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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dxRfnrdFbQ7gWMxgLPGwhwh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800292</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220420</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220420</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Primeiro Est&#225;gio da Opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood no Brasil &#8211; Elevamos o Patamar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2334-9718</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Villela de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Walter Villela de Andrade Vicente</bold> &#8226; Rua Coqueiros, 151. CEP <postal-code>14040-100</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil, E-mail: <email>wvvicent@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>292</fpage>
      <lpage>293</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do Cora&#231;&#227;o Esquerdo Hipopl&#225;sico/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea &#8211; ECMO</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimento de Norwood/cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="3"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Os resultados do primeiro est&#225;gio da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood no Brasil s&#227;o pouco relatados, provavelmente, por contrastarem demasiadamente com os do mundo desenvolvido.</p>
    <p>Contrariamente a esse cen&#225;rio, nessa edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o grupo de da Silva apresenta sua experi&#234;ncia em um &#250;nico centro, com a maior s&#233;rie da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood primeiro est&#225;gio, na qual foi utilizado suporte adjuvante p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com oxigena&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO), em nosso pa&#237;s. A sobrevida relatada, de 91,3%, em 30 dias, um excelente resultado cir&#250;rgico, &#233; similar &#224; de algumas institui&#231;&#245;es internacionais de elite nas quais a ECMO tamb&#233;m est&#225; dispon&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O Rubic&#227;o foi cruzado! Parab&#233;ns aos autores!</p>
    <p>Considerando que a s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico (SCEH) &#233; a mais prevalente e uma das mais desafiadoras formas de ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico, o referido relato repercutir&#225; na comunidade brasileira de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica e em seus centros cir&#250;rgicos de refer&#234;ncia, no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), no setor privado de sa&#250;de e no p&#250;blico em geral.</p>
    <p>Gostei muito do estudo. Ele inclui uma avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva de 80 pacientes (privados, n=79; p&#250;blicos, n=1) operados de 2016 a 2019. No per&#237;odo, o suporte com ECMO foi disponibilizado no hospital, um dos maiores centros de refer&#234;ncia em cirurgia cardiovascular do pa&#237;s. O relato &#233; minucioso e os dados, devidamente analisados.</p>
    <p>&#201; digno de nota que os autores reconhecem o fato de que os resultados se beneficiaram da experi&#234;ncia acumulada pelo grupo, refinada ao longo do tempo, e que abrange mais de 500 casos. Em outras palavras, estamos olhando para a ponta do iceberg de pacientes acumulados por da Silva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Foi adotado um protocolo de tratamento proativo, incluindo agendamento da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o materna no mesmo centro e parto ces&#225;reo efetivo. In&#237;cio imediato de infus&#227;o de prostaglandina em baixa dose, e realiza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de3 a 5 dias mais tarde, coadunam-se com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretriz intrenacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O protocolo cir&#250;rgico incluiu a t&#225;tica de deixar o t&#243;rax aberto e o uso de <italic>shunt</italic> de Sano. &#201; interessante notar que o di&#226;metro do <italic>shunt</italic> foi reduzido por ligadura com fio 5-O absorv&#237;vel, sempre que fosse preciso coibir o fluxo pulmonar excessivo, determinante de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. A di&#225;lise peritoneal foi implementada na maioria dos beb&#234;s.</p>
    <p>O suporte com ECMO foi institu&#237;do no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em 14 dos 80 pacientes (17,5%). Entre os 73 sobreviventes, 13,7% (10 pacientes) necessitaram de ECMO, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 57,1% (4 pacientes) dos 7 n&#227;o sobreviventes.</p>
    <p>Oito pacientes adicionais morreram no per&#237;odo entre o primeiro est&#225;gio e a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn, resultando em taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia inter-est&#225;gios de 81,3%. Este resultado tamb&#233;m &#233; compar&#225;vel aos de grandes centros de refer&#234;ncia internacionais, onde coexiste uma pol&#237;tica alternativa de alta hospitalar seguida de monitoramento domiciliar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Considero que a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia inter-est&#225;gios dos autores fala por si s&#243; e deve ser vista como uma diretriz inteligente para equipes que operem pacientes oriundos de &#225;reas distantes.</p>
    <p>Embora os autores n&#227;o tenham comentado a respeito, gostaria de destacar que, se a ECMO n&#227;o estivesse dispon&#237;vel, a taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias para toda a coorte (80 pacientes), provavelmente, teria ca&#237;do para 21,25%, ainda assim um resultado muito bom, compar&#225;vel &#224;queles dos principais centros internacionais com acesso &#224; ECMO.</p>
    <p>Esse resultado hipot&#233;tico merece considera&#231;&#227;o. Embora o artigo contenha fortes evid&#234;ncias de que o suporte p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por ECMO seja recurso salvador de vidas, n&#227;o se deve subestimar a longa e grande experi&#234;ncia anterior dos autores com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood em primeiro est&#225;gio, nem o fato das opera&#231;&#245;es terem sido efetuadas em um dos melhores centros de cardiologia do pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>O leitor deve, pois, perceber que o caminho para o sucesso do grupo de da Silva resultou da associa&#231;&#227;o de habilidade cir&#250;rgica, perseveran&#231;a, trabalho em equipe, protocolo de tratamento ajustado aos pacientes atendidos, quase todos privados, e acesso &#224; ECMO na Institui&#231;&#227;o. Que receita!</p>
    <p>Cabe mencionar que os resultados com a ECMO, apresentados pelos autores, fornecem alavancagem oportuna para a Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e outras sociedades correlatas, em seus esfor&#231;os sustentados na tentativa de incorporar a ECMO ao arsenal do SUS.</p>
    <p>O fato &#233; que, na atual era de aloca&#231;&#227;o restrita de recursos, pol&#237;ticas de controle de qualidade e vigil&#226;ncia de resultados cir&#250;rgicos por &#243;rg&#227;os reguladores de sa&#250;de, o SUS fica atr&#225;s de v&#225;rios outros &#243;rg&#227;os cong&#234;neres, de outros pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, no que diz respeito ao provimento de ECMO.</p>
    <p>Com a melhoria dos resultados do primeiro est&#225;gio da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood no Brasil, aqui relatados, anseio pelo momento em que os centros regionais de refer&#234;ncia do SUS, que cuidam de beb&#234;s com SCEH, passar&#227;o a dispor de ECMO, na busca de melhores resultados, em igualdade de condi&#231;&#245;es com o setor privado.</p>
    <p>&#201; claro que as dimens&#245;es continentais do pa&#237;s, as disparidades regionais e os atuais problemas econ&#244;micos, sociais e geopol&#237;ticos exigem comedimento. Nesse sentido, as diretrizes para a oferta de ECMO, pelo SUS, poder&#227;o se beneficiar de comit&#234; &#8220;ad hoc&#8221; com a s&#225;bia participa&#231;&#227;o das j&#225; referidas Sociedades m&#233;dicas.</p>
    <p>Isso posto, e respeitando outras poss&#237;veis estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas existentes, prevejo que institui&#231;&#245;es conveniadas &#224; cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica pelo SUS, de v&#225;rios estados brasileiros, treinadas e melhor equipadas, com ECMO, reenvidar&#227;o esfor&#231;os para obter melhores resultados com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Resultados Precoces do Procedimento de Norwood em um Centro de Refer&#234;ncia no Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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              <surname>Bezerra</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacheco</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franchi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Fittaroni</surname>
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              <surname>Castro</surname>
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            </name>
            <etal/>
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          <article-title>Resultados Precoces do Procedimento de Norwood em um Centro de Refer&#234;ncia no Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>282</fpage>
          <lpage>291</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Bezerra RF, Pacheco JT, Franchi SM, Fittaroni RB, Baumgratz JF, Castro RM, et al. Resultados Precoces do Procedimento de Norwood em um Centro de Refer&#234;ncia no Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(2):282-291.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Guidelines for the management of neonates and infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC) Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Guidelines Task Force</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Alphonso N, Angelini A, Barron DJ, Bellsham-Revell H, Blom MA, Brown K, et al.Guidelines for the management of neonates and infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC) Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Guidelines Task Force. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020 Sep 1;58(3):416-99. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa188. PMID: 32856064</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The First Stage Norwood Operation, in Brazil &#8211; The Bar Was Raised</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2334-9718</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Villela de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Walter Villela de Andrade Vicente</bold> &#8226; Rua Coqueiros, 151. CEP <postal-code>14040-100</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil, E-mail: <email>wvvicent@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Norwood Procedures/surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Outcomes of the first stage Norwood operation in Brazil have been scarcely reported. Countrywide dismal results, contrasting to those from the developed world, possibly explain this finding.</p>
      <p>Contrariwise to this scenario, in this issue of <italic>The Braz J Cardiol</italic>, da Silva&#180;s group presents their single-center experience comprising the largest series of the first-stage Norwood operation with adjuvant postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support in our country. Their 30-day 91.3% survival, an outstanding surgical result, is on par with those from just a few international elite institutions where ECMO is also available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Rubicon was crossed! Hats off to the authors!</p>
      <p>Considering that hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is the most prevalent and one of the most challenging forms of a single ventricle, the aforementioned report will resonate in the Brazilian pediatric cardiology community and its referral surgical centers, the Brazilian Universal Health System (SUS), the private medical health sector and the general public.</p>
      <p>I enjoyed the paper very much. It entails a retrospective evaluation of 80 pts. (private, n=79; public, n=1) operated on from 2016 through 2019. During the period, ECMO assistance was provided to their base hospital, one of the country&#180;s largest cardiovascular surgery referral centers. The report is meticulous and the data are properly analyzed.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that the authors acknowledge the fact that the patient series benefitted from the surgical group expertise that was accumulated and refined over a long time, encompassing more than 500 cases. In other words, we are looking at the very tip of da Silva&#180;s iceberg-size experience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A proactive treatment protocol including scheduled, on-site, maternal admission, and cesarean-section delivery was adopted. Immediate low-dose prostaglandin infusion was started and the operation was carried out 3 &#8211; 5 days later, as recommended by international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The surgical protocol included an open chest policy and a Sano shunt technique. Of note, the shunt was banded with a 5-O absorbable ligature whenever it was deemed necessary to counteract excessive pulmonary flow with concurrent hemodynamic instability. Peritoneal dialysis was implemented in most babies.</p>
      <p>ECMO support was instituted postoperatively in 14 patients (17,5%). Among the 73 survivors, 13.7% (10 pts.) required ECMO, as compared to 57.1% (4 pts.) of the 7 non-survivors.</p>
      <p>Eight additional pts. died in the interstage period towards the Glenn operation, resulting in an 81.3% interstage survival rate. This result is also comparable to those from major international reference centers, where a competitive home monitoring surveillance policy coexists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, one cannot argue that the author&#180;s interstage survival speaks for itself and should be seen as a savvy policy by teams operating on patients coming from remote places.</p>
      <p>Although the authors did not comment on this, I wish to highlight that, were ECMO not available, the 30-day mortality rate for the whole cohort (80 pts.) would have probably reached 21.25%, yet a very satisfactory result, comparable to those from international leading centers with handy access to ECMO.</p>
      <p>This hypothetical result is worth mentioning though. Although the paper adds strong evidence for postoperative ECMO support as a lifesaving resource, one must not downplay the authors&#8217; previous long and large experience with the first stage Norwood operation, nor the fact that it took place in one of the nation&#180;s best cardiology centers.</p>
      <p>The reader should thus perceive da Silva&#180;s group&#8217;s pathway to success as resulting from the association of surgical skill, perseverance, teamwork, fitting treatment protocol, and private institutional provision of ECMO runs. Quite a recipe!</p>
      <p>Properly considered, the ECMO results presented by the authors provide timely leverage to the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery and other related Societies, in their sustained efforts trying to incorporate ECMO into the SUS armamentarium.</p>
      <p>The fact is that, in the present era of constrained resource allocation, quality control policies, and surgical results surveillance by health care regulators, the SUS lags behind many other South American countries&#8217; national health administration agencies concerning ECMO backup.</p>
      <p>As the bar for the first-stage Norwood operation, in this nation, is now raised, I envision that the SUS regional reference centers caring for HLHS babies be granted ECMO equipment to pursue outcome improvements under equipoise with the private sector.</p>
      <p>Of course, the country&#180;s continental size, the regional disparities, and the present economical, geopolitical, and worldwide health distress require pondered consideration. Accordingly, guidelines for SUS ECMO provision should benefit from an &#8220;ad hoc&#8221; committee with the wise participation of the aforementioned professional Societies.</p>
      <p>That happening, and respecting other possible management strategies, I foresee trained and staffed SUS pediatric cardiovascular surgery affiliated institutions, from many Brazilian states, renewing efforts aiming for better outcomes with the Norwood operation, as well.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Early Outcomes of the Norwood Procedure in a Reference Center in Brazil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
