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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KpKN6z4rMdPzDwjjDDFygxw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005010204</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210938</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210938</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mulheres M&#233;dicas: Burnout durante a Pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6306-1279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6346-9602</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mariano</surname>
            <given-names>Giordana Zeferino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5210-2848</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Regina Giunco Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6839-1541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7417-5426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Magaly Arrais dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1090-0443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Imara Correia de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9826-9152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lantieri</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Janice Baister</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6610-3905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9784-4418</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Anzolch</surname>
            <given-names>Karin Jaeger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6966-0723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gerez</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Alonso Egea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5323-8595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara Viana de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1473-9223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Albanez Albuquerque de Medeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8313-8766</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0990-6151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wenger</surname>
            <given-names>Nanette Kass</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocare</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Onofre Lopes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Onofre Lopes, Natal, RN &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Batista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Crici&#250;ma</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Batista, Crici&#250;ma, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CEMISE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CEMISE, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Luis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Luis, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Emory University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Atlanta</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Georgia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Av. Pedro Calmon, 550. CEP 21941-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Mariano GZ, Silva ERGA, Silva SCTF, Santos MA, Barbosa ICQ, Lantieri CJB, Duarte ER, Izar MCO, Anzolch KJ, Gerez MAE, Ramos MVO, Lopes MAAAM, Nascimento EM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Mariano GZ, Silva ERGA, Silva SCTF, Santos MA, Barbosa ICQ, Lantieri CJB, Duarte ER, Izar MCO, Anzolch KJ, Gerez MAE, Ramos MVO, Lopes MAAAM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Mariano GZ, Silva ERGA, Silva SCTF, Santos MA, Barbosa ICQ, Lantieri CJB, Duarte ER, Izar MCO, Anzolch KJ, Gerez MAE, Ramos MVO, Lopes MAAAM, Nascimento EM, Wenger NK; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Nascimento EM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Wenger NK.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>307</fpage>
      <lpage>316</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A COVID-19 adicionou um fardo enorme sobre os m&#233;dicos ao redor do mundo, especialmente as mulheres m&#233;dicas, que s&#227;o afetadas pelo aumento da carga de trabalho e pela perda da qualidade de vida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar os efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19 na qualidade de vida, <italic>burnout</italic> e espiritualidade de m&#233;dicas brasileiras que atendem pacientes com COVID-19 direta ou indiretamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Estudo prospectivo, observacional realizado de 28 de julho a 27 de setembro de 2020, no Brasil, com mulheres m&#233;dicas de 47 especialidades, a mais frequente sendo a cardiologia (22,8%), sem restri&#231;&#227;o de idade. Elas responderam voluntariamente um question&#225;rio online com quest&#245;es sobre caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas, qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-brief) e espiritualidade (WHOQOL-SRPB) e enunciados do Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou o software R, regress&#227;o beta, &#225;rvores de classifica&#231;&#227;o e matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Das 769 respondentes, 61,6% relataram sinais de <italic>burnout.</italic> Cerca de 64% relataram perda salarial de at&#233; 50% durante a pandemia. Algumas relataram falta de energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias, sentimentos negativos frequentes, insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a capacidade para o trabalho, e que cuidar de outras pessoas n&#227;o agregava sentido &#224;s suas vidas. Os sentimentos negativos correlacionaram-se negativamente com a satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida sexual, a satisfa&#231;&#227;o com as rela&#231;&#245;es pessoais e a energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias. A incapacidade de permanecer otimista em tempos de incerteza correlacionou-se positivamente com a sensa&#231;&#227;o de inseguran&#231;a no dia a dia e com o n&#227;o reconhecimento de que cuidar de outras pessoas trouxesse sentido &#224; vida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O presente estudo mostrou uma alta frequ&#234;ncia de <italic>burnout</italic> entre as m&#233;dicas brasileiras que responderam ao question&#225;rio durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Apesar disso, apresentavam uma qualidade de vida relativamente boa e acreditavam que a espiritualidade trazia-lhes conforto e seguran&#231;a nos momentos dif&#237;ceis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mulheres M&#233;dicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Burnout</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia de COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os m&#233;dicos na linha de frente contra a doen&#231;a de coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) enfrentaram n&#237;veis de estresse altos, sem precedentes. Apesar disso, pouca aten&#231;&#227;o foi dada &#224; vulnerabilidade vivenciada por esses profissionais, principalmente do sexo feminino. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica realizada nos bancos de dados Medline e Embase mostrou um aumento nos desafios relacionados &#224; alta carga de trabalho e &#224; perda de qualidade de vida durante a pandemia de COVID-19, que est&#227;o associados &#224; exaust&#227;o f&#237;sica e mental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de <italic>burnout</italic> variou de 23% a 76%, e no g&#234;nero feminino alta carga de trabalho e preocupa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; fam&#237;lia foram preditores de <italic>burnout</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os autores recomendaram que estudos sobre <italic>burnout</italic> em m&#233;dicos levassem em considera&#231;&#227;o as diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero.</p>
      <p>Um estudo, realizando uma pesquisa transversal para avaliar 2.707 profissionais de sa&#250;de (PS) de 60 pa&#237;ses, relatou que 51% deles apresentavam <italic>burnout</italic> , que estava associado ao trabalho com impacto nas atividades dom&#233;sticas, exposi&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com COVID-19, treinamento inadequado e tomada de decis&#245;es que priorizavam a vida. O <italic>burnout</italic> foi mais frequente em pa&#237;ses de alta renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Outro estudo relatou um aumento do <italic>burnout</italic> em mulheres m&#233;dicas em compara&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;dicos homens, e os autores levantaram a hip&#243;tese de que estressores espec&#237;ficos inclu&#237;am falta de op&#231;&#245;es de creche para crian&#231;as e desequil&#237;brio entre trabalho e vida pessoal. As mulheres m&#233;dicas com maior carga de trabalho e aquelas sem companheiro apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de <italic>burnout</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que as mulheres atualmente constituem uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a global de trabalho em sa&#250;de e gastam 15 horas a mais por semana em trabalho dom&#233;stico n&#227;o remunerado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As dimens&#245;es de <italic>burnout</italic> foram significativamente associadas a um risco aumentado para doen&#231;as, independentemente de fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos e sintomas depressivos. Um estudo com 5.671 participantes [predominantemente m&#233;dicos, idade m&#233;dia de 44,1 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o, 18 a 70 anos), 62,4% mulheres] usou um aplicativo digital de sa&#250;de m&#243;vel para uma pesquisa online de <italic>burnout</italic> profissional medido com o Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. Por meio de an&#225;lise de rede e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o estudo mostrou a associa&#231;&#227;o de alta exaust&#227;o emocional com hipertens&#227;o arterial e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, escolaridade e sintomas depressivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com 12 estudos avaliando o <italic>burnout</italic> em PS que trabalham ou n&#227;o nas enfermarias de COVID-19 da linha de frente mostrou resultados controversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Dois dos estudos relataram n&#237;veis mais altos de fadiga emocional em mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o com homens e que o sexo feminino foi um fator de risco para <italic>burnout</italic> entre profissionais de terapia intensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, outro estudo n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o com o g&#234;nero.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A heterogeneidade dos estudos quanto &#224; coleta de dados e question&#225;rios utilizados pode ter contribu&#237;do para isso, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de mais estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Brasil ocupou o segundo lugar em n&#250;mero de casos e &#243;bitos por COVID-19 desde o come&#231;o da pandemia. No entanto, at&#233; onde sabemos, nenhum estudo avaliou o <italic>burnout</italic> de mulheres m&#233;dicas brasileiras durante a pandemia. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da pandemia na qualidade de vida, no desenvolvimento do <italic>burnout</italic> e na espiritualidade de mulheres m&#233;dicas que atendem pacientes com COVID-19 direta ou indiretamente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, observacional, realizado de 28 de julho a 27 de setembro de 2020 no Brasil, com mulheres m&#233;dicas de diferentes especialidades, que prestavam assist&#234;ncia direta ou indireta a pacientes com COVID-19. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#227;o de idade. As m&#233;dicas responderam voluntariamente a um question&#225;rio online com 68 quest&#245;es, assim constituindo uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>O question&#225;rio foi composto por: 20 quest&#245;es sobre caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas; 26 quest&#245;es da vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s brasileiro do WHOQOL-brief;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> 9 quest&#245;es baseadas no instrumento de teste de campo de Qualidade de Vida da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de &#8211; m&#243;dulo Espiritualidade, Religiosidade e Cren&#231;as Pessoais;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e os 13 enunciados da vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s brasileiro do Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (Material suplementar 1).</p>
      <p>Por meio da identifica&#231;&#227;o do usu&#225;rio, as participantes que respondessem ao question&#225;rio v&#225;rias vezes poderiam ser identificadas. Todas as participantes forneceram consentimento informado para o uso de seus dados an&#244;nimos.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (HUOL-CAAE: 34673520.7.0000.5292).</p>
      <p>De acordo com a metodologia proposta por Schuster et al. e Demerouti et al., os 13 enunciados sobre <italic>burnout</italic> do OLBI foram transformados em vari&#225;veis das duas dimens&#245;es de &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o&#8217; (7 vari&#225;veis) e &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217; (6 vari&#225;veis).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foi invertida a pontua&#231;&#227;o das quest&#245;es cujas respostas eram &#8216;concordo&#8217; ou &#8216;discordo&#8217; de modo que quanto maior a pontua&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel, maior o n&#237;vel de <italic>burnout</italic> . A cada dimens&#227;o foi atribu&#237;da uma pontua&#231;&#227;o correspondente &#224; sua pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica por meio de regress&#227;o beta<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> que modela taxas e propor&#231;&#245;es de desfechos. As duas dimens&#245;es de <italic>burnout</italic> foram consideradas como desfechos e as 55 quest&#245;es restantes, como vari&#225;veis independentes.</p>
        <p>No OLBI, a pontua&#231;&#227;o de cada desfecho &#233; limitada ao intervalo de 1 a 4. Desta maneira, foi implementado um modelo de regress&#227;o beta, onde cada desfecho foi recalculado por meio de interpola&#231;&#227;o linear, de modo que valores de 0 a 1 pudessem ser obtidos. Foram implementados tr&#234;s modelos para cada desfecho. O primeiro modelo foi composto por 55 vari&#225;veis. O segundo e terceiro modelos utilizaram as vari&#225;veis independentes que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia de 10% no modelo anterior.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s os modelos de regress&#227;o beta, foram implementadas &#225;rvores de regress&#227;o utilizando as vari&#225;veis independentes do modelo final e seus respectivos desfechos. As &#225;rvores de classifica&#231;&#227;o e regress&#227;o (CART, sigla em ingl&#234;s) constituem um m&#233;todo n&#227;o param&#233;trico utilizado para obter uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a vari&#225;vel dependente e um conjunto de covari&#225;veis. &#193;rvores de decis&#227;o s&#227;o usadas para identificar a intera&#231;&#227;o entre covari&#225;veis. As folhas da &#225;rvore fornecem uma representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica do desfecho para cada grupo de indiv&#237;duos. Foram usados os pacotes betareg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e partykit em R para implementar os modelos de regress&#227;o beta da &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outra visualiza&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica foi utilizada com base em uma correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> , uma medida de associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas ordinais. Uma matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica foi representada como uma rede onde os n&#243;s eram as vari&#225;veis, e os pesos nas arestas representavam o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica. A espessura das arestas e a transpar&#234;ncia foram dadas pela magnitude do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#243;s. As cores vermelho e verde corresponderam a correla&#231;&#245;es negativas e positivas, respectivamente. O pacote &#8216;qgraph&#8217; em R foi utilizado para visualiza&#231;&#227;o da rede.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para os testes estat&#237;sticos, adotamos o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Das 769 respondentes, 474 (61,6%) relataram sinais de <italic>burnout</italic> . O crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o das respondentes foi dado pelos pontos de corte obtidos das &#225;rvores de classifica&#231;&#227;o: exaust&#227;o emocional (&lt; 2,668 e &#8805; 2,668) e despersonifica&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 2,143 e &#8805; 2,143) (Material Suplementar 2).</p>
      <p>Com base nas respostas &#224;s quest&#245;es, as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra foram as seguintes: menos de 50 anos, 50,2%; cor da pele branca, 81,9%; casadas, 87,8%; e com 1 a 3 filhos, 67,5%. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das 47 especialidades m&#233;dicas foi a seguinte: Cardiologia, 22,8%; Pediatria, 15%; Medicina Interna, 6%; Obstetr&#237;cia e Ginecologia, 5,6%; Anestesiologia, 3,8%; Medicina de Fam&#237;lia e Comunidade, 2,9%; e Medicina Intensiva, 2,5%. Todas as cinco regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas brasileiras estavam representadas, sendo mais frequentes as regi&#245;es Sudeste (34,3%), Sul (31,7%) e Nordeste (28,3%).</p>
      <p>A maioria das respondentes trabalhava em cidades com mais de 500 mil habitantes (74,1%), n&#227;o ocupava cargo de lideran&#231;a (66,2%), tinha estabilidade no trabalho (74,5%) e trabalhava em dois ou tr&#234;s locais diferentes (59,7%). Dedicavam de 6 a 20 horas semanais a afazeres dom&#233;sticos (54,8%) e at&#233; 5 horas com atividades de lazer (59,0%). Cerca de 64% das respondentes ganhavam de US$ 1.000 a US$ 4.000 e 57,6% relataram perda salarial de at&#233; 50% durante a pandemia, 61% relataram boas condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho e disponibilidade de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual adequados (61,5%).</p>
      <p>A maioria das respondentes relatou ter uma boa qualidade de vida (71,7%) e estar satisfeita com sua sa&#250;de (55%), enquanto 64,8% relataram n&#227;o aproveitar verdadeiramente a vida. Quase 80% relataram acreditar que suas vidas tinham um prop&#243;sito e 90,4% reconheceram que cuidar de outras pessoas trouxe significado para suas vidas. Consideraram satisfat&#243;rios os seguintes aspectos de suas vidas: sono, 62,9%; capacidade de realizar tarefas di&#225;rias, 54,7%; capacidade para o trabalho, 64,4%; rela&#231;&#245;es pessoais, 57,7%; apoio de amigos, 61%; condi&#231;&#245;es do lar, 84%; e acesso &#224; sa&#250;de, 81,4%. Apenas 36,6% consideraram a sua vida sexual satisfat&#243;ria e cerca de 94% tiveram, pelo menos ocasionalmente, sentimentos negativos. Apenas 37% relataram sentir energia suficiente para as tarefas di&#225;rias e 48,6% aceitaram a sua apar&#234;ncia f&#237;sica.</p>
      <p>As respondentes acreditavam que a espiritualidade trazia-lhes conforto e seguran&#231;a (73,2%) e encontravam for&#231;a espiritual em tempos dif&#237;ceis (70,6%), com boa conex&#227;o de corpo, mente e esp&#237;rito (67,8%), embora apenas 53,4% relatassem paz interior e 50,7% relatassem ser otimista. Al&#233;m disso, 72,7% das respondentes relataram encontrar for&#231;a na f&#233; e 44,3% encontraram apoio em comunidades religiosas ou espirituais.</p>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> mostram o modelo de regress&#227;o beta para os desfechos de &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217; e &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o&#8217;, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de regress&#227;o beta para a dimens&#227;o de &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217;, uma das dimens&#245;es de <italic>burnout</italic> (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis preditivas</th>
                <th>Estimativa (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Local de trabalho (sub&#250;rbio ou arredores de cidade grande)</td>
                <td align="center">0,328 (0,139; 0,516)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Local de trabalho (cidade m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">0,358 (0,105; 0,611)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006 **</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Local de trabalho (cidade pequena)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,265 (-0,571; 0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,089 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para afazeres dom&#233;sticos (6-10 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05 (-0,184; 0,084)</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para afazeres dom&#233;sticos (11-20 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,139 (-0,259; -0,019)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para afazeres dom&#233;sticos (&gt; 20 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,122 (-0,226; -0,018)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Faixa salarial (US$ 500-1000)</td>
                <td align="center">0,205 (-0,314; 0,724)</td>
                <td align="center">0,439</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Faixa salarial (US$ 1000-2000)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,374 (-0,816; 0,068)</td>
                <td align="center">0,097 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Faixa salarial (US$ 2000-4000)</td>
                <td align="center">0,252 (-0,047; 0,552)</td>
                <td align="center">0,099 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Faixa salarial (&gt; US$ 4000)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,233 (-0,412; -0,054)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente de trabalho (ruim)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,479 (-0,806; -0,153)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004 **</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente de trabalho (regular)</td>
                <td align="center">0,193 (-0,084; 0,471)</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente de trabalho (bom)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,049 (-0,251; 0,152)</td>
                <td align="center">0,630</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente de trabalho (excelente)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,005 (-0,136; 0,125)</td>
                <td align="center">0,937</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qualidade de vida</td>
                <td align="center">-0,186 (-0,261; -0,111)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (-0,004; 0,124)</td>
                <td align="center">0,064 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">0,067 (0,01; 0,124)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Energia</td>
                <td align="center">-0,395 (-0,479; -0,311)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para lazer</td>
                <td align="center">-0,09 (-0,162; -0,019)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deslocamento para trabalho</td>
                <td align="center">0,102 (0,038; 0,167)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 **</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Capacidade para o trabalho</td>
                <td align="center">-0,183 (-0,258; -0,108)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Satisfa&#231;&#227;o com as rela&#231;&#245;es pessoais</td>
                <td align="center">-0,109 (-0,176; -0,042)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida sexual</td>
                <td align="center">-0,058 (-0,108; -0,008)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o lar</td>
                <td align="center">0,07 (-0,001; 0,142)</td>
                <td align="center">0,055 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o transporte</td>
                <td align="center">-0,156 (-0,233; -0,078)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sentimentos negativos</td>
                <td align="center">0,246 (0,181; 0,311)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Significado dos c&#243;digos: 0 &#8216;***&#8217; 0,001 &#8216;**&#8217; 0,01 &#8216;*&#8217; 0,05 &#8216;.&#8217; 0,1 &#8216; &#8216; 1</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de regress&#227;o beta para a dimens&#227;o de &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o&#8217;, outra dimens&#227;o de burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis preditivas</th>
                <th>Estimativa (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado civil (casada ou com companheiro)</td>
                <td align="center">0,231 (0,089; 0,373)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado civil (separada ou divorciada)</td>
                <td align="center">0,187 (0,008; 0,366)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado civil (vi&#250;va)</td>
                <td align="center">0,307 (-0,06; 0,674)</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Local de trabalho (sub&#250;rbio ou arredores de cidade grande)</td>
                <td align="center">0,364 (0,184; 0,544)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Local de trabalho (cidade m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">0,239 (-0,008; 0,485)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Local de trabalho (cidade pequena)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,123 (-0,423; 0,177)</td>
                <td align="center">0,422</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga de trabalho (21-36 horas)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,045 (-0,194; 0,105)</td>
                <td align="center">0,560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga de trabalho (37-48 horas)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038 (-0,089; 0,166)</td>
                <td align="center">0,557</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga de trabalho (49-60 horas)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,051 (-0,161; 0,059)</td>
                <td align="center">0,365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga de trabalho (&gt; 60 horas)</td>
                <td align="center">0,084 (-0,008; 0,177)</td>
                <td align="center">0,074 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para afazeres dom&#233;sticos (6-10 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,119 (-0,251; 0,013)</td>
                <td align="center">0,078 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para afazeres dom&#233;sticos (11-20 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,164 (-0,281; -0,047)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006 **</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para afazeres dom&#233;sticos (&gt; 20 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,238 (-0,338; -0,139)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para lazer (6-10 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">0,167 (-0,032; 0,366)</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para lazer (11-20 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16 (-0,011; 0,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,067 .</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para lazer (&gt; 20 horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">0,057 (-0,08; 0,194)</td>
                <td align="center">0,417</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sal&#225;rio durante a pandemia (redu&#231;&#227;o de 20%)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,141 (-0,282; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,050 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sal&#225;rio durante a pandemia (redu&#231;&#227;o de 21%-50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016 (-0,119; 0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,820</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sal&#225;rio durante a pandemia (redu&#231;&#227;o de &#8805; 50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134 (0,006; 0,262)</td>
                <td align="center">0,040 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sal&#225;rio durante a pandemia (aumento)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114 (0,005; 0,223)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente de trabalho (ruim)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,454 (-0,756; -0,153)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 **</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente de trabalho (regular)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (-0,242; 0,262)</td>
                <td align="center">0,938</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente de trabalho (bom)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,1 (-0,283; 0,083)</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente de trabalho (excelente)</td>
                <td align="center">0,059 (-0,061; 0,178)</td>
                <td align="center">0,336</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">0,082 (0,027; 0,137)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004 **</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Concentra&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0,144 (-0,226; -0,062)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Seguran&#231;a de vida</td>
                <td align="center">-0,142 (-0,225; -0,059)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambiente saud&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12 (-0,193; -0,047)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Energia</td>
                <td align="center">-0,201 (-0,283; -0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aceita&#231;&#227;o da apar&#234;ncia f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">-0,065 (-0,125; -0,005)</td>
                <td align="center">0,034 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a capacidade de realizar tarefas di&#225;rias</td>
                <td align="center">0,109 (0,031; 0,187)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006 **</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Capacidade para o trabalho</td>
                <td align="center">-0,249 (-0,332; -0,167)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida sexual</td>
                <td align="center">-0,08 (-0,128; -0,032)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cuidar de outras pessoas agrega sentido &#224; vida</td>
                <td align="center">-0,236 (-0,311; -0,161)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Otimismo</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12 (-0,188; -0,052)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 ***</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Significado dos c&#243;digos: 0 &#8216;***&#8217; 0,001 &#8216;**&#8217; 0,01 &#8216;*&#8217; 0,05 &#8216;.&#8217; 0,1 &#8216; &#8216; 1</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Para o desfecho de &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217; ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ), foram significativos os seguintes: local de trabalho; aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para afazeres dom&#233;sticos; faixa salarial; ambiente de trabalho desfavor&#225;vel; m&#225; qualidade de vida; falta de energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias; falta de aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para lazer; e insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com o deslocamento di&#225;rio do trabalho. Relataram insatisfa&#231;&#227;o significativa com sua: capacidade para o trabalho; transporte; habilidades de relacionamento; e vida sexual. Al&#233;m disso, relataram vivenciar sentimentos negativos com frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Para o desfecho de &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ), foram significativos os seguintes: estado civil; local de trabalho; aloca&#231;&#227;o de tempo para afazeres dom&#233;sticos; redu&#231;&#227;o/aumento de renda durante a pandemia; ambiente de trabalho ruim; incapacidade de concentra&#231;&#227;o; sentimento di&#225;rio de inseguran&#231;a; ambiente f&#237;sico insalubre; falta de energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias; n&#227;o aceita&#231;&#227;o da apar&#234;ncia f&#237;sica; grande insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a capacidade para as tarefas di&#225;rias, com a vida sexual e com a capacidade para o trabalho; incapacidade de permanecer otimista em tempos de incerteza; aus&#234;ncia de sentido para a pr&#243;pria vida ao cuidar de outras pessoas; e a considera&#231;&#227;o de que a dor f&#237;sica as impedia de fazer o que precisava ser feito.</p>
      <p>Na &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o correspondente ao desfecho de &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217; ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), as respondentes representadas nas folhas 12 (n = 58, 7,5%), 13 (n = 43, 5,6%) e 16 (n = 35, 4,5%) apresentaram os maiores escores de <italic>burnout</italic> , com m&#233;dia e mediana iguais ou superiores a 3,4 (correspondendo a 0,8 na escala de 0 a 1). As respondentes representadas nas folhas 12 e 13 relataram sentir pouca ou nenhuma energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias e sentimentos negativos muito frequentes. Esses dois grupos diferiram quanto &#224; capacidade para o trabalho, e as da folha 12 relataram grande insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com isso. As respondentes da folha 16 relataram sentir pouca energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias, nenhum ou muito poucos sentimentos negativos e n&#227;o ter boa qualidade de vida.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o correspondendo ao desfecho de &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217;, uma das dimens&#245;es de burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory). AmbTrab: ambiente de trabalho; CapTrab: capacidade para o trabalho; NecessTrat: necessidade de tratamento m&#233;dico; QdV: qualidade de vida; SentNeg: sentimentos negativos; SatisfPess: satisfa&#231;&#227;o com as rela&#231;&#245;es pessoais; SatisfSex: satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida sexual; SatisfTransp: satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o transporte.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0307-10938-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o correspondente ao desfecho de &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o&#8217; ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ), as respondentes representadas nas folhas 3 (n = 97, 12,6%) e 5 (n = 29, 3,8%) apresentaram os maiores escores de <italic>burnout</italic> , com m&#233;dia e mediana superior a 2,8 (correspondente a 0,6 na escala de 0 a 1). As 97 respondentes da folha 3 relataram insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a sua capacidade para o trabalho e pouca ou nenhuma energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias. No entanto, as 29 respondentes da folha 5, apesar de estarem insatisfeitas com a sua capacidade para o trabalho e n&#227;o reconhecerem que cuidar de outras pessoas trouxesse sentido &#224; vida, consideram ter energia suficiente para suas tarefas di&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o correspondendo ao desfecho de &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o&#8217;, outra dimens&#227;o de burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory). AmbSaud: ambiente saud&#225;vel; AmbTrab: ambiente de trabalho; CuidarOut: cuidar de outras pessoas; CapTrab: capacidade para o trabalho; SeguVida: seguran&#231;a de vida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0307-10938-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para o desfecho de &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217; relacionado &#224;s mulheres m&#233;dicas com <italic>burnout</italic> , o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica (Material Suplementar 3) identificou que ter sentimentos negativos teve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida sexual e com as rela&#231;&#245;es pessoais, bem como com energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias. A necessidade de tratamento m&#233;dico para lidar com a vida di&#225;ria correlacionou-se negativamente com a presen&#231;a de energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias. No entanto, a falta de energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias correlacionou-se positivamente com a m&#225; qualidade de vida e com a insatisfa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; a capacidade para o trabalho ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica &#233; uma rede onde os n&#243;s s&#227;o as vari&#225;veis, e os pesos nas arestas representam o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica. A espessura das arestas e a transpar&#234;ncia s&#227;o dadas pela magnitude do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#243;s. Dimens&#245;es do burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory): (A) Exaust&#227;o emocional sem burnout; (B) Exaust&#227;o emocional com burnout; (C) Despersonifica&#231;&#227;o sem burnout; (D) Despersonifica&#231;&#227;o com burnout. (*). Com burnout: amS: ambiente saud&#225;vel; amT: ambiente de trabalho; cdd: cuidar de outras pessoas agrega sentido &#224; vida; cnc: concentra&#231;&#227;o; cpT: capacidade para o trabalho; enr: energia; otm: otimismo em momentos desafiadores; qlV - Qualidade de vida; sgV: seguran&#231;a de vida; snN: sentimentos negativos; stP: satisfa&#231;&#227;o com as rela&#231;&#245;es pessoais; stS: satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida sexual; stT: satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o transporte; Trt: necessidade de tratamento m&#233;dico. (*) Mais detalhes para compreender a matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no material suplementar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0307-10938-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para o desfecho de &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o&#8217; relacionado &#224;s mulheres m&#233;dicas com <italic>burnout</italic> , o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o polic&#243;rica (Material Suplementar 3) identificou que a dificuldade de concentra&#231;&#227;o foi correlacionada positivamente com a insatisfa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade para o trabalho e com a sensa&#231;&#227;o de inseguran&#231;a no dia a dia. A incapacidade de permanecer otimista em tempos de incerteza correlacionou-se positivamente com a sensa&#231;&#227;o de inseguran&#231;a no dia a dia e com a aus&#234;ncia de significado da pr&#243;pria vida no cuidado de outras pessoas. A falta de energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias correlacionou-se positivamente com a insatisfa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade para o trabalho ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Esses achados da an&#225;lise de rede corroboram os da &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o e da regress&#227;o beta.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou uma alta frequ&#234;ncia de <italic>burnout</italic> entre as mulheres m&#233;dicas brasileiras (61,6%) que responderam ao question&#225;rio. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho de &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217;, as m&#233;dicas com <italic>burnout</italic> tinham pouca ou nenhuma energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias, sentimentos negativos e insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a sua capacidade para o trabalho. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho de &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o&#8217;, as m&#233;dicas com <italic>burnout</italic> relataram insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a sua capacidade para o trabalho, pouca ou nenhuma energia para tarefas di&#225;rias e aus&#234;ncia de sentido &#224; pr&#243;pria vida ao cuidar de outras pessoas, fatores que amea&#231;am a sua qualidade de vida. Apesar disso, apresentavam uma qualidade de vida relativamente boa e acreditavam que a espiritualidade as confortava e tranquilizava nos momentos dif&#237;ceis.</p>
      <p>O <italic>burnout</italic> tem sido definido como uma s&#237;ndrome psicol&#243;gica que resulta do estresse cr&#244;nico no trabalho, suas principais dimens&#245;es sendo exaust&#227;o, cinismo e falta de efic&#225;cia profissional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A condi&#231;&#227;o foi agravada pela pandemia de COVID-19 que desafia a sa&#250;de mental, questiona cren&#231;as pessoais e amea&#231;a a qualidade de vida dos profissionais de sa&#250;de. O problema &#233; exacerbado pelos afazeres dom&#233;sticos tradicionalmente realizados pelas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Brasil ocupou o segundo lugar em n&#250;mero de casos e &#243;bitos por COVID-19. Isso levou o sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro ao limite, afetando o atendimento aos pacientes n&#227;o apenas com COVID-19, mas tamb&#233;m com outras doen&#231;as agudas e cr&#244;nicas. Quase todos os profissionais de sa&#250;de, principalmente m&#233;dicos, estiveram envolvidos no combate &#224; pandemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Segundo Scheffer et al., o Brasil tem 477.982 m&#233;dicos, sendo 222.942 mulheres, predominantemente jovens e residentes nas regi&#245;es Sudeste, Sul e Nordeste, a maioria (59,5%) com t&#237;tulo de especialista. A medicina no Brasil est&#225; no processo de feminiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A distribui&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da nossa amostra est&#225; de acordo com a relatada no estudo de Scheffer et al.</p>
      <p>O nosso estudo mostrou maior preval&#234;ncia de <italic>burnout</italic> (61,6%) entre as mulheres m&#233;dicas brasileiras em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero crescente de casos suspeitos e confirmados de COVID-19, a grande carga de trabalho, a falta de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual, a cobertura avassaladora da m&#237;dia, a falta de medicamentos espec&#237;ficos e a sensa&#231;&#227;o de apoio insuficiente podem contribuir para o dano psicol&#243;gico nos profissionais de sa&#250;de. Muitos temiam se infectar ou infectar suas fam&#237;lias, amigos e colegas e relataram altos n&#237;veis de estresse, ansiedade e sintomas depressivos, que podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a maioria das respondentes relatou ter boa qualidade de vida e acreditar que sua vida tinha um prop&#243;sito e que cuidar de outras pessoas trazia sentido &#224; sua vida. Al&#233;m disso, relataram ainda ter que superar barreiras no exerc&#237;cio da profiss&#227;o e receber remunera&#231;&#227;o inferior &#224; dos homens. Um grande n&#250;mero relatou sentimentos negativos frequentes, insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida sexual e falta de energia suficiente para as tarefas di&#225;rias, al&#233;m de insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a apar&#234;ncia f&#237;sica. Tais achados podem ter sido influenciados pelos efeitos da pandemia em um pa&#237;s que vivencia enormes desafios no sistema de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Esses resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos do estudo com m&#233;dicos turcos, relatando que aqueles envolvidos na luta contra a COVID-19 relataram uma forte sensa&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia do trabalho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a frequ&#234;ncia de <italic>burnout</italic> foi muito maior entre as m&#233;dicas brasileiras, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; magnitude dos efeitos da pandemia no Brasil.</p>
      <p>A pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica &#233; permeada por experi&#234;ncias de perda, estresse, ansiedade e medo, que aumentam a vulnerabilidade psicol&#243;gica dos m&#233;dicos e facilitam o aparecimento de sintomas de ansiedade-depress&#227;o. Entretanto, resili&#234;ncia, espiritualidade e cren&#231;as pessoais parecem desempenhar um papel mediador em algumas dessas vari&#225;veis psicol&#243;gicas. Nenhum estudo avaliou como essas vari&#225;veis afetam a exaust&#227;o e o sofrimento psicol&#243;gico de mulheres m&#233;dicas, principalmente aquelas que atuam em um pa&#237;s que enfrenta um sistema de sa&#250;de deficit&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Observamos que as m&#233;dicas confiam na espiritualidade para conforto e seguran&#231;a, encontram for&#231;a espiritual em tempos desafiadores e acreditam obter, pela f&#233;, for&#231;as para os desafios di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, o uso inovador de aprendizado de m&#225;quina identificou, para o desfecho de &#8216;exaust&#227;o emocional&#8217;, que as mulheres m&#233;dicas com <italic>burnout</italic> frequentemente t&#234;m pouca ou nenhuma energia para tarefas di&#225;rias e apresentam sentimentos negativos. Para o desfecho de &#8216;despersonifica&#231;&#227;o&#8217;, as mulheres m&#233;dicas relataram insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a sua capacidade para o trabalho, pouca ou nenhuma energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias e aus&#234;ncia de sentido &#224; sua vida ao cuidar de outras pessoas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> ). At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; avalia&#231;&#227;o de <italic>burnout</italic> entre mulheres m&#233;dicas usando t&#233;cnicas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial, que &#233; o ponto forte do nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de confirmar os achados da regress&#227;o beta e das &#225;rvores de classifica&#231;&#227;o em m&#233;dicas com <italic>burnout</italic> , a an&#225;lise de rede ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ) evidenciou a correla&#231;&#227;o de seus sentimentos negativos com insatisfa&#231;&#227;o nas rela&#231;&#245;es pessoais e na vida sexual, bem como com a falta de energia para tarefas di&#225;rias. Al&#233;m disso, evidenciou a correla&#231;&#227;o da m&#225; qualidade de vida com a insatisfa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade para o trabalho e com a falta de energia para as tarefas di&#225;rias. Correlacionou ainda a dificuldade de concentra&#231;&#227;o com a sensa&#231;&#227;o de inseguran&#231;a, que, por sua vez, foi correlacionada &#224; incapacidade de permanecer otimista em tempos de incerteza. Al&#233;m disso, esta an&#225;lise mostrou graficamente a magnitude da rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis identificadas na t&#233;cnica de aprendizado de m&#225;quina. Outro estudo que utilizou esse tipo de an&#225;lise mostrou a associa&#231;&#227;o da exaust&#227;o emocional elevada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> mesmo fora do per&#237;odo de pandemia.</p>
      <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo &#233; ter uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia. A alta frequ&#234;ncia de <italic>burnout</italic> pode ser devido a um vi&#233;s amostral, isto &#233;, mulheres com mais problemas podem ter respondido mais ao question&#225;rio do que outras mulheres. Apesar disso, a distribui&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da amostra foi semelhante &#224; observada no estudo de Demografia M&#233;dica no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O ponto forte do presente estudo &#233; a an&#225;lise conjunta usando aprendizado de m&#225;quina das condi&#231;&#245;es de <italic>burnout</italic> , qualidade de vida e espiritualidade, bem como suas inter-rela&#231;&#245;es durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em mulheres m&#233;dicas que enfrentaram os desafios mais significativos ao lidar com condi&#231;&#245;es &#250;nicas de trabalho e de vida, em um pa&#237;s assolado por casos e &#243;bitos relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2.</p>
      <p>Os efeitos socioecon&#244;micos da pandemia e como ela afetou um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, bem como o autocuidado feminino, a sensa&#231;&#227;o de bem-estar e a qualidade de vida, representam grandes amea&#231;as &#224; sa&#250;de de mulheres m&#233;dicas com <italic>burnout</italic> . No entanto, na maioria das vezes, tais assuntos n&#227;o s&#227;o reconhecidos nem abordados. Em pa&#237;ses como o Brasil, que enfrenta muitos casos e &#243;bitos, esse desafio &#233; maior por conta das desigualdades de um pa&#237;s continental sem pol&#237;ticas direcionadas para a sa&#250;de dos m&#233;dicos, principalmente para as mulheres m&#233;dicas desafiadas pela tripla jornada de trabalho em tempos de pandemia.</p>
      <p>Portanto, &#233; essencial desenvolver estudos futuros para reconhecer a preval&#234;ncia do <italic>burnout</italic> e seu impacto avassalador em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es para enfrent&#225;-lo e preveni-lo adequadamente. Nossos achados destacam a import&#226;ncia de criar um ambiente prop&#237;cio &#224; constru&#231;&#227;o de rela&#231;&#245;es de trabalho positivas. Adicionalmente, o governo e as ag&#234;ncias de sa&#250;de devem fornecer recursos e investir para proteger o bem-estar psicol&#243;gico de profissionais de sa&#250;de, criando programas de sa&#250;de mental. Paralelamente, devem ser estabelecidas parcerias com outras institui&#231;&#245;es sociais e implementados sistemas de atendimento remoto, movidos pela resili&#234;ncia e compreens&#227;o de situa&#231;&#245;es singulares, com a finalidade de auxiliar as m&#233;dicas com <italic>burnout</italic> .</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou uma alta frequ&#234;ncia de <italic>burnout</italic> entre as m&#233;dicas brasileiras que responderam ao question&#225;rio durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Apesar disso, apresentavam uma qualidade de vida relativamente boa e acreditavam que a espiritualidade trazia-lhes conforto e seguran&#231;a nos momentos dif&#237;ceis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do material suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0938-Material-suplementar-dados-demograficos.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do material suplementar 2, por favor, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0938-Material-suplementar-extra.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do material suplementar 3, por favor, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0938-Material-suplementar-burnout.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Women Physicians: Burnout during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
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          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1090-0443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Imara Correia de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9826-9152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lantieri</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Janice Baister</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6610-3905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9784-4418</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Anzolch</surname>
            <given-names>Karin Jaeger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6966-0723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gerez</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Alonso Egea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5323-8595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara Viana de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1473-9223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Albanez Albuquerque de Medeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8313-8766</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0990-6151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wenger</surname>
            <given-names>Nanette Kass</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Onofre Lopes, Natal, RN &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Batista, Crici&#250;ma, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CEMISE, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Luis, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazl</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazl</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Av. Pedro Calmon, 550. Postal Code 21941-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Mariano GZ, Silva ERGA, Silva SCTF, Santos MA, Barbosa ICQ, Lantieri CJB, Duarte ER, Izar MCO, Anzolch KJ, Gerez MAE, Ramos MVO, Lopes MAAAM, Nascimento EM; Acquisition of data: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Mariano GZ, Silva ERGA, Silva SCTF, Santos MA, Barbosa ICQ, Lantieri CJB, Duarte ER, Izar MCO, Anzolch KJ, Gerez MAE, Ramos MVO, Lopes MAAAM; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Mariano GZ, Silva ERGA, Silva SCTF, Santos MA, Barbosa ICQ, Lantieri CJB, Duarte ER, Izar MCO, Anzolch KJ, Gerez MAE, Ramos MVO, Lopes MAAAM, Nascimento EM, Wenger NK; Statistical analysis: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Nascimento EM; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira GMM, Lemke VG, Paiva MSMO, Wenger NK</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>COVID-19 has placed a tremendous burden on physicians worldwide, especially women physicians, affected by increased workload and loss of quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life, burnout and spirituality of Brazilian women physicians directly or indirectly providing care to COVID-19 patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Prospective, observational study performed from July 28 to September 27, 2020, in Brazil, with women physicians from 47 specialities, the most frequent being cardiology (22.8%), with no age restriction. They voluntarily answered an online survey with questions on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, quality of life (WHOQOL-brief), spirituality (WHOQOL-SRPB), and statements from the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Statistical analysis used the R software, beta regression, classification trees, and polychoric correlation matrix, with a 5% of significance level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Of the 769 respondents, 61.6% reported signs of burnout. About 64% reported wage loss of up to 50% during the pandemic. Some reported lack of energy for daily tasks, frequent negative feelings, dissatisfaction with capability for work, and caring for others not adding meaning to their lives. Negative feelings correlated negatively with satisfaction with sexual life and personal relations, and energy for daily tasks. The inability to remain optimistic in times of uncertainty correlated positively with feeling unsafe daily and not acknowledging that caring for others brings meaning to life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>This study showed a high frequency of burnout among Brazilian women physicians who answered the survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, they presented with a relatively good quality of life and believed that spirituality comforted and reassured them in hard times.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Physicians, Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Burnout, Psychological</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Physicians on the front lines against the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have faced unprecedented high levels of stress. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the vulnerability experienced by these professionals, mainly of the female sex. A systematic review carried out in the database Medline and Embase has shown an increase in the challenges related to the high workload and loss of quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic, which are associated with physical and mental exhaustion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The prevalence of burnout ranged from 23% to 76%, and female gender, high workload, and family-related concerns are predictors of burnout.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The authors recommended that studies on physician burnout take gender differences into account.</p>
        <p>A study, conducting a cross-sectional survey to assess 2707 healthcare professionals (HCPs) from 60 countries, reported that 51% of them had burnout, which was associated with work impacting household activities, exposure to COVID-19 patients, inadequate training, and making life prioritizing decisions. Burnout was more frequent in high-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Another study reported an increase in burnout in women physicians as compared to men physicians, and the authors hypothesized that specific stressors included shortage of daycare options for children and imbalance between work and personal life. Women physicians with greater workloads and those without a partner experienced higher levels of burnout.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It is worth noting that women currently constitute a great proportion of the global health workforce and spend 15 hours more per week on unpaid domestic labor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The burnout dimensions have been significantly associated with an increased risk for diseases, independently of sociodemographic factors and depressive symptoms. A study with 5671 participants [predominantly physicians, mean age of 44.1 years (range, 18-70 years), 62.4% women] used a mobile health web application for an online survey of job burnout measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. By using network analysis and logistic regression, the study has shown the association of high emotional exhaustion with arterial hypertension and other chronic diseases after adjusting for age, sex, educational level, and depressive symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another systematic review with 12 studies assessing burnout in HCPs working or not in frontline COVID-19 wards has shown controversial results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Two of the studies reported higher levels of emotional fatigue in women as compared to men and that female sex was a risk factor for burnout among intensive care professionals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, another study has found no association with gender.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The heterogeneity of the studies regarding data collection and questionnaires used could have accounted for that, which emphasizes the need for further studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Brazil has ranked second in number of COVID-19 cases and deaths since the beginning of the pandemic. However, to our knowledge, no study has assessed the burnout of Brazilian women physicians during the pandemic. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of the pandemic on the quality of life, burnout, and spirituality of women physicians directly or indirectly providing care to COVID-19 patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a transversal, observational study performed from July 28 to September 27, 2020 in Brazil, with women physicians from different medical specialities, directly or indirectly providing care to COVID-19 patients. There was no age restriction. The women physicians voluntarily answered an online survey with 68 questions, thus constituting a convenience sample.</p>
        <p>The survey consisted of the following: 20 questions on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; the 26 questions from the Brazilian Portuguese version of the WHOQOL-brief;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> 9 questions based on the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs (WHOQOL-SRPB) field-test instrument;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and the 13 statements from the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (Supplementary Material 1).</p>
        <p>Through user identification, participants who answered the survey multiple times could be identified. All participants provided informed consent for the use of their anonymized data.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Research (HUOL-CAAE: 34673520.7.0000.5292).</p>
        <p>According to the methodology proposed by Schuster et al. and Demerouti et al., the 13 burnout statements of the OLBI were transformed into variables of the two dimensions &#8216;disengagement&#8217; (7 variables) and &#8216;emotional exhaustion&#8217; (6 variables).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Questions which answer was agree or disagree had the score inverted so as to the higher the score of each variable, the higher the burnout level. Each dimension was attributed a score corresponding to its mean score.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed through Beta Regression<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> which models rates and proportions outcomes. The two burnout dimensions were considered as outcomes and the 55 remaining questions, as independent variables.</p>
          <p>In the OLBI, each outcome&#8217;s score is limited to the 1-4 interval, thus a beta regression model was implemented, where each outcome was recalculated by using linear interpolation, so that values from 0 to 1 could be obtained. Three models were implemented for each outcome. The first model was composed of 55 variables. The second and third models used the independent variables that showed 10% significance in the previous model.</p>
          <p>After the beta regression models, regression trees were implemented using the final model&#8217;s independent variables and their respective outcomes. The Classification and Regression Trees (CART) is a nonparametric method used to obtain an association between the dependent variable and a set of covariates. Decision trees are used to identify the interaction between covariates. The leaves of the tree provide a graphical representation of the outcome for each group of individuals. The betareg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and partykit packages in R were used to implement the regression tree&#8217;s beta regression models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Another graphical visualization was used based on a polychoric correlation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> a measure of association between ordinal categorical variables. A polychoric correlation matrix was represented as a network where the nodes were the variables, and the weights on the edges represented the polychoric correlation coefficient. The thickness of the edges and the transparency was given by the magnitude of the correlation coefficient between the nodes. The colors red and green corresponded to negative and positive correlations, respectively. The &#8216;qgraph&#8217; package in R was used for network visualization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For the statistical tests, we adopted a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 769 respondents, 474 (61.6%) reported signs of burnout. The criterion for classification of the respondents was provided by the cutoff points obtained from the classification trees: emotional exhaustion (&lt;2.668 and &#8805;2.668) and disengagement (&lt;2.143 and &#8805;2.143) (Supplementary Material 2).</p>
        <p>Based on the answers to the questions, the characteristics of the sample were as follows: under 50 years of age, 50.2%; white skin color, 81.9%; married, 87.8%; and with 1 to 3 children, 67.5%. The distribution of the 47 medical specialities was as follows: Cardiology, 22.8%; Pediatrics, 15%; Internal Medicine, 6%; Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5.6%; Anesthesiology, 3.8%; Family and Community Medicine, 2.9%; and Intensive Care Medicine, 2.5%. All five Brazilian geographic regions were represented, the most frequent being the Southeastern (34.3%), Southern (31.7%), and Northeastern (28.3%) regions.</p>
        <p>Most respondents worked in cities with more than 500 000 inhabitants (74.1%), were not in a leadership position (66.2%), had work stability (74.5%), and worked in two or three different places (59.7%). They spent 6 to 20 hours per week with household chores (54.8%) and up to 5 hours with leisure activities (59.0%). About 64% of the respondents earned US$ 1000 to US$ 4000, and 57.6% reported wage loss of as much as 50% during the pandemic. They reported good work conditions (61%) and availability of proper personal protective equipment (61.5%).</p>
        <p>Most respondents reported having a good quality of life (71.7%) and being satisfied with their health (55%), while 64.8% reported not really enjoying life, almost 80% reported believing their lives had a purpose and 90.4% acknowledged that caring for others brought meaning to their lives. They considered the following aspects of their lives satisfactory: sleep, 62.9%; ability to perform daily chores, 54.7%; capability for work, 64.4%; personal relationships, 57.7%; support from friends, 61%; conditions of the household, 84%; and access to healthcare, 81.4%. Only 36.6% considered their sexual life satisfactory, and about 94% had, at least occasionally, negative feelings. Only 37% reported experiencing enough energy for daily tasks, and 48.6% accepted their physical appearance.</p>
        <p>The respondents believed that spirituality comforted and reassured them (73.2%) and found spiritual force in hard times (70.6%), with good connection of body, mind, and spirit (67.8%), even though only 53.4% reported inner peace and 50.7% reported being optimistic. In addition, 72.7% of the respondents reported finding strength in faith, and 44.3% found support in religious or spiritual communities.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref> show the beta regression model for the outcomes &#8216;emotional exhaustion&#8217; and &#8216;disengagement&#8217;, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Beta regression model for the dimension of burnout emotional exhaustion, one of the dimensions of Burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Predictive variables</th>
                  <th>Estimate (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workplace (suburb or surroundings of a big city)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.328 (0.139; 0.516)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workplace (mid-sized city)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.358 (0.105; 0.611)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workplace (small city)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.265 (-0.571; 0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.089 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for household chores (6-10 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.05 (-0.184; 0.084)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for household chores (11-20 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.139 (-0.259; -0.019)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for household chores (&gt; 20 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.122 (-0.226; -0.018)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wage range (US$ 500-1000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.205 (-0.314; 0.724)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.439</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wage range (US$ 1000-2000)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.374 (-0.816; 0.068)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wage range (US$ 2000-4000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.252 (-0.047; 0.552)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.099 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wage range (&gt; US$ 4000)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.233 (-0.412; -0.054)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work environment (poor)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.479 (-0.806; -0.153)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work environment (regular)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.193 (-0.084; 0.471)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.172</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work environment (good)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.049 (-0.251; 0.152)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.630</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work environment (excellent)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.005 (-0.136; 0.125)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.937</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quality of life</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.186 (-0.261; -0.111)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical pain</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06 (-0.004; 0.124)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.064 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Need for treatment</td>
                  <td align="center">0.067 (0.01; 0.124)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Energy</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.395 (-0.479; -0.311)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for leisure</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.09 (-0.162; -0.019)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work commute</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102 (0.038; 0.167)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Capability for work</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.183 (-0.258; -0.108)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Satisfaction with personal relations</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.109 (-0.176; -0.042)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Satisfaction with sexual life</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.058 (-0.108; -0.008)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Satisfaction with household</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07 (-0.001; 0.142)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.055 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Satisfaction with transportation</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.156 (-0.233; -0.078)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negative feelings</td>
                  <td align="center">0.246 (0.181; 0.311)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Signif. codes: 0 &#8216;***&#8217; 0.001 &#8216;**&#8217; 0.01 &#8216;*&#8217; 0.05 &#8216;.&#8217; 0.1 &#8216; &#8216; 1</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Beta regression model for the dimension of burnout disengagement, another dimension of Burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Predictive variables</th>
                  <th>Estimate (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marital status (married or with a partner)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.231 (0.089; 0.373)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marital status (separated or divorced)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.187 (0.008; 0.366)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marital status (widow)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.307 (-0.06; 0.674)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workplace (suburb or surroundings of a big city)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.364 (0.184; 0.544)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workplace (mid-sized city)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.239 (-0.008; 0.485)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workplace (small city)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.123 (-0.423; 0.177)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.422</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workload (21-36 hours)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.045 (-0.194; 0.105)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.560</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workload (37-48 hours)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038 (-0.089; 0.166)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.557</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workload (49-60 hours)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.051 (-0.161; 0.059)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.365</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Workload (&gt; 60 hours)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.084 (-0.008; 0.177)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.074 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for household chores (6-10 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.119 (-0.251; 0.013)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.078 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for household chores (11-20 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.164 (-0.281; -0.047)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for household chores (&gt; 20 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.238 (-0.338; -0.139)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for leisure (6-10 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.167 (-0.032; 0.366)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for leisure (11-20 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16 (-0.011; 0.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.067 .</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time allocation for leisure (&gt; 20 hours/week)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.057 (-0.08; 0.194)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.417</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pandemic income (20% reduction)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.141 (-0.282; 0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pandemic income (21-50% reduction)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016 (-0.119; 0.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.820</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pandemic income (&#8805; 50% reduction)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.134 (0.006; 0.262)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pandemic income (increase)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114 (0.005; 0.223)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work environment (poor)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.454 (-0.756; -0.153)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work environment (regular)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 (-0.242; 0.262)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.938</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work environment (good)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.1 (-0.283; 0.083)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Work environment (excellent)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.059 (-0.061; 0.178)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.336</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical pain</td>
                  <td align="center">0.082 (0.027; 0.137)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentration</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.144 (-0.226; -0.062)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Life safety</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.142 (-0.225; -0.059)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Healthy environment</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.12 (-0.193; -0.047)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Energy</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.201 (-0.283; -0.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acceptance of physical appearance</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.065 (-0.125; -0.005)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Satisfaction with ability to perform daily tasks</td>
                  <td align="center">0.109 (0.031; 0.187)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006 **</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Capability for work</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.249 (-0.332; -0.167)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Satisfaction with sexual life</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.08 (-0.128; -0.032)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caring for others adds meaning to life</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.236 (-0.311; -0.161)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Optimism</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.12 (-0.188; -0.052)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 ***</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Signif. codes: 0 &#8216;***&#8217; 0.001 &#8216;**&#8217; 0.01 &#8216;*&#8217; 0.05 &#8216;.&#8217; 0.1 &#8216; &#8216; 1</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>For the outcome &#8216;emotional exhaustion&#8217; ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), the following were significant: place of work; time allocation for household chores; wage range; poor work environment; very poor quality of life; lack of energy for daily tasks; no time allocation for leisure; dissatisfaction with daily work commute. They reported significant dissatisfaction with their: capability for work; transportation; relationship skills; and sexual life. In addition, they reported experiencing negative feelings frequently.</p>
        <p>For the outcome &#8216;disengagement&#8217; ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ), the following were significant: marital status; place of work; time allocation for household chores; income reduction/increase during the pandemic; poor work environment; inability to concentrate; feeling unsafe on a daily basis; unhealthy physical environment; lack of energy for daily tasks; non-acceptance of physical appearance; great dissatisfaction with their ability for daily tasks, with their sexual life and with their capability for work; inability to remain optimistic in times of uncertainty; caring for others did not bring meaning to their lives; and considering that physical pain prevented them from doing what needed to be done.</p>
        <p>In the classification tree corresponding to the outcome &#8216;emotional exhaustion&#8217; ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ), the respondents represented in leaves 12 (n=58, 7.5%), 13 (n=43, 5.6%) and 16 (n=35, 4.5%) had the highest scores of burnout, with mean and median equal to or greater than 3.4 (corresponding to 0.8 in the scale from 0 to 1). The respondents represented in leaves 12 and 13 reported experiencing very little or no energy for daily tasks and very frequent negative feelings. These two groups differed regarding their capability for work, and those in leaf 12 reported great dissatisfaction with that. The respondents in leaf 16 reported experiencing little energy for daily tasks and no or very few negative feelings, and not having good quality of life.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classification tree corresponding to the outcome &#8216;emotional exhaustion,&#8217; one of the dimensions of Burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory). WorkEnvir: work environment; CapWork: capability for work; TreatmNeed: need for medical treatment; QoL: quality of life; NegFeel: negative feelings; PersSatisf: satisfaction with personal relations; SexSatisf: satisfaction with sexual life; TranspSatisf: satisfaction with transportation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0307-10938-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the classification tree corresponding to the outcome &#8216;disengagement&#8217; ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ), the respondents represented in leaves 3 (n=97, 12.6%) and 5 (n=29, 3.8%) had the highest scores of burnout, with mean and median over 2.8 (corresponding to 0.6 in the scale from 0 to 1). The 97 respondents in leaf 3 reported dissatisfaction with their capability for work and having very little or no energy for daily tasks. However, the 29 respondents in leaf 5, despite their dissatisfaction with their capability for work and not acknowledging that caring for others brings meaning to life, considered having enough energy for their daily tasks.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classification tree corresponding to the outcome &#8216;disengagement.&#8217;, another dimension of Burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory). CapWork: capability for work; CareOthers: care for others; HealthyEnviron: healthy environment; LifeSafe: life safety; WorkEnvir: work environment.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0307-10938-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For the outcome &#8216;emotional exhaustion&#8217; related to women physicians with burnout, the polychoric correlation coefficient (Supplementary Material 3) identified that having negative feelings had a negative correlation with satisfaction with their sexual life and personal relations, and energy for daily tasks. Requiring medical treatment to cope with daily life correlated negatively with the presence of energy for daily tasks. However, lack of energy for daily tasks correlated positively with poor quality of life and dissatisfaction with capability for work ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The polychoric correlation matrix is a network where the nodes were the variables, and the weights on the edges represented the polychoric correlation coefficient. The thickness of the edges and the transparency were given by the correlation coefficient&#8217;s magnitude between the nodes. Dimensions of Burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory): (A) Emotional exhaustion without burnout; (B) Emotional exhaustion with burnout; (C) Disengagement without burnout; (D) Disengagement with burnout. (*). With burnout: amS: healthy environment; amT: work environment; cdd: caring for others adds meaning to life; cnc: concentration; cpT: capability for work; enr: energy; otm: optimism in challenging times; qlV: quality of life; sgV: life safety; snN: negative feelings; stP: satisfaction with personal relations; stS: satisfaction with sexual life; stT: satisfaction with transportation; Trt: need for medical treatment. (*) More details for understanding the polychoric correlation matrix can be seen in the supplementary material.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0307-10938-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For the outcome &#8216;disengagement&#8217; related to women physicians with burnout, the polychoric correlation coefficient (Supplementary Material 3) identified that difficulty in concentrating correlated positively with dissatisfaction with capability for work and feeling unsafe on a daily basis. The inability to remain optimistic in times of uncertainty correlated positively with feeling unsafe on a daily basis and the inability to see meaning for their lives in caring for others. The lack of energy for daily tasks correlated positively with dissatisfaction with capability for work ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). These network analysis findings corroborate those in the classification tree and beta regression.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study showed a high frequency of burnout among these Brazilian women physicians (61.6%) who answered the survey. Regarding the outcome &#8216;emotional exhaustion,&#8217; women physicians with burnout have little or no energy for daily tasks, negative feelings, and dissatisfaction with their capability for work. Regarding the outcome &#8216;disengagement&#8217;, women physicians with burnout reported dissatisfaction with their ability for work, little or no energy for daily tasks, and not adding meaning to their lives from caring for others, which threaten their quality of life. Nevertheless, they presented with a relatively good quality of life and believed that spirituality comforted and reassured them in hard times.</p>
        <p>Burnout has been defined as a psychological syndrome that results from chronic stress at work, and its key dimensions are exhaustion, cynicism, and lack of professional efficacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The condition is compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic that challenges mental health, questions personal beliefs, and threatens the quality of life of HCPs. The problem is aggravated by the household chores traditionally done by women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Brazil has ranked second in number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. This has stretched the Brazilian healthcare system to the limit, affecting the care provided to patients with not only COVID-19, but other acute and chronic diseases as well. Almost all HCPs, especially physicians, have been involved in the fight against the pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> According to Scheffer et al., Brazil has 477 982 physicians, 222 942 of whom are women, predominantly young, living in the Southeastern, Southern, and Northeastern regions, and most of them (59.5%) having a medical specialist title. Medicine in Brazil is undergoing feminization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The distribution of our sample&#8217;s characteristics is in accordance with that reported in the study by Scheffer et al.</p>
        <p>Our study showed a higher prevalence of burnout (61.6%) among Brazilian women physicians as compared to other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The ever-growing number of COVID-19 suspected and confirmed cases, huge workload, shortage of personal protective equipment, overwhelming media coverage, lack of specific medications, and the feeling of insufficient support may be contributing to the psychological damage to HCPs. Many of them feared to get infected or infect their families, friends, and colleagues, and reported high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms, which may have long-term psychological implications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, most respondents reported having good quality of life and believing that their lives had a purpose and that caring for others brought meaning to their lives. In addition, they reported still having to overcome barriers in exercising their profession and receiving lower pay than their male counterparts. A large number reported frequent negative feelings, dissatisfaction with sexual life, and lack of sufficient energy for daily tasks, in addition to dissatisfaction with their physical appearance. Such findings might have been influenced by the effects of the pandemic on a country with a huge challenge to the health system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Such findings are similar to those of the study with Turkish physicians, reporting that those involved in the fight against COVID-19 reported a strong sense of meaningfulness of work.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> However, the frequency of burnout was much higher among Brazilian women physicians, which may be related to the magnitude of the effects of the pandemic in Brazil.</p>
        <p>Medical practice is permeated by experiences of loss, stress, anxiety, and fear, which increase the psychological vulnerability of physicians and facilitate the appearance of anxiety-depression symptoms. In addition, resilience, spirituality, and personal beliefs seem to play a mediating role in some of these psychological variables. No study has assessed how these variables affect the exhaustion and psychological suffering of women physicians, mainly those acting in a country facing a broken health system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> We observed that women physicians rely on spirituality for comfort and reassurance, find spiritual strength in challenging times, and believe in getting strength for the daily challenges from faith.</p>
        <p>In our study, the novel use of machine learning identified for the outcome &#8216;emotional exhaustion&#8217; that women physicians with burnout often have little or no energy for daily tasks and negative feelings. For the outcome &#8216;disengagement&#8217;, women physicians reported dissatisfaction with their capability for work, little or no energy for daily tasks, and not adding meaning to their lives from caring for others ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref> ). To our knowledge there is no assessment of burnout among women physicians using artificial intelligence techniques, which is the strength of our study.</p>
        <p>In addition to confirming the beta regression and classification tree findings of women physicians with burnout, the network analysis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ) evidenced the correlation of their negative feelings with their dissatisfaction with personal relations and sexual life, as well as with their lack of energy for daily tasks. Moreover, it evidenced the correlation of their poor quality of life with their dissatisfaction with capability for work and their lack of energy for daily tasks, as well as the correlation of their difficulty to concentrate with their feeling of unsafety, which, in turn, correlated with their inability to remain optimistic in times of uncertainty. Moreover, this analysis showed graphically the strength of the relationship between the variables identified in the machine learning technique. Another study using this type of analysis has shown the association of elevated emotional exhaustion with arterial hypertension and other chronic diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> even outside the pandemic period.</p>
        <p>A limitation of this study is it is a convenience sample, and the high frequency of burnout may be due to a sample bias; women with more problems may have answered the questionnaire more than other women. Although the distribution of the sample&#8217;s characteristics is similar to that observed in the study of medical demography in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The strength of this study is the joint analysis using machine learning of Burnout conditions, quality of life, and spirituality and their interrelationships during the COVID19 pandemic in female doctors, who faced the most significant challenges in dealing with unique working and living conditions personnel, in a country beset by cases and deaths related to SARS-COV-2 infection.</p>
        <p>The pandemic&#8217;s socioeconomic effects and how it affects a healthy lifestyle, as well as the female selfcare, well-being sensation, and quality of life represent major threats to the healthcare of women physicians with burnout. Yet, most of the time they are neither acknowledged nor addressed. In countries like Brazil, facing many cases and deaths, this challenge is bigger because of the inequalities of a continental country without target policies for physicians&#8217; health, especially for women physicians challenged by triple workload in pandemic times.</p>
        <p>Therefore, it is essential to develop future studies to recognize the prevalence of burnout and its overwhelming impact on different populations to properly address it and prevent it. Our findings highlight the importance of creating an environment conducive to the construction of positive work relationships. In addition, government and healthcare agencies should provide resources and invest to protect healthcare professionals&#8217; psychological well-being by creating mental health programs. In parallel to this, partnerships with other social institutions should be established and remote assistance systems implemented, driven by resilience and comprehension of their unique situation, to help women physicians with burnout.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study showed a high frequency of burnout among Brazilian women physicians who answered the survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, they presented with a relatively good quality of life and believed that spirituality comforted and reassured them in hard times.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0938-Material-suplementar-dados-demograficos.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0938-Material-suplementar-extra.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0938-Material-suplementar-burnout.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
