor de arranjo linear de 7,5 MHz (GE Healthcare, M4S-RS, T&#243;quio, Hino-Shi, Jap&#227;o) foi empregado para medir o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial na fossa antecubital. A pele foi marcada com um l&#225;pis; portanto, todas as medidas foram realizadas na mesma linha. Iniciou-se com o di&#226;metro basal e a taxa de fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial e, em seguida, a press&#227;o foi aumentada at&#233; 50 mmHg acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e mantida por 5 minutos nesse n&#237;vel, de modo que o bra&#231;o permanecesse isqu&#234;mico. Em seguida, a press&#227;o do balonete foi reduzida, e o di&#226;metro e a taxa de fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial foram medidos novamente ap&#243;s 1 minuto da queda da press&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A DFM foi calculada usando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o:</p>
        <disp-formula id="eq1">
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              <mml:mi>&#225;</mml:mi>
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      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas por meio do SPSS 18.0 Statistical Package Software para Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Os dados de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foram avaliados pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o; vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas por mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Os dados foram expressos em n&#250;meros ou porcentagens para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre grupos independentes, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (bicaudal) para vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. An&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foram realizadas para avaliar correla&#231;&#245;es entre a COVID-19 e o n&#237;vel de linf&#243;citos, a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos, os n&#237;veis de glicose e creatinina e a DFM. Para as vari&#225;veis consideradas significativas na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada, empregou-se a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com o modelo <italic>stepwise</italic> progressivo para estabelecer os fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes da COVID-19. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman tamb&#233;m foi realizado entre a DFM e o tempo decorrido desde o diagn&#243;stico. Resultados com p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de refer&#234;ncia foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Entre os par&#226;metros laboratoriais, glicose, creatinina e a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos foram significativamente maiores, enquanto as contagens de linf&#243;citos foram significativamente menores no grupo COVID-19 quando comparadas ao grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="19%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">COVID-19 (n= 80)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo controle (n=81)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,10&#177;5,87</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,51&#177;7,33</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,407</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Homens/Mulheres (n (%))</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32/48 (40/60%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36/45 (44/56%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,313</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PAS (mmHg) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">105 (14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">110 (22)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,307</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (20)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,343</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Altura (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">169,36&#177;8,72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">169,36&#177;9,30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,997</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Peso (kg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73,81&#177;13,73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,30&#177;16,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,289</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,63&#177;3,74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,00&#177;4,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,198</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (97,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (97,5%)</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2,5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (97,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (100,0%)</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,245</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Dislipidemia n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (98,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (98,8%)</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (67,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (72,8%)</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,459</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (32,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (27,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Fumante n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (76,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (48,7%)</td>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,502</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (23,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (28,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum (mg/dL) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93,50 (16,75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dL) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,78 (0,19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,74 (0,11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina (g/dL) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,20 (2,05)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,40 (1,95)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,875</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemat&#243;crito (%) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,30 (5,51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,90 (5,40)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,851</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Contagem de plaquetas (K/uL) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">250 (90,25)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">263 (76,50)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,659</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Contagem de linf&#243;citos (K/uL) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,83 (1,14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,24 (0,89)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Contagem de neutr&#243;filos (K/uL) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,15 (2,12)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,82 (1,73)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,291</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,05 (1,63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,30 (1,06)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,044</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>&#829;IIQ: intervalo interquartil; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mialgia (65%) e perda de olfato e/ou paladar (61%) foram os sintomas mais comuns em pacientes com COVID-19, enquanto sudorese (8%) foi o menos comum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Nenhum dos pacientes do grupo COVID-19 apresentou infe&#231;&#227;o grave que exigisse hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Neste estudo, os pacientes tinham o tipo leve ou o comum de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com ETG variando de 0 a 5.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sintomas dos pacientes que tiveram COVID-19</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Sintomas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#250;mero</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mialgia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Perda de olfato e/ou paladar</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fraqueza</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dor de cabe&#231;a</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tosse</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Febre</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dispneia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dor de garganta</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#225;usea</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diarreia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sudorese</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7/80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O ecocardiograma e a DFM do grupo COVID-19 foram realizados 35 dias (25&#8211;178; IIQ: 38,5) ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico. As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. No entanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, a DFM (%) foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com COVID-19 (9,52&#177;5,98 versus 12,01&#177;6,18, p=0,010) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman mostrou n&#227;o haver associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre a DFM e o tempo decorrido desde o diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 (r=0,064; p=0,527).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">COVID-19 (n= 80)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo controle (n= 81)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,03&#177;0,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,92&#177;0,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,332</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DDFVE (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,48&#177;0,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,45&#177;0,42</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,281</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DSFVE (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,80&#177;0,30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,81&#177;0,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,711</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PP (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,96&#177;0,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,96&#177;0,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SIV (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,92&#177;0,16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,90&#177;0,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,742</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FE (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67,27&#177;5,02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65,90&#177;4,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,151</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Onda E transmitral (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,9 (23,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,7 (22,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,409</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Onda A transmitral (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,0 (16,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,0 (15,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,533</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TD mitral (ms) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">198 (45)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">188 (57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,531</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">E' lateral (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,2 (3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,5 (3,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,414</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">A' lateral (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,35 (2,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,0 (3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,515</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">S' lateral (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,5 (2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,0 (2,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,066</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (cm) (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,19 (0,44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,16 (0,40)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,537</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23,79&#177;5,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,14&#177;5,63</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,268</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DFM (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,52&#177;5,98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,01&#177;6,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>&#829;DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PP: parede posterior; SIV: septo interventricular; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; E': pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do tecido mioc&#225;rdico; A': pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica final do tecido mioc&#225;rdico; S': velocidade mioc&#225;rdica sist&#243;lica do anel mitral; DFM: dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; PSAB: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Par&#226;metros significativamente diferentes na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada (glicose, creatinina, linf&#243;citos, rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos e DFM) foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada e apenas o valor da DFM foi significativamente diferente no grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo COVID-19 (1,086 (1,026&#8211;1,149), p=0,04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preditores independentes de COVID-19 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,981 (0,957&#8211;1,005)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Linf&#243;citos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,022 (0,646&#8211;1,616)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,926</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,895 (0,744&#8211;1,077)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,240</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,093 (0,005&#8211;1,595)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,101</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DFM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,086 (1,026&#8211;1,149)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>DFM: dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR (odds ratio): raz&#227;o de chances.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman indicou que a DFM (r=0,27, p=0,006) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca com a presen&#231;a de COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as repercuss&#245;es vasculares da COVID-19, utilizando a DFM comprometida como marcador substituto da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Este estudo demonstrou que o valor da DFM foi menor em pacientes do grupo COVID-19 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Os resultados apontam para um comprometimento vascular por COVID-19, avaliado pela DFM, mesmo em pacientes com quadros leves. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a determinar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular por DFM comprometida entre pacientes jovens que se recuperam de uma infe&#231;&#227;o leve de COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Foi detectada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na DFM mesmo em pacientes pouco afetados logo ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o. Isso levanta a quest&#227;o sobre a possibilidade de a doen&#231;a ter efeitos anormais de longo prazo na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular. Achados semelhantes foram reportados por Ergul et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> que avaliaram 63 pacientes que tiveram COVID-19 dois meses ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o e identificaram a infe&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 e o aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal como preditores independentes de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial avaliados pela DFM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, Riou et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> encontraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na DFM de 16 pacientes com COVID-19 leve a moderada, enquanto a DFM tendia a ser menor em nove pacientes com COVID-19 grave a cr&#237;tica tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio desses relatos, o presente estudo se concentrou em pacientes com COVID-19 leve, n&#227;o hospitalizados, 35 dias (25&#8211;178) ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, associada ao estresse oxidativo, &#233; o primeiro fator de muitas doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Embora a inflama&#231;&#227;o fa&#231;a parte da resposta natural de recupera&#231;&#227;o do corpo &#224; cura e seja essencial para proteger o corpo contra infe&#231;&#245;es e subst&#226;ncias ambientais perigosas, seria bastante otimista dizer que &#233; completamente ben&#233;fica. Quando ela sai do controle, pode se tornar prejudicial e destrutiva para o corpo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o sistemicamente fora de controle tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a desfechos adversos da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em um estudo em que a DFM foi usada para predizer eventos cardiovasculares futuros em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a menor taxa de evento foi encontrada em pacientes com DFM normal (&gt;8%), enquanto a taxa de evento moderada e a maior taxa de evento foram detectadas em pacientes com DFM de 4 a 8% e &lt;4%, respetivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em outra pesquisa, pacientes com DFM inferior a 6,2% obtiveram um &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial significativamente menor em rela&#231;&#227;o aos com DFM superior a 6,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Maruhashi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstraram que a DFM apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com o Escore de Risco de Framingham, comumente usado como calculadora de risco e &#237;ndice de risco cardiovascular cumulativo para avaliar a probabilidade de ataque card&#237;aco ou morte por cardiopatia dentro de 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fatores independentes preditivos de mortalidade por COVID-19 incluem idade avan&#231;ada, comorbidades como diabetes mellitus (DM), doen&#231;a cardiovascular, c&#226;ncer e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica na apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Entretanto, beb&#234;s e crian&#231;as n&#227;o tiveram aumento significativo tanto em morbidade quanto em mortalidade durante a pandemia de COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com o aumento da idade e das doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; idade, o estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico torna-se dominante e a resposta anti-inflamat&#243;ria do sistema imunol&#243;gico torna-se irregular e incapaz de suprimir o epis&#243;dio inflamat&#243;rio de forma r&#225;pida e eficaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O presente estudo buscou excluir os efeitos de inflama&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; idade mais avan&#231;ada, incluindo indiv&#237;duos com menos de 45 anos de idade.</p>
      <p>Embora ainda dentro dos limites da normalidade, pacientes do grupo COVID-19 apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de glicose e creatinina do que os do grupo controle.</p>
      <p>Durante a fase aguda da infe&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de glicemia podem aumentar de forma anormal em pacientes sob estresse da COVID-19, mesmo que n&#227;o tenham diagn&#243;stico de DM. Tamb&#233;m h&#225; relatos de impactos anormais na fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Altos n&#237;veis de glicemia em pacientes com COVID-19 podem ser preditivos de piores desfechos, independentemente do hist&#243;rico de DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a renal est&#225; associada ao aumento de mortalidade por COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Verificou-se que 14,4% de 701 pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 apresentaram aumento nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina, 13,1% tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e aproximadamente 5% apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Resultados histopatol&#243;gicos revelaram les&#245;es tubulares agudas, diferentes comprometimentos glomerulares, necrose tubular e glomeruloesclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Neste estudo, o achado de n&#237;veis levemente aumentados de glicemia e creatinina pode ser incidental, mas tamb&#233;m pode sugerir les&#227;o renal subcl&#237;nica e/ou estresse cont&#237;nuo.</p>
      <p>A linfopenia tem sido usada no diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 e associada a um pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A gravidade da COVID-19 tamb&#233;m foi correlacionada com a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos e a rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;citos/prote&#237;na C reativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Assim, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, as contagens de linf&#243;citos diminu&#237;ram e a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos aumentou nos participantes do estudo que tiveram COVID-19 leve.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es desta pesquisa s&#227;o a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o em centro &#250;nico e o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes. Os resultados s&#227;o limitados a um momento inicial do processo da doen&#231;a e n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para refletir achados de longo prazo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o fato de os par&#226;metros laboratoriais n&#227;o terem sido aferidos simultaneamente com a medi&#231;&#227;o da DFM. Devido aos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e ao limite de idade, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi estritamente selecionada; portanto, os achados podem n&#227;o representar todos os pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da DFM em pacientes jovens com quadro leve de COVID-19 na fase inicial de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Assim, esse par&#226;metro pode ser usado como marcador para disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida pela COVID-19. Sem d&#250;vida, o monitoramento cardiovascular de rotina em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de COVID-19 pode identificar indiv&#237;duos com risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros. Para entender melhor os poss&#237;veis efeitos cardiovasculares nesses pacientes, deve-se considerar estudos de larga escala, incluindo seguimento a longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2021/89. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Med Virol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1733</fpage>
          <lpage>1734</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jmv.25819</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Lagunas-Rangel FA. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1733-4. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25819</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 With Flow-Mediated Dilatation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1495-1697</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansiroglu</surname>
            <given-names>Asli Kurtar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seymen</surname>
            <given-names>Hande</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2399-9585</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sincer</surname>
            <given-names>Isa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Yilmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bolu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Departamento de Cardiologia, Bolu &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Asli Kurtar Mansiroglu</bold> &#8226; Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Department of Cardiology &#8211;<postal-code>14280</postal-code>, Bolu, Turkey. E-mail: <email>dr.asli.kurtar@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mansiroglu AK, Seymen H, Sincer I, Gunes Y; Statistical analysis: Sincer I.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Inflammation is known to play a crucial role in many diseases, including COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), we aimed to assess the effects of inflammation on endothelial function in COVID-19 patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study was conducted with a total of 161 subjects, of whom 80 were diagnosed with COVID-19 within the last six months (comprising 48 women and 32 men with a mean age of 32.10 &#177; 5.87 years) and 81 were healthy controls (comprising 45 women and 36 men with a mean age of 30.51 &#177; 7.33 years). We analyzed the findings of transthoracic echocardiography and FMD in all subjects. All results were considered statistically significant at the level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The echocardiography and FMD of the COVID-19 group were performed 35 days (range: 25-178) after diagnosis. There was no statistically significant difference in echocardiographic parameters. Differently, FMD (%) was significantly higher in the control group (9.52 &#177; 5.98 vs. 12.01 &#177; 6.18, p=0.01). In multivariate analysis with the forward stepwise model, FMD was significantly different in the control group compared to the COVID-19 group (1.086 (1.026 - 1.149), p=0.04). A Spearman&#8217;s correlation test indicated that FMD (r=0.27, p=0.006) had a weak positive correlation with the presence of COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our findings point to COVID-19-induced endothelial dysfunction, as assessed by FMD, in the early recovery phase.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelial, Cells/infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium Vascular/injuries</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Flow Dilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>Myalgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Olfaction Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Taste Disorders</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>A new type of coronavirus disease emerged in December 2019 and was named COVID-19 by the WHO. It primarily infects the respiratory tract and has spread rapidly around the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As RNA viruses that can rapidly mutate and recombine, coronaviruses are known to primarily infect the respiratory tract or intestinal tract in humans and animals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Coronaviruses enter the host cell by binding to the zinc peptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a surface molecule found in the endothelial cells of arteries and vessels, the respiratory tract epithelium, the arterial smooth muscle, the small intestinal epithelium, and immune cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Endothelial activation and dysfunction develop as a result of endothelial cells being infected with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> They lead to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6), chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen, vWF activity, anti-hemophilic factor (AHF), and acute-phase reactants (IL-6, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although COVID-19 primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the vascular endothelium is another known target. Endothelial dysfunction may be caused directly by the activity of the virus or by the resulting systemic inflammatory response. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), which is a non-invasive ultrasonographic method, has been widely used to evaluate endothelial dysfunction due to its simplicity and cost-efficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Several studies have addressed the effect of FMD on various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. To date, as far as we know, there are only a few reports on FMD being used to evaluate COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, we used FMD to investigate the potential abnormal effects of COVID-19 on the vascular function of patients recovered from a COVID-19 infection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This single-centered study was carried out at Abant Izzet Baysal University Training and Research Hospital between October 2020 and February 2021. The study included 80 subjects diagnosed with COVID-19 within the last six months who did not require hospitalization and 81 healthy control subjects, with an age distribution of &gt; 18 and &lt; 45 years. All the COVID-19 patients were cured and free from symptoms at the time of study entry.</p>
        <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: age &gt; 45 years, any presence of coronary artery disease, left ventricle systolic dysfunction (EF &lt; 50%), moderate to severe valvular disease, congenital heart disease, atrioventricular conduction abnormality, moderate to severe kidney or liver disease, thyroid disease, electrolytic imbalance, systemic inflammatory disease, or poor acoustic echocardiography window. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee and a written informed consent form was signed by each subject before participation.</p>
        <p>Based on the COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Plan by the National Health Commission (7<sup>th</sup> edition), COVID-19 cases were classified into four clinical types: mild (characterized by mild clinical symptoms without pneumonia on radiological imaging), common (characterized by fever, involvement of the respiratory tract, and other symptoms with pneumonia on radiological imaging), severe (characterized by respiratory distress, respiratory rate of &#8805; 30 times/min, oxygen saturation &#8804; 93% at rest, PaO2/FiO2 &#8804; 300 mmHg), and critical (characterized by respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, shock, and failure of another organ requiring monitoring and treatment at an intensive care unit).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Lung involvement was classified using the &#8220;total severity score&#8221; (TSS) based on an assessment of chest computed tomography (CT) imaging. For this purpose, the percentages of involvement calculated for each of the five lobes were converted into one of the following score categories: none (0%) (Score 0), minimal (1-25%) (Score 1), mild (26-50%) (Score 2), moderate (51-75%) (Score 3), and severe (76-100%) (Score 4). Finally, the sum of all the scores yielded a TSS value ranging from 0 to 20.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Laboratory parameters were obtained from hospital medical records at COVID-19 infection diagnosis. Laboratory data from the control group were obtained at study entry.</p>
        <p>Patients and control subjects were evaluated with echocardiography and brachial Doppler ultrasonography for FMD measurement at study entry.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>We used a Vivid S6 4-Mhz transducer (GE Vingmed, N-3191 Horten-Norway) to perform the required echocardiographic procedures.</p>
          <p>All echocardiographic images were obtained using continuous ECG monitoring by a single-blind cardiologist with the subjects in the left lateral position. We considered the mean of three consecutive cardiac cycles and measured left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, left ventricular septum thickness, and left atrium diameters. A biplane modfied simpson&#8217;s method was applied for measuring left ventricular ejection fraction. We performed two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler measurements based on the American Society of Echocardiography criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrasonographic evaluation</title>
          <p>The parameters were measured in a quiet, dark, and air-conditioned room (i.e. room temperature of 22 - 25&#176;C) after a rest period of at least 15 minutes. In addition, subjects were asked to fast and to avoid exercising, smoking, and consuming alcohol or caffeine for at least 8 hours before FMD measurements. We used a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer (GE Healthcare, M4S-RS, Tokyo, Hino-Shi, Japan) to measure the brachial artery diameter at the antecubital fossa. The skin was marked with a pencil, and thus all measurements were performed on the same line. We started with the basal diameter and flow rate of the brachial artery and then increased the pressure up to 50 mmHg above systolic blood pressure, and waited for 5 minutes at this level, so the arm remained ischemic. Then cuff pressure was lowered, and the diameter and flow rate of the brachial artery were measured again at 1 minute after pressure decrease.</p>
          <p>FMD was calculated using the following equation:</p>
          <disp-formula id="eq2">
            <mml:math display="block" id="m2">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:msup>
                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msup>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
                <mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                <mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
                <mml:msup>
                  <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>13</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msup>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0 Statistical Package Software for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Normality data of the variables were evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described using the mean and standard deviation; continuous variables without normal distribution were described using the median and interquartile range. The data are shown as numbers or percentages for qualitative variables. To analyze differences between independent groups, we used the Student&#8217;s t-test (two-tailed) for normally distributed quantitative variables, the Mann-Whitney&#8217;s U-test for variables without normal distribution, and the Chi-square test for qualitative variables. Spearman&#8217;s correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate correlations between COVID-19 and lymphocyte level, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, glucose and creatinine levels, and FMD. For variables found to be significant in the univariate regression analysis, we employed multivariate logistic regression with the forward stepwise model to establish the independent prognostic factors of COVID-19. Spearman&#8217;s correlation test was also performed between FMD and time elapsed from diagnosis. All results were considered statistically significant at the level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Baseline clinical characteristics were similar between both groups. Among laboratory parameters, glucose, creatinine, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher; lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in the COVID-19 group compared to the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and laboratory variables of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">COVID-19 (n= 80)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Control Group (n=81)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Demographics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.10&#177;5.87</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.51&#177;7.33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.407</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Male/Female (n(%))</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32/48 (40/60%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36/45 (44/56%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.313</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">SBP (mmHg) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">105 (14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">110 (22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.307</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DBP (mmHg) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.343</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Height (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">169.36&#177;8.72</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">169.36&#177;9.30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.997</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73.81&#177;13.73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.30&#177;16.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.289</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.63&#177;3.74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.00&#177;4.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Hypertension n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (97.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (97.5%)</td>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (97.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (100.0%)</td>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Hyperlipidemia n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (98.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80 (98.8%)</td>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Family History of CAD n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (67.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (72.8%)</td>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.459</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (32.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (27.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Smoking n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (76.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (48.7%)</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.502</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (23.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (28.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Laboratory parameters</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93.50 (16.75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dL) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.78 (0.19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.74 (0.11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin (g/dL) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.20 (2.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.40 (1.95)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.875</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hematocrit (%) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42.30 (5.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42.90 (5.40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelet counts (K/uL) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">250 (90.25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">263 (76.50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.659</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lymphocyte counts (K/uL) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.83 (1.14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.24 (0.89)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophil counts (K/uL) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.15 (2.12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.82 (1.73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.291</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.05 (1.63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.30 (1.06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.044</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>&#829;IIQ: Interquartile Range; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Myalgia (65 %) and loss of smell and/or taste (61 %) were the most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients, whereas sweating was (8 %) the least common one (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>). None of the COVID-19 patients had a serious infection that required hospitalization. In our study, the patients belonged either to the mild type or the common type, according to the clinical classification, with TSS scores ranging from 0 to 5.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Symptoms experienced by the COVID-19 patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Symptoms</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Number</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Myalgia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Loss of smell and/or taste</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Weakness</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Headache</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cough</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fever</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyspnea</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sore throat</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nausea</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diarrhea</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sweating</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7/80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Echocardiography and FMD of the COVID-19 group were performed 35 days (25-178; IIQ: 38.5) after diagnosis. Echocardiographic measurements were similar between the two groups, whereas compared to the control group FMD (%), it was significantly lower in the COVID-19 patients (9.52 &#177; 5.98 vs. 12.01 &#177; 6.18, p=0.010) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>). Spearman&#8217;s correlation test showed that there was no statistically significant relation between FMD and the time elapsed after COVID-19 diagnosis (r=0.064; p=0.527).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic measurements of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">COVID-19 (n= 80)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Control Group (n= 81)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Left atrium diameter (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.03&#177;0.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.92&#177;0.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.332</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVDD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.48&#177;0.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.45&#177;0.42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVSD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.80&#177;0.30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.81&#177;0.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PW (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96&#177;0.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96&#177;0.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVS (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.92&#177;0.16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.90&#177;0.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.742</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.27&#177;5.02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65.90&#177;4.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Transmitral E wave (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.9 (23.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94.7 (22.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.409</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Transmitral A wave (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.0 (16.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.0 (15.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.533</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral DT (ms) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">198 (45)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">188 (57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lateral E&#8217; (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.2 (3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.5 (3.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lateral A&#8217; (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.35 (2.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.0 (3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.515</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lateral S&#8217; (cm/s) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.5 (2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.0 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (cm) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.19 (0.44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.16 (0.40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.537</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">sPAB (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23.79&#177;5.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.14&#177;5.63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.268</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FMD (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.52&#177;5.98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.01&#177;6.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.010</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>&#829;LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: Left ventricular systolic diameter; PW: posterior wall; IVS: interventricular septum; EF: Ejection fraction; IIQ: Interquartile Range; DT: deceleration time; E&#8217;: peak early diastolic myocardial tissue velocity; A&#8217;: peak late diastolic myocardial tissue velocity; S: mitral annular systolic myocardial velocity; FMD: Flow-mediated dilatation; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; sPAB: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Significantly different parameters in the univariate regression analysis (glucose, creatinine, lymphocyte, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and FMD) were included in the multivariable regression analysis and only the FMD value was significantly different in the control group compared to the COVID-19 group (1.086 (1.026 &#8211; 1.149), p=0.04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Independent predictors of COVID-19 by multivariate logistic regression analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glucose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.981 (0.957&#8211;1.005)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lymphocyte</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.022 (0.646&#8211;1.616)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.926</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.895 (0.744&#8211;1.077)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.093 (0.005&#8211;1.595)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FMD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.086 (1.026&#8211;1.149)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>&#829;FMD: flow-mediated dilatation; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Spearman&#8217;s correlation test showed that FMD (r=0.27, p=0.006) had a weak positive correlation with the presence of COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The purpose of this study was to assess the vascular repercussions of COVID-19 using impaired FMD as a surrogate marker of endothelial dysfunction. Our study demonstrated that the FMD value was lower in COVID-19 patients compared to the control group. These results point to vascular involvement by COVID-19, as assessed by FMD, even in mildly affected patients. Within the limits of our knowledge, this is the first study to show vascular endothelial dysfunction defined by impaired FMD among young patients recovering from a mild COVID-19 infection.</p>
        <p>We found a significant reduction in FMD even in such mildly affected patients early after recovery. This raises the question of whether the disease may have long-term abnormal effects on vascular function. Similarly to our findings, Ergul et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> included 63 COVID-19 patients two months after recovery and found COVID-19 infection and increased body mass index as independent predictors of endothelial dysfunction evaluated by FMD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Likewise, Riou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> found a significant decrease in FMD among 16 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients, whereas FMD tended to be lower among 9 severe-to-critical COVID-19 patients three months after disease onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Contrary to these reports, we studied mildly affected non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients 35 days (25-178) after disease onset.</p>
        <p>Endothelial dysfunction, associated with oxidative stress, is known to be the earliest factor for many diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Although inflammation is part of the body&#8217;s normal repair response to healing and is essential in protecting our body from infections and dangerous environmental substances, it would be overly optimistic to say that it is completely beneficial. When it gets out of control, it can become detrimental and destructive to the body.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Likewise, it is known that systemically out-of-control inflammation is associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a study where FMD was used to predict future cardiovascular events in patients who had undergone coronary bypass surgery, the lowest event rate was determined in patients with normal FMD (&gt;8%), while a moderate event rate and the highest event rate were found in patients with an FMD value of 4 to 8% and &lt;4%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In another study, patients with an FMD less than 6.2% had significantly lower ankle/brachial index compared to those with an FMD greater than 6.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In addition, Maruhashi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> showed that FMD had an inverse correlation with the Framingham Risk Score, commonly used as a risk calculator and an index of cumulative cardiovascular risk for assessing the probability of a heart attack or death from heart disease within 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Independent predictive factors of mortality from COVID-19 include advanced age, comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease or cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, neither infants nor children showed a significant increase in both morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With increased age and age-related diseases, the chronic inflammatory state becomes dominant, and the anti-inflammatory response of the immune system becomes erratic and unable to suppress the inflammatory episode in a timely and effective manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In our study, we aimed to exclude the effects of such advanced age-related inflammation by including subjects under the age of 45 years.</p>
        <p>Although still within the normal range, the COVID-19 patients had significantly slightly higher levels of blood glucose and creatinine than those of the control group. During the acute phase of infection, blood glucose levels may rise abnormally in patients under COVID-19 stress, even if they are not diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Renal function has been also reported to be abnormally affected. High levels of blood glucose in COVID-19 patients can predict worse outcomes regardless of a DM history.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Kidney disease is associated with increased mortality from COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> It was found that 14.4% of 701 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 had increased serum creatinine levels, 13.1% had a decreased glomerular filtration rate, and approximately 5% had acute kidney injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Histopathological findings revealed acute tubular injuries, different impairments of the glomeruli, tubular necrosis, and glomerulosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Our finding of slightly increased blood glucose and creatinine levels may be an incidental finding but also may suggest subclinical kidney injury and/or ongoing stress.</p>
        <p>Lymphopenia has been used in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and has been associated with a poor prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The severity of COVID-19 was also correlated with the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and the lymphocyte/CRP ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Accordingly, compared to the control group, lymphocyte counts were decreased and NLR was increased in our mild COVID-19 study subjects.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The main limitations of this study lie in the fact that it is single-centered and that it was conducted on a relatively small number of patients. The results are limited to an early point in time during the disease process and cannot be extrapolated to reflect long-term findings. Another limitation is that laboratory parameters were not measured simultaneously with FMD measurement. Due to the exclusion criteria and age limit, the study population was strictly selected, and therefore the results can not represent all COVID-19 patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study showed a decrease in FMD in young patients who were mildly affected by COVID-19 in the early recovery phase. Therefore, this parameter may be used as a marker for COVID-19-induced endothelial dysfunction. Undoubtedly, routine cardiovascular monitoring in patients with a history of COVID-19 may identify patients at risk of future cardiovascular events. To better understand the possible cardiovascular effects in these patients, larger-scale studies including long-term follow-up should be considered.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the bant Izzet Baysal University Hospital under the protocol number 2021/89. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
