<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="letter" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8mKxZWNySRfrD5XfgDJWjkR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700124</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210752</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210752</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Levemente Reduzida: Considera&#231;&#245;es Terap&#234;uticas e Justificativas dessa Renomea&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia &#8226;</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Correia ETO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia ETO, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>124</fpage>
      <lpage>127</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) tem sido classicamente dividida em IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) e IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp). No entanto, para classificar melhor os pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) entre 41 e 49%, diretrizes anteriores introduziram o termo IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, logo ap&#243;s sua introdu&#231;&#227;o formal, a ICFEi passou a ser chamada de IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida (ICFLER).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Neste artigo, exploramos as raz&#245;es por tr&#225;s dessa renomea&#231;&#227;o e o motive que torna essa mudan&#231;a mais importante do que parece.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Preval&#234;ncia, caracter&#237;sticas e progn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>A ICFLER afeta 13-24% da popula&#231;&#227;o com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Precisamente no Brasil, 19,6% dos pacientes com IC foram classificados como ICFLER pela comunidade m&#233;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Enquanto diretrizes anteriores indicavam que a ICFLER se assemelhava mais &#224; ICFEp,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> muitas evid&#234;ncias publicadas desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o do termo mostraram que esse grupo se assemelha mais &#224; ICFEr ou tem caracter&#237;sticas intermedi&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O progn&#243;stico da ICFLER, por outro lado, &#233; melhor do que o da ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que a ICFEr compreende indiv&#237;duos com diferentes trajet&#243;rias de Fra&#231;&#227;o de Ejec&#231;&#227;o de Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) (por exemplo, ICFEp com FEVE deteriorada; ICFEr com FEVE melhorada, ou ICFLER com FEVE inalterada), cujos progn&#243;sticos s&#227;o diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Isso reflete a heterogeneidade da ICFLER em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ICFEr e a ICFEp. Os fen&#243;tipos de IC de acordo com a FEVE est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fen&#243;tipos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de acordo com a Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo. ICFLER: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida; ICmFE: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A ICFEr abrange pacientes com FEVE &#8804; 40%. No entanto, alguns deles podem ter um aumento de 10 pontos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FEVE basal e se tornar ICmFE. A ICFEr compreende FEVE de 41-49%, podendo ser pacientes com FEVE inalterada, com FEVE deteriorada e com FEVE melhorada antes de atingir os crit&#233;rios de ICmFE. Por fim, os pacientes com FEVE &#8805; 50% s&#227;o classificados como ICFEp.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0124-10752-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida</title>
        <p>Inibidores da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (IECA), Bloqueadores dos Receptores da Angiotensina (BRAs) e Inibidores do Receptor da Angiotensina-Neprilisina (IRAN)</p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias de efic&#225;cia dos BRAs para ICFEr s&#227;o controversas. Em uma an&#225;lise post-hoc do estudo CHARM-Preserved, a candesartana mostrou-se eficaz em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo para redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho de morte cardiovascular (CV) ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC (HR: 0,76, IC95%: 0,61-0,96) e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC isolada (HR: 0,72; IC95%: 0,55-0,95).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, em uma an&#225;lise de desfechos&#8201;pr&#233;-especificados do estudo I-PRESERVE, o irbesartan n&#227;o teve efeito sobre morte por problemas cardiovasculares ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC (HR: 0,98; 95%IC: 0,85-1,12) em pacientes com FEVE entre 45 e 59%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias sobre o efeito de IECAs na ICFLER tamb&#233;m s&#227;o limitadas. No estudo PEP-CHF, o perindopril n&#227;o teve efeito de redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas, morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, o estudo incluiu uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEp.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos IRAN, em uma an&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada do estudo PARAGON-HF, a combina&#231;&#227;o sacubitril/valsartana reduziu significativamente os casos de morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em compara&#231;&#227;o com apenas valsartana em pacientes com FEVE &lt;57%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise post-hoc adicional, que combinou dados dos estudos PARAGON-HF e PARADIGM-HF, mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do risco no desfecho composto de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC ou morte cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos com ICFEr e ICFLER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, o Food and Drug Administration&#8201;(FDA)&#8201;expandiu as indica&#231;&#245;es na bula de sacubitril/valsartana, incluindo ICFEr e ICFLER. Assim, embora essa evid&#234;ncia apenas gere hip&#243;teses, os pacientes com ICFLER provavelmente se beneficiam de sacubitril/valsartana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Antagonistas dos Receptores de Mineralocorticoides (ARM)</title>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise post-hoc do estudo TOPCAT mostrou que, embora a espironolactona traga mais benef&#237;cios em casos de FEVE mais baixa, ela n&#227;o melhorou os resultados em pacientes com FEVE entre 44 e 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, uma diferen&#231;a regional significativa foi observada. Enquanto os pacientes das Am&#233;ricas tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 18% no risco de desfecho prim&#225;rio, na R&#250;ssia e na Ge&#243;rgia, a espironolactona n&#227;o melhorou o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> An&#225;lises adicionais mostraram uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancial de pacientes da R&#250;ssia e da Ge&#243;rgia que n&#227;o receberam ou tomaram espironolactona,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> o que pode explicar essa diferen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, dados de uma meta-an&#225;lise que incluiu 11 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) mostrou que a espironolactona reduziu significativamente o risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, melhorou a classe funcional da New York Heart Association e diminuiu os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B em pacientes com ICFLER e ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Assim, a espironolactona &#233; provavelmente eficaz para ICFLER.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2&#8201;(SGLT2)</title>
        <p>No estudo EMPEROR-PRESERVED, a empagliflozina reduziu significativamente o risco combinado de morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo em pacientes com FEVE &gt;40%, embora esse benef&#237;cio tenha vindo da redu&#231;&#227;o nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo pr&#233;-especificada, a empagliflozina foi ainda mais eficaz para a ICFLER e reduziu significativamente o risco do desfecho composto em 29% da amostra em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Betabloqueadores e Digoxina</title>
        <p>Em uma metan&#225;lise de dados de pacientes individuais, os betabloqueadores reduziram o risco de mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com ICFLER em ritmo sinusal, mas n&#227;o melhoraram os desfechos de pacientes com ICFLER com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A digoxina, por sua vez, n&#227;o melhorou o progn&#243;stico em um an&#225;lise post-hoc do estudo DIG, com pacientes com ICFLER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos que investigaram o efeito de terapias medicamentosas para ICFEr est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos descrevendo o efeito de terapias medicamentosas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Medica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Metodologia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Intervalo FEVE para o efeito</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mortalidade por todas as causas</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">mortalidade CV</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Morte CV ou interna&#231;&#227;o por IC</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Interna&#231;&#227;o por IC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PEP-CHF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Perindopril</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Ensaio randomizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&gt; 45%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,09 (0,75-1,58)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,98 (0,63-1,53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,86 (0,61-1,20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CHARM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Candesartana</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">An&#225;lise post-hoc de um estudo randomizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40-49%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,79 (0,60-1,04)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,81 (0,60-1,11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,76 (0,61-0,96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,72 (0,55-0,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">I-PRESERVE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Irbesartana</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Ensaio randomizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45-59%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,98 (0,85-1,12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PARAGON-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Sacubitril-Valsartana</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Ensaio randomizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45-50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,82 (0,63&#8211;1,06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TOPCAT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">An&#225;lise post-hoc de um estudo randomizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44-50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,73 (0,49-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,69 (0,43-1,12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,72 (0,50-1,05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,76 (0,46-1,27)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Xiang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Metan&#225;lise de estudos randomizados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&gt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,72 (0,31&#8211;1,69)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,84 (0,73&#8211;0,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cleland et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Bloqueadores beta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Metan&#225;lise de dados de pacientes individuais</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40-49%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">SR: 0,59 (0,34-1,03); AF: 1,30 (0,63-2,67)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">SR: 0,48 (0,24-0,97); AF: 0,86 (0,36-2,03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">SR: 0,83 (0,60-1,13); AF: 1,06 (0,58-1,94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">SR: 0,95 (0,68-1,32); AF: 1,15 (0,57-2,32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">EMPEROR-Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Empagliflozina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Ensaio randomizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&gt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,00 (0,87-1,15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91 (0,76-1,09)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,79 (0,69-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,73 (0,61-0,88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DIG<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">An&#225;lise post-hoc de um estudo randomizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40-49%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,08 (0,85-1,37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,24 (0,94-1,64)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,96 (0,79-1,17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,80 (0,63-1,03)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CV: cardiovascular; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NR: n&#227;o reportado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necessidades atuais</title>
        <p>Diretrizes anteriores sugeriram que pacientes com ICFLER deveriam ser tratados como ICFEp. No entanto, como mencionado anteriormente, esses pacientes se beneficiam de m&#250;ltiplas terapias das quais os pacientes com ICFEp n&#227;o tiram proveito. Al&#233;m disso, a ICFLER &#233; semelhante &#224; ICFEr. Futuros ECRs devem alocar pacientes com ICFLER para que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es possam ser estendidas a esse grupo. Isso poderia ser feito pela inclus&#227;o da ICFLER em estudos sobre ICFEr ou por meio de estudos espec&#237;ficos para essa popula&#231;&#227;o, embora seja uma alternativa desafiadora.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A ICFEi se assemelha principalmente &#224; ICFEr e se beneficia de v&#225;rias terapias. A transi&#231;&#227;o de seu antigo nome para ICFLER &#233; apropriada e d&#225; a sensa&#231;&#227;o de que esses pacientes se beneficiam das terapias de ICFEr. Isso pode levar a um aumento na ado&#231;&#227;o de terapias baseadas em diretrizes, melhorando os resultados nesse grupo de pacientes historicamente esquecido.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbetta</surname>
              <given-names>LM dos S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>ET de O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction - State of the Art</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <fpage>784</fpage>
          <lpage>790</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190079</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Mesquita ET, Barbetta LM dos S, Correia ET de O. Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction - State of the Art. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;112:784&#8211;90. doi: 10.5935/abc.20190079</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumbach</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>3599</fpage>
          <lpage>3726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Bohm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726 doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>AJL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbetta</surname>
              <given-names>LM dos S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>ET de O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saad</surname>
              <given-names>MAN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas e Tend&#234;ncias na Mortalidade em Diferentes Fen&#243;tipos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>300</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190912</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Jorge AJL, Barbetta LM dos S, Correia ET de O,Martins W, Leite AR, Saad MAN, et al. Caracter&#237;sticas e Tend&#234;ncias na Mortalidade em Diferentes Fen&#243;tipos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(2):300&#8211;6. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190912</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lund</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claggett</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jhund</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosano</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction in CHARM: characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire ejection fraction spectrum</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1230</fpage>
          <lpage>1239</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1149</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Lund LH, Claggett B, Liu J, Lam CS, Jhund PS, Rosano GM, et al. Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction in CHARM: characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire ejection fraction spectrum. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(8):1230&#8211;9. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1149</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Massie</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carson</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komadjda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zile</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKelvie</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>359</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2456</fpage>
          <lpage>2467</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1149</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, Komadjda M, Zile MR, McKelvie R, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(23):2456&#8211;67. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1149</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tendera</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamus</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freemantle</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polonski</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2338</fpage>
          <lpage>2345</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehl250</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Cleland JGF, Tendera M, Adamus J, Freemantle N, Polonski L, Taylor J, et al. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(19):2338&#8211;45. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl250</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ge</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CSP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiotensin&#8211;Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1609</fpage>
          <lpage>1620</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1908655</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, Ge J, Lam CSP, Maggioni AP, et al. Angiotensin&#8211;Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(17):1609-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908655</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaduganathan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L Claggett</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zile</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swrdberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sacubitril/Valsartan Across the Spectrum of Ejection Fraction in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>352</fpage>
          <lpage>361</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044586</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M, L Claggett B, Packer M, Zile M, Swrdberg K, et al. Sacubitril/Valsartan Across the Spectrum of Ejection Fraction in Heart Failure. Circulation. 2020;141(5):352&#8211;61. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044586</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claggett</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sweitzer</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>455</fpage>
          <lpage>462</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehv464</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Solomon SD, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Desai A, Anand I, Sweitzer NK, et al. Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J.2016;37(5):455-62. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv464</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pitt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assmann</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boineau</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claggell</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1383</fpage>
          <lpage>1392</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1313731</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Assmann SF,Boineau R, Anand IS, Claggell B, et al. Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1383&#8211;92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1313731</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Denus</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Meara</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Spironolactone Metabolites in TOPCAT &#8212; New Insights into Regional Variation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1690</fpage>
          <lpage>1692</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMc1612601</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 de Denus S, O&#8217;Meara E, Desai AS, et al. Spironolactone Metabolites in TOPCAT &#8212; New Insights into Regional Variation. N Engl J Med.2017;376(17):1690-2. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1612601</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xiang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of spironolactone in the heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials</article-title>
          <source>Medicine</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <elocation-id>e14967</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MD.0000000000014967</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Xiang Y, Shi W, Li Z, Yang Y, Wang SY, Xiang R, et al. Efficacy and safety of spironolactone in the heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Medicine. 2019;98(13):e14967. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014967</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunner-La Rocca</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Empagliflozin in Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1451</fpage>
          <lpage>1461</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2107038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, Brunner-La Rocca HP, et al. et al. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bunting</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flather</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehx564</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Cleland JGF, Bunting KV, Flather MD, Altman DG, Holmes J, Coats AJS, et al. Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(1):26&#8211;35. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx564</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdul-Rahim</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rush</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jhund</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lees</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of digoxin in patients with heart failure and mid-range (borderline) left ventricular ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1139</fpage>
          <lpage>1145</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1160</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Abdul-Rahim AH, Shen L, Rush CJ,Jhund PS, Lees KR, McMurray JJV, et al. Effect of digoxin in patients with heart failure and mid-range (borderline) left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(7):1139&#8211;45. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1160</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction: Therapeutical Considerations and Reasons for This Renaming</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia &#8226;</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Correia ETO; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Correia ETO, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mineralocortical Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) has been classically divided into HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, to better classify HF patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between 41 and 49%, previous guidelines have introduced the term HF with mid-range ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nonetheless, shortly after its formal introduction, HF with mid-range ejection fraction is now called HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this letter, we explore the reasons behind this renaming and why this change is more important than it may seem.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Prevalence, Characteristics and Prognosis</title>
          <p>HFmrEF comprises 13-24% of the HF population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Specifically in Brazil, 19.6% of HF patients were classified as HFmrEF in the community.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> While previous guidelines indicated that HFmrEF resembled more HFpEF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> extensive evidence published since its introduction showed this group is more similar to HFrEF or have intermediate characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> On the other hand, prognostically, HFmrEF has better outcomes than HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Importantly, HFmrEF comprehends individuals with different LVEF trajectories (e.g. HFpEF with a deteriorated LVEF; HFrEF with an improved LVEF or HFmrEF with an unchanged LVEF) that have different prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This highlights the heterogeneity of HFmrEF compared with HFrEF and HFpEF. HF phenotypes according to LVEF are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Heart Failure Phenotypes according to Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. HFmrEF &#8211; heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFimpEF &#8211; heart failure with improved ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF&gt; left ventricular ejection fraction. HFrEF covers patients with a LVEF &#8804; 40%. Nonetheless, some of these patients can have a 10-point increase from baseline LVEF and become HFimpEF. HFmrEF comprises patients with LVEF from 41-49%, which could be patients with an unchanged LVEF; patients with a deteriorate LVEF and patients with an improved LVEF before reaching HFimpEF criteria. Finally, patients with a LVEF &#8805; 50% are classified as HFpEF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0124-10752-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Therapeutical Considerations for Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction</title>
          <p>Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNI)</p>
          <p>Evidence for the effectiveness of ARBs in HFmrEF is controversial. In a post-hoc analysis of the CHARM-Preserved trial, candesartan was shown to be effective compared to placebo in reducing the composite end-point of cardiovascular (CV) death or HF hospitalization (HR: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.61-0.96) and HF hospitalization alone (HR: 0.72; 95%CI: 0.55-0.95).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, in a prespecified analysis of the I-PRESERVE trial, irbesartan had no effect on CV death or HF hospitalization (HR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.85-1.12) in patients with a LVEF between 45 and 59%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evidence on the effect of ACEi in HFmrEF is limited. In the PEP-CHF trial observed perindopril had no effect on reducing all-cause mortality, CV death or HF hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nevertheless, this trial included a large proportion of HFpEF patients. Regarding ARNI, in a prespecified analysis of the PARAGON-HF trial, sacubitril/valsartan significantly reduced CV death or HF hospitalization compared with valsartan alone in patients with a LVEF &lt;57%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A further post-hoc analysis that combined data from the PARAGON-HF and PARADIGM-HF trials, showed that individuals with HFrEF and HFmrEF had a significant risk reduction in the composite endpoint of HF hospitalization or CV death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> For this reason, the FDA extended the indication of sacubitril/valsartan in the package insert to include HFrEF and HFmrEF. Therefore, although this evidence is hypothesis-generating only, patients with HFmrEF probably benefit from sacubitril/valsartan.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA)</title>
          <p>A post-hoc analysis of the TOPCAT trial showed that, although spironolactone had greater benefits at lower LVEF, it did not improve outcomes in patients with LVEF between 44 and 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nonetheless, a significant regional difference was observed in the TOPCAT trial. While patients enrolled in the Americas had a significant 18% risk reduction in the primary outcome, in Russia and Georgia, spironolactone did not improve prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Further analysis showed that a substantial proportion of patients enrolled in Russia and Georgia did not receive or take spironolactone,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> which can explain this difference. Also, data from a meta-analysis that included 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed spironolactone significantly reduced the risk of hospitalizations, improved New York Heart Association functional class and decreased levels of b-type natriuretic peptide in HFmrEF and HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Thus, spironolactone is probably effective in HFmrEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sodium&#8211;glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors</title>
          <p>In the EMPEROR-PRESERVED trial, empagliflozin significantly reduced the combined risk of CV death or HF hospitalization compared with placebo in patients with a LVEF &gt;40%, although this benefit came from the reduction in HF hospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In a prespecified subgroup analysis, empagliflozin was even more effective in HFmrEF, and significantly reduced the risk of the composite outcome by 29% compared with placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Beta-blockers and Digoxin</title>
          <p>In an individual patient data meta-analysis, beta-blockers reduced the risk of CV mortality in HFmrEF patients in sinus rhythm, but did not improve endpoints in HFmrEF patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Digoxin, on the other hand, did not improve prognosis in a post-hoc analysis of the DIG trial for HFmrEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of drug therapies for HFmrEF are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical trials describing the effect of drug therapies in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="12%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Study</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Drug</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Methodology</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LVEF range for the Effect</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">All-Cause Mortality</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">CV Mortality</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">CV Death or HF Hospitalization</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HF Hospitalization</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">PEP-CHF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Perindopril</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Randomized Trial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&gt; 45%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.09 (0.75-1.58)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.98 (0.63-1.53)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.86 (0.61-1.20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">CHARM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Candesartan</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Post-hoc analysis of a randomized trial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40-49%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.79 (0.60-1.04)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.81 (0.60-1.11)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.76 (0.61-0.96)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.72 (0.55-0.95)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">I-PRESERVE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Irbesartan</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Randomized Trial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45-59%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.98 (0.85-1.12)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">PARAGON-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Sacubitril-Valsartan</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Randomized Trial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45-50%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.82 (0.63&#8211;1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">TOPCAT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Post-hoc analysis of a randomized trial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44-50%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.73 (0.49-1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.69 (0.43-1.12)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.72 (0.50-1.05)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.76 (0.46-1.27)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Xiang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Meta-analysis of randomized trials</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&gt; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.72 (0.31&#8211;1.69)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.84 (0.73&#8211;0.95)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Cleland et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Meta-analysis of individual patient data</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40-49%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">SR: 0.59 (0.34-1.03); AF: 1.30 (0.63-2.67)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">SR: 0.48 (0.24-0.97); AF: 0.86 (0.36-2.03)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">SR: 0.83 (0.60-1.13); AF: 1.06 (0.58-1.94)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">SR: 0.95 (0.68-1.32); AF: 1.15 (0.57-2.32)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">EMPEROR-Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Empagliflozin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Randomized Trial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&gt; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.00 (0.87-1.15)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.91 (0.76-1.09)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.79 (0.69-0.90)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.73 (0.61-0.88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">DIG<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Digoxin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Post-hoc analysis of a randomized trial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40-49%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.08 (0.85-1.37)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.24 (0.94-1.64)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.96 (0.79-1.17)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.80 (0.63-1.03)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SR: sinus rhythm.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Current needs</title>
          <p>Previous guidelines suggested HFmrEF patients should be treated as HFpEF. However, as previously mentioned, these patients benefit from multiple therapies that HFpEF patients do not. In addition, as seen, HFmrEF is similar to HFrEF. Future RCTs should randomize HFmrEF patients so guideline recommendations can be extended to this group. This could be accomplished through the inclusion of HFmrEF in HFrEF trials or by conducting trials specifically for this population, although this is a challenging alternative.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>HFmrEF mostly resembles HFrEF and benefits from multiple therapies. The transition from its former name HF with mid-range ejection fraction to HFmrEF is appropriate and gives the sense that these patients benefit from HFrEF therapies. This may lead to an increase in the adoption of guideline-directed medical therapies, improving outcomes in this historically forgotten group of patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
