<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">G7BfsxmnTvY4tDhXBgM3LWn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005006201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000800212</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210486</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210486</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel Diagn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP em Pacientes com Comprometimento por Amiloidose Card&#237;aca: Uma Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5925-6065</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yingwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9823-7633</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chaolu</surname>
            <given-names>Hasi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">First Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shanxi Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Taiyuan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Yingze District, Taiyuan &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Hasi Chaolu &#8226; Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85, The Liberation of South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan 030001 - China E-mail: <email>yingwei721125@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zhang Y; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chaolu H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>212</fpage>
      <lpage>222</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A amiloidose &#233; definida como um dist&#250;rbio caracterizado pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de material proteico amiloide extracelular nos tecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O N-terminal pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B (NT-proBNP) &#233; usado para prever a amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC), mas seu efeito diagn&#243;stico no comprometimento por AC ainda n&#227;o &#233; claro, especialmente em termos de especificidade e sensibilidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi feita uma busca de literatura nos bancos de dados Pubmed, Embase e a biblioteca Cochrane, e o QUADAS 2 foi utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade. O comando Midas no Stata 12.0 foi usado para analisar os indicadores dos sujeitos. O teste Q de Cochran e o I<sup>2</sup> foram usados como testes de heterogeneidade, e a heterogeneidade significativa foi definida como p &lt;0,05 e/ou I<sup>2</sup> &gt;50%. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usada para avaliar o efeito de limiar, e o vi&#233;s da publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado pelo teste de assimetria. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida em p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Como resultados, 10 conjuntos de dados de 7 estudos foram inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise, apresentando alta qualidade metodol&#243;gica e pequenos vieses de confus&#227;o. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do NT-proBNP no diagn&#243;stico do comprometimento card&#237;aco para pacientes com amiloidose foram 0,93 e 0,84, respectivamente. As curvas ROC tamb&#233;m sugeriram uma validade diagn&#243;stica alta do NT-proBNP com AUC de 0,95. Um nomograma de Fagan demonstrou que as probabilidades de NT-proBNP positivo e negativo no avan&#231;o do comprometimento por AC eram de 90% e 8%, respectivamente. O gr&#225;fico de funil de Deek n&#227;o sugeriu vi&#233;s significativo de publica&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos, e os resultados foram est&#225;veis e confi&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O NT-proBNP desempenha um papel positivo no diagn&#243;stico precoce do comprometimento por AC, com alta sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise em Rede</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A amiloidose &#233; definida como um dist&#250;rbio caracterizado pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de material proteico amiloide extracelular nos tecidos, e ela &#233; patologicamente causada por clivagem, desnatura&#231;&#227;o ou produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de prote&#237;na anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; o principal &#243;rg&#227;o afetado por v&#225;rios tipos fibrosos de amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC) &#233; uma cardiomiopatia invasiva causada por amiloidose que pode levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia do comprometimento de AC na popula&#231;&#227;o geral varia entre 5% e 74%, e a ampla diferen&#231;a sobre variabilidade de pesquisa est&#225; associada aos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o e &#224;s estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As principais causas de comprometimento por AC s&#227;o prote&#237;nas mal dobradas e dep&#243;sitos de cadeias leves de imunoglobulina amiloide (AL) e prote&#237;nas transtirretinas amiloides (ATTR), que podem ser induzidas pela muta&#231;&#227;o do gene TTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A heterogeneidade fenot&#237;pica e atrasos no diagn&#243;stico causados por comorbidades contribuem para o progn&#243;stico ruim do comprometimento card&#237;aco para pacientes com amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Muitos casos de comprometimento por AC geralmente s&#227;o confirmados na tardiamente na evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a quando as op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento s&#227;o limitadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Portanto, aumentar o entendimento do comprometimento de AC e desenvolver biomarcadores relacionados &#224; amiloidose para um diagn&#243;stico precoce vai efetivamente melhorar o resultado cl&#237;nico dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) &#233; um tipo de horm&#244;nio secretado por mi&#243;citos, e podem funcionar na manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase dos fluidos pela a&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio, diurese e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) &#233; clivado para proBNP, que &#233; secretado por cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Considera-se que o NT-proBNP seja diretamente regulado por cadeia leve e possa ser usado como biomarcardor para amiloidose AL ap&#243;s an&#225;lise e valida&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, um estudo relevante indicou que o NT-proBNP pode ser um biomarcador sens&#237;vel, mas n&#227;o espec&#237;fico, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Palladini et al. tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com AC poderia ser avaliada por biomarcadores card&#237;acos NT-proBNP e troponinas card&#237;acas (cTn) e que suas avalia&#231;&#245;es eram altamente sens&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outras incertezas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao papel do NT-proBNP na previs&#227;o do comprometimento por AC tem origem principalmente nas limita&#231;&#245;es do tamanho da amostra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Considerando-se as controv&#233;rsias de pesquisa acima, espera-se que sejam realizados estudo de porte relevantemente maior para explorar o papel independente e a especificidade diagn&#243;stica do NT-proBNP para prever o comprometimento por AC.</p>
      <p>Portanto, conduzimos esta metan&#225;lise para obter uma amostra maior, integrando dados de estudos anteriores, e para avaliar o valor diagn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP para comprometimento por AC a partir de v&#225;rios aspectos, tais como, sensibilidade, especificidade, raz&#245;es de probabilidade e outros. Este estudo apresenta um marcador diagn&#243;stico para comprometimento card&#237;aco em pacientes com amiloidose, o qual pode ajudar os pacientes a receber diagn&#243;sticos e tratamentos precoces mais precisos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de coleta da literatura</title>
        <p>Foi feita uma busca de literatura nos bancos de dados Pubmed ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</ext-link> ), Embase ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.embase.com/">https://www.embase.com/</ext-link> ) e a biblioteca Cochrane ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/)">https://www.cochranelibrary.com/)</ext-link> com data de corte em 28 de janeiro de 2021, e as palavras-chave inclu&#237;ram: 1) Amiloidose OR amiloidoses; 2) cardiomiopatia OR (comprometimento card&#237;aco) OR (comprometimento do cora&#231;&#227;o) OR (disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica); 3) NT-proBNP OR (pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral) OR (Pr&#243;-Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Cerebral N-Terminal). Esses tr&#234;s grupos de palavras-chave foram combinados com &#8220;AND&#8221;. Al&#233;m disso, palavras sobre o tema e palavras livres foram combinadas na pesquisa, e as estrat&#233;gias de coleta variaram de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas de tr&#234;s bancos de dados. O processo de coleta detalhado e os resultados relacionados est&#227;o apresentados na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela suplementar 1-3</inline-supplementary-material>. Ademais, a vers&#227;o impressa da literatura foi coletada manualmente, e as refer&#234;ncias dos artigos inclu&#237;dos e resenhas relevantes tamb&#233;m foram triadas de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o das publica&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: 1) sujeitos com amiloidose AL ou amiloidose relacionada ao TTR; 2) sujeitos com disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito/esquerdo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e outras disfun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas diagnosticadas por imagens por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca ou bi&#243;psia; 3) apresenta&#231;&#227;o de resultados diagn&#243;sticos de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca causada pelo NT-proBNP incluindo verdadeiro positivo (VP), falso positivo (FP), verdadeiro negativo (VN) e falso negativo (FN), ou que podem ser extrapolados de acordo com dados da literatura. Publica&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o s&#227;o artigos originais, tais como resenhas, cartas, coment&#225;rios e outros, foram exclu&#237;das deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Dois pesquisadores registraram os dados independentemente de acordo com um formul&#225;rio padronizado elaborado com anteced&#234;ncia. As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas inclu&#237;ram o nome do primeiro autor, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, &#225;rea de estudo, tamanho da amostra, idade e sexo dos sujeitos, dados de VP, FP, VN e FN, e crit&#233;rios para les&#245;es card&#237;acas. Ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados, foi conduzida uma discuss&#227;o para resolver inconsist&#234;ncias. O QUADAS 2 foi aplicado para avaliar a qualidade dos m&#233;todos de pesquisa usados em cada estudo inclu&#237;do.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O comando Midas (modelo de efeito misto bivariado) do Stata 12.0 vers&#227;o 12 SE (Stata Corporation, TX, EUA) foi aplicado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de &#237;ndices de sujeitos, incluindo a curva sum&#225;ria de caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (SROC), sensibilidade, especificidade, raz&#245;es de probabilidade positiva (RPP), raz&#245;es de probabilidade negativa (RPN), raz&#227;o de chance diagn&#243;stica (RCD), e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. O valor da RCD variou de 0 a infinito, e o valor mais alto indicou a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria maior dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A curva SROC foi estabelecida com base em sensibilidade e especificidade, e quanto mais pr&#243;xima a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) estiver de 1, mais alta ser&#225; a validade diagn&#243;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os testes Q de Cochran e I<sup>2</sup> foram usados para avaliar a heterogeneidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e p &gt; 0,05 e/ou I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50% indicava heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usada para avaliar o efeito de limiar, e p &lt;0,05 indicava um efeito de limiar significativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O gr&#225;fico de funil de Deek foi usado para avaliar se havia vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o significativo entre os estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> enquanto o nomograma de Fagan foi usado para avaliar a utilidade cl&#237;nica do NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade usando um modelo gr&#225;fico para avaliar se o mesmo tinha algum poss&#237;vel erro de especifica&#231;&#227;o, bondade do ajuste, para identificar pontos de dados anormais e possivelmente influentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Triagem da literatura</title>
        <p>Os processos e resultados da coleta de literatura s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> . Foram obtidos 450, 146 e 29 artigos dos bancos de dados de Embase, PubMed e biblioteca Cochrane, respectivamente. Um total de 494 artigos passaram pela triagem ap&#243;s a elimina&#231;&#227;o de duplicatas. Entre eles, 483 artigos foram retirados ap&#243;s a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e resumos. Em seguida, ap&#243;s a leitura integral dos artigos, 4 outros artigos tamb&#233;m foram eliminados. Al&#233;m disso, a busca manual n&#227;o conseguiu identificar publica&#231;&#245;es que atenderam aos requisitos. Por fim, 7 artigos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Os processos e resultados da busca de literatura.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos artigos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>Um total de 7 artigos foi incorporado a este estudo. Entre eles, o estudo de Nicol et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> continha dois conjuntos de dados, o estudo de Palladini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> continha tr&#234;s conjuntos de dados, e os outros cinco estudo continham um conjunto de dados cada um. Portanto, foram inclu&#237;dos 10 conjuntos de dados no total para an&#225;lises posteriores. Esses sete estudos, publicados entre 2003 e 2020, envolvendo 810 sujeitos no total (incluindo 490 pacientes com comprometimento por AC e 320 controles), e foram conduzidos na Holanda, na Alemanha, na Fran&#231;a, na It&#225;lia e em outros pa&#237;ses. Al&#233;m disso, todos os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram detectados por imunoensaio nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. Entre eles, 4 estudos focaram em amiloidose AL, 2 estudos inclu&#237;ram amiloidose TTR, e os demais estudos incorporaram amiloidose AL e TTR. Entretanto, a amiloidose foi confirmada por bi&#243;psia em 6 estudos, exceto no estudo de Damy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que n&#227;o informaram a estrat&#233;gia de diagn&#243;stico. As caracter&#237;sticas desses 7 estudos, incluindo os crit&#233;rios de comprometimento card&#237;aco e limiares diagn&#243;sticos, foram sintetizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Entre os 7 estudos inclu&#237;dos, 5<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> geraram an&#225;lise diferencial sobre a idade dos sujeitos, e 4 estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> compararam a diferen&#231;a de sexo entre casos e controles. Nesses estudos, Damy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas associadas ao sexo e &#224; idade dos sujeitos do estudo (p &lt;0,05); as amostras inclu&#237;das por Klaassen et al. foram significativamente diferentes em idade (p &lt; 0,05); e outras compara&#231;&#245;es com p &#8805; 0,05 foram consideradas como equivalentes em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade e/ou sexo. Outros tr&#234;s estudos de Nicol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e Palladini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> n&#227;o compararam diferen&#231;as de idade e/ou sexo. Em seguida, foi utilizado o QUADAS 2 para fazer a avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade das publica&#231;&#245;es, e os resultados demonstraram um risco baixo de vi&#233;s e alta qualidade da metodologia dos estudos envolvidos (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Figura suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos 7 estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="7%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Estudo</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">&#193;rea</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Comprova&#231;&#227;o da amiloidose</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Tipo de amiloidose</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Crit&#233;rio de comprometimento card&#237;aco</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">N</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Caso/Controle</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Corte, pg/ml</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">VP</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">FP</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">FN</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">VN</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>Idade, anos</th>
                  <th>Sexo masculino, n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cappelli, F<sup>12</sup> 2014</td>
                  <td align="center">It&#225;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">Bi&#243;psia</td>
                  <td align="center">AL</td>
                  <td align="center">DVD</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">23/53</td>
                  <td align="center">70,7&#177;9,2/ 68,9&#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (39,1)/ 24 (45,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;2977</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Damy, T<sup>21</sup> 2013</td>
                  <td align="center">Fran&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">TTR</td>
                  <td align="center">DVE</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">26/10</td>
                  <td align="center">65(56-74)/ 40 (33-56) *</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (76,9)/ 3 (30,0) *</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;82</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Klaassen, SHC<sup>22</sup> 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Holanda</td>
                  <td align="center">Bi&#243;psia</td>
                  <td align="center">TTR</td>
                  <td align="center">Anormalidades da parede mioc&#225;rdica estrutural e/ou dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">39/38</td>
                  <td align="center">59,3&#177;10,9/ 46,1&#177;13,0 *</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (64,1)/ 18 (47,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;125</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lehrke, S<sup>23</sup> 2009</td>
                  <td align="center">Alemanha</td>
                  <td align="center">Bi&#243;psia</td>
                  <td align="center">AL ou TTR</td>
                  <td align="center">Bi&#243;psia card&#237;aca positiva e/ou HVE</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">25/9</td>
                  <td align="center">55,5&#177;11,0/ 59,8&#177;7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40,0)/ 6 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;1736,5</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Nicol, M<sup>25</sup> 2020</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Fran&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Bi&#243;psia</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">AL</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">RMC e bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">114</td>
                  <td align="center">82/32</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (58-73)/ 68 (60-76)</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;850</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">48/25</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;850</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Palladini, G<sup>24</sup> 2003</td>
                  <td align="center">It&#225;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">Bi&#243;psia</td>
                  <td align="center">AL</td>
                  <td align="center">Sintomas cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, HVE</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">90/62</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (34-78) #</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;152</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Palladini, G<sup>26</sup> 2012</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">It&#225;lia</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">Bi&#243;psia</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">AL</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">Espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 12 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">109</td>
                  <td align="center">62/47</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (29-83) #</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (58) #</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;332</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">54/23</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (35-85) #</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (44) #</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;543</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">41/21</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (38-82) #</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (53) #</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;2642</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>AL: cadeia leve de amiloide; TTR: relacionada &#224; transtirretina heredit&#225;ria; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; DVD: disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito; DVE: disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HVE: hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NR: n&#227;o relatado; VP: verdadeiro positivo; FP: falso positivo; FN: falso negativo; VN: verdadeiro negativo. #, dados da amostra total. As signific&#226;ncias estat&#237;sticas de todos os estudos, com exce&#231;&#227;o do de Palladini et al.<sup>24,26</sup>, foram definidas como p &lt;0,05, e * indica a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valor diagn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP</title>
        <p>Um total de 7 artigos (10 conjuntos de dados de popula&#231;&#227;o) relataram os resultados dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP no diagn&#243;stico das les&#245;es card&#237;acas em pacientes com amiloidose, e a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman sugeriu que <italic>p</italic> = 1,00 &#233; o resultado que indicou que n&#227;o havia efeito de limiar significativo. Em seguida, foi estabelecido um modelo de efeito misto bivariado para investigar o valor diagn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP na les&#227;o card&#237;aca com base em indicadores diferentes, e os testes de Cochran e I<sup>2</sup> foram aplicados para analisar a heterogeneidade entre estudos. Os resultados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ) demonstraram que a sensibilidade e a especificidade estimadas eram 0,93 e 0,84, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve heterogeneidade significativa em sensibilidade (p = 0,67, I<sup>2</sup> = 0,0%), mas houve uma heterogeneidade significativa em especificidade (p = 0,01, I<sup>2</sup> = 58,86%) entre os estudos. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , o valor combinado da RPP era 5,77 com uma heterogeneidade significativa entre estudos (p = 0,01, I<sup>2</sup> = 34,74%), enquanto o valor para RPN era 0,80 sem heterogeneidade significativa (p = 0,79, I<sup>2</sup> = 0,0%). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A</xref> mostra que esses conjuntos de dados eram significativamente heterog&#234;neos na RCD (p &lt;0,01, I<sup>2</sup>= 84,77%), com uma estimativa combinada de 69,53 A AUC da SROC era 0,95 e esses estudos n&#227;o foram significativamente distribu&#237;dos em uma forma curvil&#237;nea ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4B</xref> ), sugerindo uma grande validade diagn&#243;stica do NT-proBNP na les&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de floresta de estimativas de sensibilidade (A) e especificidade (B) no diagn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP para les&#227;o card&#237;aca de 10 conjuntos de dados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de floresta de estimativas de RPP (A) e RPN (B) no diagn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP para les&#227;o card&#237;aca de 10 conjuntos de dados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Validade diagn&#243;stica do NT-proBNP para les&#227;o card&#237;aca. A. Gr&#225;ficos de floresta de estimativas de RCD de 10 conjuntos de dados. B. As curvas SROC mostram a validade diagn&#243;stica do NT-proBNP na les&#227;o card&#237;aca com AUC de 0,95.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Utilidade cl&#237;nica do NT-proBNP</title>
        <p>Em seguida, foi realizado um nomograma de Fagan para avaliar a utilidade cl&#237;nica do NT-proBNP, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> , e o gr&#225;fico do nomograma de Fagan apresentou a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste, a RPP, a RPN e a probabilidade p&#243;s-teste do NT-proBNP no diagn&#243;stico da inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca. Os resultados sugeriram que a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste com les&#227;o card&#237;aca era de 60,5%, e a probabilidade p&#243;s-teste era 90% e 8% para pacientes com resultado positivo e negativo, respectivamente. Isso significa que, ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP, a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de les&#227;o card&#237;aca nas popula&#231;&#245;es com NT-proBNP positivo era de 90%, enquanto a possibilidade em popula&#231;&#245;es com NT-proBNP negativo era de apenas 8%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Utilidade cl&#237;nica do NT-proBNP. O gr&#225;fico do nomograma de Fagan mostra a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste, a RPP, a RPN e a probabilidade p&#243;s-teste do NT-proBNP para o diagn&#243;stico da inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade e teste de vi&#233;s da publica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em seguida, o modelo gr&#225;fico foi realizado para an&#225;lise de sensibilidade. Os resultados sugeriram uma grande bondade do ajuste de base residual do modelo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6A</xref> ), que basicamente se conformava &#224; premissa de normalidade bivariada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6B</xref> ). Tamb&#233;m se identificou que cada estudo independente n&#227;o tinha efeito significativo nos resultados combinados do modelo, e nenhum outlier foi identificado ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6C-D</xref> ). Por &#250;ltimo, foi criado um gr&#225;fico de funil de Deek para testar o vi&#233;s da publica&#231;&#227;o, e os resultados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> sugeriram que n&#227;o havia vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, com um p = 0,31 no teste de assimetria. Esses achados prop&#245;em resultados combinados est&#225;veis e confi&#225;veis nesta metan&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de sensibilidade em um modelo gr&#225;fico. A-B mostram a bondade do ajuste e normalidade bivariada do modelo. C. An&#225;lise de influ&#234;ncia do estudo independente nos resultados combinados. D. Detec&#231;&#227;o de outliers do estudo independente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Teste de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. O gr&#225;fico de funil de Deek mostra o vi&#233;s da publica&#231;&#227;o no teste de assimetria</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de comprometimento card&#237;aco em pacientes com amiloidose geralmente &#233; atrasado pela diversidade de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, resultando, portanto, em um progn&#243;stico ruim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Relata-se que uma vez que a amiloidose AL apresenta sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, pacientes n&#227;o tratados t&#234;m uma sobrevida mediana de menos de 6 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; essencial desenvolver um biomarcador relacionado &#224; AC para melhorar a efici&#234;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce. O NT-proBNP tem sido usado como um biomarcador potencial para se avaliar a gravidade do comprometimento card&#237;aco na amiloidose AL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> mas o papel independente do comprometimento por AC e sua especificidade diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o foram totalmente investigados. Dessa forma, realizamos esta metan&#225;lise com base em 7 artigos, e avaliamos a influ&#234;ncia do NT-proBNP no diagn&#243;stico do comprometimento por AC. Nossos resultados sugerem que o NT-proBNP tem valores diagn&#243;sticos significativos para les&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com amiloidose, com uma sensibilidade de 0,93, uma especificidade de 0,84, uma RPP de 5,77, uma RPN de 0,08 e uma RCD de 69,53. A AUC da curva SROC tamb&#233;m &#233; pr&#243;xima a 1 (0,95), demonstrando, portanto, uma grande validade diagn&#243;stica do NT-proBNP.</p>
      <p>Relata-se que a destrui&#231;&#227;o local de cardiomi&#243;citos leva a n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP, e o aumento do n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP poderia ser considerado um preditor de comprometimento card&#237;aco antes do surgimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Banypersad et al. tamb&#233;m identificaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e NT-proBNP em 100 pacientes com amiloidose AL detectada por imagens por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a mortalidade ap&#243;s 1 ano de 125 pacientes com amiloidose AL pode ser prevista pela an&#225;lise de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de NT-proBNP e cTn.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a um mecanismo de regula&#231;&#227;o potencial da express&#227;o do NT-proBNP no amiloide em cardiomi&#243;citos, Shi et al. propuseram que prote&#237;nas de cadeia leve isoladas de tecidos com cardiomiopatia amiloide podem induzir o sinal de prote&#237;nas quinases ativadas por mit&#243;genos p38 (MAPK), contribuindo, dessa forma, para o stress oxidativo e a morte de cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, para a amiloidose AL, o sinal MAPK poderia mediar a transcri&#231;&#227;o de BNP, e sua intera&#231;&#227;o pode suportar o efeito t&#243;xico de prote&#237;nas de cadeia leve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em combina&#231;&#227;o com os achados acima, especula-se que a express&#227;o do NT-proBNP poderia ser diretamente regulada pela via de transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinal MAPK induzida por prote&#237;nas de cadeia leve em cardiomi&#243;citos, e o aumento do n&#237;vel de express&#227;o do NT-proBNP pode prever o ataque da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>H&#225; uma variedade de estudos com foco na influ&#234;ncia do NT-proBNP no comprometimento card&#237;aco incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cardiomiopatia e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Uma metan&#225;lise relacionada relatou que a sensibilidade e a especificidade do n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP na diferencia&#231;&#227;o da efus&#227;o associada a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era de 94%, com uma RPP de 15,2 e uma RPN de 0,06.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> O aumento do n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP tamb&#233;m demonstra uma forte capacidade de prever o progn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pela compara&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado, o biomarcardor NT-proBNP de alta sensibilidade pode melhorar a previs&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s uma grande cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Esses achados corroboram nossas conclus&#245;es, mas Januzzzi et al. propuseram ainda que o n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP estava relacionado &#224; gravidade dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e a sensibilidade e a especificidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variaram entre as v&#225;rias faixas et&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Neste estudo, n&#227;o se observou uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre idade e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP, e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel confirmar a import&#226;ncia da idade no comprometimento por AC diagnosticado por NT-proBNP. Al&#233;m disso, estudos tamb&#233;m identificaram que sujeitos do sexo feminino t&#234;m n&#237;veis mais altos de NT-proBNP do que sujeitos do sexo masculino de idades equivalentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Portanto, ser&#225; realizada an&#225;lise estratificada posteriormente para explorar as diferen&#231;as dos marcadores NT-proBNP com base em desempenho anal&#237;tico, para proporcionar informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas mais precisas para pacientes com comprometimento por AC em estratifica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas diferentes.</p>
      <p>As vantagens deste estudo incluem o fato de que o estudo incorporado tinha metodologia altamente qualificada, e o vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o era pequeno. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o significativo neste estudo, e a an&#225;lise de influ&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m sugeria que os resultados combinados n&#227;o foram afetados por cada estudo independente. Mais importante, os resultados combinados de todos os indicadores foram relativamente consistentes, sugerindo que o NT-proBNP tinha um alto valor de aplica&#231;&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico de les&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com amiloidose, e os resultados foram est&#225;veis e confi&#225;veis. Embora nossos resultados sugiram alta sensibilidade e especificidade do NT-proBNP no diagn&#243;stico do comprometimento por AC, a heterogeneidade significativa em especificidade, RPP e RCD entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos foi uma das limita&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, tamb&#233;m havia diferen&#231;as nos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos, tipos de amiloidose e crit&#233;rios para se determinar les&#245;es card&#237;acas entre os sujeitos. Entretanto, devido ao tamanho limitado da amostra de estudos inclu&#237;dos, &#233; dif&#237;cil explorar a fonte de heterogeneidade por m&#233;todos quantitativos, tais como a metarregress&#227;o. Segundo todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es europeias, com uma generaliza&#231;&#227;o ruim dos resultados. Ainda &#233; necess&#225;rio realizar estudos de alta qualidade na &#193;sia, na &#193;frica e em outras regi&#245;es para validar o desempenho dos resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Para concluir, este estudo sugere que o NT-proBNP desempenha um papel positivo no diagn&#243;stico precoce do comprometimento card&#237;aco em pacientes com amiloidose. Estudos em larga escala em outras regi&#245;es e ra&#231;as s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para verificar a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Eisenberg D, Jucker M. The Amyloid State of Proteins in Human Diseases. Cell. 2012;148(6):1188-203. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.022.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eisenberg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jucker</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Amyloid State of Proteins in Human Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Cell</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1188</fpage>
          <lpage>1203</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.022</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Puig-Carrion GD, Reyentovich A, Katz SD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Clin Auton Res. 2019;29(Suppl 1):45-53. doi: 10.1007/s10286-019-00629-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Puig-Carrion</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reyentovich</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Clin Auton Res</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10286-019-00629-5</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Rubin J, Maurer MS. Cardiac Amyloidosis: Overlooked, Underappreciated, and Treatable. Annu Rev Med. 2020;71:203-19. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-052918-020140.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rubin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis: Overlooked, Underappreciated, and Treatable</article-title>
          <source>Annu Rev Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <fpage>203</fpage>
          <lpage>219</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev-med-052918-020140</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Ternacle J, Krapf L, Mohty D, Magne J, Nguyen A, Galat A, et al. Aortic Stenosis and Cardiac Amyloidosis: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(21):2638-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.056.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ternacle</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krapf</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohty</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magne</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galat</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic Stenosis and Cardiac Amyloidosis: JACC Review Topic of the Week</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2638</fpage>
          <lpage>2651</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.056</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Singh V, Falk R, Di Carli MF, Kijewski M, Rapezzi C, Dorbala S. State-of-the-art Radionuclide Imaging in Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019;26(1):158-73. doi: 10.1007/s12350-018-01552-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Carli</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kijewski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rapezzi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dorbala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>State-of-the-art Radionuclide Imaging in Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12350-018-01552-4</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Yamamoto H, Yokochi T. Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. ESC Heart Fail. 2019;6(6):1128-39. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12518.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yokochi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment</article-title>
          <source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <fpage>1128</fpage>
          <lpage>1139</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.12518</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Bhogal S, Ladia V, Sitwala P, Cook E, Bajaj K, Ramu V, et al. Cardiac Amyloidosis: An Updated Review With Emphasis on Diagnosis and Future Directions. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2018;43(1):10-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2017.04.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhogal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladia</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitwala</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bajaj</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramu</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis: An Updated Review With Emphasis on Diagnosis and Future Directions</article-title>
          <source>Curr Probl Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2017.04.003</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Merlini G, Lousada I, Ando Y, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, Grogan M, et al. Rationale, Application and Clinical Qualification for NT-proBNP as a Surrogate End Point in Pivotal Clinical Trials in Patients with AL Amyloidosis. Leukemia. 2016;30(10):1979-86. doi: 10.1038/leu.2016.191.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Merlini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lousada</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ando</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dispenzieri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gertz</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grogan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rationale, Application and Clinical Qualification for NT-proBNP as a Surrogate End Point in Pivotal Clinical Trials in Patients with AL Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Leukemia</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1979</fpage>
          <lpage>1986</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/leu.2016.191</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Oremus M, McKelvie R, Don-Wauchope A, Santaguida PL, Ali U, Balion C, et al. A Systematic Review of BNP and NT-proBNP in the Management of Heart Failure: Overview and Methods. Heart Fail Rev. 2014;19(4):413-9. doi: 10.1007/s10741-014-9440-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oremus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKelvie</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Don-Wauchope</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santaguida</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balion</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Systematic Review of BNP and NT-proBNP in the Management of Heart Failure: Overview and Methods</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>419</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-014-9440-0</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Mavrogeni SI, Vartela V, Ntalianis A, Vretou R, Ikonomidis I, Tselegkidou M, et al. Cardiac Amyloidosis: In Search of the Ideal Diagnostic Tool. Herz. 2021;46(Suppl 1):9-14. doi: 10.1007/s00059-019-04871-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mavrogeni</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vartela</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ntalianis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vretou</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikonomidis</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tselegkidou</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis: In Search of the Ideal Diagnostic Tool</article-title>
          <source>Herz</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00059-019-04871-5</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Palladini G, Barassi A, Klersy C, Pacciolla R, Milani P, Sarais G, et al. The Combination of High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT) at Presentation and Changes in N-Terminal Natriuretic Peptide Type B (NT-proBNP) After Chemotherapy Best Predicts Survival in AL Amyloidosis. Blood. 2010;116(18):3426-30. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-286567.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palladini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klersy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacciolla</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milani</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarais</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Combination of High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT) at Presentation and Changes in N-Terminal Natriuretic Peptide Type B (NT-proBNP) After Chemotherapy Best Predicts Survival in AL Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>3426</fpage>
          <lpage>3430</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1182/blood-2010-05-286567</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Cappelli F, Baldasseroni S, Bergesio F, Padeletti L, Attan&#224; P, Pignone AM, et al. Biohumoral Markers as Predictor of Right Ventricular Dysfunction in AL Amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2014;21(2):97-102. doi: 10.3109/13506129.2014.884971.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cappelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldasseroni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergesio</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padeletti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Attan&#224;</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pignone</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biohumoral Markers as Predictor of Right Ventricular Dysfunction in AL Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Amyloid</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>102</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13506129.2014.884971</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: A Revised Tool for the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(8):529-36. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Whiting</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rutjes</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westwood</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mallett</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeks</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reitsma</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QUADAS-2: A Revised Tool for the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>155</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>529</fpage>
          <lpage>536</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Glas AS, Lijmer JG, Prins MH, Bonsel GJ, Bossuyt PM. The Diagnostic Odds Ratio: A Single Indicator of test Performance. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56(11):1129-35. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00177-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glas</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lijmer</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prins</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonsel</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bossuyt</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Diagnostic Odds Ratio: A Single Indicator of test Performance</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1129</fpage>
          <lpage>1135</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00177-x</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Moses LE, Shapiro D, Littenberg B. Combining Independent Studies of a Diagnostic Test into a Summary ROC Curve: Data-analytic Approaches and Some Additional Considerations. Stat Med. 1993;12(14):1293-316. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780121403.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moses</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shapiro</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Littenberg</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combining Independent Studies of a Diagnostic Test into a Summary ROC Curve: Data-analytic Approaches and Some Additional Considerations</article-title>
          <source>Stat Med</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1293</fpage>
          <lpage>1316</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/sim.4780121403</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557-60. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeks</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-analyses</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <issue>7414</issue>
          <fpage>557</fpage>
          <lpage>560</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Devill&#233; WL, Buntinx F, Bouter LM, Montori VM, de Vet HC, van der Windt DA, et al. Conducting Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Studies: Didactic Guidelines. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2002;2:9. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-2-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Devill&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buntinx</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouter</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montori</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Vet</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Windt</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Conducting Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Studies: Didactic Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Res Methodol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <size units="pages">9</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2288-2-9</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Deeks JJ, Macaskill P, Irwig L. The Performance of Tests of Publication Bias and Other Sample Size Effects in Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy was Assessed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58(9):882-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.01.016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deeks</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macaskill</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irwig</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Performance of Tests of Publication Bias and Other Sample Size Effects in Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy was Assessed</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>882</fpage>
          <lpage>893</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.01.016</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Fagan TJ. Letter: Nomogram for Bayes theorem. N Engl J Med. 1975;293(5):257. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197507312930513.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Letter</surname>
              <given-names>Fagan TJ.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nomogram for Bayes theorem</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1975</year>
          <volume>293</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM197507312930513</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Dwamena B. MIDAS: Stata Module for Meta-Analytical Integration of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies. Boston: Boston College; 2007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dwamena</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>MIDAS: Stata Module for Meta-Analytical Integration of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies</source>
          <publisher-loc>Boston</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Boston College</publisher-name>
          <year>2007</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Damy T, Deux JF, Moutereau S, Guendouz S, Mohty D, Rappeneau S, et al. Role of Natriuretic Peptide to Predict Cardiac Abnormalities in Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2013;20(4):212-20. doi: 10.3109/13506129.2013.825240.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Damy</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deux</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moutereau</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guendouz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohty</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rappeneau</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of Natriuretic Peptide to Predict Cardiac Abnormalities in Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Amyloid</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>220</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13506129.2013.825240</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Klaassen SHC, Tromp J, Nienhuis HLA, van der Meer P, van den Berg MP, Blokzijl H, et al. Frequency of and Prognostic Significance of Cardiac Involvement at Presentation in Hereditary Transthyretin-Derived Amyloidosis and the Value of N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide. Am J Cardiol. 2018;121(1):107-12. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.09.029.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klaassen</surname>
              <given-names>SHC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tromp</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nienhuis</surname>
              <given-names>HLA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Meer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Berg</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blokzijl</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Frequency of and Prognostic Significance of Cardiac Involvement at Presentation in Hereditary Transthyretin-Derived Amyloidosis and the Value of N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>107</fpage>
          <lpage>112</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.09.029</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Lehrke S, Steen H, Kristen AV, Merten C, Lossnitzer D, Dengler TJ, et al. Serum Levels of NT-proBNP as Surrogate for Cardiac Amyloid Burden: New Evidence from Gadolinium-enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2009;16(4):187-95. doi: 10.3109/13506120903421538.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lehrke</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kristen</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merten</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lossnitzer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dengler</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum Levels of NT-proBNP as Surrogate for Cardiac Amyloid Burden: New Evidence from Gadolinium-enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Amyloid</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>187</fpage>
          <lpage>195</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13506120903421538</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Palladini G, Campana C, Klersy C, Balduini A, Vadacca G, Perfetti V, et al. Serum N-Terminal Pro-brain Natriuretic Peptide is a Sensitive Marker of Myocardial Dysfunction in AL Amyloidosis. Circulation. 2003;107(19):2440-5. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000068314.02595.B2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palladini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campana</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klersy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balduini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vadacca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perfetti</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum N-Terminal Pro-brain Natriuretic Peptide is a Sensitive Marker of Myocardial Dysfunction in AL Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2440</fpage>
          <lpage>2445</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000068314.02595.B2</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Nicol M, Baudet M, Brun S, Harel S, Royer B, Vignon M, et al. Diagnostic Score of Cardiac Involvement in AL Amyloidosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21(5):542-8. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jez180.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicol</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baudet</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brun</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Royer</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vignon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic Score of Cardiac Involvement in AL Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>542</fpage>
          <lpage>548</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jez180</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Palladini G, Foli A, Milani P, Russo P, Albertini R, Lavatelli F, et al. Best Use of Cardiac Biomarkers in Patients with AL Amyloidosis and Renal Failure. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(5):465-71. doi: 10.1002/ajh.23141.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palladini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milani</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albertini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavatelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Best Use of Cardiac Biomarkers in Patients with AL Amyloidosis and Renal Failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hematol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>465</fpage>
          <lpage>471</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ajh.23141</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Mohty D, Damy T, Cosnay P, Echahidi N, Casset-Senon D, Virot P, et al. Cardiac Amyloidosis: Updates in Diagnosis and Management. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;106(10):528-40. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2013.06.051.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mohty</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damy</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosnay</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Echahidi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casset-Senon</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virot</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis: Updates in Diagnosis and Management</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>528</fpage>
          <lpage>540</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.acvd.2013.06.051</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Banypersad SM, Fontana M, Maestrini V, Sado DM, Captur G, Petrie A, et al. T1 Mapping and Survival in Systemic Light-Chain Amyloidosis. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(4):244-51. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu444.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Banypersad</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maestrini</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sado</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Captur</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrie</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>T1 Mapping and Survival in Systemic Light-Chain Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>244</fpage>
          <lpage>251</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehu444</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Kristen AV, Rinn J, Hegenbart U, Lindenmaier D, Merkle C, R&#246;cken C, et al. Improvement of risk assessment in systemic light-chain amyloidosis using human placental growth factor. Clin Res Cardiol. 2015;104(3):250-7. doi: 10.1007/s00392-014-0779-y.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kristen</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rinn</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hegenbart</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindenmaier</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merkle</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#246;cken</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improvement of risk assessment in systemic light-chain amyloidosis using human placental growth factor</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>250</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00392-014-0779-y</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Shi J, Guan J, Jiang B, Brenner DA, Del Monte F, Ward JE, et al. Amyloidogenic Light Chains Induce Cardiomyocyte Contractile Dysfunction and Apoptosis via a Non-canonical p38alpha MAPK Pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(9):4188-93. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912263107.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brenner</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Monte</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ward</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Amyloidogenic Light Chains Induce Cardiomyocyte Contractile Dysfunction and Apoptosis via a Non-canonical p38alpha MAPK Pathway</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>4188</fpage>
          <lpage>4193</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0912263107</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Koivisto E, Kaikkonen L, Tokola H, Pikkarainen S, Aro J, Pennanen H, et al. Distinct Regulation of B-type Natriuretic Peptide Transcription by p38 MAPK Isoforms. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011;338(1-2):18-27. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koivisto</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaikkonen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokola</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pikkarainen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pennanen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Distinct Regulation of B-type Natriuretic Peptide Transcription by p38 MAPK Isoforms</article-title>
          <source>Mol Cell Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>338</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.015</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Porcel JM. Utilization of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and NT-proBNP in the Diagnosis of Pleural Effusions Due to Heart Failure. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2011;17(4):215-9. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283455cda.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Porcel</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Utilization of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and NT-proBNP in the Diagnosis of Pleural Effusions Due to Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Pulm Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>215</fpage>
          <lpage>219</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283455cda</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. St&#228;mpfli SF, Erhart L, Hagenbuch N, St&#228;hli BE, Gruner C, Greutmann M, et al. Prognostic Power of NT-proBNP in Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2017;236:321-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.064.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>St&#228;mpfli</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erhart</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagenbuch</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>St&#228;hli</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gruner</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greutmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Power of NT-proBNP in Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>236</volume>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>327</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.064</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Kopec M, Duma A, Helwani MA, Brown J, Brown F, Gage BF, et al. Improving Prediction of Postoperative Myocardial Infarction With High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and NT-proBNP. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(2):398-405. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001736.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kopec</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duma</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helwani</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gage</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improving Prediction of Postoperative Myocardial Infarction With High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and NT-proBNP</article-title>
          <source>Anesth Analg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>398</fpage>
          <lpage>405</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1213/ANE.0000000000001736</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, Bayes-Genis A, Ordonez-Llanos J, Santalo-Bel M, et al. NT-proBNP Testing for Diagnosis and Short-term Prognosis in Acute Destabilized Heart Failure: An International Pooled Analysis of 1256 Patients: The International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(3):330-7. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi631.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Kimmenade</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lainchbury</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayes-Genis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ordonez-Llanos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santalo-Bel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>NT-proBNP Testing for Diagnosis and Short-term Prognosis in Acute Destabilized Heart Failure: An International Pooled Analysis of 1256 Patients: The International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>330</fpage>
          <lpage>337</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehi631</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. McDonagh TA, Holmer S, Raymond I, Luchner A, Hildebrant P, Dargie HJ. NT-proBNP and the Diagnosis of Heart Failure: A Pooled Analysis of Three European Epidemiological Studies. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6(3):269-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.01.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raymond</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luchner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hildebrant</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dargie</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>NT-proBNP and the Diagnosis of Heart Failure: A Pooled Analysis of Three European Epidemiological Studies</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>269</fpage>
          <lpage>273</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.01.010</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para visualizar a figura suplementar, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11808/2021-0486-supplementary-figure-1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
        <p>Para visualizar as tabelas suplementares, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11808/2021-0486-supplementary-tables.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagnostic Role of NT-proBNP in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis Involvement: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5925-6065</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yingwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9823-7633</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chaolu</surname>
            <given-names>Hasi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Yingze District, Taiyuan &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Hasi Chaolu &#8226; Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85, The Liberation of South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan 030001 - China E-mail: yingwei721125@163.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Zhang Y; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Chaolu H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Amyloidosis is defined as a disorder characterized by the deposition of extracellular protein material of amyloid in tissues.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is used to predict the cardiac amyloidosis (CA), but its diagnostic effect on CA involvement remains unclear, especially in terms of specificity and sensitivity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A search for literature was conducted in the Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases, and QUADAS 2 was used for quality assessment. Midas command in Stata 12.0 was used to analyze the subject indicators. Cochran&#8217;s Q and I<sup>2</sup>were to test for heterogeneity, and the significant heterogeneity was set at p &lt; 0.05 and/or I<sup>2</sup>&gt; 50%. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the threshold effect, and the publication bias was assessed using the asymmetry test. The statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>As results, 10 sets of data from 7 studies were included for analysis, showing high methodological quality and minimal confounding bias. The sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of cardiac involvement for patients with amyloidosis were 0.93 and 0.84, respectively. ROC curves also suggested a high diagnostic validity of NT-proBNP with an AUC of 0.95. A Fagan&#8217;s nomogram plot showed probabilities for NT-proBNP positive and negative in developing CA involvement were 90% and 8%, respectively. The Deek&#8217;s funnel plot suggested no significant publication bias across included studies, and the results were stable and reliable.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>NT-proBNP plays the positive role in the early diagnosis of CA involvement with high sensitivity and specificity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Network Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Amyloidosis is defined as a disorder characterized by the deposition of extracellular protein material of amyloid in tissues, and it is pathologically caused from cleavage, denaturation or excessive production of abnormal protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The heart is the main affected organ of different fibrous types of amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is an invasive cardiomyopathy caused by amyloidosis, and may give rise to heart failure and conductive disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The prevalence of CA involvement in the general population ranges from 5%-74%, and the wide differences in research variability are associated with population selection criteria and diagnostic strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Protein misfolds and deposits of amyloid immunoglobulin light chain protein (AL) and amyloid transthyretin (TTR) proteins, which may be induced by the mutation of TTR gene, are the main causes of CA involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Phenotypic heterogeneity and delays in diagnosis caused by comorbidities contribute to the poor prognosis of cardiac involvement for patients with amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Many cases of CA involvement are usually confirmed in the disease course of late with limited treatment options.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, increasing the understanding of CA involvement and developing amyloidosis-related biomarkers for early diagnosis will effectively improve the clinical outcome of patients.</p>
        <p>B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a type of hormone secreted by myocyte cells, and may function in maintaining fluid homeostasis through the action of sodium, diuresis, and vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) is cleaved to proBNP, which is secreted by cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> NT-proBNP is considered to be directly regulated by light chain and can be used as a biomarker for AL amyloidosis after analysis and validation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, one relevant study pointed out that NT-proBNP may be a sensitive but non-specific biomarker for the assessment of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Palladimi et al. also illustrated that the severity of cardiac dysfunction in patients with CA could be assessed by NT-proBNP cardiac biomarkers and cardiac troponins (cTn), and their evaluations were highly sensitive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Other incertitudes regarding the role of NT-proBNP in predicting CA involvement stem mainly from the limitations of sample size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In light of the above research controversies, studies with a relevantly larger size are warranted in order to explore the independent role and diagnostic specificity of NT-proBNP to predict the CA involvement.</p>
        <p>Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to obtain a larger sample size by integrating data from previous studies and to evaluate the diagnostic value of NT-proBNP for CA involvement from various aspects, including sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, among others. Our study provides a diagnostic marker for cardiac involvement in patients with amyloidosis, which may help patients to receive more accurate early diagnosis and treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Literature retrieval strategy</title>
          <p>A search for literature was conducted in the Pubmed ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</ext-link> ), Embase ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.embase.com/">https://www.embase.com/</ext-link> ) and Cochrane library ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/">https://www.cochranelibrary.com/</ext-link> ) databases with the deadline date of January 28, 2021, and the key words included: 1) Amyloidosis OR amyloidoses; 2) cardiomyopathy OR (cardiac involvement) OR (heart involvement) OR (myocardial dysfunction); 3) NT-proBNP OR (N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide) OR (N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide). These three groups of key words were combined with &#8220;AND&#8221;. Moreover, subject words and free words were combined in the search, and the retrieval strategies varied according to the characteristics of three databases. The detailed retrieval process and related results were shown in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Table 1-3</inline-supplementary-material>. Furthermore, the paper version of literatures was manually retrieved, and the references of the included literatures and relevant reviews were also screened according to the inclusion criteria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Publication selection</title>
          <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) subjects with AL amyloidosis or TTR-related amyloidosis; 2) subjects with left/right ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, and other cardiac dysfunction diagnosed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or biopsy; 3) provided diagnostic results of NT-proBNP-caused cardiac injury including true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN) and false negative (FN), or can be extrapolated according to data from the literature. Non-treatise literatures, such as reviews, letters, comments, among others, were excluded from this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data acquisition and quality evaluation</title>
          <p>The two investigators independently logged the data according to a standardized form designed in advance. The acquired information included the name of the first author, publication year, study area, sample size; age and sex of subjects; data of TP, FP, TN and FN; and criteria for heart damage. After data extraction, discussion was conducted to solve the inconsistency. QUADAS 2 was applied to assess the quality of research methods used in each included study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Midas command (bivariate mixed-effect model) in Stata12.0 version 12 SE (Stata Corporation, TX, USA) was applied for statistical analysis on indexes of subjects including summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratios (PLR), negative likelihood ratios (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The value of DOR ranged from 0 to infinite, and the larger value indicated the greater discriminatory ability of diagnostic methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The SROC curve was established based on sensitivity and specificity, and the closer the area under the curve (AUC) to 1, the higher the diagnostic validity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Cochran&#8217;s Q and I<sup>2</sup>tests were used to evaluate the heterogeneity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and p &gt; 0.05 and/or I<sup>2</sup>&gt; 50% indicated significant heterogeneity between studies. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the threshold effect, and p &lt; 0.05 indicated a significant threshold effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Deek&#8217;s funnel plot was used to evaluate whether there was significant publication bias between studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> while Fagan&#8217;s nomogram was used to evaluate the clinical utility of NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Sensitivity analysis was performed using a graph model to evaluate whether or not it contained possible misspecifications, goodness of fit, identify outlying, and possibly influential data points.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Literature screening</title>
          <p>The process and results of literature retrieval were shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> . We obtained 450, 146, and 29 articles from Embase, PubMed and Cochrane library databases, respectively. A total of 494 articles were screened after having eliminated duplicates. Among these, 483 articles were removed after reading the titles and abstracts. After reading the full paper, 4 articles were further eliminated. Furthermore, the manual search failed to screen the publications that met the requirements. Finally, 7 articles<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> were included in this analysis.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The process and results of literature retrieval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Features of included literatures</title>
          <p>A total of 7 articles were incorporated in this study. Among these, the study of Nicol et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> contained two sets of data, the study of Palladini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> contained three sets of data, and the other five studies contained one set of data each. Therefore, a total of 10 sets of data were included for further analysis. These seven studies, published from 2003 to 2020, involving 810 subjects in total (including 490 patients with CA involvement and 320 controls), were conducted in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, among other countries. Moreover, the levels of NT-proBNP were all detected by immunoassay in the included studies. Among these, 4 studies focused on AL amyloidosis, 2 studies included TTR amyloidosis, while the other study incorporated both AL and TTR amyloidosis. Meanwhile, amyloidosis was confirmed by biopsy in 6 studies, not including Damy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> who did not report a diagnostic strategy. Characteristics of these 7 studies, including the criteria of cardiac involvement and diagnostic thresholds were organized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Among the 7 included studies, 5<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> generated differential analysis on age of subjects, and 4 studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> compared the difference in gender between cases and controls. In these studies, Damy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> found significant differences in the gender and age of the study subjects (p &lt; 0.05); samples included by Klaassen et al. were significantly different in age (p &lt; 0.05); and other comparisons at p &#8805; 0.05 were considered age- and/or gender-matched. Other three studies from Nicol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and Palladini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> did not compare differences in age and/or sex. We then used QUADAS 2 for the quality assessment of publications, and results showed a low risk of bias and a high quality of methodology of involved studies (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Figure 1</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of 7 included studies in this meta-analysis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Study</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Area</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Proof of amyloidosis</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Type of amyloidosis</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Criterion of cardiac involvement</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">N</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Case/ Control</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Cut-off, pg/ml</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">TP</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">FP</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">FN</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">TN</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>Age, years</th>
                    <th>Male, n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CappelliF,<sup>12</sup>2014</td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">Biopsy</td>
                    <td align="center">AL</td>
                    <td align="center">RVD</td>
                    <td align="center">76</td>
                    <td align="center">23/53</td>
                    <td align="center">70.7&#177;9.2/ 68.9&#177;10.1</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (39.1)/ 24 (45.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;2977</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Damy, T<sup>21</sup>2013</td>
                    <td align="center">France</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">TTR</td>
                    <td align="center">LVD</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                    <td align="center">26/10</td>
                    <td align="center">65(56-74)/ 40 (33-56) *</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (76.9)/ 3 (30.0) *</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;82</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Klaassen, SHC<sup>22</sup>2017</td>
                    <td align="center">The Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">Biopsy</td>
                    <td align="center">TTR</td>
                    <td align="center">Structural myocardial wall abnormalities and/or conduction disturbances</td>
                    <td align="center">77</td>
                    <td align="center">39/38</td>
                    <td align="center">59.3&#177;10.9/ 46.1&#177;13.0 *</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (64.1)/ 18 (47.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;125</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lehrke, S<sup>23</sup>2009</td>
                    <td align="center">Germany</td>
                    <td align="center">Biopsy</td>
                    <td align="center">AL or TTR</td>
                    <td align="center">Positive heart biopsy and/or LVH</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                    <td align="center">25/9</td>
                    <td align="center">55.5&#177;11.0/ 59.8&#177;7.8</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (40.0)/ 6 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;1736.5</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Nicol, M<sup>25</sup>2020</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">France</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Biopsy</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">AL</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">CMR and endomyocardial biopsy</td>
                    <td align="center">114</td>
                    <td align="center">82/32</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (58-73)/ 68 (60-76)</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;850</td>
                    <td align="center">75</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">48/25</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;850</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Palladini, G<sup>24</sup>2003</td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">Biopsy</td>
                    <td align="center">AL</td>
                    <td align="center">Clinical symptoms of heart failure, LVH</td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">90/62</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (34-78) #</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;152</td>
                    <td align="center">84</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Palladini, G<sup>26</sup>2012</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">Biopsy</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">AL</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">Left ventricular wall thickness &gt;12 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">109</td>
                    <td align="center">62/47</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (29-83) #</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (58) #</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;332</td>
                    <td align="center">62</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">77</td>
                    <td align="center">54/23</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (35-85) #</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (44) #</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;543</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">62</td>
                    <td align="center">41/21</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (38-82) #</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (53) #</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;2642</td>
                    <td align="center">38</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AL: amyloid light chain; TT: hereditary transthyretin-related; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; RVD: Right ventricular dysfunction; LVD: Left ventricular dysfunction; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; NR: not reported; TP: true positive; FP: false positive; FN: false negative; TN: true negative. #, data of total sample. Statistical significances of all studies except Palladini et al.<sup>24,26</sup>were set at p &lt; 0.05, and * indicates the statistical difference.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic value of NT-proBNP</title>
          <p>A total of 7 articles (10 sets of population data) reported the results of NT-proBNP levels in the diagnosis of heart damage in patients with amyloidosis, and Spearman correlation analysis suggested a p = 1.00 as the result which indicated no significant threshold effect. A bivariate mixed effect model was then established to investigate the diagnostic value of NT-proBNP in heart damage based on different indicators, and Cochran&#8217;s and I<sup>2</sup>tests were applied for analysis on heterogeneity among studies. The results ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ) showed that the estimated sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 and 0.84, respectively. No significant heterogeneity was found in sensitivity (p = 0.67, I<sup>2</sup>= 0.0%); however, a significant heterogeneity was identified in specificity (p = 0.01, I<sup>2</sup>= 58.86%) across studies. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> , the combined value of PLR was 5.77, with a significant heterogeneity between studies (p = 0.01, I<sup>2</sup>= 34.74%), while that for NLR was 0.80 with no significant heterogeneity (p = 0.79, I<sup>2</sup>= 0.0%). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001" specific-use=".">Figure 4A</xref> showed these data sets were significantly heterogeneous in DOR (p &lt; 0.01, I<sup>2</sup>= 84.77%) with a combined estimate of 69.53. The AUC of SROC was 0.95, and these studies were not significantly distributed in a curvilinear shape ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4B</xref> ), suggesting a great diagnostic validity of NT-proBNP in heart damage.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots of estimates of sensitivity (A) and specificity (B) in the diagnosis of NT-proBNP to heart damage from 10 sets of data.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots of estimates of PLR (A) and NLR (B) in the diagnosis of NT-proBNP to heart damage from 10 sets of data.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Diagnostic validity of NT-proBNP to heart damage. A) Forest plots of estimates of DOR from 10 sets of data. B) SROC curve showed the diagnostic validity of NT-proBNP in heart damage with an AUC of 0.95.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical utility of NT-proBNP</title>
          <p>We further performed a Fagan&#8217;s nomogram to evaluate the clinical utility of NT-proBNP, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> , and the Fagan nomogram plot presented the pre-test probability, PLR, NLR, and post-test probability of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of heart injury. The results suggested that the pre-test probability of patients with heart damage was 60.5%, while the post-test probability was 90% and 8% for positive and negative patients, respectively. That means after the diagnosis of NT-proBNP, the probability of developing heart damage in populations with NT-proBNP positive was 90%, while the possibility for NT-proBNP negative populations was only 8%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The clinical utility of NT-proBNP. The Fagan nomogram plot showed the pre-test probability, PLR, NLR, and post-test probability of NT-proBNP for the diagnosis of heart injury.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis and publication bias test</title>
          <p>A graph model was then conducted for sensitivity analysis. The results suggested a great residual-based goodness-of-fit of the model ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6A</xref> ), which basically conformed to the bivariate normality assumption ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6B</xref> ). This study also found that each independent study had no significant effect on the combined results of the model, and no outlier was identified ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6C-D</xref> ). Finally, a Deek&#8217;s funnel plot was created to test the publication bias, and results in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> suggested no significant publication bias with a p = 0.31 in the asymmetry test. These findings proposed stable and reliable combined results in this meta-analysis.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity analysis in a graph model. A-B) showed the goodness-of-fit and bivariate normality of the model. C) Influence analysis of independent study on the combined results. D) Outlier detection of independent study.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Publication bias test. Deek&#8217;s funnel plot showed the publication bias in the asymmetry test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-02-0212-10486-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Diagnosis of cardiac involvement for patients with amyloidosis is often delayed by the diversity of its clinical manifestations, thereby resulting in a poor prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is reported that once AL amyloidosis presents symptoms of congestive heart failure, untreated patients have a median survival of less than 6 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Therefore, it is essential to develop a CA involvement-related biomarker to improve the efficiency of early diagnosis. NT-proBNP has been used as a potential biomarker to assess the severity of cardiac involvement in AL amyloidosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> but the independent role in CA involvement and its diagnostic specificity have not been fully investigated. Hence, this meta-analysis was performed based on 7 articles, and evaluated the influence of NT-proBNP on the diagnosis of CA involvement. Our results suggested that NT-proBNP had significant diagnostic values for heart damage in patients with amyloidosis, with a sensitivity of 0.93, a specificity of 0.84, a PLR of 5.77, a NLR of 0.08 and a DOR of 69.53. The AUC of SROC curve was also close to 1 (0.95), thus demonstrating a great diagnostic validity of NT-proBNP.</p>
        <p>It is reported that the local destruction of cardiomyocytes will lead to elevated levels of NT-proBNP, and the increasing NT-proBNP level could be considered as a predictor of cardiac involvement before the onset of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Banypersad et al. also found a correlation between heart disease and NT-proBNP in 100 patients with AL amyloidosis scanned by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Furthermore, 1-year mortality of 125 patients with AL amyloidosis can be predicted through the risk stratification analysis on NT-proBNP and cTn.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> As for the potential regulation mechanism of NT-proBNP expression on amyloid in cardiomyocytes, Shi et al. proposed that light chain proteins isolated from amyloid cardiomyopathy tissues may induce p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal, thereby contributing to the oxidative stress and death of cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Moreover, for AL amyloidosis, MAPK signal could mediate BNP transcription, and their interaction may support the cardiotoxic effect of light chain proteins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Combined with the above findings, it can be speculated that the expression of NT-proBNP could be directly regulated by the MAPK signal transduction pathway induced by light chain proteins in cardiomyocytes, and the increased expression level of NT-proBNP can predict the attack of heart failure.</p>
        <p>A variety of studies have focused on the influence of NT-proBNP on cardiac involvement, including heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction. A related meta-analysis reported that the combined sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP level in differentiating heart failure associated effusion was 94%, with a PLR of 15.2 and a NLR of 0.06.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The increasing level of NT-proBNP also shows a strong ability to predict the prognosis of cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Additionally, by comparing to revised cardiac risk index, the high-sensitivity biomarker NT-proBNP can improve the prediction of myocardial infarction after major non-cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> These findings supported our conclusions, but Januzzzi et al. further proposed that the level of NT-proBNP was correlated with the severity of heart failure symptoms, and the sensitivity and specificity of heart failure varied between different age groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In this study, no direct relationship was observed between age and NT-proBNP levels, and we were unable to confirm the importance of age in the CA involvement diagnosed by NT-proBNP. Additionally, studies also found that female subjects have higher levels of NT-proBNP than age-matched male subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Therefore, a stratified analysis will be conducted at a future moment to explore the differences of NT-proBNP markers based on analytical performance, so as to provide more accurate diagnostic information for patients with CA involvement at different clinical stratification.</p>
        <p>The virtue of this study included that the incorporated study was highly qualified in methodology, and the confounding bias was minimal. Furthermore, there was no significant publication bias in this study, and the influence analysis also suggested that the combined results were not affected by each independent study. More importantly, the combined results of all indicators were relatively consistent, suggesting that NT-proBNP had a high application value in the diagnosis of heart damage in patients with amyloidosis, and the results were stable and reliable. Although our results suggested high sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of CA involvement, the significant heterogeneity in specificity, PLR and DOR between included studies was one of the limitations. Meanwhile, there were also differences in diagnostic criteria, types of amyloidosis and criteria for determining cardiac damage among the subjects. However, due to limited simple size of included literatures, it is difficult to explore the source of heterogeneity through quantitative methods, such as meta-regression. Secondly, all included studies were carried out based on the population of Europe with a poor generalization of results. High-quality studies are still needed in Asia, Africa, and other regions to validate the performance of results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this study suggested that NT-proBNP played a positive role in the early diagnosis of cardiac involvement in patients with amyloidosis. Large-scaled studies in other regions and races are needed to verify the extrapolation of the results.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>See the Supplemental Figure, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11808/2021-0486-supplementary-figure-1.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Tables, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11808/2021-0486-supplementary-tables.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
