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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XYsxY9nKQ4Sg3NXvRQ7pSzC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005009203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800225</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210641</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210641</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das Novas Equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e Sampson para o C&#225;lculo do Colesterol de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade em Pacientes Diab&#233;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0954-6347</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Naser</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulrahman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8081-4319</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Isgandarov</surname>
            <given-names>Khagani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6738-266X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga Sinan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9579-5509</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Rengin &#199;etin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4976-6720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ahin</surname>
            <given-names>M&#252;sl&#252;m</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Medical Park Pendik</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Medical Park Pendik, Departamento de Cardiologia, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Istanbul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina Cerrahpasa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica e Inform&#225;tica da Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Istanbul &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina Cerrahpasa, Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica e Inform&#225;tica da Medicina, Fatih, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Istinye</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Internas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Istinye, Divis&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Internas, Departamento de Cardiologia, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Okan</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Internas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Okan, Divis&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Internas, Departamento de Cardiologia, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Abdulrahman Naser &#8226; Medical Park Pendik Hospital, Fevzi &#199;akmak, Eski Karakol Str. No:9, 34899 Pendik/Istanbul E-mail: <email>abdulrahman_naser@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Abdulrahman Naser, Khagani Isgandarov, Tolga Sinan G&#252;ven&#231;, Rengin &#199;etin G&#252;ven&#231;, M&#252;sl&#252;m &#350;ahin. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Abdulrahman Naser, Khagani Isgandarov, Rengin &#199;etin G&#252;ven&#231;. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Abdulrahman Naser, Tolga Sinan G&#252;ven&#231;, Rengin &#199;etin G&#252;ven&#231;, M&#252;sl&#252;m &#350;ahin. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tolga Sinan G&#252;ven&#231;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>225</fpage>
      <lpage>233</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> A determina&#231;&#227;o precisa do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) &#233; importante para se alcan&#231;ar concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C recomendadas por diretrizes e para reduzir resultados cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. A equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald comumente usada (LDL-Cf) produz resultados imprecisos em pacientes diab&#233;ticos devido a dislipidemia diab&#233;tica associada. Recentemente, duas novas equa&#231;&#245;es &#8211; Martin/Hopkins (LDL-CMH) e Sampson (LDL-Cs) &#8211; foram desenvolvidas para melhorar a precis&#227;o da estimativa de LDL-C, mas os dados s&#227;o insuficientes para sugerir a superioridade de uma equa&#231;&#227;o sobre a outra.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O presente estudo comparou a precis&#227;o e a utilidade cl&#237;nica das novas equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e Sampson em pacientes diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo quatrocentos e dois (402) pacientes com diabetes. O risco cardiovascular dos pacientes e as metas de LDL-C foram calculadas por diretrizes europeias. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-Cmh, LDL-Cs, e LDL-Cf calculadas foram comparadas &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C direto (LDL-Cd) para testar a concord&#226;ncia entre essas equa&#231;&#245;es e LDL-Cd. Um P valor &lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A LDL-CMH e a LDL-Cs tiveram concord&#226;ncia melhor com o LDL-Cd em compara&#231;&#227;o com a LDL-Cf, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as novas equa&#231;&#245;es para concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-Cd (Alfa de Cronbach de 0,955 para ambos, p=1). Da mesma forma, a LDL-CMH e a LDL-Cs tinham um grau semelhante de concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-Cd para determinar se o paciente estava dentro da meta de LDL-C (96,3% para LDL-Cmh e 96,0% para LDL-Cs), que eram ligeiramente melhores que a LDL-Cf (94,6%). Em pacientes com uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides &gt;400 mg/dl, a concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-Cd foi ruim, independentemente do m&#233;todo usado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> As equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e Sampson mostram uma precis&#227;o similar para o c&#225;lculo de concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C nos pacientes com diabetes, e ambas as equa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o ligeiramente melhores que a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Intensidade</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL-Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="4"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o bem conhecida entre colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com diabetes n&#227;o apenas t&#234;m maior probabilidade de ter DAC, mas tamb&#233;m t&#234;m mais tend&#234;ncia a dislipidemias, incluindo triglic&#233;rides (TG) elevado, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), e maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de part&#237;culas densas de LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Existem evid&#234;ncias fortes que sugerem resultados cardiovasculares melhores com tratamento de redu&#231;&#227;o de colesterol em portadores de diabetes mellitus (DM) com dislipidemias, e, embora o relacionamento entre LDL-C e DCVs seja menos certo em pacientes com DM, as diretrizes internacionais dispon&#237;veis recomendam o uso de LDL-C como a meta principal para decis&#245;es de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Portanto, a medi&#231;&#227;o precisa de LDL-C &#233; primordial em pacientes com DM.</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o de ouro para medi&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C &#233; a &#946;-quantifica&#231;&#227;o, mas essa t&#233;cnica &#233; exigente tecnicamente e usa muitos recursos, por isso n&#227;o &#233; empregada rotineiramente na pr&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apesar de os ensaios de LDL-C direto (LDL-Cd) estarem comercialmente dispon&#237;veis agora, eles n&#227;o s&#227;o amplamente adotados, e muitos laborat&#243;rios ainda informam as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C calculado no lugar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald (LDL-Cf), que &#233; o m&#233;todo mais comum empregado na pr&#225;tica, n&#227;o &#233; confi&#225;vel quando a concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides ultrapassa 150 mg/dl e o LDL-C est&#225; abaixo de 70 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Essa &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o particular para pacientes com DM, j&#225; que a hipertrigliceridemia &#233; um componente comum da dislipidemia diab&#233;tica. Recentemente, as equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins (LDL-CMH) e de Sampson (LDL-Cs) foram desenvolvidas para dar uma melhor estimativa da concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C, especialmente quando o TG estiver elevado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Entretanto, poucos estudos apresentaram uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta dessas duas equa&#231;&#245;es e n&#227;o h&#225; dados em pacientes com DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na presente an&#225;lise, o objetivo foi comparar as equa&#231;&#245;es LDL-Cmh, LDL-Cs e LDL-Cf ao LDL-Cd para entender que equa&#231;&#227;o tinha uma melhor concord&#226;ncia com LDL-Cd em pacientes diab&#233;ticos e at&#233; que ponto essas novas equa&#231;&#245;es poderiam mudar a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a LDL-Cf.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Para a presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, registros de pacientes cardiol&#243;gicos ambulatoriais foram analisados retrospectivamente para os anos de 2019 e 2020. Pacientes com 18 anos de idade ou mais e portadores de diabetes no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Pacientes cujos registros estavam incompletos foram exclu&#237;dos. Nenhum outro crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o foi utilizado. Diabetes foi definido como a presen&#231;a de um dos seguintes: i) estar em tratamento antidiab&#233;tico com um diagn&#243;stico anterior de diabetes ou ii) concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina glicada igual ou maior que 6,5%. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes foram coletados retrospectivamente a partir de um banco de dados eletr&#244;nico institucional. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foi calculada usando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o de dieta modificada em doen&#231;a renal &#8211; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, e pacientes com uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt;60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> foram aceitos como portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Os pacientes foram classificados como em risco cardiovascular intermedi&#225;rio, alto e muito alto, de acordo com as diretrizes europeias de 2019 sobre a gest&#227;o das dislipidemias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As metas de LDL-C para cada paciente individualmente foram determinadas usando as mesmas diretrizes. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975 e suas revis&#245;es subsequentes, e a aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica foi obtida de um comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C direto e o c&#225;lculo de LDL-C estimado</title>
        <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas usando m&#233;todos padr&#227;o, e as amostras foram enviadas ao laborat&#243;rio em at&#233; 30 minutos ap&#243;s a coleta. O LDL-Cd foi medido por um m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico usando o sistema de an&#225;lise integrado Abbott Architect Plus ci8200 (Abbott Labs, Chicago, IL, EUA) e reagentes de teste Archem LDL-Cd (Archem Health Ind, Turquia).</p>
        <p>Outras an&#225;lises qu&#237;micas de sangue, incluindo par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, foram realizados usando m&#233;todos-padr&#227;o e a mesma amostra de sangue foi usada para todas as an&#225;lises. A LDL-Cf foi calculada como:</p>
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          <label>Eq1.</label>
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              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
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            <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>conforme descrito anteriormente. Para o c&#225;lculo da LDL-Cs, foi utilizada a segunda equa&#231;&#227;o relatada no trabalho de Sampson e colegas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que &#233; a seguinte:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e2">
          <label>Eq2.</label>
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtable columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="true" rowspacing="3pt">
              <mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtd>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>948</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>971</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>56</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mtext>N&#227;o HDL-C / 2140) - (TG2 / 16100)]</mml:mtext>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>9</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>44</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mtd>
              </mml:mtr>
            </mml:mtable>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>A LDL-Cmh precisa de um VLDL diferente: Os &#8220;fatores&#8221; de TG para c&#225;lculo em uma &#250;nica equa&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica n&#227;o podiam ser usados para derivar a LDL-CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em vez disso, a LDL-CMH foi calculada usando planilhas disponibilizadas por um site mantido e apoiado pela Faculdade de Medicina da Johns Hopkins University.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como porcentagem. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, os padr&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o foram analisados pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e inspe&#231;&#227;o visual dos histogramas. An&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o foram feitas com o teste de Pearson, e foram apresentados coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o para dar uma medida da for&#231;a da rela&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos diferentes. Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman foram elaborados para avaliar visualmente a concord&#226;ncia entre as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-Cd e LDL-C calculado. Da mesma forma, o alfa de Cronbach e os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse foram calculados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da concord&#226;ncia. Os valores de alfa de Cronbach foram comparados usando-se o m&#233;todo de Feldt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A classifica&#231;&#227;o correta para estar dentro da meta de LDL-C recomendada pelas diretrizes, bem como as taxas de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o relativas a LDL-Cd, foram expressas em porcentagem. Os coeficientes de Kappa para a concord&#226;ncia foram calculados para cada par. Os pacientes foram estratificados por concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG (TG&lt;150 mg/dl, TG 150-400 mg/dl, e TG&gt;400 mg/dl) e an&#225;lises de subgrupo separadas foram feitas para cada faixa. Por &#250;ltimo, pacientes em uso de medicamentos anticolesterol&#234;micos foram analisados para entender a concord&#226;ncia entre as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-Cd e LDL-C calculado em termos de alcan&#231;ar a meta de concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C. Um p-valor &lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o Jamovi (The jamovi project (2020), Jamovi (Vers&#227;o 1.2) para Windows. Retirados de (https://www.jamovi.org) e pacotes estat&#237;sticos SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas do grupo do estudo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Mais de quatro quintos da coorte do estudo tinham risco alto ou muito alto, enquanto apenas um quarto dos pacientes fazia uso de pelo menos um medicamento anticolesterol&#234;mico. O LDL-C m&#233;dio, calculado com todas as tr&#234;s equa&#231;&#245;es, foi mais baixo que o LDL-Cd, e a maior diferen&#231;a ocorreu entre o LDL-Cd e a LDL-Cf.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais da amostra do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" scope="col">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1" scope="col">Valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">56 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (feminino)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">189 (47,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">29,4 &#177; 4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">134,0 &#177; 17,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">80,5 &#177; 10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">118 (29,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">83 (20,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">10 (2,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antidiab&#233;ticos orais (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">372 (92,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">58 (14,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medicamentos anti-hipercolesterolemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">111 (27,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia jejum (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">140,0 &#177; 54,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina glicada (%) (n=336)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">7,0 &#177; 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">0,88 &#177; 0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">90,4 &#177; 38,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">199,0 &#177; 45,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">163 (108 &#8211; 223)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">45,3 &#177; 10,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL direto (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">125,0 &#177; 35,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Faixa de risco SCORE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">75 (18,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco alto</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">212 (52,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco muito alto</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">115 (28,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL Martin/Hopkins</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">120,0 &#177; 38,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL Sampson</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">123,0 &#177; 38,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL Friedewald</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">24,5 (7,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>TFG: Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; ADO: Antidiab&#233;tico oral; SCORE: Systematic coronary risk evaluation (Avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco coron&#225;rio sistem&#225;tica).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia entre LDL-Cd e LDL-C calculado</title>
        <p>Todas as tr&#234;s equa&#231;&#245;es apresentaram uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com o LDL-Cd, mas a LDL-Cf tinha o valor mais baixo (r=0,915) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a LDL-Cmh (r=0,932) e a LDL-Cs (r=0,929) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Dados sobre a concord&#226;ncia entre LDL-Cd e o LDL-C calculado foram apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . A LDL-Cmh e a LDL-Cs tinham uma concord&#226;ncia virtualmente similar com o LDL-Cd, enquanto ambas as equa&#231;&#245;es tinham uma concord&#226;ncia significativamente melhor em compara&#231;&#227;o com a LDL-Cf (p&lt;0,001 para ambos). Nos gr&#225;ficos Bland-Altman, o n&#250;mero de casos que ultrapassaram os limites de concord&#226;ncia superior e inferior foi de 12 (2,98%) para LDL-Cmh, 15 (3,73%) para LDL-Cs, e 16 (3,98%) para LDL-Cf ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o demonstrando a correla&#231;&#227;o de concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol LDL direto e concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol LDL calculado com (A) equa&#231;&#227;o de Martin/Hopkins, (B) equa&#231;&#227;o de Sampson e (C) equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald. Os gr&#225;ficos foram codificados por cores para refletir as concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol LDL em concentra&#231;&#245;es de triglic&#233;rides diferentes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0225-10641-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concord&#226;ncia entre concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol LDL direto e concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol LDL calculado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">M&#233;todo</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Alfa de Cronbach</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ICC</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>alfa</th>
                  <th>p (vs. Martin)</th>
                  <th>p (vs. Sampson)</th>
                  <th>p (vs. Friedewald)</th>
                  <th>Coeficiente</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Martin/Hopkins</td>
                  <td align="center">0,955</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,912</td>
                  <td align="center">0,893 - 0,928</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sampson</td>
                  <td align="center">0,955</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,905</td>
                  <td align="center">0,870 - 0,929</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Friedewald</td>
                  <td align="center">0,943</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,867</td>
                  <td align="center">0,754 - 0,918</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; ICC: Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman demonstrando a concord&#226;ncia de concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol LDL direto e concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol LDL calculado com (A) equa&#231;&#227;o de Martin/Hopkins, (B) equa&#231;&#227;o de Sampson e (C) equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald. As &#225;reas coloridas nas partes superiores e inferiores dos gr&#225;ficos mostram intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% dos limites de concord&#226;ncia superiores e inferiores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0225-10641-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Concord&#226;ncia e reclassifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dados sobre a concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-Cd por &#8220;estar dentro da meta de LDL-C&#8221;, bem como os &#237;ndices de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o, foram apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . A concord&#226;ncia foi semelhante para LDL-Cmh e LDL-Cs, e 3,7% e 3,9% dos casos podem ser reclassificados com o LDL-Cd, respectivamente. Os &#237;ndices de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o foram mais baixos com ambas as equa&#231;&#245;es, quando comparados &#224; LDL-Cf, j&#225; que o LDL-Cd reclassificou 5,5% dos casos que foram identificados dentro ou fora da meta de LDL-C pela LDL-Cf.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concord&#226;ncia entre o m&#233;todo de colesterol LDL direto e outros m&#233;todos para se alcan&#231;ar as metas de colesterol LDL recomendadas por diretrizes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">M&#233;todo</th>
                  <th>Concord&#226;ncia</th>
                  <th>Subestima&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Superestima&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Kappa</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Martin/Hopkins</td>
                  <td align="center">387 (96,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (3,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,774</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sampson</td>
                  <td align="center">386 (96,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (3,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,768</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Friedewald</td>
                  <td align="center">380 (94,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (5,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,703</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Concord&#226;ncia significa que ambos os m&#233;todos concordam se um paciente estava dentro ou fora da meta de colesterol LDL. Subestima&#231;&#227;o significa que o m&#233;todo em quest&#227;o classificou casos como dentro da meta de colesterol LDL especificada, embora esses casos n&#227;o atingissem a meta de colesterol LDL por m&#233;todos de colesterol LDL diretos. Superestima&#231;&#227;o significa que o m&#233;todo em quest&#227;o classificou casos como fora da meta de colesterol LDL especificada, enquanto o m&#233;todo de colesterol LDL direto sugeria o contr&#225;rio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Concord&#226;ncia e reclassifica&#231;&#227;o por faixa de TG</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com TG &lt;400 mg/dl; todas as tr&#234;s equa&#231;&#245;es tiveram boa concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-Cd, mas a concord&#226;ncia foi ligeiramente melhor com a LDL-Cmh e a LDL-Cs se comparada &#224; LDL-Cf (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Tabelas suplementares 1</ext-link> e <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">2</ext-link>). A concord&#226;ncia foi razoavelmente melhor com a LDL-Cmh em pacientes dentro da faixa TG &lt;150 mg/dl e com a LDL-Cs em pacientes com TG 150-400 mg/dl, mas as diferen&#231;as foram pequenas. Os &#237;ndices de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram similares, embora a concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-Cd seja razoavelmente melhor com a LDL-Cmh do que com a LDL-Cs em pacientes com TG 150-400 mg/dl. &#201; importante notar que o &#237;ndice de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o foi similar com a LDL-Cf quando comparado &#224;s novas equa&#231;&#245;es nos pacientes com TG &lt;150 mg/dl, mas n&#227;o nos pacientes com TG &gt;150 mg/dl.</p>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre LDL-Cd e equa&#231;&#245;es novas foi ruim nos pacientes com concentra&#231;&#227;o de TG acima de 400 mg/dl. A concord&#226;ncia por &#8220;estar dentro da meta&#8221; foi razoavelmente melhor para a LDL-Cs em compara&#231;&#227;o com a LDL-Cmh, embora a diferen&#231;a fosse bastante trivial (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Tabela suplementar 2</ext-link>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes em tratamento anticolesterol&#234;mico</title>
        <p>Assim como em toda a coorte do estudo, os desempenhos da LDL-Cmh e da LDL-Cs foram semelhantes no subgrupo de pacientes em uso de medicamentos anticolesterol&#234;micos. &#201; importante observar que ambas as equa&#231;&#245;es tiveram uma concord&#226;ncia pequena, mas significativamente melhor, com o LDL-Cd, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a LDL-Cf, e os &#237;ndices de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o foram razoavelmente mais baixos quando a LDL-Cmh ou a LDL-Cs foram usadas em vez da LDL-Cf (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Tabelas suplementares 3</ext-link> e <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">4</ext-link>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes com LDL-C &lt;70 mg/dl</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, 20 pacientes (4,9%) tinham um LDL-Cd &lt;70 mg/dl, enquanto 33 (8,2%), 28 (7,0%) e 44 (10,9%) tinham LDL-C &lt;70 mg/dl quando as equa&#231;&#245;es de Sampson, Martin/Hopkins e Friedewald foram usadas. O n&#250;mero de pacientes classificados incorretamente como tendo LDL-C foi 15 (3,7%), 12 (3,0%) e 26 (6,4%) quando foram usadas LDL-Cs, LDL-Cmh e LDL-Cf, respectivamente. A <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Tabela suplementar 5</ext-link> resume os &#237;ndices de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o com LDL-Cd para pacientes com um LDL-C calculado abaixo de 70 mg/dl. Os &#237;ndices de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o foram compar&#225;veis para LDL-Cmh e LDL-Cs, mas proporcionalmente mais pacientes com LDL-Cf &lt;70 mg/dl puderam ser reclassificados com LDL-Cd em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com LDL-Cmh ou LDL-Cs &lt;70 mg/dl.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C calculadas foram comparadas ao LDL-Cd em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, com o foco espec&#237;fico na compara&#231;&#227;o de LDL-CMH e LDL-Cs, para se entender qual nova equa&#231;&#227;o seria a mais &#250;til clinicamente. Os principais aprendizados do presente estudo foram: i) LDL-CMH e LDL-Cs tinham uma rela&#231;&#227;o forte e boa concord&#226;ncia com LDL-Cd, e n&#227;o h&#225; grandes diferen&#231;as entre as equa&#231;&#245;es em termos de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o; ii) ambas as equa&#231;&#245;es foram melhores que a LDL-Cf, especialmente em pacientes com TG&gt;150 mg/dl, mas os benef&#237;cios de se usar qualquer uma das equa&#231;&#245;es foram muito pequenos; iii) a LDL-Cmh teve uma concord&#226;ncia quase excelente com o LDL-Cd nos pacientes com uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de TG entre 150-400 mg/dl, sendo que apenas 1,5% dos pacientes foram classificados erroneamente quando a LDL-Cmh era usada; iv) todas as equa&#231;&#245;es tiveram um desempenho ruim quando as concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG ultrapassavam 400 mg/dl, sendo que menos de 90% dos pacientes puderam ser classificados corretamente, mesmo com a equa&#231;&#227;o de melhor desempenho, a LDL-Cs; e v) a concord&#226;ncia entre LDL-Cd e LDL-C calculado foi ruim em pacientes com um LDL-C calculado abaixo de 70 mg/dl, sendo que mais de um quarto dos pacientes foi reclassificado como LDL-Cd, independentemente da equa&#231;&#227;o usada. Ainda assim, nesse &#250;ltimo subgrupo, a LDL-Cs e a LDL-Cmh tiverem um desempenho melhor que a LDL-Cf.</p>
      <p>Com a poss&#237;vel exce&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes mais jovens com curta exposi&#231;&#227;o a hiperglicemia, pacientes diab&#233;ticos t&#234;m alto risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e mortalidade coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Como a dislipidemia tamb&#233;m &#233; comum nesses pacientes, v&#225;rias linhas de evid&#234;ncia sugerem que pacientes diab&#233;ticos se beneficiam de uma intensa redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C com modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida e o uso de medicamentos anti-hipercolesterol&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Entretanto, o c&#225;lculo preciso do LDL-C &#233; mais problem&#225;tico em pacientes diab&#233;ticos considerando que n&#237;veis elevados de TG s&#227;o comuns em diab&#233;ticos, e altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG levam &#224; estimativa imprecisa do LDL-C. Isso &#233; especialmente verdade para os c&#225;lculos feitos com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald, que d&#225; estimativas inadequadas de LDL-C quando as concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG est&#227;o acima de 150 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins propiciam estimativas mais robustas de LDL-C e s&#227;o menos sens&#237;veis a mudan&#231;as em TG, desde que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG fiquem abaixo de 400 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, Sampson e colegas definiram uma nova equa&#231;&#227;o, e seus achados iniciais sugerem que essa equa&#231;&#227;o produz estimativas corretas de LDL-C desde que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG fiquem abaixo de 800 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o havia certeza sobre at&#233; que ponto esses achados iniciais se aplicavam a pacientes diab&#233;ticos, ou se essas novas equa&#231;&#245;es poderiam ter algum impacto no tratamento de pacientes. Um estudo recente que incluiu 1828 pacientes japoneses com diabetes detectou que as equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins t&#234;m uma concord&#226;ncia melhor com o LDL-Cd e em compara&#231;&#227;o com a LDL-Cf, especialmente se os n&#237;veis de TG forem superiores a 150 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Entretanto, esse estudo usou diretrizes japonesas para determinar se os pacientes estavam dentro das metas recomendadas por diretrizes, e, como as diretrizes japonesas n&#227;o s&#227;o amplamente usadas fora do Jap&#227;o, a aplicabilidade de seus resultados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es &#233; incerta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Embora nossos resultados confirmem amplamente esse trabalho anterior, achados atuais tamb&#233;m indicam que a concord&#226;ncia entre o LDL-C calculado e o LDL-Cd &#233; superior a 90%, independentemente da equa&#231;&#227;o usada, e, portanto, os benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos do uso das novas equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins ou Sampson, em vez da de Friedewald, s&#227;o muito menos aparentes do que a hip&#243;tese inicial. Com isso em mente, considerando que ambas as equa&#231;&#245;es permitem a classifica&#231;&#227;o correta de uma propor&#231;&#227;o de casos significativamente mais alta praticamente sem custos adicionais (talvez com a exce&#231;&#227;o de incorporar equa&#231;&#245;es mais complexas aos sistemas de automa&#231;&#227;o existentes), o uso de qualquer uma das equa&#231;&#245;es poderia ser recomend&#225;vel em pacientes diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>Como as equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e de Sampson foram definidas nos &#250;ltimos dez anos, estudos com compara&#231;&#245;es diretas dessas equa&#231;&#245;es entre si ainda s&#227;o raros. Dois estudos que compararam as equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e de Sampson &#224; equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald identificaram que sua capacidade de reclassificar casos era praticamente a mesma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Entretanto, esses estudos n&#227;o compararam a precis&#227;o dessas equa&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o a um m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia. Mais recentemente, Cwiklinska et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> associados usaram tanto &#946;-quantifica&#231;&#227;o e um ensaio de LDL direto para comparar as equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e Sampson, e eles relataram que ambos os m&#233;todos eram mais precisos que a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Embora esse estudo n&#227;o tenha oferecido uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre as duas novas equa&#231;&#245;es, seus n&#250;meros indicam que o n&#250;mero de casos acima da meta de total de erros de 12% foi menor com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Martin/Hopkins (134 vs. 157 casos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No entanto, esse estudo n&#227;o relatou a poss&#237;vel import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desses achados, e estes n&#227;o foram espec&#237;ficos para pacientes com diabetes. Nossos resultados indicam que ambas as equa&#231;&#245;es apresentaram uma concord&#226;ncia muito similar ao LDL-Cd e a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica deve ser semelhante na grande maioria dos pacientes, independentemente de que equa&#231;&#227;o foi usada. Tendo dito isso, no subgrupo de pacientes com TG 150-400 mg/dl, a LDL-Cmh tinha uma concord&#226;ncia quase perfeita com o LDL-Cd em rela&#231;&#227;o a estar &#8220;dentro da meta de LDL-C&#8221;, fazendo com que ela seja prefer&#237;vel para pacientes diab&#233;ticos nessa faixa de TG.</p>
      <p>A estimativa do LDL-C se torna ainda mais dif&#237;cil quando as concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG s&#227;o superiores a 400 mg/dl, n&#227;o apenas porque concentra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;na de densidade muito baixa s&#227;o subestimadas, mas tamb&#233;m porque o LDL-C &#233; suprimido aumentando-se os TG al&#233;m desse ponto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nem a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald, nem a de Martin/Hopkins apresentaram uma estimativa confi&#225;vel de LDL-C acima do valor de corte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A equa&#231;&#227;o de Sampson permitiu uma estimativa melhor do LDL-C para pacientes com hipertrigliceridemia com concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG de at&#233; 800 mg/dl, e, no estudo original, o &#237;ndice de classifica&#231;&#227;o indevida foi compar&#225;vel ao da equa&#231;&#227;o LDL-Cf para pacientes com TG &lt;400 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Uma nova equa&#231;&#227;o promissora, que n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da nesta an&#225;lise, tamb&#233;m foi apresentada recentemente para pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, nos quais a hipertrigliceridemia tamb&#233;m &#233; comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Esta &#250;ltima equa&#231;&#227;o parece ser t&#227;o precisa quanto a LDL-Cmh nesse subconjunto de pacientes, mas n&#227;o foi validada para outros pacientes al&#233;m dos portadores de doen&#231;a renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Na verdade, achados atuais n&#227;o sugeriam a superioridade de uma equa&#231;&#227;o nova em rela&#231;&#227;o a outra. Nossos resultados indicaram que, apesar de a LDL-Cs ter a melhor concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-Cd, os &#237;ndices de classifica&#231;&#227;o indevida n&#227;o eram aceit&#225;veis, j&#225; que mais de 10% dos casos foram classificados indevidamente, independentemente da equa&#231;&#227;o usada. Realmente, apenas um paciente adicional pode ser classificado corretamente quando a LDL-Cs foi usada em vez da LDL-Cmh (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Tabela suplementar 2</ext-link>). Portanto, o uso do LDL-Cd ou de um m&#233;todo alternativo como o colesterol n&#227;o HDL-C ou concentra&#231;&#245;es de apolipoprote&#237;na b devem ser prefer&#237;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o ao LDL-Cd estimado nesses pacientes, at&#233; que uma equa&#231;&#227;o mais confi&#225;vel esteja dispon&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>Por &#250;ltimo, sugere-se que a LDL-Cf tenha um desempenho ruim em pacientes com LDL-C &lt;70 mg/dl devido a seus &#8220;fatores fixos&#8221;, e isso pode ser melhorado com as novas equa&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nossos achados indicam que a LDL-Cf classifica indevidamente at&#233; um ter&#231;o dos pacientes diab&#233;ticos com um valor de LDL-Cf inferior a 70 mg/dl e esse n&#250;mero pode ser reduzido com o uso de novas equa&#231;&#245;es, por&#233;m at&#233; um quarto desses pacientes ainda &#233; classificado indevidamente como estando dentro das metas de tratamento mesmo com essas equa&#231;&#245;es, sem diferen&#231;as importantes entre a LDL-Cs e a LDL-Cmh. Embora essa constata&#231;&#227;o corrobore o uso de novas equa&#231;&#245;es em vez da LDL-Cf nesse subgrupo, ela, no entanto, sugere que nenhuma das equa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis tem a confiabilidade adequada para pacientes diab&#233;ticos com LDL-C inferior a 70 mg/dl.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Ensaios enzim&#225;ticos diretos de LDL-C foram criticados por sua falta de confiabilidade e padroniza&#231;&#227;o, e a &#946;-quantifica&#231;&#227;o continua a ser o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o ouro para se quantificar o LDL-C<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> . Entretanto, ensaios de &#250;ltima gera&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o muito mais confi&#225;veis s&#227;o endossados por diretrizes internacionais relevantes e testes enzim&#225;ticos de LDL-C j&#225; funcionaram como m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia em v&#225;rios estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A &#946;-quantifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito trabalhosa para ser usada na pr&#225;tica de rotina, e mesmo a &#946;-quantifica&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C n&#227;o est&#225; livre de erros, j&#225; que pode incluir colesterol de outras lipoprote&#237;nas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era bem pequena (402 casos) e o n&#250;mero de casos com TG &gt;400 mg/dl era de apenas 24, uma condi&#231;&#227;o que pode ter afetado a confiabilidade da an&#225;lise do subgrupo nessa faixa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos, as equa&#231;&#245;es de Martin/Hopkins e Sampson t&#234;m confiabilidade semelhante para a estimativa de LDL-C, sem vantagens &#243;bvias de prefer&#234;ncia de uma equa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; outra. Entretanto, ambas as equa&#231;&#245;es foram superiores &#224; equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald em termos de concord&#226;ncia com o LDL-Cd e ambas tiveram &#237;ndices de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o mais baixos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; LDL-Cf, especialmente em pacientes com TG&gt;150 mg/dl. Como a diferen&#231;a entre as duas equa&#231;&#245;es foi trivial, qualquer uma das equa&#231;&#245;es poderia ser preferida em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. No pequeno subgrupo de pacientes com concentra&#231;&#227;o de TG acima de 400 mg/dl, nenhuma das equa&#231;&#245;es teve precis&#227;o adequada, e, portanto, deve-se considerar a medi&#231;&#227;o direta de LDL-C para esses pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da inye University Ethics Office on Human Research sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo (2017-KAEK-120) / 2/2020.G-080. N&#250;mero: 2/2020.K-057.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor,<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of Novel Martin/Hopkins and Sampson Equations for Calculation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Diabetic Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0954-6347</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Naser</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulrahman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8081-4319</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Isgandarov</surname>
            <given-names>Khagani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6738-266X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga Sinan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9579-5509</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Rengin &#199;etin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4976-6720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ahin</surname>
            <given-names>M&#252;sl&#252;m</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Medical Park Pendik Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Medicine, Fatih, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Internal Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Okan University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Internal Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Abdulrahman Naser &#8226; Medical Park Pendik Hospital, Fevzi &#199;akmak, Eski Karakol Str. No:9, 34899 Pendik/Istanbul E-mail: abdulrahman_naser@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Abdulrahman Naser, Khagani Isgandarov, Tolga Sinan G&#252;ven&#231;, Rengin &#199;etin G&#252;ven&#231;, M&#252;sl&#252;m &#350;ahin. Acquisition of data: Abdulrahman Naser, Khagani Isgandarov, Rengin &#199;etin G&#252;ven&#231;. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Abdulrahman Naser, Tolga Sinan G&#252;ven&#231;, Rengin &#199;etin G&#252;ven&#231;, M&#252;sl&#252;m &#350;ahin. Statistical analysis: Tolga Sinan G&#252;ven&#231;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The accurate determination of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is important to reach guideline-recommended LDL-C concentrations and to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients. The commonly used Friedewald equation (LDL-Cf), gives inaccurate results in diabetic patients due to accompanying diabetic dyslipidemia. Recently two new equations &#8211; Martin/Hopkins (LDL-Cmh) and Sampson (LDL-Cs) &#8211; were developed to improve the accuracy of LDL-C estimation, but data are insufficient to suggest the superiority of one equation over the other one.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The present study compared the accuracy and clinical usefulness of novel Martin/Hopkins and Sampson equations in diabetic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This study included 402 patients with diabetes. Patients&#8217; cardiovascular risk and LDL-C targets were calculated per European guidelines. Calculated LDL-Cmh, LDL-Cs, and LDL-Cf concentrations were compared with direct LDL-C concentration (LDL-Cd) to test agreement between these equations and LDL-Cd. A p-value &lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Both LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs had a better agreement with LDL-Cd as compared to LDL-Cf, but no statistical differences were found among novel equations for agreement with LDL-Cd (Cronbach&#8217;s alpha 0.955 for both, p=1). Likewise, LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs showed a similar degree of agreement with LDL-Cd in determining whether a patient was in a guideline-recommended LDL-C target (96.3% for LDL-Cmh and 96.0% for LDL-Cs), which were marginally better than LDL-Cf (94.6%). In patients with a triglyceride concentration &gt;400 mg/dl, agreement with LDL-Cd was poor, regardless of the method used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Martin/Hopkins and Sampson&#8217;s equations show a similar accuracy for calculating LDL-C concentrations in patients with diabetes, and both equations were marginally better than the Friedewald equation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis, Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, LDL</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>There is a well-known relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with diabetes are not only more likely to have CAD but are also more prone to dyslipidemias, including elevated triglycerides (TG), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and increased concentrations of small, dense LDL-C particles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> There is strong evidence suggesting improved cardiovascular outcomes with cholesterol-lowering treatment in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients with dyslipidemias, and although the relationship between LDL-C and CAD is less certain in patients with DM, available international guidelines recommend using LDL-C as the primary target for management decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thus, accurate measurement of LDL-C is of paramount importance in patients with DM.</p>
        <p>The gold standard for measuring LDL-C is &#946;-quantification, but this technique is technically demanding and resource-intensive, so it is not routinely employed in practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> While direct LDL-C (LDL-Cd) assays are now commercially available, these are not widely adopted, and many laboratories still report calculated LDL-C concentrations instead.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Friedewald equation (LDL-Cf), which is the most common method employed in practice, is unreliable when triglyceride concentration exceeds 150 mg/dl and LDL-C is below 70 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This is a particular concern for patients with DM, as hypertriglyceridemia is a common component of diabetic dyslipidemia. Recently, Martin/Hopkins (LDL-Cmh) and Sampson (LDL-Cs) equations were developed to provide a better estimate of LDL-C concentration, especially when TG is elevated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, few studies have provided a head-to-head comparison of these two equations, and there are no data in patients with DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study aimed to compare LDL-Cmh, LDL-Cs, and LDL-Cf equations with LDL-Cd to understand which equation had a better agreement with LDL-Cd in diabetic patients and to what degree these novel equations could change clinical decision-making as compared to LDL-Cf.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>For the present investigation, cardiology outpatient records were reviewed retrospectively for the years 2019 and 2020. Patients who were 18 years of age or older and had diabetes at the time of admission were included in the study. Patients with incomplete records were excluded. No other inclusion or exclusion criteria were used. Diabetes was defined as having one of the following: i) being on antidiabetic treatment with a previous diagnosis of diabetes or ii) a hemoglobin A1c% concentration equal to or greater than 6.5%. Patients&#8217; demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were retrospectively collected from an institutional electronic database. Glomerular filtration rate was calculated using Modified Diet in Renal Disease &#8211; Glomerular Filtration Rate equation, and patients with a glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>were accepted as having chronic renal disease. Patients were classified into intermediate, high, and very-high cardiovascular risk according to the 2019 European guidelines on the management of dyslipidemias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> LDL-C targets for each individual patient were determined using the same guidelines. The study was conducted according to the principles of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions, and ethical approval was obtained from a local ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of direct LDL-C and calculation of estimated LDL-C</title>
          <p>Blood samples were collected using standard methods, and samples were sent to the laboratory within 30 minutes after collection. LDL-Cd was measured by a colorimetric method using the Abbott Architect Plus ci8200 integrated analysis system (Abbott Labs, Chicago, IL, USA) and Archem LDL-Cd test reagents (Archem Health Ind, Turkey).</p>
          <p>Other blood chemistry analyses, including lipid parameters, were carried out using standard methods, and the same blood sample was used for all analyses. LDL-Cf was calculated as:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e01">
            <label>Eq1.</label>
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>as previously described. To calculate LDL-Cs, the second equation reported in the work of Sampson et al. was used,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> which is as follows:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e02">
            <label>Eq2.</label>
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mtable columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="true" rowspacing="3pt">
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>948</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>971</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>56</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>Non-HDL-C / 2140) - (TG2 / 16100)]</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>9</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>44</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
              </mml:mtable>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>LDL-Cmh needs different VLDL: TG &#8220;factors&#8221; for calculation and a single mathematical equation could not be used to derive LDL-Cmh.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Instead, LDL-Cmh was calculated using spreadsheets provided by a supported and maintained website by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were given as mean &#177; standard deviation, while categorical variables were presented as percentages. For continuous variables, distribution patterns were analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of the histograms. Correlation analyses were conducted by applying the Pearson test, and correlation coefficients were provided to give an overall measure of strength of relationship between different methods. Bland-Altman plots were drawn to visually assess the agreement between LDL-Cd and calculated LDL-C concentrations. Similarly, Cronbach&#8217;s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for a quantitative assessment of the agreement. Cronbach&#8217;s alpha values were compared using Feldt&#8217;s method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Correct classification for being within the guideline-recommended LDL-C target, as well as reclassification rates relative to LDL-Cd was given as percentages. Kappa coefficients for the agreement were calculated for each pair. Patients were stratified per TG concentrations (TG&lt;150 mg/dl, TG 150-400 mg/dl, and TG&gt;400 mg/dl) and separate subgroup analyses were done for each stratum. Finally, patients on anticholesterolemic medications were analyzed to understand the agreement between LDL-Cd and calculated LDL-C concentrations in terms of reaching the target LDL-C concentration. A p-value &lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant for all comparisons. Statistical analyses were performed with Jamovi (The jamovi project (2020). Jamovi (Version 1.2) for Windows, retrieved from (https://www.jamovi.org) and SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) statistical packages.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics of the study group were presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . More than four-fifths of the study cohort had either high or very high risk, while only a quarter of the patients were on at least one anticholesterolemic drug. Mean LDL-C calculated with all three equations were lower than LDL-Cd, while the largest difference was between LDL-Cd and LDL-Cf.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic. clinical. and laboratory characteristics of the study sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Characteristic</th>
                  <th colspan="3" rowspan="1" scope="col">Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">56 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gender (female)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">189 (47.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">29.4 &#177; 4.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">134.0 &#177; 17.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">80.5 &#177; 10.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">118 (29.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Coronary artery disease (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">83 (20.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">10 (2.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral antidiabetic (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">372 (92.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">58 (14.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antihypercholesterolemic drugs (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">111 (27.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">140.0 &#177; 54.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin A1c (%) (n=336)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">7.0 &#177; 1.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">0.88 &#177; 0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR (ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">90.4 &#177; 38.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">199.0 &#177; 45.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">163 (108 &#8211; 223)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">45.3 &#177; 10.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Direct LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">125.0 &#177; 35.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">SCORE risk strata</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermediate risk</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">75 (18.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High risk</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">212 (52.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Very high risk</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">115 (28.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Martin/Hopkins LDL-cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">120.0 &#177; 38.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sampson LDL-cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">123.0 &#177; 38.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Friedewald LDL-cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">24.5 (7.6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; OAD: Oral antidiabetic; SCORE: Systematic coronary risk evaluation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation and agreement between LDL-Cd and calculated LDL-C</title>
          <p>All three equations presented a strong correlation with LDL-Cd, but LDL-Cf showed the lowest value (r=0.915) compared to LDL-Cmh (r=0.932) and LDL-Cs (r=0.929) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Data on the agreement between LDL-Cd and calculated LDL-C concentrations were presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs had a virtually similar agreement with LDL-Cd, while both equations had a significantly better agreement compared to LDL-Cf (p&lt;0.001 for both). On Bland-Altman plots, the number of cases that exceeded upper and lower limits of agreement was 12 (2.98%) for LDL-Cmh, 15 (3.73%) for LDL-Cs, and 16 (3.98%) for LDL-Cf ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Scatter plots showing the correlation of direct LDL-cholesterol concentrations with LDL-cholesterol concentrations calculated with (A) Martin/Hopkins equation, (B) Sampson equation, and (C) Friedewald equation. Plots were color-coded to reflect LDL-cholesterol concentrations at different triglyceride concentrations.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0225-10641-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Agreement between direct LDL-cholesterol concentration and calculated LDL-cholesterol concentrations</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Method</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Cronbach&#8217;s alpha</th>
                    <th colspan="2">ICC</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>alpha</th>
                    <th>p (vs. Martin)</th>
                    <th>p (vs. Sampson)</th>
                    <th>p (vs. Friedewald)</th>
                    <th>Coefficient</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Martin/Hopkins</td>
                    <td align="center">0.955</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.912</td>
                    <td align="center">0.893 - 0.928</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sampson</td>
                    <td align="center">0.955</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.905</td>
                    <td align="center">0.870 - 0.929</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Friedewald</td>
                    <td align="center">0.943</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">0.867</td>
                    <td align="center">0.754 - 0.918</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CI: Confidence Interval; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Bland-Altman plots showing the agreement between direct LDL-cholesterol concentrations with LDL-choleserol concentrations calculated with (A) Martin/Hopkins equation, (B) Sampson equation, and (C) Friedewald equation. Colored regions at the upper and lower parts of the plots show 95% confidence intervals (CI) of upper and lower agreement limits.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0225-10641-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Concordance and reclassification</title>
          <p>Data on agreement with LDL-Cd for &#8220;being in LDL-C target&#8221;, as well as reclassification rates, were provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . Concordances were similar for LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs, and 3.7% - 3.9% of cases can be reclassified with LDL-Cd, respectively. Reclassification rates were lower with both equations as compared to LDL-Cf, as LDL-Cd reclassified 5.5% of the cases that were proved to be within or out of LDL-C target with LDL-Cf.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Agreement between direct LDL-cholesterol method and other methods for reaching guideline-recommended LDL-cholesterol target</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Method</th>
                    <th>Concordance</th>
                    <th>Underestimation</th>
                    <th>Overestimation</th>
                    <th>Kappa</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Martin/Hopkins</td>
                    <td align="center">387 (96.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (3.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.774</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sampson</td>
                    <td align="center">386 (96.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (3.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.768</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Friedewald</td>
                    <td align="center">380 (94.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (5.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.703</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Concordance means both methods agree whether a patient was within or out of the LDL-cholesterol target. Underestimation means that the method in question classified cases as within the specified LDL-cholesterol target, although these cases did not reach specific LDL-cholesterol target per direct LDL-cholesterol methods. Overestimation means that the method in question was classified as out of the specified LDL-cholesterol target while direct LDL-cholesterol method suggested otherwise.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Agreement and reclassification per TG strata</title>
          <p>In patients with a TG &lt;400 mg/dl, all three equations had a good agreement with LDL-Cd, but the agreement was slightly better with both LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs as compared with LDL-Cf (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Supplementary Tables 1</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">2</ext-link>). The agreement was somewhat better with LDL-Cmh in patients within the TG &lt;150 mg/dl strata and with LDL-Cs in patients with a TG 150-400 mg/dl, but the differences were minimal. Reclassification rates were also similar, although concordance with LDL-Cd was somewhat better with LDL-Cmh than LDL-Cs in patients with a TG 150-400 mg/dl. To note, the reclassification rate was similar with LDL-Cf when compared to novel equations in those with a TG &lt;150 mg/dl, but not in those with a TG &gt;150 mg/dl.</p>
          <p>Concordance between LDL-Cd and novel equations was poor in those with a TG concentration above 400 mg/dl. Agreement for &#8220;being in target&#8221; was somewhat better for LDL-Cs as compared to LDL-Cmh, though the difference was rather trivial (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients on anticholesterolemic treatment</title>
          <p>Similar to the whole study cohort, the performance of LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs were similar in the subgroup of patients on anticholesterolemic drugs. To note, both equations had a small but significantly better agreement with LDL-Cd as compared to LDL-Cf, and reclassification rates were somewhat lower when either LDL-Cmh or LDL-Cs were used instead of LDL-Cf (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Supplementary Tables 3</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">4</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients with an LDL-C &lt;70 mg/dl</title>
          <p>In the present study, 20 patients (4.9%) presented an LDL-Cd &lt;70 mg/dl, while 33 (8.2%), 28 (7.0%), and 44 (10.9%) presented an LDL-C &lt;70 mg/dl when Sampson, Martin/Hopkins, and Friedewald equations were used. The number of patients incorrectly classified as having an LDL-C were 15 (3.7%), 12 (3.0%), and 26 (6.4%) when LDL-Cs, LDL-Cmh, and LDL-Cf were used, respectively. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Supplemental Table 5</ext-link> summarizes reclassification rates with LDL-Cd for patients with a calculated LDL-C below 70 mg/dl. Reclassification rates were comparable for LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs, but proportionally more patients with a LDL-Cf &lt;70 mg/dl can be reclassified with LDL-Cd as compared to patients with LDL-Cmh or LDL-Cs &lt;70 mg/dl.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study compared calculated LDL-C concentrations with LDL-Cd in diabetic patients, with a particular focus on comparing LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs to understand which novel equation would be the most clinically useful. The main takeaways from the present study are: i) both LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs had a strong relationship and a good agreement with LDL-Cd, and there are no major differences between equations in terms of reclassification; ii) both equations were better than LDL-Cf - especially in patients with a TG&gt;150 mg/dl; however, the benefits of using either equation were marginal; iii) LDL-Cmh had a near-excellent concordance with LDL-Cd in those with a TG concentration between 150-400 mg/dl, with only 1.5% of the patients being misclassified when LDL-Cmh was used, iv) all equations performed poorly when TG concentration exceeded 400 mg/dl, with less than 90% of the patients being classified correctly even with the best-performing LDL-Cs equation; and v) agreement between LDL-Cd and calculated LDL-C was poor in those with a calculated LDL-C below 70 mg/dl, with more than a quarter of the patients being reclassified with LDL-Cd, regardless of the equation used. Nevertheless, in this latter subgroup, LDL-Cs and LDL-Cmh performed better than LDL-Cf.</p>
        <p>With the possible exception of younger patients with a short exposure to hyperglycemia, diabetic patients are at high risk for myocardial infarction and coronary mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> As dyslipidemia is also common in these patients, multiple lines of evidence suggest that diabetic patients benefit from intensive LDL-C lowering with lifestyle modifications and antihypercholesterolemic drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> However, an accurate calculation of LDL-C is more problematic in diabetic patients, given that elevated TGs are common in diabetic patients and high TG concentrations cause an inaccurate estimation of LDL-C. This is especially true for calculations done with the Friedewald equation, which gives inadequate LDL-C estimates when TG concentrations are above 150 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Martin/Hopkins equations give more robust LDL-C estimates and are less sensitive to changes in TG, as long as TG concentrations are below 400 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> More recently, Sampson et al. defined a new equation, and their initial findings suggest that this equation gives correct LDL-C estimates as long as TG concentrations are below 800 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, to what extent were these initial findings applicable for diabetic patients, or whether these new equations could have any impact on patient management, were less certain. A recent study that included 1,828 Japanese patients with diabetes has found that Martin/Hopkins equations have a better agreement with LDL-Cd and as compared to LDL-Cf, especially when TG was above 150 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, this study used Japanese guidelines to determine whether patients were within guideline-recommended targets, and as Japanese guidelines were not widely used outside Japan, the applicability of their results for other populations was uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> While our results are largely confirmatory of this previous work, the present findings also indicate that the concordance between calculated LDL-C and LDL-Cd is above 90% regardless of the equation used; therefore, the clinical benefits of using novel Martin/Hopkins or Sampson equations over Friedewald equation is much less apparent than initially claimed. However, given that both equations allow correct classification of a significantly higher proportion of cases with virtually no additional costs (perhaps with the exception of incorporating more complex equations to the existing automation systems), using either equation could be advisable in diabetic patients.</p>
        <p>Since both Martin/Hopkins and Sampson equations were defined in the last ten years, studies directly comparing these equations with each other are scarce. Two studies that compared Martin/Hopkins and Sampson equations with the Friedewald equation have found that their ability to reclassify cases was roughly similar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, these studies did not compare the accuracy of these equations against a benchmark method. More recently, Cwiklinska et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> used both &#946;-quantification and a direct LDL-assay to compare Martin/Hopkins and Sampson equations, and they reported that both methods were more accurate than the Friedewald equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> While this study did not provide a head-to-head comparison between two novel equations, their numbers indicate that the number of cases exceeding the total error goal of 12% was smaller with Martin/Hopkins equations (134 vs. 157 cases).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nonetheless, this study did not report the possible clinical importance of these findings, and their findings were not specific to patients with diabetes. Our results indicate that both equations had a very similar agreement with LDL-Cd and the clinical decision-making should be similar in the vast majority of patients regardless of which equation was used. Taking this into account, in the subgroup of patients with a TG 150-400 mg/dl, LDL-Cmh had a near-perfect agreement with LDL-Cd, thus making it preferable for diabetic patients in this TG strata.</p>
        <p>Estimating LDL-C becomes even more difficult when TG concentrations exceed 400 mg/dl, not only because very-low-density lipoprotein concentrations are underestimated, but also because LDL-C is suppressed by increasing TGs beyond this point.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Neither the Friedewald nor the Martin/Hopkins equations gave a reliable estimate of LDL-C beyond that cut-off value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The Sampson equation enabled a better estimation of LDL-C for patients with hypertriglyceridemia for TG concentrations up to 800 mg/dl, and in the original study, the misclassification rate was comparable to the misclassification rate of LDL-Cf equation for those with a TG &lt;400 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A promising new equation, which was not included in this analysis, was also recently introduced for patients with chronic kidney disease, in whom hypertriglyceridemia is also common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> This latter equation appears to be as accurate as LDL-Cmh in this patient subset, but it was not validated beyond those with kidney disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Indeed, present findings were not suggestive of the superiority of one novel equation to another. Our results have indicated that while LDL-Cs had the best agreement with LDL-Cd, misclassification rates were unacceptable, as more than 10% of the cases were misclassified regardless of the equation used. Indeed, only one extra patient could be correctly classified when LDL-Cs were used instead of LDL-Cmh (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>). Therefore, using LDL-Cd or an alternative method, such as non-HDL-C cholesterol or apolipoprotein B concentrations, should be preferred over estimated LDL-Cd in these patients, until a more reliable equation is available.</p>
        <p>Finally, it has been suggested that LDL-Cf performs poorly in patients with an LDL-C &lt;70 mg/dl due to its &#8220;fixed factor&#8221;, and this can be improved with novel equations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Our findings indicate that LDL-Cf misclassifies up to one-third of the diabetic patients with a LDL-Cf less than 70 mg/dl, and this figure can be lowered by applying novel equations, but up to one quarter of these patients are still misclassified as being within treatment targets even when using these equations, with no major difference between LDL-Cs and LDL-Cmh. Although this finding supports the use of novel equations rather than LDL-Cf in this subgroup, they nonetheless suggest that none of the available equations have adequate reliability for diabetic patients with an LDL-C below 70 mg/dl.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Limitations</title>
          <p>Direct enzymatic LDL-C assays have been criticized for a lack of reliability and standardization, and &#946;-quantification remains as the gold standard method for quantifying LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, next-generation assays are much more reliable and are endorsed by relevant international guidelines, and enzymatic LDL-C assays have already served as the reference method in several studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> &#946;-quantification is too labor intensive to be used in routine practice, and even &#946;-quantification of LDL-C is not devoid of errors, as it can include cholesterol from other lipoproteins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The study population was rather small (402 cases), and the number of cases with a TG &gt;400 mg/dl was only 24, a condition that might have affected the reliability of the subgroup analysis in this stratum.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In diabetic patients, Martin/Hopkins and Sampson&#8217;s equations have similar reliability to estimate LDL-C, with no obvious advantage of preferring one equation over another. However, both equations were superior to the Friedewald equation in terms of agreement with LDL-Cd, and both had lower reclassification rates when compared to LDL-Cf, especially in patients with TG&gt;150 mg/dl. Since the difference between the two equations was trivial, either equation could be preferred over the Friedewald equation in diabetic patients. In the small subset of patients with a TG concentration above 400 mg/dl, none of the equations had adequate accuracy and as such, direct measurement of LDL-C should be considered in these patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Istinye University Ethics Office on Human Research under the protocol number (2017-KAEK-120) / 2/2020.G-080. Desion number: 2/2020.K-057.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11902/2021-0641_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
