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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xYpLCSknHkNqjycHDKvP7Db</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210854</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210854</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chumbos Tor&#225;cicos e Intramioc&#225;rdicos, Achado Incidental em Paciente com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5943-2903</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandez-Badillo</surname>
            <given-names>Valente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7626-0173</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia-Cardenas</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9718-6758</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliva-Cavero</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4379-3058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Armendariz-Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2408-8727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alexanderson-Rosas</surname>
            <given-names>Erick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4820-1325</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Espinola-Zavaleta</surname>
            <given-names>Nilda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Ch&#225;vez</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia Nuclear</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cidade do M&#233;xico</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Nuclear, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Ch&#225;vez, Cidade do M&#233;xico &#8211; M&#233;xico</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nacional Hip&#243;lito Unanue</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lima</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PE">Peru</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Nacional Hip&#243;lito Unanue, Lima &#8211; Peru</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nilda Espinola-Zavaleta &#8226;</bold> National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch&#225;vez &#8211; Juan Badiano 1, Colonia, Secci&#243;n XVI, Tlalpan, <postal-code>14080</postal-code> E-mail: <email>niesza2001@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fernandez-Badillo V, Espinola-Zavaleta N; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fernandez-Badillo V, Armendariz-Ferrari JC, Espinola-Zavaleta N; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Garcia-Cardenas M, Oliva-Cavero D; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliva-Cavero D; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandez-Badillo V, Garcia-Cardenas M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Garcia-Cardenas M, Oliva-Cavero D, Armendariz-Ferrari JC, Alexanderson-Rosas E, Espinola-Zavaleta N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>133</fpage>
      <lpage>135</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Chumbo de Ca&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Arma de Fogo</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Espingarda de Chumbo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O trauma card&#237;aco penetrante &#233; fatal; aproximadamente mais da metade das pessoas afetadas morrem no local. As feridas penetrantes do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o raras e a reten&#231;&#227;o de chumbos card&#237;acos &#233; pouco documentada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> N&#227;o existem protocolos padronizados para sua abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica at&#233; o momento. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de uma les&#227;o por espingarda depende do tamanho da ferida, do local de entrada e da les&#227;o dos grandes vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No trauma tor&#225;cico penetrante, ambos os ventr&#237;culos s&#227;o lesados com frequ&#234;ncia semelhante, mas o ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; o local de maior entrada porque forma a maior parte da face anterior do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
        <p>Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 59 anos com hist&#243;ria familiar de hiperlipidemia e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e hist&#243;ria pessoal de trauma tor&#225;cico secund&#225;rio a ferimento por espingarda em 2006, que n&#227;o mereceu tratamento cir&#250;rgico, e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 diagnosticado em 2016 em tratamento m&#233;dico com sitagliptina. O paciente chegou ao pronto-socorro em janeiro de 2018 com dor tor&#225;cica opressiva de 6 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, intensidade 8/10, irradia&#231;&#227;o para o bra&#231;o esquerdo e sudorese. &#192; admiss&#227;o, os sinais vitais estavam dentro dos par&#226;metros normais, com press&#227;o arterial -120/70 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca -75 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio -92% e &#237;ndice de massa corporal -26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava cicatriz queloide antiga na regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica anterior, batimento apexiano hiperdin&#226;mico no quinto espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, n&#227;o sendo detectados sopros card&#237;acos ou ru&#237;dos pulmonares abdominais. O eletrocardiograma mostrava ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca -73 bpm, onda Q nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 a V4 com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e invers&#227;o da onda T nas mesmas deriva&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). Os exames laboratoriais mostraram leucocitose (13,06 x109/L), fibrinog&#234;nio elevado (638 g/L), hipocalemia (3,3 mEq/L), hiperglicemia (250 mg/dL), HbAC1-8,7%, marcadores positivos de dano mioc&#225;rdico (CPK-411 UI/L, CPK-MB-53 ng/mL e troponina de alta sensibilidade-6,1 ng/dL), hipercolesterolemia (colesterol total-256 mg/dL, c-HDL-35 mg/dL e c-LDL-186 mg /dL) e hipertrigliceridemia (278 mg/dL). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) bidimensional mostrou volume ventricular e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) normais de 67%, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tipo II e imagem hipoecoica no segmento m&#233;dio do septo interventricular com realce posterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C-D</xref>). O cateterismo card&#237;aco mostrou obstru&#231;&#227;o de 95% do segmento m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, sendo necess&#225;ria angioplastia com bal&#227;o para obten&#231;&#227;o de fluxo TIMI III; surpreendentemente, foram observados in&#250;meros objetos esf&#233;ricos compat&#237;veis com chumbos em todas as regi&#245;es card&#237;acas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). A radiografia de t&#243;rax p&#243;stero-anterior revelou m&#250;ltiplos objetos circulares radiopacos com predom&#237;nio na regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>). A tomografia computadorizada (TC) de t&#243;rax 2D mostrou m&#250;ltiplos objetos esf&#233;ricos hiperintensos no mediastino, parede tor&#225;cica anterior, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagn&#243;stico por imagem multimodal. (A) Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es com ritmo sinusal, 73 bpm, onda Q nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V4 com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e invers&#227;o da onda T, sugerindo isquemia da parede &#226;ntero-septal. (B) Radiografia de t&#243;rax em anteroposterior com in&#250;meros objetos circulares radiopacos, densidade met&#225;lica. (C) 2D-TTE com imagem hipoecoica no segmento m&#233;dio do septo interventricular (seta) com realce posterior. (D) 3D-TTE, semelhante aos achados da figura 1C. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0133-10854-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco. Presen&#231;a de in&#250;meros objetos circulares compat&#237;veis com chumbos. (A) Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita normal. (B) Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda com obstru&#231;&#227;o de 95% no segmento m&#233;dio (seta). (C) Implante de stent da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda (seta), fluxo TIMI III com sucesso. Cx: circunflexo; DAE: descendente anterior esquerda; CD: coron&#225;ria direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0133-10854-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax. (A,B). 2D-TC com objetos esf&#233;ricos hiperintensos no mediastino, parede tor&#225;cica anterior e cora&#231;&#227;o, aparentemente no &#225;trio esquerdo. (C) reconstru&#231;&#227;o 3D, chumbos no mediastino e intramioc&#225;rdico (setas).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0133-10854-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O paciente recebeu alta 3 dias depois, hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, sem necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e optou-se por tratamento conservador devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de sintomas ou complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares ap&#243;s 12 anos de trauma card&#237;aco. Os acompanhamentos foram agendados a cada 3 meses no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia, sendo indicadas mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e tratamento medicamentoso com antiplaquet&#225;rios, estatinas e hipoglicemiantes orais. Atualmente, 42 meses ap&#243;s o seguimento, o paciente encontra-se em classe funcional I da NYHA.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A viol&#234;ncia armada &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, que causa a morte de mais de 250.000 pessoas por ano em todo o mundo. Guenther et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> identificaram at&#233; 2020, 40 casos notificados de les&#245;es card&#237;acas causadas por espingarda de chumbo. Destes, 90% eram homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 14 anos; 48% dos pacientes foram relatados hemodinamicamente inst&#225;veis. Uma esternotomia foi realizada em 58% dos casos, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em 18% e janela peric&#225;rdica em 15%. Os principais locais acometidos foram ventr&#237;culo direito em 43%, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 33%, &#225;trio direito em 15% e &#225;trio esquerdo e grandes vasos foram acometidos em 6%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As complica&#231;&#245;es incluem emboliza&#231;&#227;o pela inje&#231;&#227;o (25%), morte (13%), hemorragia maci&#231;a, tamponamento card&#237;aco, dano direto &#224; parede livre dos ventr&#237;culos ou septo interventricular, dissec&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e les&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O trauma card&#237;aco &#233; um dos fatores de risco associados ao aparecimento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; entretanto, os casos relatados s&#227;o isolados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A TC e a ecocardiografia s&#227;o comumente os exames de imagem mais utilizados para diagnosticar les&#245;es card&#237;acas traum&#225;ticas. O ETT bidimensional &#233; o m&#233;todo mais preciso para identificar les&#245;es card&#237;acas, enquanto a TC &#233; o melhor para localizar corpos estranhos. A detec&#231;&#227;o de corpos estranhos intracavit&#225;rios &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o de sua remo&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica devido ao alto risco de desenvolver eventos tromb&#243;ticos, enquanto a presen&#231;a de corpos estranhos completamente intramioc&#225;rdicos &#233; mais indicativa de conduta conservadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A reten&#231;&#227;o de chumbos intramioc&#225;rdicos sem sintomas &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara no trauma tor&#225;cico, sendo isolados os casos associados ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. N&#227;o existem diretrizes padronizadas para a abordagem diagn&#243;stica e de manejo desse tipo de les&#227;o, provavelmente devido ao baixo n&#250;mero de casos notificados. Al&#233;m disso, destacamos o uso da imagem multimodal como ferramenta inestim&#225;vel para o diagn&#243;stico preciso desse tipo de les&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Thoracic and Intramyocardial Pellets, an Incidental Finding in a Patient with Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5943-2903</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandez-Badillo</surname>
            <given-names>Valente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7626-0173</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia-Cardenas</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9718-6758</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliva-Cavero</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4379-3058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Armendariz-Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2408-8727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alexanderson-Rosas</surname>
            <given-names>Erick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4820-1325</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Espinola-Zavaleta</surname>
            <given-names>Nilda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ciudad de M&#233;xico</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="MX">Mexico</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Nuclear, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Ch&#225;vez, Ciudad de M&#233;xico &#8211; M&#233;xico</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lima</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PE">Peru</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Nacional Hip&#243;lito Unanue, Lima &#8211; Peru</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Nilda Espinola-Zavaleta &#8226;</bold> National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch&#225;vez &#8211; Juan Badiano 1, Secci&#243;n XVI, Tlalpan, <postal-code>14080</postal-code> E-mail: <email>niesza2001@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fernandez-Badillo V, Espinola-Zavaleta N; Acquisition of data: Fernandez-Badillo V, Armendariz-Ferrari JC, Espinola-Zavaleta N; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Garcia-Cardenas M, Oliva-Cavero D; Statistical analysis: Oliva-Cavero D; Writing of the manuscript: Fernandez-Badillo V, Garcia-Cardenas M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Garcia-Cardenas M, Oliva-Cavero D, Armendariz-Ferrari JC, Alexanderson-Rosas E, Espinola-Zavaleta N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic, imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Wounds, Gunshot</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Incidental Findings</kwd>
        <kwd>Firearms</kwd>
        <kwd>Lead</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Penetrating cardiac trauma is fatal; approximately more than half of affected people die at the scene. Penetrating myocardial wounds are rare, and the retention of cardiac pellets is poorly documented in literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> There are no standardized protocols for their diagnostic and therapeutic approach until now. Clinical presentation of a shotgun injury depends on the wound size, entry site, and the injury to the great vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In penetrating chest trauma, both ventricles are injured with similar frequency, but the right ventricle is the most entry site because it forms most of the anterior surface of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Case presentation</title>
          <p>We present the case of a 59-years-old man with a family history of hyperlipidemia and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and a personal history of chest trauma secondary to a shotgun injury in 2006, which did not deserve surgical treatment, no more event data, and type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed in 2016 under medical treatment with sitagliptin. The patient arrived at the emergency room in January 2018 with oppressive chest pain of 6 hours of evolution, intensity 8/10, radiated to the left arm, and diaphoresis. At admission, vital signs were within normal parameters, with blood pressure-120/70 mmHg, heart rate-75 bpm, oxygen saturation-92% and body mass index-26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
          <p>Physical examination revealed an old keloid scar in the anterior thoracic region, a hyperdynamic apexian beat in the fifth left intercostal space, and no heart murmurs or abdominal lung sounds were detected. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, heart rate-73 bpm, Q wave in V1 to V4 leads with ST-segment elevation and inversion of the T wave in the same leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1A</xref>). Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis (13.06 x10<sup>9</sup>/L), elevated fibrinogen (638 g/L), hypokalemia (3.3 mEq/L), hyperglycemia (250 mg/dL), HbAC1-8.7%, positive markers of myocardial damage (CPK-411 IU/L, CPK-MB-53 ng/mL, and high-sensitive troponin-6.1 ng/dL), hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol-256 mg/dL, c-HDL-35 mg/dL and c-LDL-186 mg/dL) and hypertriglyceridemia (278 mg/dL). A two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed normal ventricular volume and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 67%, type II diastolic dysfunction, and a hypoechoic image in the middle segment of the interventricular septum with posterior enhancement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1C-D</xref>). Cardiac catheterization showed a 95% obstruction in the middle segment of the left anterior descending artery, which required balloon angioplasty to obtain TIMI III flow; surprisingly, were observed countless spherical objects compatible with pellets in all cardiac regions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). The posteroanterior chest X-ray revealed multiple radiopaque circular objects with a predominance in the anterior region of the thorax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1B</xref>). The 2D chest computed tomography (CT) showed multiple hyperintense spherical objects in the mediastinum, anterior thoracic wall, and the heart, apparently in the left atrium (LA) and the 3D-reconstruction CT confirmed the presence of intramyocardial pellets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multimodal imaging diagnosis. (A) 12-leads electrocardiogram with sinus rhythm, 73 bpm, Q wave in V1-V4 leads with ST-segment elevation and T wave inversion, suggesting anteroseptal wall ischemia. (B) Anteroposterior chest x-ray with uncountable radiopaque circular objects, metal density. (C) 2D-TTE with a hypoechoic image in the middle segment of the interventricular septum (arrow) with posterior enhancement. (D) 3D-TTE, similar to findings of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1C</xref>. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0133-10854-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac catheterization. Presence of uncountable circular objects compatible with pellets. (A) Normal right coronary artery. (B) Left anterior descending artery with obstruction of 95% in the middle segment (arrow). (C) Successful left anterior descending coronary artery stenting (arrow), TIMI III flow. Cx: circumflex; LAD: Left anterior descending; RC: right coronary.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0133-10854-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Chest computed tomography. (A, B). 2D-CT with hyperintense spherical objects in the mediastinum, anterior thoracic wall, and the heart, apparently in the left atrium. (C) 3D-reconstruction, pellets in mediastinum and intramyocardial (arrows).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0133-10854-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The patient was discharged 3 days later, hemodynamically stable, no surgical intervention was required, and conservative treatment was chosen due to the absence of cardiovascular symptoms or complications after 12 years of cardiac trauma. Follow-ups were scheduled every 3 months in the cardiology outpatient clinic, and changes in lifestyle and drug treatment with antiplatelet agents, statins and oral hypoglycemic agents were indicated. Currently, 42 months after follow-up, the patient is in NYHA functional class I.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Gun violence is a serious public health problem, which causes the death of more than 250,000 people by year worldwide. Guenther and collaborators<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> identified up to 2020, 40 reported cases of cardiac injuries caused by a pellet gun. Of these, 90% were men, with an average age of 14 years old; 48% of the patients were reported hemodynamically unstable. Sternotomy was performed in 58% of the cases, a cardiopulmonary bypass in 18% and a pericardial window in 15%. The main affected sites were the right ventricle in 43%, the left ventricle in 33%, the right atrium in 15%, and the left atrium and great vessels were affected in 6%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Complications include embolization caused by the shot (25%), death (13%), massive hemorrhage, cardiac tamponade, direct damage to the free wall of ventricles or interventricular septum, dissection of coronary arteries and damage to the conduction system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Cardiac trauma is one of the risk factors associated with the appearance of acute myocardial infarction; however, reported cases are isolated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CT and echocardiography are commonly the most used imaging studies to diagnose traumatic cardiac injuries. Two-dimensional TTE is the most accurate method for identifying cardiac lesions, whereas CT is the best for locating foreign bodies. The detection of intracavitary foreign bodies is an indication of their surgical removal due to the high risk of developing thrombotic events, while the presence of completely intramyocardial foreign bodies is more indicative of conservative management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Retention of intramyocardial pellets without symptoms is a rare condition in thoracic trauma, and cases associated with acute myocardial infarction are isolated. There are no standardized guidelines for this type of injury&#8217;s diagnostic and management approach, probably due to the low number of reported cases. Also, we emphasize the use of multimodal imaging as an invaluable tool for the accurate diagnosis of this type of injury.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
