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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tgYY783CvvzvgH7LdthQnGg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800294</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210499</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210499</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A (-)-Carvona Modula a Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de C&#225;lcio Intracelular com A&#231;&#227;o Antiarr&#237;tmica em Cora&#231;&#245;es de Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1286-1070</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gilmara Beatriz Andrade da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3508-9776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Evaldo Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Jader dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quintans-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Lucindo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7197-0261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Maria Lins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carla Maria Lins de Vasconcelos</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe &#8211; Fisiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. CEP <postal-code>49000-100</postal-code>, Rosa Elze, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil, E-mail: <email>carlamlv@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva GBA, Souza DS, Silva-Neto JA, Cruz JS, Quintans-J&#250;nior LJ, Vasconcelos CML; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva GBA, Souza DS, Menezes-Filho JER, Silva-Neto JA, Roman-Campos DR, Quintans-J&#250;nior LJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva GBA, Souza DS, Menezes-Filho JER, Silva-Neto JA, Cruz JS, Roman-Campos DR, Vasconcelos CML; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva GBA, Souza DS, Menezes-Filho JER, Vasconcelos CML; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Vasconcelos CML; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Souza DS, Silva-Neto JA, Cruz JS, Roman-Campos DR, Quintans-J&#250;nior LJ, Vasconcelos CML.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>294</fpage>
      <lpage>304</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A (-)-carvona &#233; um monoterpeno encontrado em &#243;leos essenciais com atividade antioxidante e anti-inflam&#225;toria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a propriedade antiarr&#237;tmica da (-)-carvona no cora&#231;&#227;o de rato e seus efeitos sobre a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>+2</sup> intracelular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os efeitos da (-)-carvona foram avaliados sobre a contratilidade atrial (0,01 &#8211; 4 mM) e ventricular (0,5 mM), e no eletrocardiograma (0,5mM). A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento, a corrente de c&#225;lcio do tipo L (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>) e a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>+2</sup> foram medidas no cardiomi&#243;cito isolado (0,5 mM). O efeito antiarr&#237;tmico foi avaliado no modelo de arritmia induzida por sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio (0,5 mM) (n = 5). Um p &lt; 0,05 foi adotado como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No &#225;trio, a (-)-carvona causou inotropismo negativo de maneira concentra&#231;&#227;o-dependente (EC<sub>50</sub> 0,44 &#177; 0,11 mM) e diminuiu o inotropismo positivo induzido pelo CaCl<sub>2</sub> (0,1 &#8211; 8,0 mM) e BAY K8644 (5 - 500 nM), um agonista de canal de c&#225;lcio do tipo L. Em cora&#231;&#227;o isolado, a (-)-carvona (0,5mM) reduziu a contratilidade ventricular em 73% e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (em 46%), aumentou o Pri (30,7%, tempo desde o in&#237;cio da onda P at&#233; a onda R) e o QTc (9,2%, uma medida de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos), sem mudar a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS. A (-)-carvona diminuiu a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (61%), a (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>) (79%) e o transiente intracelular de Ca<sup>+2</sup> (38%). Al&#233;m disso, a (-)-carvona apresentou a&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica, identificada pela redu&#231;&#227;o do escore de arritmia (85%) e ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A (-)-carvona reduz a entrada de Ca<sup>+2</sup> atrav&#233;s de canais de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do tipo L e, assim, diminui a contratilidade card&#237;aca e o Ca<sup>+2</sup> intracelular e apresenta promissora atividade antiarr&#237;tmica no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Monoterpenos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>JSC</funding-source>
          <award-id>#312474/2017-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>DRC FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>#2019/21304-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>#2019/18918-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As arritmias s&#227;o consideradas um problema s&#233;rio de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e s&#227;o uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entre as principais, batimentos ventriculares prematuros (BVP), taquicardia ventricular sustentada, e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o comuns em pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, os tratamentos com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas geralmente causam respostas pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicas adversas ou aus&#234;ncia de melhora na qualidade de vida de indiv&#237;duos com arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Desde 1970, quando Vaughan-Williams classificou as drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas com base em seus mecanismos farmacol&#243;gicos para bloquear canais i&#244;nicos ou receptores espec&#237;ficos, pesquisadores investiram muito tempo e esfor&#231;o para descobrir novas terapias com um risco mais baixo de efeitos adversos para o paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre as novas terapias, compostos de origem natural t&#234;m demonstrado sua capacidade de inibir arritmias card&#237;acas ventriculares, gerando interesse na comunidade cient&#237;fica. Os terpenos mostraram-se como os principais compostos com atividade antiarr&#237;tmica comprovada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entre eles, a carvona (<italic>p</italic>-mentha-6,8-dien-2-one) &#233; de particular interesse, dadas suas propriedades j&#225; estabelecidas. A carvona &#233; uma cetona pertencente ao grupo dos monoterpenos, e conhecida por sua atividade antioxidante, antimicrobiana, e antif&#250;ngica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Parece atuar tamb&#233;m sobre canais de s&#243;dio dependentes de voltagem nos neur&#244;nios, levando a um efeito anticonvulsionante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Ainda, a carvona demonstrou um efeito antiespasm&#243;dico pela inibi&#231;&#227;o dos canais de c&#225;lcio dependentes de voltagem, e uma a&#231;&#227;o antic&#226;ncer sinerg&#237;stica com a doxorrubicina sobre c&#233;lulas MCF7, reduzindo sua cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Como j&#225; foi decrito na literatura, a carvona bloqueia canais de s&#243;dio e c&#225;lcio, e medicamentos dessa classe t&#234;m propriedades antiarr&#237;tmicas e cardioprotetoras. Assim, decidimos estudar os efeitos da carvona sobre a regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio na c&#233;lula e sua poss&#237;vel a&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora existam v&#225;rios estudos sobre a (-)-carvona na literatura cient&#237;fica, em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o existem explica&#231;&#245;es ou hip&#243;teses sobre o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o desse monoterpeno no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar os poss&#237;veis efeitos card&#237;acos da (-)-carvona, e apresentar uma melhor explica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de suas a&#231;&#245;es no tecido card&#237;aco que possa servir como base para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos de origem natural para o tratamento de arritmias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Os experimentos foram conduzidos com ratos machos Wistar (250-300 g) obtidos do biot&#233;rio da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS). Em cada procedimento, foram usados cinco animais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa com animais da UFS (protocolo 61/16, 20 de fevereiro de 2017). O manejo dos ratos foi realizado em acordo com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos na experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal (NIH publication 86-23, revised 1985; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://oacu.od.nih.gov/regs/index.htm">http://oacu.od.nih.gov/regs/index.htm</ext-link>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito inotr&#243;pico da (-)-carvona</title>
        <p>O efeito inotr&#243;pico da (-)-carvona foi avaliado no &#225;trio esquerdo dos cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos imersos em uma c&#226;mara contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) (em mM): NaCl 120, KCl 5,4, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1,2, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 27, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,25, Glicose 10, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 2,0 (pH 7,4). O &#225;trio foi mantido a 29&#176; &#177; 0,1&#176;C, oxigenado (95% O<sub>2</sub> e 5% CO<sub>2</sub>), estirado a uma tens&#227;o de 5mM e submetido &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o de campo (1 Hz, 100 V, 0,5 ms) (Stimulator SD9 GRASS). A for&#231;a atrial foi registrada utilizando um transdutor de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica (GRASS FT03), e os sinais foram digitalizados (DATAQ DI710, WINDAQ PRO Acquisition). As curvas de dose-resposta da (-)-carvona (0,001 &#8211; 4,0 mM) e nifedipina (0,03 - 100 &#181;M, bloqueador de canal de Ca<sup>+2</sup>) foram obtidas para determinar a resposta contr&#225;til e calcular o EC50. Dimetilsulf&#243;xido (DMSO) 0,5% foi usado como diluente para a (-)-carvona.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da (-)-carvona sobre a entrada de c&#225;lcio no mioc&#225;rdio atrial</title>
          <p>Para analisar a a&#231;&#227;o da (-)-carvona sobre a entrada de Ca<sup>+2</sup>, foram obtidas curvas de dose-resposta de CaCl<sub>2</sub> (0,1 a 8,0 mM) e (&#177;)-Bay K8644 (5 a 500 nM) no &#225;trio esquerdo no controle e ap&#243;s pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com (-)-carvona (1 mM) por 15 minutos. Os resultados foram expressos em porcentagens da resposta contr&#225;til m&#225;xima do &#225;trio ao CaCl<sub>2</sub> no controle. Em ambos os protocolos, a concentra&#231;&#227;o inicial de CaCl<sub>2</sub> na solu&#231;&#227;o de K-H foi 0,5mM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effeitos da (-)-carvona sobre o perfil eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PVE)</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de heparina (1000 UI) por 15 minutos, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos e preparados em um sistema de perfus&#227;o a&#243;rtica de fluxo constante (10mL/min). O cora&#231;&#227;o foi perfundido com solu&#231;&#227;o de K-H previamente filtrada (0,45 &#181;m), oxigenado (95% O<sub>2</sub> + 5% CO<sub>2</sub>) e mantido a 34 &#177; 0,1&#176;C (Haake F3). Para registrar o eletrocardiograma (ECG), tr&#234;s eletrodos (Ag/AgCl/NaCl 1 M) foram colocados sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o para detectar sinais el&#233;tricos. Os sinais foram amplificados e digitalizados (PowerLab 4/35 ADInstrument, EUA). A medida da PVE foi realizada utilizando-se um bal&#227;o com &#225;gua (15cm/Hg) introduzido na cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Esse aparelho foi acoplado a um transdutor de press&#227;o (MLT0699/A). Os sinais foram amplificados e enviados para um conversor AD (PowerLab 4/35 26 ADInstrument, EUA). O sistema foi calibrado usando uma coluna de merc&#250;rio. Os par&#226;metros de contra&#231;&#227;o (PVE, tempo para o pico e tempo de relaxamento) foram avaliados em 30 batimentos consecutivos pelo programa LabChart 8.0 Pro Software (ADInstruments, USA) em situa&#231;&#227;o controle e ap&#243;s cinco, 10 e 15 minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da perfus&#227;o com carvona (0,5 mM). O ECG mediu o intervalo PR (PRi &#8211; per&#237;odo entre o in&#237;cio da onda P at&#233; a onda R), dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (QRS &#8211; per&#237;odo que se estende da onda Q at&#233; a onda S), e o intervalo QT (QTi - per&#237;odo entre o in&#237;cio da onda Q at&#233; a onda o final da onda T). O QTi foi convertido a QTc usando a formula de Bazett normalizada para roedores (QTc-B = QTi/<italic>RR</italic>/<italic>f</italic>), onde f &#233; a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do intervalo RR no controle (f = 271 ms).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da (-)-carvona sobre a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento</title>
          <p>Os cardiomi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito foram isolados dos ratos de acordo com o protocolo de Shioya (2007),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> com algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es. A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento foi avaliada medindo-se a mudan&#231;a no comprimento celular com um microsc&#243;pio invertido acoplado a um sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas (Ionoptix, EUA). Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram colocados em uma c&#226;mera experimental (temperatura ambiente) contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode (em mM: NaCl 150, KCl 5,4, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 0,5, HEPES 10, Glicose 10, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,8, pH 7,4). Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram visualizados usando uma c&#226;mera (Ionoptix Myocam at 240 Hz) acoplada a um microsc&#243;pio e um programa de detec&#231;&#227;o de imagem foi utilizado (Ionoptix Ionwizard 6,3). As mudan&#231;as longitudinais nas bordas dos cardiomi&#243;citos foram capturadas pelo sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o, e os dados gerados foram armazenados e analisados. A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento foi avaliada nas c&#233;lulas controles e ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com (-)-carvona 0,5mM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da (-)-carvona sobre a corrente de c&#225;lcio do tipo L (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>)</title>
          <p>Os registros de &#8216;voltage-clamp&#8217; do grampeamento de voltagem foram obtidos usando um EPC 10.2 (HEK Elektronik, Alemanha). Na configura&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lula inteira, aguardou-se um per&#237;odo de 3-5 minutos para se estabelecer o equil&#237;brio i&#244;nico entre a pipeta e o meio intracelular. Os eletrodos de registro possu&#237;am resist&#234;ncia de 2-3 M&#937;. Os cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares com resist&#234;ncia de s&#233;rie acima de 8 M&#937; foram descartados. A composi&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o interna era (em mM): 120 CsCl, 20 TEACl, 5 NaCl, 10 HEPES e 10 EGTA, 1 MgCl2 (pH foi estabelecido em 7,2 usando CsOH), e a solu&#231;&#227;o externa foi composta de (em mM): 150 TEACl, 0,5 MgCl2, 1,8 CaCl2, 10 HEPES e 11 glicose (pH 7,4, com TEAOH). Para avaliar os efeitos agudos de 0,3 e 0,5 mM de (-)-carvona sobre I<sub>Ca,L</sub>, registrou-se um curso temporal do pico da corrente I<sub>Ca,L</sub> tanto na aus&#234;ncia como ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o a uma data concentra&#231;&#227;o de (-)-carvona. Foram aplicados pulsos com potenciais entre &#8722;80 mV to &#8722;40 mV por 50 ms para inativar quaisquer canais de Na<sup>+</sup> ou do tipo Ca<sup>+2</sup> remanescentes. Em seguida, foi aplicado um pulso de teste a 0mV por 300ms para medir I<sub>Ca,L</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da (-)-carvona sobre o transiente global de Ca<sup>+2</sup> intracelular</title>
          <p>Os cardiomi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo foram incubados com 10 &#181;M de FLUO4-AM (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, EUA) dilu&#237;dos com DMSO por 30 minutos. As c&#233;lulas em seguida foram lavadas com solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode (1,8 mM Ca<sup>+2</sup>) para retirar o excesso de FLUO4-AM. Um sistema confocal (Zeiss GmbH, Jena, Alemanha) com uma objetiva de imers&#227;o em &#243;leo (63x) foi usado para an&#225;lise de imagens fluorescentes confocais. O FLUO4-AM foi excitado a 488nm (laser de arg&#244;nio) e a intensidade da emiss&#227;o foi medida a 510 nm. Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram escaneados com uma linha de 512 pixel posicionada ao longo do eixo longitudinal da c&#233;lula, a cada 1,54 ms. O processamento da imagem digital foi realizada usando uma linguagem de programa&#231;&#227;o IDL (Research Systems, Boulder, CO, EUA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracellular foram expressos em F/F<sub>0</sub>, onde F<sub>0</sub> indica a fluoresc&#234;ncia de repouso. O transiente global de Ca<sup>+2</sup> intracelular foi registrado no controle e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s minutos de incuba&#231;&#227;o com (-)-carvona 0,5mM &#224; temperatura ambiente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos antiarr&#237;tmicos da (-)-carvona</title>
        <p>Arritmia <italic>ex-vivo</italic> foi determinada em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados como descrito previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Primeiramente, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos com solu&#231;&#227;o K-H contendo 1,25 mM de c&#225;lcio (grupo controle). Ap&#243;s 20 minutos, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos com solu&#231;&#227;o K-H contendo 3,3 mM de c&#225;lcio (grupo com c&#225;lcio elevado) ou com c&#225;lcio +0,5 mM (-)-carvona durante 15 minutos (grupo c&#225;lcio elevado + carvona). O ECG foi monitorado por 15 minutos para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias. As arritmias encontradas foram BVP, taquicardia ventricular (TV) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV). O per&#237;odo de 15 minutos de experimento foi dividido em intervalos de tr&#234;s minutos e os escores de arritmia foram adicionados no final, como descrito por Curtis e Walker (1988).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Epis&#243;dios de BVP &lt; 3 eventos/3 minutos foram classificados como escore 0 e &gt; 10 eventos/3 minutos receberam escore 1; 1-5 epis&#243;dios de TV &lt; 40 s receberam escore 2, e &gt; 5 epis&#243;dios de TV ou um epis&#243;dio de FV com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40 s receberam escore 3; 2 - 5 epis&#243;dios de TV ou FV com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 80 s receberam escore 4; &gt; 5 epis&#243;dios de FV, TV e/ou FV com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 160 s receberam escore de 5; TV e/ou FV com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 300 s receberam escore de 6, e dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 300 s escore 5.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os resultados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). O programa GraphPad Prism v.5.0 (GraphPad Software, CA, USA) foi usado para as an&#225;lises. A normalidade dos dado foi testada usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os valores m&#233;dios foram comparados usando a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey ou teste t n&#227;o pareado. Um p&lt;0,05 foi usado como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A (-)-carvona (0,003 a 4 mM) reduziu a for&#231;a atrial de maneira concentra&#231;&#227;o-dependente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref> mostra tra&#231;ados de curvas da concentra&#231;&#227;o atrial isolada em situa&#231;&#227;o controle, com (-) carvona 0,3, 2 e 4 mM, e no <italic>washout</italic>. Como pode ser visto, 4mM de (-)-carvona reduziram a contratilidade do mioc&#225;rdio em aproximadamente 96%, e a reversibilidade ap&#243;s o <italic>washout</italic> foi de aproximadamente 65%. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref> mostra uma curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta do efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo da (-)-carvona que apresentou um EC<sub>50</sub> de 0,44 &#177; 0,11 mM (n = 5). A nifedipina, usada como controle positivo, apresentou valores de EC<sub>50</sub> de 0,0034 &#177; 0,0011 mM (n = 5). O DMSO a 0,5%, usado como diluente, n&#227;o apresentou efeito sobre a for&#231;a atrial (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A (-)-carvona exibiu efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo e diminuiu a entrada de c&#225;lcio no &#225;trio esquerdo de rato. (A) Tra&#231;ados experimentais da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial isolada no controle, ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com (-)carvona (0,3, 2 e 4mM) e <italic>washout</italic> (Wsh); (B) Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta do inotropismo negativo da (-)carvona e nifedipina (bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio); (C) e (D) curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta do CaCl<sub>2</sub> e (&#177;)-BAY K8644 na aus&#234;ncia e presen&#231;a de 1 mM de (-)-carvona, respectivamente (n = 5).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Uma vez que a (-)-carvona provocou um efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo, decidimos investigar se o canal de c&#225;lcio est&#225; envolvido em seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o. Os resultados revelaram que a (-)carvona (1mM) deslocou a curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para a direita, aumentando o EC50 do CaCl<sub>2</sub> de 1,46 &#177; 0,14 mM (controle) para 3,17 &#177; 0,22 mM (CaCl2 + carvona) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>, n = 5, p &lt; 0,05). Um dado interessante foi a inibi&#231;&#227;o do inotropismo induzido pelo (&#177;)-BAY K8644, um agonista do canal de c&#225;lcio do tipo L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1 D</xref>).</p>
      <p>Nos cora&#231;&#245;es isolados, 0,5mM de (-)-carvona tamb&#233;m induziu uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PVE, como pode ser observado nos tra&#231;ados da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref> (n=5). Uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 73% na PVE foi observada ap&#243;s 15 minutos de perfus&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o com 0,5mM de (-)-carvona (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>). A (-)-carvona n&#227;o alterou o tempo para o pico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref>), mas reduziu significativamente o tempo de relaxamento (24%) ap&#243;s 15 minutos de perfus&#227;o com (-)-carvona (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2D</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efeitos da (-)-carvona sobre a contratilidade no cora&#231;&#227;o de rato isolado. (A) registros da press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PVE) no controle (painel superior) e com 0,5 mM de (-)carvona (painel inferior); (B) PVE; (C) tempo para o pico; e (D) tempo de relaxamento (n = 5, *p &lt; 0,05).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref> apresenta tra&#231;ados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos representativos da situa&#231;&#227;o controle ap&#243;s 15 minutos de perfus&#227;o com 0,5mM de (-)-carvona e <italic>washout</italic>. Como pode ser observado, a (-)-carvona diminuiu a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (n=5, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>) e aumentou tanto o PRi como o QTi (n=5, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3C e D</xref>), sem mudar a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3E</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efeitos da carvona sobre o pefil eletrocardiogr&#225;fico no cora&#231;&#227;o de rato isolado. (A) Registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos no controle, com 0,5 mM de (-)carvona como <italic>washout</italic> (Wsh), (B) Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; (C) intervalo PR (Pri), (D) intervalo QTc e (E) dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (n = 5, *p &lt; 0,05 vs controle e #p &lt; 0,05 vs (-)-carvona).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4A</xref> apresenta registros da contratilidade celular na situa&#231;&#227;o controle (painel superior) e ap&#243;s perfus&#227;o com 0,5mM de (-)-carvona (painel inferior), mostrando a redu&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento nos cardiomi&#243;citos. As m&#233;dias dos resultados mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com (-)-carvona (n=5, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4B</xref>). Ainda, a (-)-carvona reduziu tanto o tempo para o pico como o tempo de relaxamento em 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4C e D</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efeitos da (-)-carvona sobre a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento no cardiomi&#243;citos ventricular isolado. (A) registro da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento no controle (painel superior) e ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com 0,5mM de (-) carvona (painel inferior); (B) fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento no controle e (-)-carvona; (C) tempo para o pico; (D) tempo para relaxamento de 50% (n=5, *p&lt;0,05).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Considerando o papel principal dos canais de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do tipo L no controle da contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, usamos o teste de grampeamento de voltagem (t&#233;cnica de <italic>patch-clamp</italic>) para testar se a (-)-carvona afetaria a I<sub>Ca,L</sub> nos cardiomi&#243;citos dos ventr&#237;culos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5A</xref> mostra registros de I<sub>Ca,L</sub> das fases de despolariza&#231;&#227;o (300ms) de -40 a 0mV na situa&#231;&#227;o controle e com 0,5mM de (-)-carvona. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5B</xref> ilustra a progress&#227;o da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> ao longo do tempo, mostrando redu&#231;&#227;o da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com (-)-carvona. A m&#233;dia de redu&#231;&#227;o do pico de I<sub>Ca,L</sub> induzida pela (-)-carvona foi de 79% (n=4, 10 c&#233;lulas, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5C</xref>). O efeito de 0,3mM de (-)-carvona sobre a I<sub>Ca,L</sub> tamb&#233;m foi avaliado, e se observou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 43% na I<sub>Ca,L</sub> (dados n&#227;o apresentados). Conclu&#237;mos que a (-)-carvona inibe os canais de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do tipo L, e que esse efeito pode contribuir para seu efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo evidenciado nos tecidos dos &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos.</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efeitos da (-)-carvona sobre a corrente de c&#225;lcio do tipo L (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>) e transiente de c&#225;lcio intracelular no cardiomi&#243;citos ventricular isolado. (A) registros t&#237;picos de I<sub>Ca,L</sub> no controle, durante a perfus&#227;o com 0,5 mM (-)-carvona e <italic>washout</italic> (Wsh) efeito da (-)-carvona sobre I<sub>Ca,L</sub> ao longo do tempo. Cada s&#237;mbolo indica a amplitude l&#237;quida da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> medida a cada 10 s no potencial de membrana 0mV sob condi&#231;&#245;es controle (c&#237;rculos abertos), durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o a 0,5mM de (-)-carvona (c&#237;rculos pretos), a ap&#243;s Wash (c&#237;rculos abertos); (C) resumo dos efeitos da (-)-carvona sobre a densidade da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> (pA/pF); (D) imagens (esquerda) e tra&#231;ados representativos (direita) do transiente de c&#225;lcio intracelular no controle (painel superior) e ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com 0,5 mM de (-)-carvona (painel inferior), (E) m&#233;dia de pico de transiente de c&#225;lcio (F/F<sub>0</sub>); (F) tempo para o pico do transiente e (G) tempo para decaimento de 50% de transiente de c&#225;lcio (n=4,5, *p&lt;0,05 vs. controle; # p &lt; 0,05 <italic>vs</italic> (-)-carvona).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Com base nesses resultados, buscamos avaliar o transiente de c&#225;lcio intracelular em cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares imersos com FUO4-AM. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5D</xref> (esquerda) mostra as imagens obtidas usando microscopia confocal do transiente de c&#225;lcio intracelular no controle e ap&#243;s pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com 0,5mM de (-)-carvona. Observou-se que a fluoresc&#234;ncia do c&#225;lcio, mostrada em verde, foi reduzida com (-)-carvona. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5D</xref> (&#224; direita) mostra tra&#231;ados representativos do transiente de c&#225;lcio intracelular no controle e com (-)-carvona. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5E</xref> apresenta a fluoresc&#234;ncia do c&#225;lcio como raz&#227;o F/F<sub>0</sub>, a qual foi reduzida ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com (-)-carvona (n=5). O pr&#233;-tratamento dos cardiomi&#243;citos com (-)-carvona acelerou o tempo de decaimento em 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5G</xref>), enquanto que o tempo para pico do transiente de Ca<sup>+2</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5F</xref>) n&#227;o foi alterado.</p>
      <p>Uma vez que os bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio apresentam efeitos antiarr&#237;tmicos, decidimos investigar se a (-)carvona apresentaria essa propriedade. O efeito antiarr&#237;tmico da (-)-carvona foi avaliado em um modelo de arritmia induzido pela sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio. Tr&#234;s tipos de arritmias foram observados nos cora&#231;&#245;es perfundidos com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio: BVP, TC e FV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6A</xref>). Como observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6B</xref>, a (-)-carvona reduziu significativamente o escore de arritmia (n=5). Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados mostraram que nos cora&#231;&#245;es submetidos &#224; c&#225;lcio elevado e perfus&#227;o simult&#226;nea com (-)-carvona, a gravidade das arritmias foi menor, uma vez que a ocorr&#234;ncia de FV diminuiu de 34% (c&#225;lcio elevado) para 8%. Ainda, os cora&#231;&#245;es perfundidos com (-)-carvona apresentaram principalmente BVP, considerada uma arritmia de menor gravidade.</p>
      <fig id="f6">
        <label>Figura 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efeito antiarr&#237;tmico da (-)-carvona no modelo de arritmia induzida por sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio. (A) eletrocardiogramas representativos no controle, com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio (AC) e AC mais (-)-carvona, mostrando as seguintes arritmias: batimentos ventriculares prematuros (BVP), taquicardia ventricular (TV) e e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV); (B) escore de arritmia e (C) ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia (n=5, *p&lt;0,05 vs. controle e #p &lt; 0,05 vs AC).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf06.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostraram a capacidade do monoterpeno (-)-carvona em reduzir a for&#231;a atrial de cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos de maneira concentra&#231;&#227;o-dependente, o que foi parcialmente revers&#237;vel ap&#243;s a lavagem. A (-)-carvona mostrou baixa pot&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; nifedipina, um cl&#225;ssico bloqueador de canal de C<sup>+2</sup> tipo L. Sabe-se que a for&#231;a contr&#225;til &#233; dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>+2</sup> citoplasm&#225;tico livre, e que a entrada de Ca<sup>+2</sup> atrav&#233;s de canais de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do tipo L &#233; essencial para estimular a libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio induzida pelo c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (RS). Esse mecanismo &#233; muito importante por regular a for&#231;a do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      <p>Assim, decidimos investigar se havia uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a atrial e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na entrada de Ca<sup>+2</sup> no mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o da (-)-carvona. Nossos resultados mostraram que a (-)-carvona reduziu a entrada de Ca<sup>+2</sup> ao prejudicar a resposta inotr&#243;pica positiva tanto para Ca<sup>+2</sup> como para Bay K 8644, um agonista dos canais de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do tipo L. O bloqueio do canal de Ca<sup>+2</sup> promovido pela (-)-carvona foi provavelmente o respons&#225;vel pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a atrial observada em nossos experimentos. Em m&#250;sculos lisos, a carvona apresenta efeito antiespasm&#243;dico; ela reduziu a contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de K<sup>+</sup> e foi quase 100 vezes mais potente que o verapamil, um bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A capacidade dos terpenos em bloquear o canal de Ca<sup>+2</sup> foi observada tanto no m&#250;sculo liso como no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os monoterpenos podem modular a fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais i&#244;nicos dependentes de voltagem e dependentes de ligantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Assim, esses compostos s&#227;o &#250;teis em prevenir doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tais como arritmia e hipertens&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sistema cardiovascular, monoterpenos tais como rotundifolona,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> terpineol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> timol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e carvacrol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> atuam como bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que em cardiomi&#243;cito isolado, R(+)-pulegona,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> geraniol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> nerol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> farnesol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e (-)-mentol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> bloquearam o canal de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do tipo L.</p>
      <p>O bloqueio dos canais de Ca<sup>+2</sup> pode induzir altera&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas importantes, como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica no cora&#231;&#227;o e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Assim, n&#243;s investigamos se a (-)-carvona poderia induzir altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas no cora&#231;&#227;o. Realizamos experimentos com cora&#231;&#245;es isolados para registrar simultaneamente a PVD e perfis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. A (-)-carvona promoveu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na PVD, o que corrobora nossos resultados obtidos no &#225;trio esquerdo isolado, discutido anteriormente, bem como uma redu&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Como se sabe, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; usualmente controlada pelo marcapasso prim&#225;rio do cora&#231;&#227;o, o n&#243; sinusal. As c&#233;lulas do n&#243; sinusal t&#234;m a propriedade de automaticidade como resultado de despolariza&#231;&#227;o gradual durante a di&#225;stole el&#233;trica (despolariza&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica lenta). Uma lenta despolariza&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a fase da despolariza&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso s&#227;o processos fundamentais para a forma&#231;&#227;o de impulso el&#233;trico do n&#243; sinusal. Esses fen&#244;menos est&#227;o ligados &#224; entrada de Ca<sup>+2</sup> pelo sarcolema; uma redu&#231;&#227;o no influxo pode induzir a dissocia&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica do mioc&#225;rdio e bradicardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A corrente i&#244;nica provavelmente afetada, e respons&#225;vel pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, &#233; a I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. O efeito da (-)-carvona sobre o influxo de c&#225;lcio promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e um aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PRi, indicativo de bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau. Nesse bloqueio, h&#225; um atraso na transmiss&#227;o de impulso el&#233;trico dos &#225;trios para os ventr&#237;culos, aumentando o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio do mioc&#225;rdio. Outras subst&#226;ncias que promovem esse bloqueio s&#227;o betabloqueadores, glicos&#237;deos card&#237;acos, e drogas que aumentam a atividade colin&#233;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m foi observado que a (-)-carvona aumentou o intervalo QTc, que reflete o per&#237;odo necess&#225;rio para a despolariza&#231;&#227;o e a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ocorrer, <italic>i.e</italic>., um par&#226;metro indireto para estimar a dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O prolongamento do QTc pode ocorrer devido ao bloqueio dos canais de pot&#225;ssio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos da classe III s&#227;o bloqueadores de canais de pot&#225;ssio que prolongam a dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o aumentando o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio dos tecidos atrial, nodal e ventricular. Um aumento no per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio das c&#233;lulas atriais &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia no tratamento de taquiarritmia atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A amiodarona, um bloqueador de m&#250;ltiplos canais, &#233; considerada uma das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas mais efetivas, sendo amplamente prescrita. Contudo, o uso desses medicamentos em longo prazo tem sido associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de torsades de pointes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e de efeitos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares isolados, 0,5mM de (-)-carvona reduziu a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e acelerou o tempo de relaxamento, conforme foi tamb&#233;m observado no cora&#231;&#227;o isolado. Sabe-se que a for&#231;a contr&#225;til do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco depende da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>+2</sup> livre no citoplasma, e a entrada de Ca<sup>+2</sup> atrav&#233;s de canais de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do tipo L &#233; essencial para a libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio dependente de c&#225;lcio do RS. Assim, o teste de grampeamento de voltagem foi realizado para testar se a (-)-carvona afeta a I<sub>Ca,L.</sub> Os resultados mostraram que a (-)-carvona reduziu significativamente a I<sub>Ca,L</sub> no cardiomi&#243;cito ventricular. Uma vez que a (-)-carvona reduz a I<sub>Ca,L</sub>, &#233; razo&#225;vel pensar que esse monoterpeno afetaria profundamente a libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do RS. Nossos resultados mostraram que a (-)-carvona tamb&#233;m afetou a amplitude do transiente de Ca<sup>+2</sup> e acelerou o tempo de decaimento de 50%. Sabe-se que o relaxamento do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco &#233; amplamente determinado pela recapta&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>+2</sup> pelo ret&#237;culo sarco(endo)plasm&#225;tico Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase (SERCA2a) e por outra prote&#237;na de transporte tais como os trocadores de Na+/Ca<sup>2+</sup> (NCX) e membrana plasm&#225;tica Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase (PMCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Assim, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>+2</sup> citos&#243;lico pode estar associada com a ativa&#231;&#227;o de algumas dessas vias.</p>
      <p>A nifedipina (10 &#181;M), um bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio do tipo L, reduziu a amplitude do Ca<sup>+2</sup> transiente em 79% em mi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo de rato neonatos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O bloqueio produzido pela nifedipina (1 &#181;M) foi totalmente revers&#237;vel ap&#243;s o <italic>washout</italic> com solu&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Nossos resultados indicam que a (-)-carvona &#233; um bloqueador de canal de Ca<sup>+2</sup>, similar &#224; nifedipina, mas o efeito sobre a I<sub>Ca,L</sub> foi irrevers&#237;vel na presen&#231;a de (-)-carvona (500 &#956;M). Segundo Vaughan-Williams (1970), os bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio pertencem &#224; classe IV de antiarr&#237;tmicos, e s&#227;o amplamente utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma vez que a (-)-carvona reduz a entrada de c&#225;lcio sarcolemal, n&#243;s investigamos sua poss&#237;vel atividade antiarr&#237;tmica e observamos uma dr&#225;stica redu&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo em eventos como FV em um modelo <italic>ex vivo</italic> de sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio. De fato, nossos resultados mostraram que a (-)-carvona apresentou um bom efeito antiarr&#237;tmico, confirmado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos escores de arritmia e redu&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, considerada um tipo mais grave de arritmia. Sabe-se que as subst&#226;ncias ativas oriundas de plantas podem apresentar propriedades antiarr&#237;tmicas importantes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> com grande potencial para serem usadas como agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos em estudos cl&#237;nicos e pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos. Podemos citar, por exemplo, os terpenos geraniol, nerol, D-limoneno e farnesol que inibiram canais de Ca<sup>+2</sup> do tipo L e apresentaram atividade antiarr&#237;tmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora muitos estudos experimentais mostraram que os terpenos exercem efeitos antiarr&#237;tmicos, esses compostos n&#227;o s&#227;o ainda usados na cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m do efeito antiarr&#237;tmico, a (-)-carvona tamb&#233;m mostrou um efeito cardioprotetor contra a cardiotoxicidade induzida por doxorrubicina <italic>in vivo</italic> e potencializou sua toxicidade antic&#226;ncer <italic>in vitro</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esses efeitos cardioprotetores fazem a carvona uma mol&#233;cula promissora na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo revelou que a (-)-carvona reduz a corrente de c&#225;lcio do tipo L, induz efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo, e tem efeitos antiarr&#237;tmicos no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. Por&#233;m, podemos apontar tamb&#233;m algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos antiarr&#237;tmicos da (-)-carvona, em um modelo <italic>in vivo</italic> de arritmia e outros modelos <italic>in vitro</italic> que indiretamente geram uma sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi o fato de n&#227;o termos avaliado os efeitos da carvona sobre outros canais importantes para a excita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, tampouco sua a&#231;&#227;o sobre a SERCA2a. Ainda, h&#225; outras limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo implica&#231;&#245;es toxicol&#243;gicas do uso agudo e em longo prazo da carvona, sua metaboliza&#231;&#227;o e farmacodin&#226;mica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Podemos concluir que a (-)-carvona diminuiu a corrente de c&#225;lcio do tipo L e o transiente de c&#225;lcio intracelular no mioc&#225;rdio, promovendo uma redu&#231;&#227;o na contratilidade atrial e ventricular. Em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos isolados, a (-)-carvona causou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nas taxas card&#237;acas e aumento em intervalos PR, caracter&#237;stica de bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio. Ainda, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da gravidade das arritmias, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular em cora&#231;&#245;es submetidos &#224; perfus&#227;o com carvona. A (-)-carvona &#233;, portanto, uma subst&#226;ncia natural altamente promissora em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de novas drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CNPq, CAPES, FAPEMIG e FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Gilmara Beatriz Andrade da Silva pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo recebeu apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). JSC (processo #312474/2017-2), DRC (FAPESP processo #2019/21304-4), bolsistas CNPq. DSS &#233; bolsista da FAPESP (#2019/18918-0), JERMF &#233; bolsista do CNPq e JASN &#233; bolsista da CAPES.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>(-)-Carvone Modulates Intracellular Calcium Signaling with Antiarrhythmic Action in Rat Hearts</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1286-1070</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gilmara Beatriz Andrade da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3508-9776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Evaldo Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Jader dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quintans-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Lucindo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7197-0261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Maria Lins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carla Maria Lins de Vasconcelos</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe &#8211; Fisiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>49000-100</postal-code>, Rosa Elze, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil, E-mail: <email>carlamlv@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva GBA, Souza DS, Silva-Neto JA, Cruz JS, Quintans-J&#250;nior LJ, Vasconcelos CML; Acquisition of data: Silva GBA, Souza DS, Menezes-Filho JER, Silva-Neto JA, Roman-Campos DR, Quintans-J&#250;nior LJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva GBA, Souza DS, Menezes-Filho JER, Silva-Neto JA, Cruz JS, Roman-Campos DR, Vasconcelos CML; Statistical analysis: Silva GBA, Souza DS, Menezes-Filho JER, Vasconcelos CML; Writing of the manuscript: Vasconcelos CML; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Souza DS, Silva-Neto JA, Cruz JS, Roman-Campos DR, Quintans-J&#250;nior LJ, Vasconcelos CML.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>(-)-Carvone is a monoterpene found in essential oils with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this paper was to analyze the antiarrhythmic property of (-)-carvone in the rat heart and its effects on the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The effects of (-)-carvone were evaluated on the ventricular (0.5 mM) and atrial contractility (0.01 &#8211; 4 mM) and on electrocardiogram (0.5 mM). Fractional shortening, L-type calcium current (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>) and Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling were measured in the isolated cardiomyocyte (0.5 mM). Antiarrhythmic effect was evaluated in arrhythmia model induced by calcium overload (0.5 mM) (n = 5). P &lt; 0.05 was used as the significance level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In the atrium, (-)-carvone evoked negative inotropism that was concentration-dependent (EC50 0.44 &#177; 0.11 mM) and decreased the positive inotropism evoked by CaCl<sub>2</sub> (0.1 to 8.0 mM) or BAY K8644 (5 to 500 nM), an agonist of L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel. In isolated heart, (-)-carvone (0.5 mM) promoted reduction of ventricular contractility (73%) and heart rate (46%), increased PRi (30.7%, time from the onset of the P wave until the R wave) and QTc (9.2%, a measure of the depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles) without changing the QRS complex duration. (-)-Carvone decreased the fractional shortening (61%), I<sub>Ca,L</sub> (79%) and Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracellular transient (38%). Furthermore, (-)-carvone showed antiarrhythmic action, verified by decrease of the arrhythmia score (85%) and occurrence of ventricular fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>(-)-Carvone decreases Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry through L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels, reducing the cardiac contractility and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and, therefore, presenting promising antiarrhythmic activity in the rat hearts.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Monoterpenes</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>JSC</funding-source>
          <award-id>#312474/2017-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>DRC FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>#2019/21304-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>#2019/18918-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Arrhythmias are considered a serious public health problem and are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Among the main cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular premature beats (VPB), sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation are common in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, treatments with antiarrhythmic drugs often cause pro-arrhythmic adverse responses or no improvement in the quality of life of people affected by arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since 1970, when Vaughan-Williams classified the antiarrhythmic drugs based on their pharmacological mechanisms to block specific ion channels or receptors, researchers have invested a great deal of time and effort to discover new therapies with a lower risk of adverse effects for the patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the new therapies, compounds of natural origin have demonstrated their capacity to inhibit ventricular cardiac arrhythmias generating interest in the scientific community. Terpenes have been shown to be the main compounds with proven antiarrhythmic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Among these terpenes, one of particular interest is carvone (<italic>p</italic>-mentha-6,8-dien-2-one) because of its already established properties. Carvone is a monoterpene ketone known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> It has also been reported to have a blocking effect on voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons, leading to an anticonvulsant effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Furthermore, carvone has also shown an antispasmodic effect through voltage-dependent calcium channel inhibition, and synergistic anticancer action with doxorubicin on the MCF 7 cell line while decreasing its cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As has already been described in the literature, carvone blocks sodium and calcium channels, and drugs of this class have antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective properties. Therefore, we decided to study the effects or carvone on the cellular calcium handling and its possible antiarrhythmic action in rat hearts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although there are several studies about (-)-carvone in the scientific literature, there are, to the best of our knowledge, no explanations or hypotheses on the mechanism of action of this monoterpene in the cardiac muscle. Therefore, our objective was to assess the possible cardiac effects of (-)-carvone, and to provide a better scientific understanding of its action in cardiac tissue that might serve as basis for the development of new drugs of natural origin for the treatment of arrhythmias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>The experiments were performed using male Wistar rats (250-300 g) obtained from the animal care facility of the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS). In each experimental procedure, five animals were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This research was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Research of the UFS (protocol 61/16, February 20<sup>th</sup> 2017). Animal handling was in compliance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care (NIH publication 86-23, revised 1985; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://oacu.od.nih.gov/regs/index.htm">http://oacu.od.nih.gov/regs/index.htm</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of inotropic effect of (-)-carvone</title>
          <p>The inotropic effect of (-)-carvone was evaluated in the left atrium of rat hearts immersed in an organ bath containing Krebs-Henseleit solution comprising (in mM): NaCl 120, KCl 5.4, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1.2, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 27, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1.25, Glucose 10, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 2.0 (pH 7.4). The atrium was maintained at 29&#176; &#177; 0.1&#176;C, oxygenated (95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>), stretched to 5 mN and submitted to field stimulation (1 Hz, 100 V, 0.5 ms) (Stimulator SD9 GRASS). Atrial force was recorded using an isometric force transducer (GRASS FT03), and the signals digitalized (DATAQ DI710, WINDAQ PRO Acquisition). The concentration-response curves of (-)-carvone (0.001 to 4.0 mM) and nifedipine (0.03 to 100 &#181;M, Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blocker) were obtained to determine contractile response and calculate the EC<sub>50</sub>. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 0.5% was used as the diluent for (-)-carvone.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx in the atrial myocardium</title>
            <p>To analyze the effect of (-)-carvone on the Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx, the concentration-response curves of CaCl<sub>2</sub> (0.1 to 8.0 mM) and (&#177;)-Bay K8644 (5 to 500 nM) in the left atrium in the control and after pre-incubation with (-)-carvone (1 mM) for 15 min were obtained. The results were expressed as percentages of the maximum atrial contractile response to CaCl<sub>2</sub> in the control. In both protocols, the initial concentration of CaCl<sub>2</sub> in the K-H solution was 0.5 mM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on the electrocardiographic profile and left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP)</title>
            <p>After intraperitoneal administration of heparin in rats (1000 IU) for 15 minutes, the hearts were removed and mounted on a constant-flow (10 mL/min) aortic perfusion system. The heart was perfused with previously filtered K-H solution (0.45 &#181;m), oxygenated (95% O<sub>2</sub> + 5% CO<sub>2</sub>) and maintained at 34 &#177; 0.1&#176;C (Haake F3). To record the electrocardiogram (ECG), three electrodes (Ag/AgCl/NaCl 1 M) were placed on the heart to sense electrical signals. The signals were amplified and digitalized (PowerLab 4/35 ADInstrument, USA). LVDP was measured using a water-filled balloon (15 cm/Hg) introduced into the cavity of the left ventricle. This device was coupled to a pressure transducer (MLT0699/A). The signals were amplified (Bridge Amp FE221 ADInstrument, USA) and sent to an AD converter (PowerLab 4/35 26 ADInstrument, USA). The system was calibrated using a column of mercury. Contractile parameters (LVDP, time to peak and relaxation time) were evaluated in 30 consecutive beats using LabChart 8.0 Pro Software (ADInstruments, USA) in control situation and after 5, 10 and 15 minutes from the start of carvone perfusion (0.5 mM). The ECG measured the PR interval (PRi - the period that extends from the beginning of the P wave until the R wave), QRS complex duration (QRS - the period that extends from the Q wave until the S wave), and the QT interval (QTi - the period that extends from the beginning of the Q until the end of the T wave). QTi was converted to QTc using the Bazett&#8217;s formula normalized for rodents (QTc-B = QTi/<italic>RR</italic>/<italic>f</italic>), f is the average duration of RR interval in control (f = 271 ms).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on the fractional shortening</title>
            <p>Left and right ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated from rats according to the protocol of Shioya (2007),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> with some modifications. Shortening fraction was assessed by measuring the change in cell length using an inverted microscope coupled to an edge detection system (Ionoptix, USA). The cardiomyocytes were placed in an experimental chamber (room temperature) containing Tyrode solution (in mM: NaCl 150, KCl 5.4, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 0.5, HEPES 10, Glucose 10, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1.8, pH 7.4). The cardiomyocytes were visualized using a camera (Ionoptix Myocam at 240 Hz) coupled to a microscope and an image detection program (Ionoptix Ionwizard 6.3) was used. Cells were submitted to an electrical field (1 Hz, 100 V, 4 ms) using a pair of platinum electrodes. The longitudinal changes in the borders of the cardiomyocytes were captured by the edge detection system and the generated data were stored and analyzed. The fractional shortening was evaluated in control cells and after incubation with 0.5 mM (-)-carvone.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on the L-type calcium current (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>)</title>
            <p>Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained using an EPC 10.2 (HEK Elektronik, Germany). In whole-cell configuration, 3-5 min was waited to establishment of an ionic equilibrium between the pipette solution and intracellular environment. The recording electrodes had tip resistances of 2-3 M&#937;. Ventricular cardiomyocytes with series resistance above 8 M&#937; were discarded. The composition of internal solution was (in mM): 120 CsCl, 20 TEACl, 5 NaCl, 10 HEPES and 10 EGTA, 1 MgCl<sub>2</sub> (pH was set to 7.2 using CsOH) and external solution was (in mM): 150 TEACl, 0.5 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 1.8 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 10 HEPES and 11 glucose (pH 7.4 set using TEAOH). To evaluate the acute effects of 0.3 and 0.5 mM (-)-carvone on I<sub>Ca,L</sub>, a time course of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> peak current was recorded in absence and after exposure to a given concentration of (-)-carvone. Pre-pulses from a holding potential of &#8722;80 mV to &#8722;40 mV for 50 ms was applied to inactivate any remnant Na<sup>+</sup> or T-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels. Then, a test pulse to 0 mV was applied during 300 ms to measure I<sub>Ca,L</sub>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on the intracellular global Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient</title>
            <p>Left and right ventricular cardiomyocytes were loaded with 10 M of FLUO4-AM (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) diluted in DMSO for 30 min. To remove the excess dye the cells were washed with Tyrode solution (1.8 mM Ca<sup>2+</sup>). A confocal system (LSM 510 Meta, Zeiss GmbH, Jena, Germany) with a 63x oil immersion objective was used for confocal fluorescence imaging. FLUO4-AM was excited at 488 nm (Argon laser) and the emission intensity was measured at 510 nm. Cardiomyocytes were scanned with a 512-pixel line that was positioned along the longitudinal axis of the cell, every 1.54 ms. Digital image processing was performed using IDL programming language (Research Systems, Boulder, CO, USA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels were reported as F/F<sub>0</sub>, where F<sub>0</sub> is the resting fluorescence. Intracellular global Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient was recorded in the control and after three minutes of incubation with 0.5 mM (-)-carvone in room temperature.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Effects antiarrhythmic of (-)-carvone</title>
            <p>Ex vivo arrhythmia was determined in isolated hearts as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Initially, the hearts were perfused with K-H solution containing 1.25 mM of calcium (control group). After 20 min, the hearts were perfused with K-H solution containing 3.3 mM of calcium (high calcium group) or with high calcium + 0.5 mM (-)-carvone during 15 min (high calcium group + carvone). The ECG was monitored for 15 min to evaluate the occurrence of arrhythmias. The arrhythmias observed were VPB, ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). The 15 minutes of the experiment was divided into three-minute intervals and the arrhythmia scores were added at the end as described by Curtis and Walker (1988).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Episodes of VPB &lt; 10 events/3 min were classifed as score 0 and &gt; 10 events/3 min scored 1; 1-5 episodes of VT &lt; 40 s were 2 and &gt; 5 episodes of VT or 1 episode of VF with duration &lt; 40 s were scored 3; 2 - 5 episodes of VT or VF with duration &lt; 80 s were scored 4; &gt; 5 episodes of VF, VT and/or VF with duration &lt; 160 s was scored as 5; VT and/or VF with duration &lt; 300 s was scored as 6 and &gt; 300 s scored as 5.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All results are shown as the means &#177; standard deviation of mean (S.D). GraphPad Prism v.5.0 (GraphPad Software, CA, USA) was used for the statistical analyses. Data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Mean values were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey&#8217;s post hoc test or unpaired t-test. P &lt; 0.05 was used as the significance level.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>(-)-Carvone (0.003 to 4 mM) decreased the atrial force in a concentration-dependent manner. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1A</xref> shows tracing of curves of isolated atrial contraction in the control situation and with 0.3, 2 and 4 mM of (-)-carvone and washout. As can be seen, 4 mM of (-)-carvone decreased myocardial contractility by approximately 96% and the reversibility after washout was of approximately 65%. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1B</xref> shows a concentration-response curve of the negative inotropic effect of (-)-carvone that presented EC<sub>50</sub> of 0.44 &#177; 0.11 mM (n = 5). Nifedipine, used as positive control, presented EC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.0034 &#177; 0.0011 mM (n = 5). DMSO at 0.5%, used as a diluent, had no effect on atrial force (data not shown).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(-)-Carvone exhibited negative inotropic effect and decreased the calcium influx in the rat left atrium. (A) Experimental tracing of isolated atrial contraction in the control, after incubation with (-)-carvone (0.3, 2 and 4 mM) and washout (Wsh); (B) Concentration-response curves of negative inotropism of (-)-carvone and nifedipine (calcium channel blocker), (C) and (D) Concentration-response curves of CaCl<sub>2</sub> and (&#177;)-BAY K8644 in the absence and presence of 1 mM of (-)-carvone, respectively (n = 5).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As (-)-carvone evoked a negative inotropic effect, we decided to investigate the involvement of calcium channel in its action mechanism. The results revealed that (-)-carvone (1 mM), shifted the concentration-response curve of CaCl<sub>2</sub> to the right, increasing the EC<sub>50</sub> of CaCl<sub>2</sub> from 1.46 &#177; 0.14 mM (control) to 3.17 &#177; 0.22 mM (CaCl<sub>2</sub> + carvone) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Fig. 1C</xref>, n = 5, p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, (-)-carvone impaired the positive inotropism induced by (&#177;)-BAY K8644, an agonist of the L-type calcium channel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        <p>In the isolated hearts, 0.5 mM (-)-carvone also induced reduction in LVDP, as can be seen in the representative traces shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2A</xref> (n = 5). A 73% reduction in LVDP was observed after 15 minutes of heart perfusion with 0.5 mM of (-)-carvone (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2B</xref>). (-)-Carvone did not change the time to peak (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2C</xref>) but it did significantly reduce the relaxation time (24%) after 15 min of (-)-carvone perfusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2D</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on the cardiac contractility in the isolated rat heart. (A) Records of left ventricle developed pressure (LVDP) in the control (top panel) and with 0.5 mM (-)-carvone (bottom panel); (B) LVDP; (C) time to peak; and (D) relaxation time (n = 5, *p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3A</xref> shows representative ECG tracings in the control situation, after 15 min perfusion with 0.5 mM of (-)-carvone and washout. As can be seen, (-)-carvone decreased heart rate (n = 5, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3B</xref>) and increased PRi and QTi (n = 5, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 3C and D</xref>), without changing the duration of QRS complex (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3E</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on the electrocardiographic profile in the isolated rat heart. (A) Electrocardiogram records in control, with 0.5 mM (-)-carvone as washout (Wsh), (B) Heart rate, (C) PR interval (PRi), (D) QTc interval and (E) QRS complex duration (n = 5, *p &lt; 0.05 vs control and #p &lt; 0.05 vs (-)-carvone).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4A</xref> shows representative records of the cellular contractility in the control situation (top panel) and after perfusion with 0.5 mM of (-)-carvone (bottom panel), showing the reduction in fractional shortening in cardiomyocytes. The average results showed reduction of the fractional shortening after incubation with (-)-carvone (n = 5, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4B</xref>). Furthermore, (-)-carvone decreased both time to peak and time to 50% relaxation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figures 4C and D</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on fractional shortening in the isolated ventricular cardiomyocyte. (A) Recording of cell shortening in control (top panel) and after incubation with 0.5 mM of (-)-carvone (bottom panel), (B) Fractional shortening in control and (-)-carvone, (C) Time to peak, (D) Time to 50% of relaxation (n = 5, *p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Considering the major role of L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels in the control of the cardiac contraction, we used whole-cell patch-clamp to test whether (-)-carvone affects I<sub>Ca,L</sub> in ventricular cardiomyocytes. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5A</xref> shows I<sub>Ca,L</sub> recordings of 300-ms depolarizing steps from &#8722;40 to 0 mV in the control situation and with 0.5 mM (-)-carvone. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5B</xref> ilustrates the time course of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> showing reduction of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> after (-)-carvone incubation. The average decrease of peak I<sub>Ca,L</sub> induced by (-)-carvone was 79% (n = 4, 10 cells, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Fig. 5C</xref>). The effect of 0.3 mM of (-)-carvone on the I<sub>Ca,L</sub> was also evaluated, and a 43% reduction in the I<sub>Ca,L</sub> was observed (data not shown). We concluded that (-)-carvone inhibits L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels and that this effect may contribute to its negative inotropic effect evidenced in atrial and ventricle tissues.</p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of (-)-carvone on the L-type calcium current (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>) and intracellular calcium transient in the isolated ventricular cardiomyocyte. (A) Typical recordings of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> in control, during the perfusion with 0.5 mM (-)-carvone and washout (Wsh), (B) Time course of the effect of (-)-carvone on I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. Each symbol indicates the net amplitude of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> measured every 10 s at 0 mV membrane potential under control conditions (open circles), during exposure to 0.5 mM (-)-carvone (black circles), and after Wsh (open circles), (C) Summary of the effects of (-)-carvone on the I<sub>Ca,L</sub> density (pA/pF), (D) Images (left) and representative tracing (right) of the intracellular calcium transient in control (top panel) and after incubation with 0.5 mM of (-)-carvone (bottom panel), (E) Average calcium transient peak (F/F<sub>0</sub>), (F) Time to peak of transient and (G) Time to 50% decay of calcium transient (n = 4-5, *p &lt; 0.05 <italic>vs</italic> control; # p &lt; 0.05 <italic>vs</italic> (-)-carvone).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In view of these results, we sought to evaluate the intracellular calcium transient in ventricular cardiomyocyte loaded with FUO4-AM. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5D</xref> (left) shows the images obtained using confocal microscopy of the intracellular calcium transient in the control and after pre-incubation with 0.5 mM of (-)-carvone. It was noted that the fluorescence of calcium, shown in green, was reduced with (-)-carvone. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5D</xref> (right) shows representative tracings of the intracellular calcium transient in the control and with (-)-carvone. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5E</xref> shows calcium fluorescence as the F/F<sub>0</sub> ratio, which was reduced after incubation with (-)-carvone (n = 5). (-)-Carvone pretreatment of cardiomyocytes accelerated the time to 50% decay (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5G</xref>), whereas the time to peak Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Fig. 5F</xref>) remained unchanged.</p>
        <p>Since calcium channel blocking drugs present antiarrhythmic effects, we decided to investigate whether (-)-carvone could present this property. The antiarrhythmic effect of (-)-carvone was evaluated in an arrhythmia model induced by calcium overload. Three types of arrhythmias were observed in hearts perfused with high calcium: VPB, VT, e VF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6A</xref>). As can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6B</xref>, (-)-carvone significantly decreased the arrhythmia score (n = 5). In addition, our results showed that in hearts subjected to high calcium with simultaneous perfusion of (-)-carvone the severity of arrhythmias was lower, as the occurrence of VF decreased from 34% (high calcium) to 8%. Furthermore, the hearts perfused with (-)-carvone had mostly VPB (52%), considered an arrhythmia of lesser severity.</p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Antiarrhythmic effect of (-)-carvone in the calcium overload-induced arrhythmia model. (A) Representative electrocardiograms in control, with high calcium (HC) and HC plus (-)-carvone identifying the arrhythmias: ventricular premature beat (VPB), ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF), (B) Arrhythmia score and (C) Occurrence of arrhythmia (n = 5, *p &lt; 0.05 vs control and #p &lt; 0.05 vs HC).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0294-10499-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our results showed the ability of monoterpene (-)-carvone to reduce the atrial force of rat hearts in a concentration-dependent manner that was partially reversible after washing. (-)-Carvone showed low potency when compared to nifedipine, a classic L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blocker. It is known that contractile force is dependent on free cytoplasmic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration and that Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels is essential to trigger the calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This mechanism is very important because it regulates myocardial force.</p>
        <p>Thus, we decided to investigate whether there was a correlation between atrial force reduction and a decrease in Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry in the action mechanism of (-)-carvone. Our results showed that (-)-carvone reduced Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx in the atria by impairing the positive inotropic response to both Ca<sup>2+</sup> and (-)-Bay K 8644, an agonist of L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels. The blockade of Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel promoted by (-)-carvone was probably responsible for the decreased atrial force observed in our experiments. In smooth muscles, carvone presents antispasmodic effect; it reduced the contraction induced by high K<sup>+</sup> and was almost 100 times more potent than verapamil, a calcium channel blocker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The ability of terpenes to block the Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel has been observed both in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Monoterpenes can modulate the function of voltage-dependent and ligand-dependent ion channels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Therefore, they are useful in preventing cardiovascular diseases such as arrhythmia and hypertension. With respect to the cardiovascular system, several studies have reported that monoterpenes such as rotundifolone,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> terpineol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> timol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and carvacrol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> act as blockers of calcium channel. It has also been shown that in isolated cardiomyocyte, R(+)-pulegone,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> geraniol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> nerol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> farnesol <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and (-)-menthol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> blocked the L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel.</p>
        <p>Blockage of Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels can induce important electrophysiological changes, such as a decrease in electrical conduction in the heart and heart rate. Therefore, we investigated whether (-)-carvone could induce physiological changes in the heart. Experiments using isolated hearts were performed to simultaneously record LVDP and ECG profiles. (-)-Carvone promoted a decrease in LVDP, which corroborates our findings in the isolated left atrium, as discussed earlier, and also induced a reduction in heart rate. As is known, heart rate is usually controlled by the heart&#8217;s primary pacemaker, the sinus node. Sinus node cells display the property of automaticity as a result of gradual depolarization during electrical diastole (slow diastolic depolarization). The slow diastolic depolarization and the phase of depolarization of the pacemaker action potential are essential processes for the formation of the electrical impulse of the sinus node. These phenomena are linked to Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx by the sarcolemma; a decreased influx can induce electromechanical decoupling of the myocardium and bradycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The ionic current that was probably affected, and was responsible for decreasing heart rate, may be the I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. The effect of (-)-carvone on calcium influx promoted a reduction in heart rate and an increase in the duration of the PRi interval, indicative of first-degree atrioventricular block. In this blockage, there is a delay in the transmission of electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles, increasing the refractory period of myocardium. Other substances that promote this blockage are &#946;-blockers, cardiac glycosides, and drugs that increase cholinergic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It was observed that (-)-carvone also increased the QTc interval, which reflects the period necessary for depolarization and ventricular repolarization to occur, i.e., an indirect parameter to estimate the ventricular action potential duration. QTc prolongation may be due to the blockage of potassium channels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Class III antiarrhythmic agents are potassium channel blockers that prolong the duration of the action potential increasing the refractory period of atrial, nodal and ventricular tissues. An increase in the refractory period of the atrial cells is of great importance in the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Amiodarone, a multiple-channel blocker, is considered one of the most effective antiarrhythmic drugs, and is widely prescribed. However, long-term use of antiarrhythmic drugs has been reported to cause torsades de pointes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and adverse effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, 0.5 mM of (-)-carvone reduced the shortening fraction and accelerated the relaxation time, as was also observed in the isolated heart. It is known that the contractile force of the heart muscle depends on the free cytoplasmic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels is essential to trigger calcium-induced calcium release from the SR. Then, whole-cell patch-clamp was performed to test whether (-)-carvone affects I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. The results showed that (-)-carvone significantly reduced the I<sub>Ca,L</sub> in ventricular cardiomyocyte. As (-)-carvone reduces I<sub>Ca,L,</sub> it is reasonable to think that this monoterpene would profoundly affect the Ca<sup>2+</sup> release from the SR. Our results showed that (-)-carvone also affected the Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient amplitude and accelerated the time to 50% decay. It is known that the cardiac muscle relaxation is largely determined by reuptake of Ca<sup>2+</sup> into the SR by sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase (SERCA2a) and by another transport protein such as Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger (NCX) and plasma membrane Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase (PMCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Then, the decrease of the cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> may be associated with the activation of some of these pathways.</p>
        <p>Nifedipine (10 &#181;M), a L-type calcium channel blocker, reduced the amplitude of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient by 79% in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The blockade produced by nifedipine (1 &#956;M) was totally reversible after washout with standard solution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Our results indicate that (-)-carvone is a Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blocker, similar to nifedipine, but the effect on the I<sub>Ca,L</sub> was irreversible in the presence of 500 &#956;M (-)-carvone. According to Vaughan-Williams (1970), calcium channel blockers belong to class IV of the antiarrhythmics, and are widely used in clinical medicine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As (-)-carvone reduced sarcolemal Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx, we investigated their possible antiarrhythmic activity and observed a drastic reduction over time in events such as VF in an ex vivo model of calcium overload. Indeed, our results showed that (-)-carvone had a good antiarrhythmic effect, confirmed by decreased arrhythmia scores and reduction in the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation, considered a more severe type of arrhythmia. It is already known that active substances from plant material can have significant antiarrhythmic properties,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> with great potential to be used as antiarrhythmics in preclinical and clinical studies. We can cite as example the terpenes geraniol, nerol, D-limonene and farnesol that have been shown to inhibit L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels and present antiarrhythmic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although many experimental studies have shown that terpenes exert antiarrhythmic effects, these compounds are not yet used in the clinic. In addition to the antiarrhythmic effect, (-)-carvone also had a cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity <italic>in vivo</italic> and potentiated its anticancer toxicity <italic>in</italic> vitro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> These cardioprotective effects of carvone make it a promising molecule for use in clinical practice.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitation</title>
          <p>This study revealed that (-)-carvone reduces L-type calcium current, induces negative inotropic effect, and has antiarrhythmic effects in rat hearts. But we also can point some limitations, as the lack of evaluation of antiarrhythmic effects of (-)-carvone in an <italic>in vivo</italic> model of arrhythmia and other <italic>in vitro</italic> models that indirectly generate calcium overload. Another limitation of this study is that we did not assess the effects of carvone on other important channels for cardiac excitation, nor evaluate its action on the SERCA2a. Furthermore, there are other limitations, including toxicological implications of the acute and long-term use of carvone, its metabolization, and pharmacodynamics.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We can conclude that (-)-carvone decreased L-type calcium current and intracellular calcium transient in the myocardium, promoting a reduction in atrial and ventricular contractility. In isolated rat hearts, (-)-carvone caused a decrease in heart rates and increase in PR intervals, typical of calcium channel blockers. In addition, a significant reduction in the severity of arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation in hearts submitted to (-)-carvone perfusion was observed. (-)-Carvone is, therefore, a highly promising natural substance in respect of the development of new antiarrhythmic drugs.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by CNPq, CAPES, FAPEMIG e FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Gilmara Beatriz Andrade da Silva, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). JSC (Grants #312474/2017-2), DRC (FAPESP grant #2019/21304-4), CNPq research fellows. DSS hold a fellowship from FAPESP (#2019/18918-0), JERMF is a recipient os a CNPq scholarship and JASN is a recipient of a CAPES scholarship.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
