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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KC6cndpf5ZvVcNPmqDT8Scg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005008201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800282</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201226</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201226</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados Precoces do Procedimento de Norwood em um Centro de Refer&#234;ncia no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8754-9386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Freire</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0186-2801</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchi</surname>
            <given-names>S&#244;nia Meiken</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fittaroni</surname>
            <given-names>Rosangela Belbuche</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baumgratz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8070-3539</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana da Fonseca da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3462-4762</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">UPMC Children&#8217;s Hospital of Pittsburgh</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Pittsburgh</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Pittsburgh</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pennsylvania</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UPMC Children&#8217;s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Freire Bezerra &#8226; Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo - R. Maestro Cardim, 769. CEP 01323-001, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>freirebezerra.r@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bezerra RF, Pacheco JT, Franchi SM, Castro RM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pacheco JT, Fittaroni RB, Castro RM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pacheco JT, Franchi SM, Silva LF, Silva JP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pacheco JT, Silva LF, Silva JP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bezerra RF, Pacheco JT, Franchi SM, Fittaroni RB, Silva LF, Silva JP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bezerra RF, Franchi SM, Baumgratz JF, Silva LF, Silva JP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>282</fpage>
      <lpage>291</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Apenas dois artigos abordam os resultados precoces de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico (SHCE) submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood, no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliamos pacientes com SHCE submetidos ao primeiro est&#225;gio da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood para identificar os fatores preditivos de mortalidade precoce (nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia) e intermedi&#225;ria (desde a sobrevida precoce at&#233; o procedimento de Glenn).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com SHCE submetidos em nosso servi&#231;o ao primeiro est&#225;gio da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood de janeiro de 2016 a abril de 2019. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, anat&#244;micos e cir&#250;rgicos foram analisados. Os desfechos foram mortalidade precoce (nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia), mortalidade intermedi&#225;ria (desde a sobrevida precoce at&#233; o procedimento de Glenn) e a necessidade de suporte p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com ECMO. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas e calculados odds ratios, com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 80 pacientes com SHCE foram submetidos ao primeiro est&#225;gio da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood. A taxa de sobrevida em 30 dias foi de 91,3% e a taxa de sobrevida intermedi&#225;ria foi de 81,3%. Quatorze pacientes (17,5%) necessitaram de suporte com ECMO. Menor peso (p=0,033), estenose a&#243;rtica (vs atresia a&#243;rtica; p=0,036) e necessidade de suporte p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com ECMO (p=0,009) foram fatores preditivos independentes para mortalidade em 30 dias. A estenose da valva mitral ( <italic>vs</italic> atresia da valva mitral; p=0,041) foi um fator preditivo independente para mortalidade intermedi&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O presente estudo inclui a maior coorte brasileira de pacientes com SHCE submetidos ao primeiro est&#225;gio da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood na era recente. Nossas taxas de sobrevida foram compar&#225;veis &#224;s mais altas taxas de sobrevida relatadas globalmente. Baixo peso corporal, estenose valvar a&#243;rtica e necessidade de suporte p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com ECMO foram preditores independentes para mortalidade em 30 dias. A estenose da valva mitral foi o &#250;nico fator preditivo independente para mortalidade intermedi&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do Cora&#231;&#227;o Esquerdo Hipopl&#225;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimento de Norwood</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico (SHCE) &#233; um defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito complexo que resulta em um cora&#231;&#227;o subdesenvolvido com ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico, valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica esten&#243;ticas ou atr&#233;sicas e hipoplasia da aorta ascendente e arco a&#243;rtico. A doen&#231;a est&#225; associada a uma alta taxa de mortalidade e &#233; atualmente tratada com uma estrat&#233;gia de palia&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios. No primeiro est&#225;gio, uma neoaorta &#233; reconstru&#237;da e &#233; criado um shunt sist&#234;mico-pulmonar ou um conduto do ventr&#237;culo direito para a art&#233;ria pulmonar. No segundo est&#225;gio, &#233; feita uma conex&#227;o cavopulmonar parcial (procedimento de Glenn) e, no terceiro est&#225;gio, uma conex&#227;o cavopulmonar total (procedimento de Fontan-Kreutzer).</p>
      <p>A SHCE &#233; quase sempre fatal sem palia&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. No entanto, desde que Norwood descreveu pela primeira vez sua t&#233;cnica de reconstru&#231;&#227;o paliativa de SHCE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> as taxas de sobrevida aumentaram progressivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atualmente, a taxa de sobrevida precoce &#233; menor do que para outras cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, que requerem interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica neonatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Notavelmente, maior mortalidade ocorre no per&#237;odo entre os procedimentos de Norwood e Glenn, chegando perto de 25%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Muitos fatores diferentes podem contribuir para as taxas de sobrevida, incluindo peso corporal e idade na cirurgia, tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o das valvas e c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, tamanho da aorta nativa e vari&#225;veis intr&#237;nsecas ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico (tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), tamanho do shunt, e bandagem do shunt para controlar a taxa de fluxo pulmonar excessiva). A identifica&#231;&#227;o desses fatores de risco pode contribuir para o aprimoramento dos conceitos gerais de tratamento, t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica e medidas terap&#234;uticas auxiliares, a fim de melhorar as taxas de sobrevida.</p>
      <p>Poucos relatos abordam os resultados precoces de pacientes com SHCE submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esses relatos v&#234;m de &#233;pocas anteriores e descrevem coortes de pacientes acumuladas por longos per&#237;odos de tempo. Aqui, objetivamos avaliar a sobrevida precoce (primeiros 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) e intermedi&#225;ria (per&#237;odo entre a sobrevida precoce e o procedimento de Shunt e Glenn) de pacientes com SHCE submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood-Sano durante um per&#237;odo rigoroso de tempo (40 meses) na era do suporte de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO) e outros avan&#231;os m&#233;dicos, em um centro de refer&#234;ncia no Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar fatores preditivos para mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria precoce e intermedi&#225;ria, bem como para suporte p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de ECMO.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo segue a declara&#231;&#227;o <italic>Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic> (STROBE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Foi avaliada uma coorte retrospectiva incluindo uma s&#233;rie sucessiva de pacientes, do setor privado ou p&#250;blico, diagnosticados com SHCE (Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as, 10&#176; revis&#227;o, c&#243;digo Q23.4) e submetidos ao procedimento de Norwood por parte do nosso grupo no Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, entre janeiro de 2016 e abril de 2019. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram pacientes sindr&#244;micos, lactentes com hemorragia cerebral grave ou infarto, ou aqueles com complica&#231;&#245;es graves (por exemplo, suporte de ECMO) durante o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis independentes avaliadas neste estudo foram demogr&#225;ficas (idade, peso e sexo), anat&#244;micas (tipo e tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, presen&#231;a de atresia a&#243;rtica e/ou mitral, di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente e tamanho da persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial), e cir&#250;rgicas (di&#226;metro do shunt, bandagem do tubo Gore-Tex e tempos de CEC (pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e parada circulat&#243;ria total). Os dois objetivos principais foram determinar as taxas de sobrevida precoce (do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato a 30 dias de cirurgia) e intermedi&#225;ria (de 30 dias at&#233; o procedimento de Glenn). Tamb&#233;m investigamos a necessidade de suporte de ECMO.</p>
      <p>Todos os dados cl&#237;nicos e cir&#250;rgicos desta coorte de pacientes foram recuperados do banco de dados institucional. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</title>
        <p>Pacientes do setor privado vieram de todas as partes do Brasil e todas tinham diagn&#243;stico fetal pr&#233;vio. O parto foi realizado em nosso servi&#231;o e a paciente imediatamente transferida para nossa unidade de terapia intensiva card&#237;aca (UTIC). Normalmente, a ces&#225;rea &#233; marcada para 38 ou 39 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m trabalho de parto normal tamb&#233;m podia ocorrer de acordo com o desejo da fam&#237;lia. Em nosso servi&#231;o ocorrem em m&#233;dia 50 partos por ano (dois partos SHCE/m&#234;s). Pacientes encaminhados de servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos geralmente foram diagnosticados ap&#243;s o nascimento e internados o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Na UTIC, um cateter venoso umbilical &#233; inserido e prostaglandina E1 em baixa dose (PGE<sub>1</sub> 0,005-0,01mcg/kg/min) &#233; iniciada para manter a permeabilidade ductal com baixo risco de apn&#233;ia. Se n&#227;o houver necessidade de manipula&#231;&#227;o imediata do septo atrial, a cirurgia ocorre com 3-5 dias de vida. A t&#233;cnica de prefer&#234;ncia &#233; a cirurgia de Norwood-Sano, conforme detalhado adiante. O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#233; monitorado por medidas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais (d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio, perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica, press&#227;o arterial, NIRS, gasometria arterial, lactato e satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central). Os lactentes clinicamente inst&#225;veis podem receber milrinona, epinefrina em baixa dose e mistura de gases hip&#243;xicos, adicionando nitrog&#234;nio para reduzir a FiO<sub>2</sub> at&#233; 17%, para tratar a s&#237;ndrome do baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Lactentes com apn&#233;ia secund&#225;ria a PGE<sub>1</sub> ou hemodin&#226;mica inst&#225;vel persistente secund&#225;ria &#224; hipercircula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar geralmente se beneficiam de intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal e ventila&#231;&#227;o controlada antes da cirurgia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria</title>
        <p>Abertura do t&#243;rax atrav&#233;s de esternotomia mediana e um fragmento de peric&#225;rdio &#233; retirado e tratado com glutaralde&#237;do 0,6% por 30 minutos. A aorta ascendente, arco a&#243;rtico, canal arterial e aorta descendente proximal foram expostos. A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea &#233; estabelecida por canula&#231;&#227;o do canal arterial e do ap&#234;ndice atrial direito. A c&#226;nula arterial foi levada atrav&#233;s do canal arterial at&#233; a aorta descendente e um torniquete &#233; apertado ao redor do canal e da c&#226;nula, o que permite que parte da opera&#231;&#227;o fosse realizada sem parada circulat&#243;ria. Enquanto o paciente est&#225; sendo resfriado, o ducto arterial &#233; seccionado pr&#243;ximo &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar e seu coto proximal, saturado. A art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; ent&#227;o seccionada pr&#243;xima &#224; sua bifurca&#231;&#227;o, desconectando a art&#233;ria pulmonar distal e seus ramos pulmonares da art&#233;ria pulmonar principal. A abertura do coto distal da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi reduzida com uma pequena plicatura transversal, com a com a coloca&#231;&#227;o de um ou dois pontos de Prolene 7.0 nas bordas da parede anterior e posterior. Em seguida, um conduto de politetrafluoretileno (PTFE) (geralmente 5 mm) &#233; biselado para corresponder ao tamanho da abertura resultante na art&#233;ria pulmonar e suturado diretamente em seu coto distal, completando o preparo da art&#233;ria pulmonar distal. &#192; medida que a temperatura esof&#225;gica foi gradualmente reduzida para 18&#186;C, pin&#231;amos a aorta ascendente hipopl&#225;sica nativa distalmente. Em seguida, fazemos uma pequena incis&#227;o a&#243;rtica anterolateral longitudinal pr&#243;ximo ao local do pin&#231;amento para introduzir uma agulha dobr&#225;vel de ponta em forma de oliva em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Esse instrumento especial, cujo tamanho atenderia ao di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente, serve para infundir a solu&#231;&#227;o de cardioplegia Del Nido na aorta proximal. &#192;s vezes, &#233; necess&#225;rio apertar a aorta ascendente ao redor da agulha com uma pin&#231;a para evitar a perda de cardioplegia. Alternativamente, um torniquete pode ser colocado ao redor da aorta para apertar suavemente a aorta ao redor da agulha de cardioplegia. Em seguida, estendemos essa incis&#227;o a&#243;rtica inicial longitudinalmente at&#233; perto da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. A por&#231;&#227;o proximal da aorta ascendente &#233; anastomosada na face lateral do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar com sutura cont&#237;nua de Prolene 7.0, iniciando-se a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neoaorta. Somente neste momento, a CEC &#233; interrompida e a c&#226;nula arterial &#233; retirada da parte distal do canal arterial. O tecido ductal remanescente &#233; completamente excisado, e a abertura resultante estendeu-se proximalmente em dire&#231;&#227;o ao arco a&#243;rtico e &#224; aorta ascendente, bem como distalmente. Um enxerto de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo tratado com glutaralde&#237;do 0,6% foi utilizado para amplia&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente, do arco a&#243;rtico e da aorta descendente, que foi anastomosada ao tronco pulmonar, completando a neoaorta. N&#227;o s&#227;o feitos testes para pontos de vazamento na linha anastom&#243;tica. A c&#226;nula arterial &#233; novamente colocada no tronco pulmonar (neoaorta). A retirada de ar do cora&#231;&#227;o e da aorta &#233; realizada pelo enchimento lento da linha arterial, mantendo-se torniquetes aplicados nos ramos do arco, bem como uma pequena abertura na linha de sutura anterior da neoaorta proximal. A CEC &#233; reiniciada com restabelecimento do fluxo e preparo para anastomose proximal do tubo VD-TP. A CEC &#233; novamente interrompida por 2-3 minutos para amplia&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial ou para uma anuloplastia tric&#250;spide, quando necess&#225;rio. A amplia&#231;&#227;o do septo atrial foi realizada atrav&#233;s de uma atriotomia abaixo da bolsa da c&#226;nula venosa.</p>
        <p>Para completar a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, uma pequena incis&#227;o &#233; feita na via de sa&#237;da do VD e um orif&#237;cio de aproximadamente 5 mm &#233; confeccionado. Em seguida, o conduto PTFE que j&#225; estava anastomosado &#224;s art&#233;rias pulmonares passou a ser conectado a esse orif&#237;cio. Para essa anastomose, utilizamos a t&#233;cnica de sutura cont&#237;nua de Prolene 6.0 que transpassa todas as camadas mioc&#225;rdicas. Geralmente n&#227;o biselamos o lado proximal do condu&#237;te PTFE. Nenhuma cola cir&#250;rgica &#233; aplicada rotineiramente. Em geral, o batimento card&#237;aco retorna espontaneamente quando a CEC &#233; reiniciada juntamente com o reaquecimento. O t&#243;rax &#233; mantido aberto com uma membrana de l&#225;tex suturada nas bordas da pele. Um adesivo pl&#225;stico est&#233;ril foi aplicado sobre a membrana e a pele circundante para melhor isolamento da ferida. O fechamento esternal tardio geralmente &#233; realizado em 24 a 48 horas, uma vez alcan&#231;ada a estabilidade circulat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>A cirurgia de Norwood-Sano foi utilizada na grande maioria dos casos, principalmente para prevenir a redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano durante a di&#225;stole, facilitando o manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Essa estrat&#233;gia foi baseada nos resultados publicados anteriormente por nosso grupo, mostrando menor mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos a Norwood-Sano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Usamos a mesma t&#233;cnica mesmo para aortas muito pequenas, mas, nesses casos, ampliamos a aorta nativa at&#233; mais pr&#243;ximo do plano ostial da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, ajustando a anastomose com uma pequena incis&#227;o realizada no coto do tronco pulmonar (TP) proximal. Em alguns pacientes &lt; 2,5Kg (n=2, 2,5%), a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood foi adiada, e a bandagem cir&#250;rgica seletiva de ambas as art&#233;rias pulmonares foi realizada, enquanto a infus&#227;o de prostaglandina foi mantida. Esses pacientes foram submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood quando atingiram um peso alvo em tormo de 3 kg. A opera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi contra-indicada a nenhum paciente e nem foram oferecidos apenas cuidados de suporte cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com peso corporal entre 2,5 e 2,7 kg, foi utilizado um conduto VD-TP de 4 mm. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, todos os pacientes com hemodin&#226;mica inst&#225;vel associada a fluxo pulmonar excessivo foram tratados com bandagem do tubo VD-TP com fio absrov&#237;vel Monocryl 5-0, estenosado a crit&#233;rio do cirurgi&#227;o. No momento do fechamento do tor&#225;x, avalia-se a retirada da bandagem. Em pacientes com suspeita de alta resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar por encaminhamento tardio para tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial restritiva, preferimos realizar o procedimento cl&#225;ssico de Norwood com shunt de Blalock-Taussig modificado de 3,5 ou 4,0 mm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram transferidos para a UTIC com o t&#243;rax aberto. O t&#243;rax foi geralmente fechado com 24-48h de p&#243;s- operat&#243;rio, desde que a estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica j&#225; tivesse sido alcan&#231;ada. O suporte inotr&#243;pico e vasoativo foi realizado regularmente com milrinona e adrenalina e, se poss&#237;vel, associado &#224; infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de Amplictyl (clorpromazina). Usamos um cateter de di&#225;lise peritoneal (DP) na maioria das crian&#231;as, mesmo naquelas com d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio adequado. A DP geralmente foi iniciada nos primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com dialisato isot&#244;nico e/ou hipert&#244;nico para controlar a sobrecarga h&#237;drica. Utilizamos suporte com ECMO em pacientes que evolu&#237;ram para s&#237;ndrome refrat&#225;ria de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (baixo d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio, hipotens&#227;o, alta necessidade de suporte inotr&#243;pico e/ou eleva&#231;&#227;o de lactato), hipoxemia persistente, arritmias, parada card&#237;aca ou falha no desmame de CEC. A maioria dos pacientes foi colocada em suporte de ECMO na UTI, antes do fechamento do esterno. Em apenas dois pacientes (14,3%) foi iniciada ECMO no centro cir&#250;rgico para desmame da CEC. A arritmia foi respons&#225;vel pelo in&#237;cio da ECMO em apenas um paciente (7%). A assist&#234;ncia da ECMO sempre foi realizada por meio de canula&#231;&#227;o central e a ferida operat&#243;ria foi mantida aberta at&#233; que a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica permitisse a decanula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Devido ao referenciamento muitas vezes distante, adotamos uma pol&#237;tica comum de manter todos os pacientes desta coorte internados at&#233; a recupera&#231;&#227;o do segundo est&#225;gio cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados qualitativos foram descritos como frequ&#234;ncias com porcentagens e os quantitativos como medianas com intervalos interquartis. Todos os dados foram tratados como n&#227;o param&#233;tricos devido ao tamanho da amostra. Para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os dados qualitativos, foi realizado o teste exato de Fisher. Para comparar dados quantitativos entre sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes, foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Uma an&#225;lise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier foi realizada e o teste log-rank foi usado para determinar diferen&#231;as significativas na sobrevida entre os estratos. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para identificar os preditores univariados e multivariados de mortalidade. Vari&#225;veis com p&lt;0,25 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada e o m&#233;todo <italic>backward conditional stepwise</italic> foi utilizado para definir o modelo final. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como odds ratios com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e valores de p. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Os dados foram analisados e plotados usando IBM SPSS Statistics para Windows (Vers&#227;o 25.0; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) e GraphPad Prism (Vers&#227;o 6.01; GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, Estados Unidos).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 80 pacientes com SHCE foram submetidos ao procedimento de Norwood (est&#225;gio I) entre janeiro de 2016 e abril de 2019. O procedimento de Norwood est&#225;gio I foi realizado em 80 pacientes (do sector privado, n=79, 98,7%; do sector p&#250;blico, n=1, 1,3%). O procedimento de Norwood-Sano foi realizado em 78 (97,5%) pacientes e o Norwood cl&#225;ssico, em 2 (2,5%). A taxa de sobrevida precoce da coorte total foi de 91,3% (n=73), enquanto a taxa de sobrevida intermedi&#225;ria foi de 81,3% (n=65).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Demografia</title>
        <p>Cinquenta e um pacientes (63,8%) foram do sexo masculino, a idade mediana na cirurgia foi de 3,0 (1,0-147,0) dias e o peso m&#233;dio foi de 3.080 (2.765-3.360) gramas. Os dados estratificados para sobreviventes (73 pacientes) e n&#227;o sobreviventes (7 pacientes), bem como as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos, est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Resumidamente, os n&#227;o sobreviventes de 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio apresentaram menor peso no momento da cirurgia (p=0,0257). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as para as demais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Sexo (masculino)</th>
                  <th>Sobreviventes</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">46/73 (63,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/7 (71,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peso (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3115 (2820-3440)</td>
                  <td align="center">2740 (2500-2990)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0257</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade(dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 (1,0-147,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 (2,0-5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1893</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anatomia</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas foram descritas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, anatomia das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, tamanho da aorta ascendente e persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial. Para pacientes com um &#250;nico defeito do septo atrial (DSA), o tamanho m&#233;dio do defeito foi de 3,55 (2,65-4,73) mm. Para pacientes com m&#250;ltiplos defeitos do septo atrial, a &#225;rea total estimada do DSA foi de 10,8 (6,1-18,1) mm<sup>2</sup>. A valva mitral estava normal em 1,3% (n=1) dos pacientes, esten&#243;tica em 53,7% (n=43), atr&#233;sica em 43,7% (n=35) e um caso apresentava valva atrioventricular &#250;nica. A valva a&#243;rtica estava normal em 2,5% dos pacientes (n=2), esten&#243;tica em 30% (n=24) e atr&#233;sica em 67,5% (n=54). O tamanho da aorta ascendente foi de 2,7 (2,0-4,3) mm e o tamanho da persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial foi de 5,8 (5,00-6,5) mm. As vari&#225;veis anat&#244;micas dos grupos de pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes foram semelhantes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; anatomia dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4">DSA</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#193;rea (mm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th>Sobreviventes</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#225;rea total estimada do DSA</td>
                  <td align="center">10,95 (5,93-18,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 (7,10-20,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7714</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>V&#225;lvulas do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Esquerda)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Valva mitral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>normal</td>
                  <td align="center">1/72 (1,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/7 (0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,2187</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>estenose</td>
                  <td align="center">37/72 (51,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6/7 (85,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>atresia</td>
                  <td align="center">34/72 (47,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/7 (14,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Valva a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>normal</td>
                  <td align="center">2/73 (2,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/7 (0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,2508</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>estenose</td>
                  <td align="center">20/73 (27,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/7 (57,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>atresia</td>
                  <td align="center">51/73 (69,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/7 (42,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Subgrupos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MS/AS</td>
                  <td align="center">17/73 (23,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/7 (57,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0,3267</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MS/AA</td>
                  <td align="center">19/73 (26,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2/7 (28,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MA/AS</td>
                  <td align="center">2/73 (2,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/7 (0,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MA/AA</td>
                  <td align="center">32/73 (43,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/7 (14,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>outro</td>
                  <td align="center">3/73 (4,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/7 (0,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Aorta</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Aorta ascendente</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>tamanho (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,80 (2,00-4,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00 (2,00-6,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6612</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>tamanho (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,75 (5,00-6,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,70 (4,50-7,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5569</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel. DSA: defeito do septo atrial.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cir&#250;rgicos</title>
        <p>O di&#226;metro do shunt nos dois pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de Norwood foi de 3,5 mm. Naqueles que foram submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood-Sano, foi selecionado um enxerto de 4,0 mm (n=21; 27%) ou 5,0 mm (n=57; 73%). Em 25 (32,4%) pacientes foi utilizada bandagem de shunt. Os tempos medianos de CEC, pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e parada circulat&#243;ria foram, respectivamente, 188 (170-214) min, 76 (70-80) min e 48 (45-53) min. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cirurgia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Di&#226;metro da deriva&#231;&#227;o (mm)</th>
                  <th>Sobreviventes</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1/41 (2.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/3 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.9403</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11/41 (26.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/3 (33.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">29/41 (70.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2/3 (66.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Faixas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pacientes submetidos a bandagem do shunt</td>
                  <td align="center">11/32 (34,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/2 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hor&#225;rios da cirurgia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (30 dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CEC (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (170-210)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (180-240)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2202</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (70-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (59-82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7057</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Obs.: Faltaram dados para as vari&#225;veis &#8220;tamanho do shunt&#8221; e &#8220;bandagem do shunt&#8221; para 36 e 44 pacientes respectivamente. Por esse motivo, n&#227;o utilizamos essas vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise uni ou multivariada. CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade precoce e intermedi&#225;ria e suporte com ECMO</title>
        <p>Nos primeiros 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 7 pacientes (8,7%) morreram, resultando em uma taxa de sobrevida precoce de 91,3% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, durante esses primeiros 30 dias, 14 pacientes (17,5%) necessitaram de suporte com ECMO. Entre os 73 pacientes que sobreviveram, apenas 13,7% receberam ECMO, contra 57,1% dos 7 n&#227;o sobreviventes(p=0,0039). As curvas de sobrevida estratificada para pacientes que necessitam ou n&#227;o de ECMO est&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> . A compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas de sobrevida indica pior resultado para aqueles que necessitaram de suporte circulat&#243;rio (teste Log-rank, p=0,0020).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de sobrevida precoce (at&#233; 30 dias p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios) ap&#243;s o procedimento de Norwood est&#225;gio I. A) Coorte inteira (n=80). B) Compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com ECMO (n=14) vs sem ECMO (n=66). ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0282-01226-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A taxa de sobrevida intermedi&#225;ria foi de 81,3%, uma vez que 8 pacientes adicionais morreram entre o 30&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e o procedimento de Glenn ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Fig.2A</xref> ). A ECMO foi empregada em 33,3% (n=3) dos 8 n&#227;o sobreviventes, e em 13,8% (n=9) dos que receberam a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> mostra que os pacientes suportados pela ECMO apresentaram pior resultado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que n&#227;o necessitaram de ECMO (teste Log-rank, p=0,0088).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de sobrevida intermedi&#225;rias (de 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio at&#233; o procedimento de Glenn). A) Coorte inteira (n=73). B) Compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com ECMO (n=9) vs sem ECMO (n=64). ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0282-01226-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica irrevers&#237;vel ocorreu em 4 crian&#231;as (28%) submetidas ao tratamento com ECMO. A di&#225;lise foi necess&#225;ria em 85% (n=68) dos casos. Todos os sobreviventes recuperaram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. A coarcta&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria da aorta exigiu reinterven&#231;&#227;o em 6 (7,5%) pacientes (implante percut&#226;neo de stent, n=4; amplia&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica simult&#226;nea ao procedimento de Glenn, n= 2).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de assist&#234;ncia com ECMO, mortalidade cir&#250;rgica em 30 dias e mortalidade intermedi&#225;ria</title>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 4 a 6</xref> exploram os potenciais preditores para assist&#234;ncia com ECMO, mortalidade precoce e intermedi&#225;ria, respectivamente. Pela an&#225;lise univariada, o tempo de CEC foi &#250;nico fator preditivo para assist&#234;ncia com ECMO, pois nenhuma outra vari&#225;vel atingiu o limiar de p&lt; 0,250 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). Por esse motivo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar uma an&#225;lise multivariada e nenhuma vari&#225;vel p&#244;de ser confirmada como preditora independente de ECMO.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores de assist&#234;ncia com ECMO segundo regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Demografia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (para homens)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,524 (0,432-5,383)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,513</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (por g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000 (0,998-1,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,515</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (por dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,860 (0,606-1,220)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Anatomia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#225;rea total estimada de DSA (por mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,982 (0,944-1,021)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,354</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valva mitral (atresia vs. estenose)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,905 (0,282-2,909)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,867</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valva a&#243;rtica (atresia vs. estenose)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,791 (0,451-7,112)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,408</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho Asc Ao (por mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,907 (0,635-1,295)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,590</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Cirurgia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CEC (por minuto)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,006 (0,996-1,016)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,248</td>
                  <td align="center">1,006 (0,996-1,016)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,248</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (por min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997 (0,944-1,054)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,922</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>DSA: defeito do septo atrial; CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em 30 dias ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ), peso corporal, anatomia das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, tempo de CEC e assist&#234;ncia com ECMO foram considerados fatores preditivos pela an&#225;lise univariada. No entanto, pela an&#225;lise multivariada, a anatomia da valva mitral e o tempo de CEC n&#227;o se mantiveram como preditores independentes, em contraste com o peso corporal, a anatomia da valva a&#243;rtica e a necessidade de suporte com ECMO, que se confirmaram como fatores de risco independentes. Quanto maior o peso, menor o risco (OR 0,997 por grama; CI 95% 0,995-1,000; p=0,033). A atresia da valva a&#243;rtica foi fator protetor em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estenose (OR 0,090; CI 95% 0,009-0,857; p=0,036), e a necessidade de ECMO p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi um importante fator de risco independente para mortalidade (OR 20,975; CI 95% 2,116-207,886; p=0,009). O tamanho do shunt e a bandagem do tubo Sano n&#227;o puderam ser analisados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica uni/multivariada devido &#224; falta de dados.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores de mortalidade em 30 dias segundo regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Demografia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (para homens)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,467 (0,266-8,091)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,660</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (por g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998 (0,996-1,000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997 (0,995-1,000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (por dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,734 (0,382-1,413)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,355</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Anatomia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#225;rea total estimada de DSA (por mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010 (0,983-1,037)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,465</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>v&#225;lvula mitral (atresia vs. estenose)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181 (0,021-1,585)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,123</td>
                  <td align="center">0,491 (0,024-10,089)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,645</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (atresia vs. estenose)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,294 (0,060-1,433)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,130</td>
                  <td align="center">0,090 (0,009-0,857)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho Asc Ao (por mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,981 (0,620-1,552)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,935</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Cirurgia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CEC (por minuto)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010 (0,999-1,021)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,089</td>
                  <td align="center">1,018 (0,992-1,044)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,173</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (por min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,952 (0,874-1,037)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,260</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECMO</td>
                  <td align="center">8,400 (1,631-43,256)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">20,975 (2,116-207,886)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>DSA: defeito do septo atrial; CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Pela an&#225;lise univariada, anatomia das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, tempo de CEC e suporte com ECMO foram fatores preditivos de mortalidade intermedi&#225;ria ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> ). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, por&#233;m, a anatomia da valva mitral surgiu como o &#250;nico preditor de mortalidade. A estenose valvar levou a um pior progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atresia valvar (OR 0,242; 95% CCI 0,062-0,942; p=0,041).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores intermedi&#225;rios de mortalidade segundo regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                  <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Demografia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (para homens)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,719 (0,493-5,991)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,395</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (por g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000 (0,998-1,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,511</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (por dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,008 (0,986-1,031)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,457</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Anatomia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea total estimada de DSA (por mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010 (0,989-1,031)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,354</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valva mitral (atresia vs. estenose)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,242 (0,062-0,942)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                  <td align="center">0,242 (0,062-0,942)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valva a&#243;rtica (atresia vs. estenose)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,422 (0,133-1,343)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,144</td>
                  <td align="center">0,357 (0,059-2,174)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho Asc Ao (por mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,003 (0,723-1,392)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,984</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Cirurgia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CEC (por minuto)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,008 (0,998-1,018)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,131</td>
                  <td align="center">1,017 (0,998-1,037)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (por min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,992 (0,936-1,051)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,785</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECMO</td>
                  <td align="center">3,111 (0,862-11,231)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                  <td align="center">3,011 (0,623-14,542)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,170</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>DSA: defeito do septo atrial; CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Desde o estabelecimento dos procedimentos cl&#225;ssicos de Norwood ou Norwood-Sano como tratamento cir&#250;rgico padr&#227;o para o tratamento de pacientes com SHCE, houve uma melhora progressiva em todo o mundo na taxa de sobrevida. O presente estudo incluiu 80 pacientes consecutivos operados a partir de 2016 que foram extra&#237;dos de nossa s&#233;rie de mais de 500 pacientes para representar os resultados iniciais atuais na era do suporte com ECMO. Nossa taxa de mortalidade precoce de 8,7% para pacientes submetidos aos procedimentos de Norwood/Norwood-Sano est&#225; entre as mais baixas relatadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outros relataram uma mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em 30 dias de 15,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A mortalidade provis&#243;ria (depois da alta hospitalar ap&#243;s o procedimento de Norwood at&#233; a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn) varia de 5-28%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> De acordo com o Banco de Dados de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Cong&#234;nita da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> (STS&#8217;s),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> a mortalidade geral &#233; de 22%, enquanto a mortalidade para pacientes com qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o (27%) &#233; muito maior (p&lt;0,0001) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que n&#227;o sofreram complica&#231;&#245;es (7%).</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o baixo peso corporal foi encontrado como preditor independente de mortalidade precoce ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood est&#225;gio I, de acordo com o descrito por v&#225;rios estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A anatomia das valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral tamb&#233;m foi reconhecida como preditora de mortalidade precoce em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de atresia a&#243;rtica e/ou mitral geralmente est&#225; associada a maiores taxas de mortalidade, principalmente quando a estenose mitral &#233; acompanhada de atresia a&#243;rtica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> ou est&#225; associada a uma CIA restritiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, tanto a anatomia da valva a&#243;rtica quanto a necessidade de assist&#234;ncia com ECMO mostraram-se como fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade precoce. Curiosamente, em nosso estudo, a atresia valvar a&#243;rtica, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a estenose valvar a&#243;rtica, foi fator protetor contra a mortalidade, e o mesmo ocorreu em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; anatomia valvar mitral.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, detectamos a necessidade de suporte com ECMO como um importante fator de risco independente para mortalidade precoce. De fato, os pacientes com ECMO tiveram um risco de mortalidade 20 vezes maior do que os pacientes que n&#227;o precisaram de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico. Infelizmente, n&#227;o conseguimos isolar nenhum fator preditivo independente para assist&#234;ncia com ECMO, embora estudos anteriores tenham relatado peso ao nascer &lt;2,5 kg e maior tempo de CEC como independentemente associados &#224; necessidade de ECMO ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a atresia valvar mitral e o tempo prolongado de CEC apareceram como preditores de mortalidade precoce pela an&#225;lise univariada, mas n&#227;o foram confirmados como preditores independentes de mortalidade precoce pela an&#225;lise multivariada. Quando a mortalidade intermedi&#225;ria foi examinada, apenas a anatomia da valva mitral apareceu como fator de risco independente, estando a estenose da valva mitral correlacionada com pior progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atresia valvar. Tempos prolongados de CEC n&#227;o foram relatados como preditores de mortalidade no procedimento de Norwood,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> embora alguns estudos tenham relatado valores de p lim&#237;trofes.</p>
      <p>Dois outros importantes preditores de mortalidade da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood est&#225;gio I s&#227;o os volumes cir&#250;rgicos do centro e do cirurgi&#227;o. Ambas as vari&#225;veis foram significativamente associadas aos resultados ap&#243;s o procedimento de Norwood de acordo com o banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita da STS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A STS relatou que centros que operam mais de 20 casos por ano e cirurgi&#245;es que operam mais de 10 casos por ano apresentam menores taxas de mortalidade. O presente estudo confirma o mesmo fora da Am&#233;rica do Norte, j&#225; que as baixas taxas de mortalidade aqui relatadas derivam tanto do alto n&#250;mero de casos do centro quanto do cirurgi&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Reconhecemos que nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. As an&#225;lises retrospectivas levaram a perda de dados, pois o registro de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas estava sendo migrado de manual para digital ao longo do per&#237;odo do estudo. Os resultados podem ter sido afetados negativamente, uma vez que a indica&#231;&#227;o de ECMO foi mais conservadora e &#224;s vezes atrasada no in&#237;cio da s&#233;rie, quando uma equipe interna de ECMO ainda n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel. Consequentemente, o per&#237;odo entre a indica&#231;&#227;o de ECMO e o in&#237;cio do suporte de ECMO foi muito reduzido mais tarde na s&#233;rie.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo relata uma grande coorte brasileira de pacientes com SHCE submetidos ao procedimento de Norwood na era recente. Tivemos uma taxa de sobrevida em 30 dias de 91,3%, que &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224;s maiores taxas de sobrevida relatadas em todo o mundo e uma taxa de sobrevida intermedi&#225;ria de 81,3%. Baixo peso corporal, estenose a&#243;rtica (em compara&#231;&#227;o com atresia a&#243;rtica) e necessidade de suporte com ECMO foram preditores independentes de mortalidade em 30 dias, enquanto anatomia valvar mitral e a&#243;rtica, tempo de CEC e suporte com ECMO foram fatores preditivos de mortalidade intermedi&#225;ria. Nenhum fator de risco independente para suporte com ECMO pode ser evidenciado. Estudos futuros visando a mortalidade entre est&#225;gios, bem como a mortalidade de outros procedimentos envolvidos na reconstru&#231;&#227;o paliativa da SHCE, podem fornecer evid&#234;ncias adicionais para a taxa de sobrevida em longo prazo e adicionar outros potenciais fatores preditivos de mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Early Outcomes of the Norwood Procedure in a Reference Center in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8754-9386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Freire</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0186-2801</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchi</surname>
            <given-names>S&#244;nia Meiken</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fittaroni</surname>
            <given-names>Rosangela Belbuche</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baumgratz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8070-3539</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana da Fonseca da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3462-4762</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UPMC Children&#8217;s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Rodrigo Freire Bezerra &#8226; Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo - R. Maestro Cardim, 769. Postal Code 01323-001, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: freirebezerra.r@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bezerra RF, Pacheco JT, Franchi SM, Castro RM; Acquisition of data: Pacheco JT, Fittaroni RB, Castro RM, Silva LF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pacheco JT, Franchi SM, Silva LF, Silva JP; Statistical analysis: Pacheco JT, Silva JP; Writing of the manuscript: Bezerra RF, Pacheco JT, Franchi SM, Fittaroni RB, Silva LF, Silva JP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Bezerra RF, Franchi SM, Baumgratz JF, Silva LF, Silva JP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Only two papers have addressed the early outcomes of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) undergoing the Norwood operation, in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We evaluated patients with HLHS undergoing the first-stage Norwood operation in order to identify the predictive factors for early (within the first 30 days after surgery) and intermediate (from early survival up to the Glenn procedure) mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Patients with HLHS undergoing the stage I Norwood procedure from January 2016 through April 2019, in our service, were enrolled. Demographic, anatomical, and surgical data were analyzed. Endpoints were early mortality (within the first 30 days after surgery), intermediate mortality (from early survival up to the Glenn procedure) and the need for postoperative ECMO support. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, and odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals, were calculated. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 80 patients with HLHS underwent the stage I Norwood procedure. The 30-day survival rate was 91.3% and the intermediate survival rate 81.3%. Fourteen patients (17.5%) required ECMO support. Lower weight (p=0.033), aortic stenosis (vs aortic atresia; p=0.036), and the need for postoperative ECMO support (p=0.009) were independent predictive factors for 30-day mortality. Mitral valve stenosis (vs mitral valve atresia; p=0.041) was an independent predictive factor for intermediate mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The present study includes the largest Brazilian cohort of patients with HLHS undergoing the stage I Norwood procedure in the recent era. Our survival rates were comparable to the highest survival rates reported globally. Low body weight, aortic valve stenosis, and the need for postoperative ECMO support were independent predictors for 30-day mortality. Mitral valve stenosis was the only independent predictive factor for intermediate mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Norwood Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a complex congenital heart defect that results in an underdeveloped heart with a hypoplastic left ventricle, stenotic or atretic mitral and aortic valves, and hypoplasia of the ascending aorta and aortic arch. The disease is associated with a high mortality rate and currently treated with a three-stage surgical palliation strategy. At the first stage, a neoaorta is reconstructed and either a systemic-to-pulmonary shunt or right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit created. During the second stage, a partial cavopulmonary connection is constructed (Glenn procedure) and, at the third stage, a total cavopulmonary connection is completed (Fontan-Kreutzer procedure).</p>
        <p>The HLHS is nearly always fatal without surgical palliation. However, since Norwood first described his technique for the palliative reconstruction of HLHS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> survival rates have progressively increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The early survival rate is currently lower than for other congenital heart defects, which require neonatal surgical intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Notably, higher mortality occurs in the interstage period between the Norwood and Glenn procedures, reaching close to 25%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Many different factors may contribute to the survival rates, including body weight and age at surgery, size and function of the valves and heart chambers, native aorta size, and variables intrinsic to the surgical procedure (time under cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB], shunt size, and shunt banding in order to manage excessive pulmonary flow rate). The identification of such risk factors could contribute to the improvement in the general treatment concepts, surgical technique, and ancillary therapeutic measures, in order to improve the survival rates.</p>
        <p>Few reports have addressed the early outcomes of patients with HLHS undergoing Norwood operation in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These reports came from previous eras and describe patient cohorts accumulated over long time periods. Here, we aim to evaluate the early (first 30 postoperative days) and intermediate (interstice between the early survival and the Glenn shunt procedure) survival of patients with HLHS undergoing the Norwood-Sano operation during a strict period of time (40 months) in the era of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support and other medical advances, in a reference center in Brazil. The aim of the study was to identify predictive factors for early and intermediate post-operative mortalities, as well as for post-operative ECMO support.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The current study follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A retrospective cohort including all successive patients, private or public, diagnosed with HLHS (International Classification of Diseases, 10<sup>th</sup>revision, code q23.4) and undergoing the Norwood procedure by our group at <italic>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo,</italic> between January 2016 and April 2019, was evaluated. Exclusion criteria included syndromic patients, infants with severe cerebral hemorrhage or infarction, or those with severe complications (e.g ECMO support) during the preoperative period.</p>
        <p>The independent variables evaluated in this study were demographic (age, weight, and sex), anatomical (type and size of atrial septal defect, presence of aortic and/or mitral atresia, ascending aorta diameter, and size of the patent ductus arteriosus), and surgical (shunt diameter, Gore-Tex tube banding, and CPB, cross-clamp, and cardiac arrest times). The two main objectives were to determine the early (30-day post-operative) and the intermediate (from 30-day post-operative throughout the Glenn procedure) survival rates. We also investigated the need for ECMO support.</p>
        <p>All clinical and surgical data on this patient cohort were retrieved from the institutional database. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Preoperative management</title>
          <p>Private patients came from all parts of Brazil and all of them had previous fetal diagnosis. The delivery was done in our service and the patient immediately transferred to our cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). Usually, a C-section is scheduled at 38 or 39 gestational weeks; however, normal labor may also occur according to the family&#8217;s desire. A mean of 50 deliveries per year take place in our service (two HLHS births/month). Patients referred from public services were usually diagnosed after birth and were admitted as soon as possible.</p>
          <p>In the CICU, an umbilical venous catheter is inserted and low-dose prostaglandin E<sub>1</sub>(PGE<sub>1</sub>0.005-0.01mcg/kg/min) is initiated to maintain ductal patency with low risk of apnea. If there is no need for immediate atrial septum manipulation, surgery occurs at 3-5 days of life. The technique of preference is the Norwood-Sano surgery, as detailed ahead. Cardiac output is monitored using clinical and laboratorial measures (urine output, peripheral perfusion, blood pressure, NIRS, arterial blood gas, lactate and central venous saturation). The clinically unstable infants may receive milrinone, low dose epinephrine and hypoxic gas mixture by adding nitrogen to lower FiO<sub>2</sub>to 17%, in order to treat low cardiac output syndrome. Infants with apnea secondary to PGE<sub>1</sub>or persistent unstable hemodynamics secondary to pulmonary overcirculation usually benefit from endotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation before surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Operative technique</title>
          <p>We entered the chest via median sternotomy and harvested a piece of pericardium, which was treated with glutaraldehyde 0.6% for 30 minutes. The ascending aorta, aortic arch, ductus arteriosus, and proximal descending aorta were exposed. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established by cannulation of the ductus arteriosus and the right atrial appendage. The arterial cannula was advanced through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta and a tourniquet tightened around the ductus and the cannula, which allows for part of the operation to be performed without circulatory arrest. While the patient was being cooled, the arterial ductus was divided near the pulmonary artery and its proximal stump sutured. The pulmonary artery was then divided close to its bifurcation, thus disconnecting the distal pulmonary artery and its pulmonary branches from the main pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery distal stump opening was reduced with a small transverse plication, by placing one or two interrupted 7.0 Prolene sutures at its anterior and posterior wall edges. Next, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) conduit (usually 5 mm) was beveled to match the size of the resulting opening in the pulmonary artery and sutured directly to its distal stump, completing the distal pulmonary artery preparation. As the esophageal temperature was gradually reduced to 18&#186;C, we cross-clamped the native hypoplastic ascending aorta distally. Then, we made a small longitudinal anterolateral aortic incision near the clamped site to introduce an olive tip bendable needle toward the coronary artery. This special instrument, whose size would meet the ascending aorta diameter, serves to infuse the Del Nido cardioplegia solution into the proximal aorta. Sometimes, it is necessary to tighten the ascending aorta around the needle by pinching the aorta with a forceps to prevent cardioplegia wasting. Alternatively, a tourniquet can be placed around the aorta to gently tighten the aorta around the cardioplegia needle. Next, we extend that initial aortic incisionlongitudinally to near the coronary artery. The proximal portion of the ascending aorta was anastomosed on the lateral surface of the pulmonary artery trunk with 7.0 Prolene continuous suture, starting the neoaorta reconstruction. Only at this point, the CPB was interrupted, and the arterial cannula removed from the distal part of the ductus arteriosus. The remaining ductal tissue was completely excised, and the resulting opening extended proximally towards the aortic arch and ascending aorta, as well as distally. A 0.6% glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardial graft was used to enlarge the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta, which was anastomosed to the pulmonary trunk, completing the neoaorta. No tests for leakings spots on the long anastomotic line were done. The arterial cannula was again placed in the pulmonary trunk (neoaorta). Aorta deairing was accomplished by slowly flushing the arterial line while keeping tourniquets applied to the aortic arch branches, as well as a small opening in the proximal neoaorta anterior suture line. The CPB was restarted, but rewarming was not yet initiated. The CPB was interrupted again for 2-3 minutes for an enlarged atrial septal defect or tricuspid annuloplasty when necessary. The atrial septal enlargement was performed through an atriotomy below the venous cannula purse string.</p>
          <p>To complete the pulmonary circulation, a small incision is made in the RV outflow tract and a 5mm RV hole is punched out. Then, the PTFE conduit that was already anastomosed to the pulmonary arteries is now connected to that hole. For that anastomosis, we use a 6.0 Prolene running suture technique that trespasses all the myocardial layers. We usually don&#8217;t bevel the proximal side of the PTFE conduit. No surgical glue is routinely applied. In general, the heartbeat returns spontaneously as CPB is restarted and rewarming is initiated. The thorax was kept open using a latex membrane sutured to the skin edges. A sterile plastic adhesive was applied over the membrane and surrounding skin for better wound insulation. The delayed sternal closure was usually performed within 24 to 48 hours; once circulatory stability was ac hieved.</p>
          <p>Norwood-Sano is used in the vast majority of cases, primarily to prevent reduction of coronary flow during diastole, thus facilitating postoperative management. This strategy was based on the results published previously by our group, showing lower mortality in patients undergoing Norwood-Sano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>We used the same technique even for very small aortas but, in these cases, we enlarged the native aorta until closer to the coronary artery ostial plane, adjusting the anastomosis with a small incision performed in the proximal PA stump. In some &lt; 2.5Kg patients (n=2, 2.5%), the Norwood operation was postponed, and surgical selective banding of both pulmonary arteries was otherwise performed, while the prostaglandin infusion was maintained. These patients were submitted to the Norwood operation when they reached a targeted weight short of 3 kg. No patient was denied operation and offered just clinical supportive care instead.</p>
          <p>In patients with body weight between 2.5 and 2.7 kg, we used a 4-mm RV-PA conduit. In the post-operative period, all patients with unstable hemodynamics associated with excessive pulmonary flow were managed by banding the RV-PA conduit with a 5-0 Monocryl absorbable suture tied at the surgeon&#8217;s discretion. When the chest was closed, removal of the prolene suture band was considered, but we almost always ended up leaving it alone. In patients suspected of high pulmonary vascular resistance due to either late referral for surgical treatment or restrictive atrial septal defect, we preferred to perform the classic Norwood procedure with a 3.5 or 4.0-mm modified Blalock-Taussig shunt.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Postoperative management</title>
          <p>All patients were transferred to CICU with the chest left open. The chest was usually closed 24-48h postoperatively, provided that hemodynamic stability had already been achieved. Inotropic and vasoactive support was regularly achieved with milrinone and adrenaline and, if possible, associated with continuous infusion of Amplictyl (chlorpromazine). We used a peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter in most children, even those with adequate urine output. PD was usually initiated in the first postoperative days with isotonic and/or hypertonic dialysate to manage fluid overload. We used ECMO support on patients who evolved to refractory low cardiac output syndrome (low urinary output, hypotension, high lactate and/or high inotropic requirements), persistent hypoxemia, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, or failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Most patients were placed on ECMO support in the ICU, before the sternum was closed. In just two patients (14.3%), ECMO was started in the OR in order to wean them from CPB. Arrhythmia was responsible for ECMO initiation in just one patient (7%). ECMO assistance was always performed through central cannulation and the chest incision was kept open until clinical stabilization allowed for ECMO decannulation.</p>
          <p>Due to the frequent distant referencing, we adopted a common policy of keeping all patients in this cohort hospitalized until they recovered from the second surgical stage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Qualitative data were described as frequencies with percentages, and quantitative data as medians with interquartile ranges. All data were treated as non-parametric due to the size of the sample. To evaluate associations between qualitative data, we performed Fisher&#8217;s exact test. To compare quantitative data among survivors and non-survivors, we used Mann&#8211;Whitney U test. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed, and the log-rank test was used to determine significant differences in survival between strata. Logistic regression was performed to identify the univariate and multivariate predictors of mortality. Variables with p&lt;0.25 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis and the backward conditional stepwise method used to define the final model. Results are presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-values. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed and plotted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 25.0; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) and GraphPad Prism (Version 6.01; GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, United States).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 80 patients with HLHS underwent the Norwood procedure (stage I) between January 2016 and April 2019. The stage I Norwood procedure was performed in 80 (private, n=79, 98.7%; public, n=1, 1.3%) patients. A Norwood-Sano procedure was performed in 78 (97,5%) patients, and a classic Norwood, in 2 (2.5%). The whole cohort early survival rate was 91.3% (n=73), while the intermediate survival rate was 81.3% (n=65).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographics</title>
          <p>Fifty-one patients (63.8%) were male, the median age at surgery was 3.0 (1.0-147.0) days, and the mean weight was 3080 (2765-3360) grams. The stratified data for survivors (73 patients) and non-survivors (7 patients), as well as the comparisons between the groups, are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Briefly, 30 postoperative day non-survivors presented with a lower weight at the time of surgery (p=0.0257). No differences were found for the other demographic characteristics.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Demographic characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Sex (males)</th>
                    <th>Survivors</th>
                    <th>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">46/73 (63.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5/7 (71.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Weight (g)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Survivors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">3115 (2820-3440)</td>
                    <td align="center">2740 (2500-2990)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0257</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (days)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Survivors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">3.0 (1.0-147.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.0 (2.0-5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1893</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anatomy</title>
          <p>Anatomical characteristics were described with regard to the size of the atrial septal defect, the anatomy of the mitral and aortic valves, and the size of the ascending aorta and patent ductus arteriosus. For patients with a single atrial septal defect (ASD), the median size of the defect was 3.55 (2.65-4.73) mm. For patients presenting multiple atrial septal defects, the total estimated ASD area was 10.8 (6.1-18.1) mm<sup>2</sup>. The mitral valve was normal in 1.3% (n=1) of the patients, stenotic in 53.7% (n=43), atretic in 43.7% (n=35), and one case had a single atrioventricular valve. The aortic valve was normal in 2.5% of patients (n=2), stenotic in 30% (n=24), and atretic in 67.5% (n=54). The ascending aorta size was 2.7 (2.0-4.3) mm and the size of the patent ductus arteriosus was 5.8 (5.00-6.5)mm. Anatomy variables from the survivor and the non-survivor patient groups were similar ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). We found no significant differences regarding the patients&#8217; anatomy.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Anatomical characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="4">ASD</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Area (mm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                    <th>Survivors</th>
                    <th>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total estimated ASD area</td>
                    <td align="center">10.95 (5.93-18.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.7 (7.10-20.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7714</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Heart valves (LEFT)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mitral valve</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Survivors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>normal</td>
                    <td align="center">1/72 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/7 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.2187</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">37/72 (51.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6/7 (85.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>atresia</td>
                    <td align="center">34/72 (47.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/7 (14.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Aortic valve</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Survivors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>normal</td>
                    <td align="center">2/73 (2.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/7 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.2508</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">20/73 (27.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4/7 (57.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>atresia</td>
                    <td align="center">51/73 (69.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3/7 (42.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Subgroups</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Survivors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MS/AS</td>
                    <td align="center">17/73 (23.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4/7 (57.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.3267</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MS/AA</td>
                    <td align="center">19/73 (26.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2/7 (28.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MA/AS</td>
                    <td align="center">2/73 (2.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/7 (0.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MA/AA</td>
                    <td align="center">32/73 (43.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/7 (14.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>other</td>
                    <td align="center">3/73 (4.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/7 (0.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Aorta</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ascending aorta</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Survivors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>size (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.80 (2.00-4.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00 (2.00-6.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6612</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>patent ductus arteriosus</td>
                    <td align="center">Survivors</td>
                    <td align="center">Nonsurvivors (30-day)</td>
                    <td align="center">p-value</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>size (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.75 (5.00-6.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.70 (4.50-7.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5569</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>NA: not applicable. ASD: atrial septal defect.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Operative data</title>
          <p>The shunt diameter in the two patients who underwent the classic Norwood operation was 3.5 mm. In those who were submitted to the Norwood-Sano operation, a 4.0 mm (n=21; 27%) or a 5.0 mm graft (n=57; 73%) was selected. In 25 (32.4%) patients, shunt banding was employed. The median CPB, cross-clamp and circulatory arrest times were respectively 188 (170-214) min, 76 (70-80) min, and 48 (45-53) min. No significant difference was found between the surviving and non-surviving patient groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Surgery</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Shunt diameter (mm)</th>
                    <th>Survivors</th>
                    <th>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3.5</td>
                    <td align="center">1/41 (2.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/3 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.9403</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4.0</td>
                    <td align="center">11/41 (26.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/3 (33.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5.0</td>
                    <td align="center">29/41 (70.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2/3 (66.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Banding</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Survivors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>patients undergoing shunt banding</td>
                    <td align="center">11/32 (34.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/2 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3134</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Surgery times</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Survivors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Nonsurvivors (30-day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CPB (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">185 (170-210)</td>
                    <td align="center">205 (180-240)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2202</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cross-clamp (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (70-80)</td>
                    <td align="center">77 (59-82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7057</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4"> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Obs.: There were missing data for the variables &#8220;shunt size&#8221; and &#8220;shunt banding&#8221; for 36 and 44 patients respectively. For this reason, we did not use these variables in uni or multivariate analysis. CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Early and intermediate mortality, and ECMO support</title>
          <p>Within the first 30 postoperative days, 7 patients (8.7%) died, resulting in an early survival rate of 91.3% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ). Also, during these first 30 days, 14 patients (17.5%) required ECMO support. Among the survivors, only 13.7% received ECMO, compared to 57.1% of non-survivors (p=0.0039). The stratified survival curves for patients requiring or not requiring ECMO are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> . The comparison of the survival curves indicates a worse outcome for those requiring circulatory support (Log-rank test, p=0.0020).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Early (up to 30 post-operative days) survival rates following the stage I Norwood procedure. A) Whole cohort (n=80). B) Comparison between ECMO (n=14) vs no ECMO (n=66) patients. ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0282-01226-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The intermediate survival rate was 81.3% once 8 additional patients died between the postoperative day 30 and the Glenn procedure ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> ). ECMO was employed in 33,3% (n=3) of the 8 non-survivors, in contrast to 13,8% (n=9) of those who received the Glenn operation. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Fig. 2B</xref> shows that the ECMO supported patients had a worse outcome as compared to those not requiring ECMO (Log-rank test, p=0.0088).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Intermediate survival rates (from 30 post-operative days through the Glenn procedure). A) Whole cohort (n=73). B) Comparison between ECMO (n=9) vs no ECMO (n=64) patients. ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0282-01226-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Irreversible neurological injury occurred in 4 children (28%) submitted to ECMO treatment. Dialysis was necessary in 85% (n=68) of the cases. All survivors recovered renal function. Post-operative aortic coarctation demanded reintervention in 6 (7.5%) patients (percutaneous stent placement, n=4; surgical enlargement simultaneous with the Glenn procedure, n= 2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of ECMO assistance, 30-day operative mortality, and intermediate mortality</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> through 6 explore the potential predictors for ECMO assistance, early and intermediate mortality, respectively. Shunt size and bandage could not be analyzed due to missing data. By univariate analysis, CPB time was the only predictive factor for ECMO assistance, as no other variable reached the p&lt; 0.250 threshold ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). For this reason, a multivariate analysis could not be carried out, and no variable could be confirmed as an independent ECMO predictor.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>ECMO assistance predictors according to univariate and multivariate logistic regression</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="2">multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Demographics</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (for male)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.524 (0.432-5.383)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.513</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (per g)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000 (0.998-1.001)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.515</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (per day)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.860 (0.606-1.220)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Anatomy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total estimated ASD area (per mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.982 (0.944-1.021)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.354</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mitral valve (atresia vs. stenosis)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.905 (0.282-2.909)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.867</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic valve (atresia vs. stenosis)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.791 (0.451-7.112)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.408</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asc Ao size (per mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.907 (0.635-1.295)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.590</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Surgery</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CPB (per min)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.006 (0.996-1.016)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.248</td>
                    <td align="center">1.006 (0.996-1.016)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.248</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cross-clamp (per min)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.997 (0.944-1.054)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.922</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ASD: atrial septal defect; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In regard to 30-day postoperative mortality ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ), body weight, mitral and aortic valve anatomy, CPB time, and ECMO assistance were considered predictive factors by the univariate analysis. However, by multivariate analysis, the mitral valve anatomy and the CPB time did not hold as independent predictors, in contrast to body weight, the aortic valve anatomy and the need for ECMO support, which were confirmed as independent risk factors. The greater the weight, the lower the risk (OR 0.997 per gram; 95% CI 0.995- 1.000; p=0.033). Aortic valve atresia was a protective factor as compared to stenosis (OR 0.090; 95% CI 0.009-0.857; p=0.036), and the need for post-operative ECMO was an important independent risk factor for mortality (OR 20.975; 95% CI 2.116-207.886; p=0.009). Shunt size and Sano tube banding could not be analyzed by uni/multivariate logistic regression due to missing data.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>30-day mortality predictors according to univariate and multivariate logistic regression</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="2">multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Demographics</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (for males)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.467 (0.266-8.091)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.660</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (per g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.998 (0.996-1.000)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.056</td>
                    <td align="center">0.997 (0.995-1.000)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (per day)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.734 (0.382-1.413)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.355</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Anatomy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>total estimated ASD area (per mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.010 (0.983-1.037)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.465</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>mitral valve (atresia vs. stenosis)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.181 (0.021-1.585)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.123</td>
                    <td align="center">0.491 (0.024-10.089)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.645</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>aortic valve (atresia vs. stenosis)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.294 (0.060-1.433)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.130</td>
                    <td align="center">0.090 (0.009-0.857)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.036</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asc Ao size (per mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.981 (0.620-1.552)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.935</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Surgery</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CPB (per min)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.010 (0.999-1.021)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.089</td>
                    <td align="center">1.018 (0.992-1.044)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.173</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cross-clamp (per min)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.952 (0.874-1.037)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.260</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECMO</td>
                    <td align="center">8.400 (1.631-43.256)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                    <td align="center">20.975 (2.116-207.886)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ASD: atrial septal defect; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>By univariate analysis, mitral and aortic valve anatomy, CPB time, and ECMO support were predictive factors for intermediate mortality ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> ). In the multivariate analysis, however, the mitral valve anatomy came up as the only predictor for mortality. Valvar stenosis led to a worse prognosis as compared to valve atresia (OR 0.242; 95% CCI 0.062-0.942; p=0.041).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Intermediate mortality predictors according to univariate and multivariate logistic regression</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="2">multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Demographics</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (for males)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.719 (0.493-5.991)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.395</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (per g)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000 (0.998-1.001)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.511</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (per day)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.008 (0.986-1.031)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.457</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Anatomy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total estimated ASD area (per mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.010 (0.989-1.031)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.354</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mitral valve (atresia vs. stenosis)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.242 (0.062-0.942)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                    <td align="center">0.242 (0.062-0.942)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic valve (atresia vs. stenosis)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.422 (0.133-1.343)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.144</td>
                    <td align="center">0.357 (0.059-2.174)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.264</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asc Ao size (per mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.003 (0.723-1.392)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.984</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Surgery</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CPB (per min)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.008 (0.998-1.018)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.131</td>
                    <td align="center">1.017 (0.998-1.037)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cross-clamp (per min)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.992 (0.936-1.051)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.785</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECMO</td>
                    <td align="center">3.111 (0.862-11.231)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.083</td>
                    <td align="center">3.011 (0.623-14.542)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.170</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ASD: atrial septal defect; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Since the establishment of the classic Norwood or the Norwood-Sano procedures as the standard surgical management for the treatment of patients with HLHS, there has been a progressive worldwide improvement in the survival rate. The present study included 80 consecutive patients operated on from 2016 who were extracted from our group series of more than 500 patients to represent current early outcomes in the era of ECMO support. Our 8.7% early mortality rate for patients undergoing the Norwood/Norwood-Sano procedures is among the lowest reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Others have reported a 30-day postoperative mortality of 15.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Interim mortality (from after hospital discharge following the Norwood procedure through the Glenn operation) varies from 5-28%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> According to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons&#8217; (STS&#8217;s) Congenital Heart Surgery Database,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> overall mortality is 22%, while the mortality for patients with any complication (27%) is much higher (p&lt;0.0001) as compared to patients who did not suffer a complication (7%).</p>
        <p>In the present study, low body weight was found as an independent predictor for early mortality following the stage I Norwood operation, in accordance with what has been described by several previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aortic and mitral valve anatomy have also been recognized as predictors of early mortality in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The presence of aortic and/or mitral atresia is usually associated with higher mortality rates, particularly when mitral stenosis is accompanied by aortic atresia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> or is associated with a restrictive ASD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In the present investigation, both the aortic valve anatomy and the need for ECMO assistance showed up as independent risk factors for early mortality. Curiously, in our study, aortic valve atresia, as compared to aortic valve stenosis, was a protective factor against mortality, and the same was true concerning the mitral valve anatomy.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, we detected the need for ECMO support as an important independent risk factor for early mortality. Indeed, ECMO supported patients had a &gt;20-times mortality risk than patients who did not need mechanical circulatory support. Unfortunately, we could not isolate any independent predictive factor for ECMO assistance, although previous studies reported birth weight &lt;2.5 kg and longer CPB time as independently associated with the need for ECMO after the Norwood operation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, mitral valve atresia and prolonged CPB times turned up as predictors for early mortality by univariate analysis, but they were not confirmed as independent predictors for early mortality by multivariate analysis. When intermediate mortality was examined, only the mitral valve anatomy came out as an independent risk factor, mitral valve stenosis correlating with a worse prognosis as compared to valve atresia. Prolonged CPB times have not been reported as a mortality predictor in the Norwood procedure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> although some studies have reported borderline p- values.</p>
        <p>Two other important mortality predictors of the stage I Norwood operation are the center and surgeon surgical volumes. Both these variables have been significantly associated with outcomes following the Norwood procedure according to the STS&#8217;s Congenital Heart Surgery Database.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The STS reported that centers operating on more than 20 cases per year and surgeons operating on more than 10 cases per year presented lower mortality rates. The present study confirms the same holds true outside North America, as the low mortality rates herein reported derived from both high center and surgeon caseloads.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>We recognize that our study has some limitations. The retrospective analyses made it impossible to avoid data missing, as clinical information recording was being transitioned from manual to digital over the study period. Outcomes might have been negatively affected once ECMO indication was more conservative and sometimes delayed early in the series, when an in-house ECMO team was not yet available. Accordingly, the interstice between ECMO indication and ECMO support initiation was much reduced later in the series.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study reports a large Brazilian cohort of patients with HLHS undergoing the Norwood procedure in the recent era. We had a 30-day survival rate of 91.3%, which is comparable to the highest survival rates reported worldwide and an intermediate survival rate of 81.3%. Low body weight, aortic stenosis (as compared to aortic atresia), and the need for ECMO support were independent predictors of 30-day mortality, whereas mitral and aortic valve anatomy, CPB time, and ECMO support were predictive factors for intermediate mortality. No independent risk factor for ECMO support could be evidenced. Future studies targeting the interstage mortality, as well as the mortality of other procedures involved in the palliative reconstruction of HLHS, may provide additional evidence for the long-term survival rate and add other potential predictive factors for mortality.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
