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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mytVz5jBDm5ZLwK374TZ9Tp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800244</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220381</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220381</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Influ&#234;ncia da Obesidade e da Atividade F&#237;sica no Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Leinig Pereira da Cunha &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rua Olavo Bilac, 181. CEP <postal-code>80440-040</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>244</fpage>
      <lpage>245</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) &#233; comum na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, afetando a maioria dos adultos ap&#243;s os 60 anos. A doen&#231;a inclui quatro &#225;reas principais: (1) Cardiopatia coron&#225;ria, (2) Doen&#231;a c&#233;rebro vascular, (3) Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e (4) Aterosclerose a&#243;rtica com aneurismas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As condi&#231;&#245;es que tradicionalmente s&#227;o associadas &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o de DCVA (os chamados &#8220;fatores de risco&#8221;) s&#227;o as dislipidemias, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo, obesidade, sedentarismo e hist&#243;rico familiar de DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas podem come&#231;ar na inf&#226;ncia, preparando o cen&#225;rio para eventos cardiovasculares na vida adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tornquist et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> apresentam neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia alguns aspectos da obesidade e da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco cardiometab&#243;lico em crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>A obesidade &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que tem se expandido no mundo inteiro. De acordo com relat&#243;rio da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de em 2016, a obesidade triplicou desde 1980.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e sobrepeso aumentou tamb&#233;m entre os jovens, passando de 16% em 1980 para 23% em 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De longa data a obesidade &#233; relacionada com um risco aumentado de DCVA. H&#225; v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e metab&#243;licas associadas com a obesidade que podem contribuir para o aumento deste risco: (1) Resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e hiperinsulinemia; (2) Anormalidades no metabolismo lip&#237;dico; (3) Hipertens&#227;o arterial; (4) Remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; (5) Transtornos do sono; (6) Inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica aumentada; (7) Ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, e, (8) Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A obesidade tem sido associada com a mortalidade total em diversos estudos, assim como com a Cardiopatia Coron&#225;ria, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Morte S&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos de aut&#243;psias de crian&#231;as demonstram que a obesidade se correlaciona positivamente com altera&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas na aorta e nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias durante a inf&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m, um grande estudo prospectivo dinamarqu&#234;s, com 276.835 crian&#231;as nascidas entre 1930 e 1976, avaliou o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal das crian&#231;as e observou uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear positiva com o n&#250;mero de eventos coronarianos isqu&#234;micos na vida adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desta forma, muitas s&#227;o as evid&#234;ncias que associam a obesidade &#224; DCVA, desde a inf&#226;ncia. Por outro lado, a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso melhora muito os fatores de risco relacionados &#224; obesidade: diminui a press&#227;o arterial, reduz a incid&#234;ncia de diabetes, melhora o perfil lip&#237;dico, diminui a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e reduz a concentra&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C-reativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio tem sido reconhecido como um fator de risco independente para DCVA. O incremento da atividade f&#237;sica se relaciona com ganho de sa&#250;de, melhor qualidade de vida e maior expectativa de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A atividade f&#237;sica envolve modalidades ocupacionais, dom&#233;sticas e de lazer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Melhora da capacidade f&#237;sica e da qualidade de vida seriam raz&#245;es suficientes para a ades&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, mas v&#225;rios outros efeitos ben&#233;ficos s&#227;o relacionados &#224; pr&#225;tica f&#237;sica. Contribui no controle do peso, melhora o perfil lip&#237;dico, reduz a press&#227;o arterial, ajuda no tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o da diabetes mellitus, reduz a inflama&#231;&#227;o (expressa pela prote&#237;na C-reativa). O exerc&#237;cio influencia tamb&#233;m o estilo de vida, diminuindo a possibilidade de fumar, reduzindo o estresse e o apetite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio rotineiro s&#227;o extremamente valiosos. Se repetem nas diversas faixas et&#225;rias, desde jovens at&#233; idosos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e s&#227;o ratificados para crian&#231;as e jovens na pesquisa de Tornquist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes: O Paradoxo entre &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal e Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Influence of Obesity and Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Leinig Pereira da Cunha &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rua Olavo Bilac, 181. Postal Code <postal-code>80440-040</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism, Peripheral Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is common in the general population, affecting most adults over 60 years of age. The disease includes four main areas: (1) Coronary heart disease, (2) Cerebrovascular disease, (3) Peripheral arterial disease, and (4) Aortic atherosclerosis with aneurysms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The conditions traditionally associated with the installation of ACVD (the so-called &#8220;risk factors&#8221;) are dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and a family history of ACVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atherosclerotic vascular changes may begin in childhood, setting the stage for cardiovascular events in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tornquist et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> present in this issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia some aspects of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness in relation to cardiometabolic risk in children.</p>
      <p>Obesity is a public health problem that has expanded worldwide. According to a report by the World Health Organization in 2016, obesity has tripled since 1980.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The prevalence of obesity and overweight also increased among young people, from 16% in 1980 to 23% in 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Obesity has long been associated with an increased risk of ACVD. There are several physiological and metabolic changes associated with obesity that may contribute to increased risk: (1) Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia; (2) Abnormalities in lipid metabolism; (3) Arterial hypertension; (4) Left ventricular remodeling; (5) Sleep disorders; (6) Increased systemic inflammation; (7) Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and, (8) Endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Obesity has been associated with total mortality in several studies, as well as with Coronary Heart Disease, Heart Failure, Atrial Fibrillation and Sudden Death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Autopsy studies of children show that obesity is positively correlated with atherosclerotic changes in the aorta and coronary arteries during childhood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Also, a large prospective Danish study, with 276,835 children born between 1930 and 1976, evaluated the Body Mass Index of children and observed a positive linear relationship with the number of ischemic coronary events in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, there is much evidence that associates obesity with ACVD since childhood. On the other hand, weight reduction greatly improves obesity-related risk factors: it lowers blood pressure, reduces the incidence of diabetes, improves the lipid profile, decreases insulin resistance, improves endothelial function, and reduces protein C-reactive concentration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A sedentary lifestyle has been recognized as an independent risk factor for ACVD. The increase in physical activity is related to health gains, a better quality of life and longer life expectancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Physical activity involves occupational, domestic and leisure activities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Improvement in physical capacity and quality of life would be sufficient reasons for adhering to physical exercises, but several other beneficial effects are related to physical practice. It contributes to weight control, improves lipid profile, lowers blood pressure, helps treat and prevent diabetes mellitus, and reduces inflammation (expressed by C-reactive protein). Exercise also influences lifestyle, reducing the possibility of smoking, reducing stress and appetite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The benefits of routine exercise are extremely valuable. They are repeated in different age groups, from young people to the elderly,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and are confirmed for children and young people in the study by Tornquist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents: The Paradox between Body Mass Index and Cardiorespiratory Fitness</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
