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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HjGZnWX3BMX3vbRCwY5V89G</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800234</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220455</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220455</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins ou Sampson/NIH: Qual o Melhor M&#233;todo para Estimar o LDL-Colesterol?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cenocor</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guarulhos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cenocor, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Cesena</bold> &#8226; Rua Dr. Ramos de Azevedo, 159, sala 1510. CEP <postal-code>07012-020</postal-code>, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>234</fpage>
      <lpage>235</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>LDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes Laboratoriais/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperlipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) &#233; a principal causa de morte no Brasil e na maior parte do mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) &#233; o primeiro objetivo lip&#237;dico para prevenir a DCVA. A decis&#227;o sobre o in&#237;cio ou intensifica&#231;&#227;o da terapia medicamentosa redutora de LDL-c &#233; baseada no risco de eventos e no n&#237;vel de LDL-c,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> portanto, uma determina&#231;&#227;o precisa do LDL-c &#233; altamente desej&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para determinar a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de LDL-c &#233; a &#946;-quantifica&#231;&#227;o, um procedimento caro e demorado baseado em ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o e precipita&#231;&#227;o. Os m&#233;todos diretos que usam produtos qu&#237;micos patenteados em vez de ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m s&#227;o demorados e caros. Al&#233;m disso, carecem de padroniza&#231;&#227;o e a precis&#227;o nem sempre &#233; boa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Durante v&#225;rias d&#233;cadas, o LDL-c foi estimado por uma f&#243;rmula proposta por Friedewald na d&#233;cada de 1970.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O LDL-c &#233; dado subtraindo o HDL-colesterol (HDL-c) e o VLDL-colesterol (VLDL-c) do colesterol total, e o VLDL-c &#233; estimado pela divis&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos (TG) por um fator fixo de 5. O problema &#233; que a fra&#231;&#227;o de TG que estima o VLDL-c n&#227;o &#233; constante. Quando o n&#237;vel de TG &#233; alto, ou a concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c &#233; baixa, a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald superestima o VLDL-c e, consequentemente, subestima o LDL-c. Quando o n&#237;vel de TG &#233; &#8805;400 mg/dL, a precis&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Friedewald &#233; inaceitavelmente baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A subestima&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c pode impedir o tratamento adequado e exacerbar o baixo alcance das metas de LDL-c, quest&#227;o relevante no combate &#224; DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outros m&#233;todos para calcular o LDL-c com mais precis&#227;o foram propostos, e o mais bem-sucedido at&#233; agora &#233; a f&#243;rmula de Martin/Hopkins. Este m&#233;todo estima o VLDL-c dividindo os TG por um fator ajust&#225;vel de acordo com os n&#237;veis de TG e do colesterol n&#227;o-HDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa equa&#231;&#227;o &#233; especialmente indicada quando o LDL-c &#233; &lt;70 mg/dL, os TG est&#227;o entre 175 e 400 mg/dL, ou em condi&#231;&#245;es sem jejum, quando a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald tem mais limita&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 2020, outra equa&#231;&#227;o foi proposta por Sampson et al. usando amostras do <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>. O VLDL-c foi estimado por regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla pelo m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados. Os autores afirmam que a f&#243;rmula tem acur&#225;cia semelhante ou superior a outras abordagens e &#233; &#250;til para o c&#225;lculo do LDL-c em condi&#231;&#245;es de n&#237;veis elevados de TG at&#233; 800 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, Naser et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> relatam nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia um estudo comparando o LDL-c calculado pelos m&#233;todos citados com o LDL-c medido diretamente em 402 pacientes com diabetes mellitus. Eles concluem que as equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e Sampson/NIH t&#234;m uma concord&#226;ncia semelhante com o LDL-c medido, um pouco melhor do que o observado com a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald. No entanto, todas as equa&#231;&#245;es apresentaram desempenho ruim quando a concentra&#231;&#227;o de TG foi &gt;400 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora o comparador utilizado neste estudo (m&#233;todo direto) seja pass&#237;vel de cr&#237;ticas, como apontado acima, o trabalho contribui para o conhecimento ao avaliar a acur&#225;cia relativa do m&#233;todo Sampson/NIH. Nesse sentido, evid&#234;ncias de dois grandes bancos de dados usando LDL-c medido diretamente como comparador favoreceram a abordagem de Martin/Hopkins,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> enquanto um estudo menor mostrou que a f&#243;rmula de Sampson/NIH teve maior concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-c estimado usando o VLDL-c medido por ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com hiperlipidemia familiar combinada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dois estudos recentes publicados por Sajja et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> da Universidade Johns Hopkins levantaram preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre o m&#233;todo Sampson/NIH. Em um deles, os autores mostraram que uma vers&#227;o estendida da equa&#231;&#227;o de Martin/Hopkins teve melhor precis&#227;o do que as f&#243;rmulas de Friedewald e Sampson/NIH em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis de TG de 400 a 799 mg/dL. No entanto, a subestima&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c foi comum em n&#237;veis baixos com todos os m&#233;todos, especialmente Friedewald e Sampson/NIH. &#201; importante ressaltar que a aus&#234;ncia de jejum n&#227;o alterou o desempenho do m&#233;todo Martin/Hopkins, mas reduziu a precis&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Sampson/NIH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em outro trabalho, os autores demonstraram diferen&#231;as clinicamente significativas no LDL-c calculado por diferentes f&#243;rmulas em pacientes com DCVA. O LDL-c foi geralmente maior com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Martin/Hopkins, sugerindo uma maior taxa de subestima&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c com os m&#233;todos de Friedewald e Sampson/NIH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Quais poderiam ser as recomenda&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas sobre a estimativa de LDL-c? Em n&#237;veis baixos de LDL-c ou altos de TG, o cl&#237;nico deve lembrar que o LDL-c calculado pode estar subestimado, principalmente se a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald foi usada. Assim, as diretrizes atuais recomendam o m&#233;todo Martin/Hopkins quando o LDL-c &#233; &lt;70 mg/dL ou o n&#237;vel de TG &#233; 175-400 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora a nova equa&#231;&#227;o Sampson/NIH tenha se mostrado consistentemente melhor do que a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald, a precis&#227;o compar&#225;vel &#224; do m&#233;todo Martin/Hopkins tem sido questionada, e seu uso rotineiro deve esperar por mais dados de valida&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Quando o n&#237;vel de TG &#233; &gt;400 mg/dL, o LDL-c &#233; melhor determinado pelo m&#233;todo direto. A medi&#231;&#227;o da apolipoprote&#237;na B e o c&#225;lculo do n&#237;vel de colesterol n&#227;o-HDL tamb&#233;m s&#227;o &#250;teis para refinar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e ajudar nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estimar o LDL-c por equa&#231;&#245;es &#233; uma quest&#227;o em evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os m&#233;todos mais recentes superaram a antiga f&#243;rmula de Friedewald. Em n&#237;veis baixos de LDL-c ou altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG (especialmente &#8805;400 mg/dL), recomenda-se cautela no c&#225;lculo de LDL-c devido &#224; chance de subestima&#231;&#227;o e subtratamento.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Compara&#231;&#227;o das Novas Equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e Sampson para o C&#225;lculo do Colesterol de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade em Pacientes Diab&#233;ticos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, or Sampson/NIH: Which is the Best Method to Estimate LDL-Cholesterol?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guarulhos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cenocor, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Cesena</bold> &#8226; Rua Dr. Ramos de Azevedo, 159, sala 1510. Postal code <postal-code>07012-020</postal-code>, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cholesterol-LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Laboratory Tests/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperlipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the main cause of death in Brazil and most of the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is the first lipid goal to prevent ASCVD. The decision on the initiation or intensification of LDL-c lowering drug therapy is based on the risk of events and the LDL-c level,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> so an accurate determination of LDL-c is highly desirable.</p>
      <p>The gold standard method to determine the plasma concentration of LDL-c is &#946;-quantification, an expensive, time-consuming procedure based on ultracentrifugation and precipitation. Direct methods that use proprietary chemicals instead of ultracentrifugation are also time-consuming and costly. Moreover, they lack standardization, and the accuracy is not always good.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For several decades, LDL-c has been estimated by a formula proposed by Friedewald in the 1970s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> LDL-c is given by subtracting HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-c) from total cholesterol, and VLDL-c is estimated by dividing triglycerides (TG) by a fixed factor of 5. The problem is that the fraction of TG that estimates VLDL-c is not constant. When the TG level is high, or the LDL-c concentration is low, the Friedewald formula overestimates VLDL-c and, consequently, underestimates LDL-c. When the TG level is &#8805;400 mg/dL, the accuracy of the Friedewald formula is unacceptably low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> LDL-c underestimation may prevent appropriate treatment and exacerbate low achievement of LDL-c targets, a relevant issue in the fight against ASCVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Other methods to calculate LDL-c more accurately have been proposed, and the most successful so far is the Martin/Hopkins formula. This method estimates VLDL-c by dividing TG by an adjustable factor according to TG and non-HDL-c levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This equation is especially indicated when the LDL-c is &lt;70 mg/dL, the TG are between 175 and 400 mg/dL, or in nonfasting conditions, when the Friedewald formula has more limitations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 2020, another equation was proposed by Sampson et al. using samples from the National Institutes of Health. VLDL-c was estimated by multiple least squares regression. The authors state that the method has similar or greater accuracy than other approaches and is useful for calculating LDL-c in conditions of high TG levels up to 800 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, Naser et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> report in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> a study comparing LDL-c calculated by the aforementioned methods with LDL-c directly measured in 402 patients with diabetes mellitus. They conclude that the Martin/Hopkins and Sampson/NIH equations have a similar agreement with measured LDL-c, slightly better than that observed with the Friedewald formula. However, all the equations showed poor performance when the TG concentration was &gt;400 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although the comparator used in this study (direct method) is subject to criticism, as pointed out above, the work contributes to the knowledge while assessing the relative accuracy of the Sampson/NIH method. In this sense, evidence from two large databases using directly measured LDL-c as the comparator favored the Martin/Hopkins approach,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> whereas a smaller study found that the Sampson/NIH formula had higher concordance with LDL-c estimated using VLDL-c measured by ultracentrifugation in individuals with familial combined hyperlipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Two recent studies published by Sajja et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> from Johns Hopkins University have raised concerns about the Sampson/NIH method. In one of them, the authors showed that an extended version of the Martin/Hopkins equation had better accuracy than the Friedewald and Sampson/NIH formulas in individuals with TG levels of 400 to 799 mg/dL. However, LDL-c underestimation was common at low levels with all the methods, especially Friedewald and Sampson/NIH. Importantly, a nonfasting state did not change the performance of the Martin/Hopkins method but reduced the accuracy of the Sampson/NIH formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In another work, the authors demonstrated clinically meaningful differences in LDL-c calculated by different formulas in patients with ASCVD. LDL-c was usually higher with the Martin/Hopkins equation, suggesting a higher rate of LDL-c underestimation with the Friedewald and Sampson/NIH methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>What could be practical recommendations regarding LDL-c estimation? At low LDL-c levels or high TG concentrations, the clinician should remember that the calculated LDL-c may be underestimated, particularly if the Friedewald formula was used. Accordingly, current guidelines have recommended the Martin/Hopkins method when the LDL-c is &lt;70 mg/dL or the TG level is 175-400 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> While the newer Sampson/NIH equation has performed consistently better than the Friedewald formula, accuracy comparable to that of the Martin/Hopkins method has been questioned, and its routine use should wait for more validation data.</p>
      <p>When the TG level is &gt;400 mg/dL, LDL-c is better determined by a direct method. Measurement of apolipoprotein B and calculation of non-HDL-c level are also useful to refine risk stratification and help clinical decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estimating LDL-c by equations is an evolving issue. Newer methods have surpassed the old Friedewald formula. At low LDL-c levels or high TG concentrations (especially &#8805;400 mg/dL), caution is advised in calculating LDL-c due to the chance of underestimation and undertreatment.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Comparison of Novel Martin/Hopkins and Sampson Equations for Calculation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Diabetic Patients</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
