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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qjGtXktmgn5y5TdWDyzYfCf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700128</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210167</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210167</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reinerva&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s Denerva&#231;&#227;o Renal &#8211; Um Mito?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8219-6622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7065-9773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6510-3690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Gon&#231;alo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9255-3064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio e Hospitalar de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Universit&#225;rio e Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ICBR, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eric Monteiro &#8226;</bold> Rua de Carvalhal, 1. <postal-code>4980-203</postal-code>, Paradamonte &#8211; Britelo, Ponte da Barca &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>eamonteiro94@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Monteiro E, Costa G; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Delgado-Silva J, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>128</fpage>
      <lpage>132</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Resistente/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Denerva&#231;&#227;o Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Reinerva&#231;&#227;o Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o (HTN) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco que influenciam a carga global de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar de medidas como mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e tratamento farmacol&#243;gico reduzirem a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em todo o mundo, o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o permanece sub-&#243;timo com a PA inadequadamente controlada em muitos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No estudo randomizado <italic>ReHOT</italic>, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente foi de 11,7% entre os hipertensos brasileiros, o que est&#225; de acordo com a preval&#234;ncia relatada em outros estudos internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> De acordo com as diretrizes atuais da <italic>European Society of HTN</italic>, a HTN resistente &#233; definida quando os valores alvo de PA n&#227;o s&#227;o alcan&#231;ados, apesar da prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapia tripla, incluindo um diur&#233;tico na dose m&#225;xima tolerada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Acredita-se que a hiperatividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico desempenhe um papel importante na HTN resistente. Ao n&#237;vel renal, a via de sa&#237;da simp&#225;tica eferente para os rins leva ao aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o renal e libera&#231;&#227;o de renina, causando reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio. Por outro lado, as fibras simp&#225;ticas aferentes enviam sinais ao c&#233;rebro para estimular a atividade simp&#225;tica central e contribuem para a HTN neurog&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A denerva&#231;&#227;o renal (RDN, <italic>renal denervation</italic>) por cateter surgiu como um dos m&#233;todos invasivos mais utilizados para o tratamento da HTN resistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Tem como objetivo a abla&#231;&#227;o dos nervos simp&#225;ticos aferentes e eferentes na camada advent&#237;cia das art&#233;rias renais utilizando energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia. &#201; realizada atrav&#233;s da inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter do dispositivo percutaneamente na art&#233;ria femoral, que &#233; ent&#227;o avan&#231;ado nas art&#233;rias renais principais sob orienta&#231;&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> De acordo com uma meta-an&#225;lise, a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento &#233; baixa, e consiste principalmente em pseudoaneurismas no local de acesso vascular e dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, seu papel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; controverso, e h&#225; poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as diferentes respostas a esse procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Relatamos dois casos de HTN resistente idiop&#225;tica tratados com RDN. Ambos os pacientes apresentaram uma resposta inicial acentuada ao procedimento. No entanto, a PA voltou aos valores basais ap&#243;s 24 e 18 meses de seguimento, respectivamente. Foi realizada uma investiga&#231;&#227;o para detectar causas secund&#225;rias de HTN, sem achados que justificassem as altera&#231;&#245;es da PA. Portanto, foi realizada uma nova RDN, com bons resultados e dura&#231;&#227;o at&#233; os dias atuais (6 meses de seguimento para o paciente 1 e mais de tr&#234;s anos de seguimento para o paciente 2). Este &#233; um relato sobre a resposta heterog&#234;nea &#224; RDN, o poss&#237;vel papel da reinerva&#231;&#227;o funcional e o potencial desenvolvimento de supersensibilidade &#224; norepinefrina ap&#243;s a RDN. Esses mecanismos podem ser respons&#225;veis por aumentar a PA de volta aos valores basais ap&#243;s uma resposta inicial ideal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relatos de Caso</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 1</title>
        <p>Um homem de 49 anos, com hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o, apresentou epis&#243;dios de tontura e dor tor&#225;cica associados a picos hipertensivos. O paciente era sedent&#225;rio, com sobrepeso (altura = 192cm, peso = 98kg, &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8211; IMC &#8211; = 26,6kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e tinha hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de diabetes tipo 2, dislipidemia e gota. Ele fazia uso de cinco medicamentos anti-hipertensivos: amlodipino 5mg/valsartana 80mg duas vezes ao dia, espironolactona 100mg uma vez ao dia, nebivolol 5mg uma vez ao dia e clortalidona 50mg uma vez ao dia. Era tabagista ativo (5 unidades ma&#231;os/ano) e n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;rico de excesso de consumo de &#225;lcool ou cafe&#237;na. No exame inicial, sua PA no consult&#243;rio foi de 195/125mmHg, sem disparidade entre os bra&#231;os. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de repouso foi de 67 batimentos por minuto (bpm) e o restante do exame f&#237;sico foi normal (bulhas normais, aus&#234;ncia de sopros; pulsos femorais palp&#225;veis bilateralmente; aus&#234;ncia de sopros abdominais). Havia evid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o mediada por HTN (crit&#233;rios de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda no ECG &#8211; crit&#233;rios de Sokolov-Lyon 46mm; onda R em aVL 15mm &#8211; e hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica moderada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no ecocardiograma &#8211; septo interventricular 16mm; parede posterior 12mm; &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 134g/m<sup>2</sup>). O paciente havia sido submetido a uma angiografia coron&#225;ria por TC anterior que n&#227;o revelou doen&#231;a coronariana. Foram exclu&#237;das as causas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o (triagem com perfil bioqu&#237;mico e hematol&#243;gico completo, exame de imagem e polissonografia) &#8211; ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> &#8211; e a hipertens&#227;o resistente idiop&#225;tica foi confirmada pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) &#8211; PA m&#233;dia de 24h -159/106 mmHg. A RDN foi proposta e realizada com o cateter multieletrodo Spyral (Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, EUA), sem intercorr&#234;ncias. No seguimento de 6 meses, o paciente estava assintom&#225;tico, havia perdido 6kg ao adotar melhores h&#225;bitos de vida (IMC = 24,7kg/m<sup>2</sup>), estava em uso de quatro anti-hipertensivos (nebivolol foi retirado por bradicardia sinusal &#8211; FC de repouso = 52bpm) e a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica no MAPA mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o para 15 e 10 mmHg, respectivamente (PA m&#233;dia de 24h: 144/96 mmHg). Entretanto, no seguimento de 24 meses, apesar da manuten&#231;&#227;o da perda de peso, o paciente apresentava PA m&#233;dia de 24h de 181/120 mmHg no MAPA. Sua FC de repouso era de 70bpm e o nebivolol foi reintroduzido (o paciente voltou a fazer uso de cinco medicamentos hipertensivos).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Triagem para causas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Paciente 1</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Paciente 2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valores de refer&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="5">Metanefrinas fracionadas no plasma:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Metanefrina (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Normetanefrina (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9,15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide (uUI/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,4-4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Atividade da renina plasm&#225;tica (ng/mL/h)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1-4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de aldosterona (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5-30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Rela&#231;&#227;o aldosterona-renina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18,21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Concentra&#231;&#227;o de creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Mulheres: 0,55-1,02 <break/>Homens: 0,72-1,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">An&#225;lise de urina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Negativo para prote&#237;nas, eritr&#243;citos e leuc&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Negativo para prote&#237;nas, eritr&#243;citos e leuc&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Polissonografia (IAH)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Angiotomografia <break/>Computadorizada</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Sem estenose hemodinamicamente significante</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Sem estenose hemodinamicamente significante</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de paratorm&#244;nio (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9-72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio s&#233;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8,8-10,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cortisol salivar 23.00h (ug/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,087</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,127</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 2</title>
        <p>Uma mulher de 74 anos apresentou epis&#243;dios de cefaleia associados a picos hipertensivos e sonol&#234;ncia diurna excessiva. A paciente era sedent&#225;ria, com sobrepeso (altura = 155cm, peso = 63kg, IMC = 26,2kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e tinha hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. Fazia uso de quatro medicamentos anti-hipertensivos: nifedipina 60mg pela manh&#227; e 30mg ao jantar, perindopril 5mg duas vezes ao dia, carvedilol 12,5mg duas vezes ao dia e clortalidona 50mg uma vez ao dia. A paciente n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, excesso de consumo de &#225;lcool ou cafe&#237;na. Ao exame f&#237;sico, a PA no consult&#243;rio foi de 200/90 mmHg, sem disparidade entre os bra&#231;os. A FC de repouso era de 58 bpm e o restante do exame f&#237;sico foi normal (bulhas card&#237;acas normais, aus&#234;ncia de sopros; pulsos femorais palp&#225;veis bilateralmente; aus&#234;ncia de sopros abdominais). N&#227;o havia evid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o mediada por HTN (septo interventricular 9mm; parede posterior 9mm; &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 79g/m<sup>2</sup>). Uma angiotomografia renal pr&#233;via revelou placas ateromatosas em ambos os &#243;stios das art&#233;rias renais, mas sem estenose hemodinamicamente significante. As causas secund&#225;rias de HTN foram avaliadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), revelando uma leve apneia obstrutiva do sono. No entanto, os valores do MAPA n&#227;o melhoraram com a press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas, apesar da ader&#234;ncia confirmada &#8211; PA m&#233;dia de 24h: 158/79 mmHg. A RDN foi proposta e realizada com o cateter multieletrodo Spyral (Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, EUA), sem intercorr&#234;ncias. Aos 6 meses de seguimento, a paciente n&#227;o apresentava sintomas cardiovasculares. Ela apresentava o mesmo IMC e ainda fazia uso de quatro medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, mas o MAPA apresentava PA m&#233;dia de 24h de 110/60 mmHg (redu&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de 48 e 19 mmHg, respectivamente). Entretanto, aos 18 meses de seguimento, a paciente apresentou novo epis&#243;dio hipertensivo (PA de 190/85 mmHg). Um novo MAPA foi realizado e revelou PA m&#233;dia de 24h de 146/70 mmHg.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investiga&#231;&#245;es e tratamento</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram reavaliados para causas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o, mas nenhuma causa foi encontrada. Uma nova RDN foi proposta, sendo aceita pelos pacientes. Ambos os procedimentos foram realizados atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria femoral, utilizando o cateter multieletrodo Spyral (Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, EUA), sem complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais. Pain&#233;is A-D) caso 1: art&#233;ria renal esquerda pr&#233;-1&#170; RDN, imediatamente p&#243;s-1&#170; RDN, aos 6 meses de seguimento ap&#243;s a 1&#170; RDN e imediatamente ap&#243;s a 2&#170; RDN, respectivamente; Pain&#233;is E-H) caso 2: art&#233;ria renal esquerda pr&#233;-1&#170; RDN, imediatamente p&#243;s-1&#170; RDN, aos 6 meses de seguimento ap&#243;s a 1&#170; RDN e imediatamente p&#243;s-2&#170; RDN, respectivamente. Apenas a art&#233;ria renal esquerda de cada paciente &#233; mostrada. A art&#233;ria renal contralateral estava em condi&#231;&#245;es semelhantes. RDN: denerva&#231;&#227;o renal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0128-10167-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho e seguimento</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 1</title>
          <p>Seis meses ap&#243;s o segundo procedimento, a m&#233;dia da PA de 24h registrada pelo MAPA foi de 159/103mmHg (queda da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de 22 e 17 mmHg, respectivamente). O paciente estava assintom&#225;tico com peso estabilizado e n&#227;o houve recorr&#234;ncia de bradicardia sinusal. A medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva n&#227;o foi mudada.</p>
          <p>A resposta da PA antes e depois de ambos os procedimentos de RDN &#233; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial do caso 1 registrada pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial, antes e ap&#243;s a denerva&#231;&#227;o renal. MAPA: monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0128-10167-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 2</title>
          <p>Aos 6 meses de seguimento do segundo procedimento, a m&#233;dia da PA de 24h registrada pela MAPA foi de 127/68mmHg (queda da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de 19 e 2 mmHg, respectivamente). A PA permaneceu est&#225;vel no seguimento de 1 ano, 2 anos e 3 anos. Nesse per&#237;odo, a medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva da paciente foi progressivamente reduzida devido aos epis&#243;dios hipotensores. No geral, o estado geral da paciente melhorou, sem registro de sintomas ou sinais hipertensivos at&#233; os dias atuais.</p>
          <p>A resposta da PA antes e depois de ambos os procedimentos de RDN &#233; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial do caso 2 registrada pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial, antes e ap&#243;s a denerva&#231;&#227;o renal. MAPA: monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0128-10167-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Acredita-se que as limita&#231;&#245;es das estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas dispon&#237;veis para controlar a PA em alguns pacientes reflitam a complexidade e a multiplicidade de mecanismos potenciais respons&#225;veis pela g&#234;nese e manuten&#231;&#227;o da PA elevada. Isso levou a um interesse renovado pelas estrat&#233;gias invasivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os nervos simp&#225;ticos renais contribuem para o desenvolvimento e perpetua&#231;&#227;o da HTN, e o fluxo simp&#225;tico para os rins &#233; ativado em pacientes com HTN essencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico constitui um mecanismo central na hipertens&#227;o resistente e tem sido alvo da RDN percut&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias robustas derivadas de estudos controlados por simula&#231;&#227;o bem desenhados e rigorosamente conduzidos (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED, SPYRAL HTN-ON MED e RADIANCE-HTN SOLO) que apoiam a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da RDN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, os resultados dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o apenas em curto prazo, ainda faltando informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a efic&#225;cia em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> H&#225; poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a extens&#227;o da reinerva&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a RDN baseada em cateter em humanos, mas estudos em modelos animais mostram evid&#234;ncias de reinerva&#231;&#227;o funcional e anat&#244;mica do nervo renal, juntamente com a supersensibilidade &#224; norepinefrina relacionada &#224; denerva&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo realizado em ovelhas avaliou a efic&#225;cia da denerva&#231;&#227;o do nervo renal com o cateter Symplicity Flex e a reinerva&#231;&#227;o funcional e anat&#244;mica aos 5,5 e 11 meses p&#243;s-denerva&#231;&#227;o. Verificou-se que o procedimento efetivamente resultou em denerva&#231;&#227;o dos nervos renais aferentes e eferentes, mas aos 11 meses p&#243;s-RDN havia evid&#234;ncias funcionais e anat&#244;micas de reinerva&#231;&#227;o do nervo renal aferente e eferente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, um estudo realizado em ratos indica que ap&#243;s a RDN, a reinerva&#231;&#227;o funcional da vasculatura renal come&#231;a a ocorrer entre 14 e 24 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, e esse retorno completo da fun&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer em 8 semanas. O estudo tamb&#233;m sugeriu que a resposta &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do nervo renal durante a reinerva&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer devido a uma combina&#231;&#227;o de regenera&#231;&#227;o das fibras nervosas e supersensibilidade &#224; norepinefrina relacionada &#224; denerva&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Embora os resultados finais de tr&#234;s anos do estudo <italic>Symplicity HTN-1</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> sugiram que nenhuma reinerva&#231;&#227;o ou quaisquer mecanismos contrarreguladores se desenvolvam ao longo do tempo que possam diminuir a efic&#225;cia do procedimento, os dois casos que relatamos, juntamente com as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis em modelos animais, parecem indicar que isso pode n&#227;o ser universalmente verdadeiro. O fato de que ambos os casos descritos aqui mostraram uma resposta acentuada da PA &#224; primeira RDN, seguida de novo aumento da PA aos valores basais no seguimento, poderia indicar que a reinerva&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel clinicamente significativo na efic&#225;cia de longo prazo do procedimento. Al&#233;m disso, ambos os pacientes responderam a um procedimento de repeti&#231;&#227;o, fato que parece validar ainda mais essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>Considerando esses aspectos conjuntamente, o objetivo deste artigo &#233; levantar quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; possibilidade de reinerva&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento de supersensibilidade &#224; norepinefrina ap&#243;s a RDN. &#201; crucial saber se a reinerva&#231;&#227;o ocorre, se ela influencia os resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo e em qual subgrupo de pacientes esse fen&#244;meno &#233; mais prov&#225;vel de ocorrer.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Muitos pacientes n&#227;o s&#227;o capazes de atingir os valores-alvo de press&#227;o arterial apesar das mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>A denerva&#231;&#227;o renal por cateter apresenta-se como uma alternativa segura e eficaz para este subconjunto de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente.</p>
      <p>Os dois casos relatados aqui, juntamente com as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis em modelos animais, podem indicar que a reinerva&#231;&#227;o pode desempenhar um papel significativo na efic&#225;cia do procedimento em longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Portanto, &#233; crucial saber se a reinerva&#231;&#227;o ocorre, se ela influencia os resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo e em qual subgrupo de pacientes esse fen&#244;meno &#233; mais prov&#225;vel de ocorrer.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reinnervation after Renal Denervation &#8211; A Myth?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8219-6622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7065-9773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6510-3690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Gon&#231;alo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9255-3064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Universit&#225;rio e Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ICBR, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eric Monteiro &#8226;</bold> Rua de Carvalhal, 1. <postal-code>4980-203</postal-code>, Paradamonte &#8211; Britelo, Ponte da Barca &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>eamonteiro94@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Writing of the manuscript: Monteiro E, Costa G; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Delgado-Silva J, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Resistant Hypertension/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Denervation</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal - Re-Innervation</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure, Monitoring Ambulatory/methods/ Diagnostic, Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension (HTN) is a leading risk factor influencing the global burden of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In spite of the fact that measures such as lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment reduce blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular complications, worldwide, the treatment of HTN remains suboptimal with inadequately controlled BP in many patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the ReHOT Randomized Study, the prevalence of resistant HTN was 11.7% among Brazilian hypertensive patients, which is in agreement with the prevalence reported in other international studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> According to the current guidelines of the European Society of HTN, resistant HTN is defined when target BP values are not reached, despite prescription of triple therapy, including a diuretic at a maximum tolerated dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity is thought to play a major role in resistant HTN. At the kidney level, the efferent sympathetic outflow to the kidneys leads to increased noradrenaline production, renal vasoconstriction and renin release, causing sodium retention. On the other side, afferent sympathetic fibers send signals to the brain to stimulate central sympathetic activity and contribute to neurogenic HTN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) has emerged as one of the most frequently used invasive methods for the treatment of resistant HTN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It aims to ablate the afferent and efferent sympathetic nerves in the adventitia of the renal arteries using radiofrequency energy. It is performed through the insertion of the device catheter percutaneously into the femoral artery, which is then advanced into the main renal arteries under fluoroscopic guidance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> According to a meta-analysis, the rate of procedural complications is low and consists mainly in pseudoaneurysms at the vascular access site and renal artery dissection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nevertheless, its role in clinical practice is controversial and there is scarce information about the different responses to this procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> We report two cases of idiopathic resistant HTN treated with RDN. Both patients had a profound initial response to the procedure. Nevertheless, their BP was back to baseline values at the 24 and 18-month follow-up, respectively. An investigation to detect secondary causes of HTN was performed with no findings that justified the BP changes. Therefore, a new RDN was performed, with good results, lasting until the present day (6-month follow-up for patient 1 and more than 3-year follow-up for patient 2). This is a report about the heterogeneous response to RDN, the possible role of functional re-innervation and the potential development of supersensitivity to norepinephrine after RDN. These mechanisms could be responsible for increasing the BP back to baseline values after an optimal initial response.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case reports</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 1</title>
          <p>A 49-year-old man with a history of HTN, presented with episodes of dizziness and chest pain associated with hypertensive peaks. The patient was sedentary, overweight (height = 192cm, weight = 98kg, body mass index &#8211; BMI &#8211; = 26.6kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and had a medical history of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and gout. He was on five antihypertensive drugs: amlodipine 5mg/valsartan 80mg bid, spironolactone 100mg od, nebivolol 5mg od and chlortalidone 50mg od. He was an active smoker (5 pack-units-year) and had no history of alcohol or caffeine excess. On initial examination his office BP was 195/125mmHg, with no inter-arm disparity. His resting heart rate (HR) was 67 beats per minute (bpm) and the remaining physical examination was normal (normal cardiac sounds, absence of murmurs; palpable femoral pulses bilaterally; absence of abdominal bruits). There was evidence of HTN-mediated organ damage &#8211; HMOD &#8211; (left ventricular hypertrophy criteria on ECG &#8211; Sokolov-Lyon criteria 46mm; R wave in aVL 15mm &#8211; and moderate concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle on echocardiography &#8211; interventricular septum, 16mm; posterior wall, 12mm; left ventricular mass index 134g/m<sup>2</sup>). The patient had undergone a previous CT coronary angiogram that revealed no coronary disease. Secondary causes of HTN were excluded (screening with full biochemistry and hematology profile, imaging assessment and polysomnography) &#8211; see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 1</xref> &#8211; and idiopathic resistant HTN was confirmed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) &#8211; 24h average BP 159/106 mmHg. RDN was proposed and performed with the multielectrode Spyral catheter (Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, USA), without complications. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, had lost 6kg by adopting better lifestyle habits (BMI = 24.7kg/m<sup>2</sup>), was on four antihypertensive drugs (nebivolol was withdrawn due to sinus bradycardia &#8211; resting HR = 52bpm) and systolic and diastolic BP in ABPM had dropped to 15 and 10 mmHg, respectively (24h average BP 144/96 mmHg). Nevertheless, at the 24-month follow-up, despite maintenance of weight loss, the patient had a 24h average BP of 181/120 mmHg in ABPM. His resting HR was 70bpm and nebivolol was reintroduced (the patient was back on five hypertensive drugs).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Screening for secondary hypertension causes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="24%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Patient 1</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Patient 2</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Reference Values</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="5">Plasma fractionated metanephrines:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Metanephrine (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Normetanephrine (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">32.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9.15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Thyroid-stimulating hormone plasma concentration (uUI/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.4-4.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Plasma renin activity (ng/mL/h)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.76</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.29</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1-4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Plasma aldosterone concentration (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">32.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.42</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5-30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Aldosterone-renin-ratio</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18.21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.65</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Serum creatinine concentration (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.99</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.75</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Females: 0.55-1.02 <break/>Males: 0.72-1.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Urine analysis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Negative for protein, erythrocytes and leucocytes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Negative for protein, erythrocytes and leucocytes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Polysomnography (AHI)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Computed tomography angiography</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">No hemodynamically significant stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">No hemodynamically significant stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Serum parathyroid hormone concentartion (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9-72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Serum calcium concentration (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8.8-10.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Salivary cortisol 23.00h (ug/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.087</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.127</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>AHI: apnea hypopnea index; NA: not applicable.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 2</title>
          <p>A 74-year-old woman presented with episodes of headache associated with hypertensive peaks and excessive daytime sleepiness. The patient was sedentary, overweight (height = 155cm, weight = 63kg, BMI = 26.2kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and had a medical history of HTN and dyslipidemia. She was medicated with four antihypertensive drugs: nifedipine 60mg in the morning and 30mg at dinner, perindopril 5mg bid, carvedilol 12.5mg bid and chlortalidone 50mg od. The patient had no history of smoking, alcohol or caffeine excess. On physical examination, her office BP was 200/90 mmHg, with no inter-arm disparity. Her resting HR was 58 bpm and the remaining physical examination was normal (normal cardiac sounds, absence of murmurs; palpable femoral pulses bilaterally; absence of abdominal bruits). There was no evidence of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD): interventricular septum, 9mm; posterior wall, 9mm; left ventricular mass index, 79g/m<sup>2</sup>. A previous CT renal angiogram revealed atheromatous plaques in the ostium of both renal arteries, but without hemodynamically significant stenosis. Secondary causes of HTN were assessed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>), revealing mild obstructive sleep apnea. Nevertheless, the ABPM values did not improve with continuous positive airway pressure, despite confirmed compliance &#8211; 24h average BP 158/79 mmHg. RDN was proposed and performed with the multielectrode Spyral catheter (Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, USA), without complications. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient had no cardiovascular symptoms. She had the same BMI and was still on four antihypertensive drugs, but the ABPM showed a 24h average BP of 110/60 mmHg (systolic and diastolic reduction of 48 and 19 mmHg, respectively). Nevertheless, at the 18-month follow-up, the patient had a new hypertensive episode (BP of 190/85 mmHg). A new ABPM was performed and revealed a 24h average BP of 146/70 mmHg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Investigations and treatment</title>
          <p>The patients were reassessed for secondary causes of HTN, but none was found. A new RDN was proposed, which they accepted. Both procedures were performed through the femoral artery, using the multielectrode Spyral catheter (Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, USA), without procedural-related complications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Assessment of the renal arteries. Panels A-D) case 1: left renal artery pre-1<sup>st</sup> RDN, immediately post-1<sup>st</sup> RDN, at the 6-month follow-up after the 1<sup>st</sup> RDN and immediately post-2<sup>nd</sup> RDN, respectively; Panels E-H) case 2: left renal artery pre-1<sup>st</sup> RDN, immediately post-1<sup>st</sup> RDN, at the 6-month follow-up after the 1<sup>st</sup> RDN and immediately post-2<sup>nd</sup> RDN, respectively. Only the left renal artery of each patient is shown. The contralateral renal artery was in similar conditions. RDN: renal denervation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0128-10167-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome and follow-up</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Case 1</title>
            <p>Six months after the second procedure, the average 24h BP registered by ABPM was 159/103mmHg (systolic and diastolic BP drop of 22 and 17 mmHg, respectively). The patient was asymptomatic with a stabilized weight and there was no recurrence of sinus bradycardia. Antihypertensive medication remained unchanged.</p>
            <p>BP response before and after both RDN procedures is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figure 2</xref>.</p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Case 1 blood pressure evolution recorded by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, before and after both renal denervation procedures. ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; BP: blood pressure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0128-10167-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Case 2</title>
            <p>At the 6-month follow-up of the second procedure, the average 24h BP registered by ABPM was 127/68mmHg (systolic and diastolic BP drop of 19 and 2 mmHg, respectively). The BP remained stable at the 1-year, 2-year and 3-year follow-up. During this period the patient&#8217;s antihypertensive medication was progressively reduced due to hypotensive episodes. Overall, the patient general condition has improved, with no record of hypertensive symptoms or signs up to the present day.</p>
            <p>BP response before and after both RDN procedures is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure 3</xref>.</p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Case 2 blood pressure evolution recorded by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, before and after both renal denervation procedures. ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; BP: blood pressure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0128-10167-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The limitations of available pharmacological strategies to control BP in some patients is thought to reflect the complexity and multitude of potential mechanisms responsible for the genesis and maintenance of elevated BP. This led to a renewed interest in invasive strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Renal sympathetic nerves contribute to the development and perpetuation of HTN, and the sympathetic outflow to the kidneys is activated in patients with essential HTN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system constitutes a central mechanism in resistant HTN and has been a target of percutaneous RDN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is robust evidence derived from well-designed and rigorously conducted sham-controlled studies (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED, SPYRAL HTN-ON MED, and RADIANCE-HTN SOLO) supporting the efficacy and safety of RDN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the available results are short-term only, and long-term efficacy information is still lacking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> There is little information regarding the extent of re-innervation following catheter-based RDN in humans, but studies in animal models show evidence of functional and anatomical renal nerve re-innervation, along with denervation-related supersensitivity to norepinephrine. A study conducted in sheep assessed the effectiveness of renal nerve denervation with the Symplicity Flex&#8482; catheter and the functional and anatomical re-innervation at 5.5 and 11-months post-denervation. It was found that the procedure effectively denervated the afferent and efferent renal nerves, but by 11 months post-RDN, there was functional and anatomical evidence of afferent and efferent renal nerve re-innervation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Similarly, a study conducted in rats indicates that following RDN, functional re-innervation of the renal vasculature begins to occur between 14 and 24-days after the procedure, and that complete return of function may occur by 8 weeks. The study also suggested that the response to renal nerve stimulation during re-innervation could be due to a combination of regeneration of the nerve fibers and denervation-related supersensivity to norepinephrine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Although the final 3-year results of the Symplicity HTN-1 study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> suggest that no re-innervation or any counter-regulatory mechanisms develop over time that could lessen the efficacy of the procedure, the two present cases, along with the evidence available on animal models, seem to indicate that this may not be universally true. The fact that both cases described herein showed marked BP response to the first RDN, followed by re-elevation of the BP to baseline values at follow up, could indicate that re-innervation plays a clinically significant role in the long-term efficacy of the procedure. Additionally, both patients responded to a repeat procedure, a fact that seems to further validate this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>Taking these aspects together, the aim of this paper is to raise concerns about the possibility of re-innervation and the development of supersensitivity to norepinephrine after RDN. It is crucial to know whether re-innervation occurs, if it influences the long- term results of the intervention and in which subset of patients this phenomenon is more likely to occur.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Many patients are not able to reach target blood pressure values despite lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment.</p>
        <p>Catheter-based renal denervation is a safe and effective alternative for this subset of patients with resistant hypertension.</p>
        <p>The two cases reported herein, along with the evidence available on animal models, could indicate that re-innervation may play a significant role in the long term efficacy of the procedure.</p>
        <p>It is therefore crucial to know whether re-innervation occurs, if it influences the long- term results of the intervention and in which subset of patients this phenomenon is more likely to occur.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
