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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bfzWSkkTvCYnLPQvnG8SwGs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700113</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220312</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os Melhores Artigos do Ano 2021 nos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> e na <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8837-2746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3812-4872</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardim</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Espinho</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Porto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiovascular Research Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Research Center (UniC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Av. Pedro Calmon, 550. CEP <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Ambos os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fontes-Carvalho R, Oliveira GMM, Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Rochitte CE, Cardim N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>113</fpage>
      <lpage>123</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
        <kwd>Coopera&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnica/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissemina&#231;&#227;o da Informa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fator de Impacto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="51"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Anualmente, a <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic> (RPC) e os <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC) t&#234;m publicado em conjunto um artigo especial com a sele&#231;&#227;o dos seus melhores trabalhos originais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ao longo dos anos, foi poss&#237;vel observar a grande qualidade das publica&#231;&#245;es nas duas revistas, o que mostra o dinamismo da investiga&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular nos pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa.</p>
      <p>Dando seguimento a essa &#8220;tradi&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, os corpos editoriais da RPC e dos ABC voltaram a se reunir para selecionar a lista dos seus dez melhores artigos publicados em 2021 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). Mais uma vez, o ano de 2021 foi marcado pelo impacto da pandemia de COVID-19. Contudo, as duas revistas publicaram excelentes trabalhos em todas as &#225;reas da Medicina Cardiovascular, desde a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular at&#233; &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, incluindo uma primorosa sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos sobre a pandemia de COVID-19 nas popula&#231;&#245;es brasileira e portuguesa. Cabe ressaltar que a tarefa de eleger os melhores trabalhos publicados ao longo de cada ano &#233; complexa, devido &#224; elevada qualidade das publica&#231;&#245;es em ambos os peri&#243;dicos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lista com a sele&#231;&#227;o dos dez melhores artigos publicados nos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> em 2021</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Links</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Autor e t&#237;tulo do artigo</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-01-0091/0066-782X-abc-117-01-0091.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-01-0091/0066-782X-abc-117-01-0091.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Alves et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Resposta Imune Inata do Receptor Toll-Like-4 (TLR-4) e o Processo Fisiopatol&#243;gico da Cardiomiopatia da Obesidade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Relationship between Innate Immune Response Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) and the Pathophysiological Process of Obesity Cardiomyopathy</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-06-1091/0066-782X-abc-116-06-1091.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-06-1091/0066-782X-abc-116-06-1091.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Morais et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Performance Diagn&#243;stica da FFR por Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias atrav&#233;s de Software Baseado em Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diagnostic Performance of a Machine Learning-Based CT-Derived FFR in Detecting Flow-Limiting Stenosis</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-03-0466/0066-782X-abc-116-03-0466.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-03-0466/0066-782X-abc-116-03-0466.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Matos et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">O Escore Gensini e a Carga Tromb&#243;tica Adicionam Valor Preditivo ao Escore SYNTAX na Detec&#231;&#227;o de No-Reflow ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Gensini Score and Thrombus Burden Add Predictive Value to the SYNTAX Score in Detecting No-Reflow after Myocardial Infarction</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-05-0944/0066-782X-abc-117-05-0944.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-05-0944/0066-782X-abc-117-05-0944.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Santos et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mortalidade por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Desenvolvimento Socioecon&#244;mico no Brasil, 1980 a 2018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mortality Due to Heart Failure and Socioeconomic Development in Brazil between 1980 and 2018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-03-0426/0066-782X-abc-117-03-0426.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-03-0426/0066-782X-abc-117-03-0426.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Santos et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diagn&#243;stico de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial na Comunidade Utilizando Eletrocardiograma e Autorrelato: An&#225;lise Transversal do ELSA-Brasil</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis using ECG Records and Self-Report in the Community: Cross-Sectional Analysis from ELSA-Brasil</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0219/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0219.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0219/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0219.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mendes et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Resultados Cl&#237;nicos e Hemodin&#226;micos de Longo Prazo ap&#243;s o Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Tratados com Sildenafil</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Long-Term Clinical and Hemodynamic Outcomes after Heart Transplantation in Patients Pre-Treated with Sildenafil.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0695/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0695.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0695/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0695.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Oliveira et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Acesso &#224; Terapia de Reperfus&#227;o e Mortalidade em Mulheres com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST: Registro VICTIM</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Access to Reperfusion Therapy and Mortality in Women with ST-Segment&#8211;Elevation Myocardial Infarction: VICTIM Register</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hussid et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade Visceral e Hipertens&#227;o Sist&#243;lica como Substratos da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Adolescentes Obesos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Visceral Obesity and High Systolic Blood Pressure as the Substrate of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Adolescents</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-01-0004/0066-782X-abc-116-01-0004.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-01-0004/0066-782X-abc-116-01-0004.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Santos et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Treino de For&#231;a Reduz Stress Oxidativo Card&#237;aco e Renal em Ratos com Hipertens&#227;o Renovascular</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Strength Training Reduces Cardiac and Renal Oxidative Stress in Rats with Renovascular Hypertension</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-02-0309/0066-782X-abc-117-02-0309.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-02-0309/0066-782X-abc-117-02-0309.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Chehuen et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Respostas Fisiol&#243;gicas &#224; Caminhada M&#225;xima e Subm&#225;xima em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica Sintom&#225;tica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Physiological Responses to Maximal and Submaximal Walking in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0266/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0266.x27815.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0266/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0266.x27815.pdf</ext-link>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Guimar&#227;es et al.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento de &#211;bitos Domiciliares devido a Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em Tempos de Pandemia de COVID-19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Increased Home Death Due to Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lista com a sele&#231;&#227;o dos dez melhores artigos publicados na <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic> em 2021</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Autores</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">T&#237;tulo do artigo</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mesquita et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac arrhythmias in patients presenting with COVID-19 treated in Portuguese hospitals: A national registry from the Portuguese Association of Arrhythmology, Pacing and Electrophysiology</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Manuel et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Long-term outcomes after radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node: The experience of a Portuguese tertiary center</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ribeiro et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Impact of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Vel&#225;squez-Rodr&#237;guez et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Influence of left ventricular systolic function on the long-term benefit of beta-blockers after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Raposo et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Adoption and patterns of use of invasive physiological assessment of coronary artery disease in a large cohort of 40 821 real-world procedures over a 12-year period</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Costa et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Atherosclerosis: The cost of illness in Portugal</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Silva et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Prognostic impact of iron deficiency in acute coronary syndromes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Paiva et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulation versus left atrial appendage occlusion for primary and secondary stroke prevention after cardioembolic stroke</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sousa et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">The burden of infective endocarditis in Portugal in the last 30 years: a systematic review of observational studies</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mello Sampayo et al.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cost-effectiveness of cardio-oncology clinical assessment for prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A seguir, apresentamos uma lista dos dez melhores artigos em cada revista e sua breve descri&#231;&#227;o, assim como as suas principais implica&#231;&#245;es para o diagn&#243;stico, o tratamento e o entendimento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Visando &#224; melhor compreens&#227;o dos assuntos, os artigos foram agrupados e s&#227;o apresentados de acordo com quatro temas gerais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>COVID-19 e suas consequ&#234;ncias</title>
      <p>Os anos de 2020 e 2021 foram marcados pelo enorme impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nos cuidados de sa&#250;de. Em estudo publicado na RPC, Mesquita et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> analisaram a preval&#234;ncia e o impacto progn&#243;stico das arritmias card&#237;acas em pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. Foi utilizado um registro da Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Arritmologia, <italic>Pacing</italic> e Eletrofisiologia com dados provenientes de 20 hospitais portugueses, relativos a 692 pacientes internados devido &#224; COVID-19. Foi observado que, naquela popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, ocorreram eventos arr&#237;tmicos em 11,7%. As arritmias mais frequentes foram a fibrila&#231;&#227;o e o <italic>flutter</italic> atriais (FFA - 62,5%). Dois pacientes (3,1%) apresentaram taquicardia ventricular e 17 (26,6%) apresentaram taquicardia supraventricular parox&#237;stica. De forma surpreendente, nenhum desses pacientes teve complica&#231;&#245;es importantes decorrentes do evento arr&#237;tmico (ou morte de causa arr&#237;tmica), apesar de se tratar de um grupo com COVID-19 mais grave e que apresentava muitas comorbidades, e maior frequ&#234;ncia de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica. Apesar de 76,6% dos pacientes com eventos arr&#237;tmicos estarem sob medica&#231;&#227;o que aumenta o intervalo QT (ritonavir/lopinavir, hidroxicloroquina ou azitromicina), apenas sete (10,9%) apresentaram um intervalo QTc prolongado (variando entre 480ms e 596 ms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Desse estudo pode-se concluir que a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas &#233; alta nos pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19, mas elas n&#227;o se associaram a aumento da mortalidade card&#237;aca, embora ocorram com frequ&#234;ncia naqueles com doen&#231;a mais grave e com disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica. A incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares foi baixa apesar de os pacientes estarem medicados com terap&#234;uticas que prolongam o intervalo QT.</p>
      <p>Estudo observacional avaliou a taxa de mortalidade por parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero total de atendimentos domiciliares notificados pelo Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (SAMU) em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em mar&#231;o de 2018, 2019 e 2020. Observou-se aumento num&#233;rico gradativo da taxa de &#243;bitos domiciliares por PCR para o total de atendimentos pelo SAMU e aumento proporcional de 33% dos &#243;bitos domiciliares em mar&#231;o de 2020, m&#234;s do in&#237;cio da pandemia de COVID-19. A maioria dos pacientes (63,8%) tinha 60 anos ou mais e cerca de 87% dos casos de PCR notificados foram associados com comorbidades cl&#237;nicas, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (22,87%), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (13,03%) e diabetes mellitus (11,0%). Cabe ressaltar que, embora os familiares sinalizassem a presen&#231;a de comorbidades nos pacientes, em 38,4% dos casos relatados, os familiares n&#227;o souberam informar quais eram essas comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#201; importante que o sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro aprimore o conhecimento dos pacientes e familiares sobre as doen&#231;as com as quais convivem, salientando e facilitando o acesso ao sistema hospitalar, para diminuir o impacto das PCR extra-hospitalares, que apresentam pequenas chances de sobrevida.</p>
      <p>Fernandes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> realizaram um estudo retrospectivo de 187 pacientes admitidos numa unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) na sequ&#234;ncia de PCR ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 5 anos. A idade mediana dos pacientes foi de 67 anos. A PCR foi intra-hospitalar em 61% dos casos, tendo sido o ritmo inicial de PCR n&#227;o desfibril&#225;vel em 87%. O tempo m&#233;dio at&#233; retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (ROSC) foi de 10 minutos. A PCR foi de presum&#237;vel causa card&#237;aca em apenas 31% dos casos, o que &#233; explicado pela exclus&#227;o dos pacientes com PCR por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) com supra de ST (CSST), pois eles foram admitidos diretamente na UTI coron&#225;ria do mesmo hospital. Os autores reportam mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 63% (45% da qual em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; suspens&#227;o de medidas de suporte org&#226;nico) e mortalidade em um ano de 72%. A preval&#234;ncia de alta com bom <italic>status</italic> neurol&#243;gico (categoria de <italic>performance</italic> cerebral &#8211; CPC &#8211; de 1) foi de apenas 25%. Foram preditores independentes de mortalidade intra-hospitalar o tempo at&#233; in&#237;cio de suporte b&#225;sico de vida (SBV), score SAPS II elevado, ritmo inicial n&#227;o desfibril&#225;vel e tempo sob suporte de vasopressor. De forma surpreendente, apesar de o tempo at&#233; in&#237;cio de SBV e o tempo at&#233; ROSC terem sido superiores na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com PCR extra-hospitalar, os resultados cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente nas duas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes. A sobrevida com bom <italic>status</italic> neurol&#243;gico (CPC 1 ou 2) esteve associada a atividade epil&#233;tica menos frequente e suporte ventilat&#243;rio por per&#237;odo de tempo mais curto, mas n&#227;o se associou a PCR presenciada, ritmo inicial, tempo at&#233; ROSC, ou utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolo de normotermia. Por &#250;ltimo, os desfechos neurol&#243;gicos e de mortalidade foram semelhantes em ambos os sexos. Esse estudo salienta uma vez mais a import&#226;ncia de melhorar todos os componentes da cadeia de sobreviv&#234;ncia, no sentido de otimizar o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes. Tem ainda o m&#233;rito de expor a necessidade premente de ensaios cl&#237;nicos nessa &#225;rea, idealmente multic&#234;ntricos e devidamente enquadrados do ponto de vista &#233;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Arritmia card&#237;aca e seu impacto na sociedade</title>
        <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o e <italic>flutter</italic> atriais s&#227;o as arritmias mais comuns, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, quanto nos pacientes com COVID-19, ainda que n&#227;o tenham um car&#225;ter de associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Com o objetivo de estudar a incid&#234;ncia e os fatores associados &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e ao diabetes, foi realizado o Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), que &#233; uma grande coorte multic&#234;ntrica de indiv&#237;duos entre 35 e 74 anos, provenientes de seis cidades brasileiras. Um subestudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> do ELSA-Brasil, com os 13.260 participantes, investigou a presen&#231;a de FFA, que foram definidos pelo eletrocardiograma ou por autorrelato. Teve como objetivo analisar se a idade e o sexo estavam associados com o uso de anticoagulantes para evitar acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Os autores observaram que a maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (54,4%), com idade mediana de 51 anos, sendo FFA detectados em 333 (2,5%) participantes. Os autores observaram que idade (RC: 1,05; IC95%: 1,04-1,07), hipertens&#227;o arterial (RC: 1,44; IC95%: 1,14-1,81), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC -RC: 5,11; IC95%: 3,85-6,79), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (RC: 7,37; IC95%: 5,00-10,87) e febre reum&#225;tica (RC: 3,38; IC95%: 2,28-5,02) foram associadas com FFA. Apenas 20 pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o no CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805;2 (10,8%) usavam anticoagulantes, sendo esse uso menor em mulheres. Esses achados representam um grande desafio para os cuidados de sa&#250;de de FFA.</p>
        <p>Em 2018, o estudo CASTLE-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mostrou que a abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) numa popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca poderia melhorar seu progn&#243;stico. Em outro estudo, Ribeiro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> avaliaram retrospectivamente o impacto da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA em 22 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (32% em classe NYHA II e 58% em classe NYHA III) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) &lt;50%. O procedimento foi realizado com sucesso em 100% dos pacientes, sem complica&#231;&#245;es registradas. A recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de <italic>blanking</italic> foi de 18%. Ap&#243;s um tempo de seguimento mediano de 11 meses, os autores reportaram uma melhora da capacidade funcional, com classe funcional da NYHA m&#233;dia de 2,35&#177;0,49 antes do procedimento e de 1,3&#177;0,47 ap&#243;s o procedimento (p&lt;0,001). Houve ainda melhoria da FEVE m&#233;dia de 40% para 58% (p&lt;0,01) e remodelamento favor&#225;vel das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, em pacientes cuidadosamente selecionados com FA e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FEVE &lt;50%, a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA resulta em melhora significativa da classe funcional, melhora da FEVE e em remodelamento estrutural favor&#225;vel das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas. Prop&#245;em assim que, tal como proposto por ensaios cl&#237;nicos de larga escala recentemente publicados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA seja considerada precocemente nesses pacientes, atendendo ao elevado perfil de seguran&#231;a quando comparado com estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas de controle de ritmo.</p>
        <p>Na &#225;rea da eletrofisiologia invasiva, Manuel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> publicaram um interessante estudo com o seguimento a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; atrioventricular com radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Foram analisados os dados de 123 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 69&#177;9 anos) de um centro terci&#225;rio portugu&#234;s, com seguimento mediano de 8,5 anos. As indica&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento foram a baixa porcentagem de <italic>pacing</italic> biventricular (em 8%), a presen&#231;a de taquicardiomiopatia (em 80%, dos quais 65% eram relativos a FA de resposta ventricular r&#225;pida apesar de terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica), a ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (em 2%) ou taquicardia supraventricular incontrol&#225;vel (em 10%). Em 89% dos casos, foi implantado um dispositivo no momento da abla&#231;&#227;o (14% dos quais foram dispositivos de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca) e, nos restantes, os pacientes j&#225; eram portadores desses dispositivos. O procedimento foi realizado com sucesso em todos os pacientes, sem complica&#231;&#245;es maiores periprocedimento. De forma not&#225;vel, durante esse per&#237;odo de <italic>follow-up,</italic> n&#227;o foram documentadas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores associadas aos dispositivos card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis. Os autores reportam ainda melhoria da classe funcional da NYHA, menos hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e uma redu&#231;&#227;o das visitas n&#227;o planejadas por descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A mortalidade por todas as causas foi de 3,5% no final do primeiro ano e de 23% ao longo de todo o seguimento, em linha com o descrito na literatura. Esse estudo mostra o perfil de elevada efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; atrioventricular em pacientes selecionados, uma t&#233;cnica que pode ser especialmente importante no tratamento de popula&#231;&#227;o complexa de pacientes, podendo permitir a sua melhoria sintom&#225;tica e a redu&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, conforme referido nas diretrizes europeias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (OPAAE) &#233; um tema controverso da cardiologia atual. Em estudo publicado na RPC, Paiva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> analisaram a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia desse procedimento em pacientes com FA &#8220;n&#227;o valvular&#8221;, quer em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria quer secund&#225;ria de AVC. Os autores realizaram um estudo observacional prospetivo envolvendo 91 pacientes submetidos a OPAAE e 149 pacientes tratados com os anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOAC), ao longo de um seguimento m&#233;dio de 13 meses. Os pacientes submetidos a OPAAE tinham idade m&#233;dia de 74,7&#177;8,7 anos (vs. 77,8&#177;8,0 anos dos pacientes em uso de DOAC), 59% eram do sexo masculino, com CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc escore m&#233;dio de 4,3&#177;1,4 (vs. 5,3&#177;1,3) e HAS-BLED escore m&#233;dio de 3,0&#177;0,9 (vs. 4,0&#177;0,7). Foram utilizados os dispositivos ACP/Amulet&#8482; e Watchman&#8482; e a taxa de sucesso do procedimento foi de 96,3%, sem complica&#231;&#245;es maiores registradas. O estudo demonstrou uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa para redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho composto de morte, AVC ou hemorragia maior nos pacientes submetidos a OPAAE (11,0% vs. 20,9%; HR: 0,42, IC95%: 0,17-1,05, p=0,06). Em cerca de 20% dos pacientes submetidos a OPAAE que suspenderam a terap&#234;utica antiplaquet&#225;ria ap&#243;s seis meses do implante do dispositivo por hemorragia menor, n&#227;o houve excesso de eventos cardiovasculares ou hemorragias graves. Os autores concluem que a OPAAE n&#227;o foi inferior aos DOAC para preven&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio composto por morte, AVC e hemorragia maior numa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA &#8220;n&#227;o valvular&#8221;. A comunidade cient&#237;fica aguarda expectante pelo resultado dos diversos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados em curso nessa &#225;rea, que poder&#227;o fornecer respostas mais definitivas quanto ao papel da OPAAE no tratamento de popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco (por exemplo, pacientes com hist&#243;ria de hemorragia intracraniana).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O maior questionamento acerca da OPAAE &#233; sua custo-efetividade, ainda n&#227;o respondida na literatura dispon&#237;vel. De fato, a economia da sa&#250;de tornou-se um dos temas mais relevantes atualmente, em especial em pa&#237;ses como o Brasil que oferecem acesso universal ao sistema de sa&#250;de. Um bom exemplo &#233; o custo associado com a aterosclerose que se constitui no denominador patol&#243;gico comum &#224;s principais causas de morbimortalidade dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, incluindo, entre outras, as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e cr&#244;nicas, os AVC isqu&#234;micos e a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. Em artigo publicado na RPC, Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> procuraram quantificar o impacto econ&#244;mico da aterosclerose em Portugal, usando para isso dados de preval&#234;ncia e recorrendo a m&#250;ltiplas bases de dados nacionais. Os custos da aterosclerose totalizaram 1,9 mil milh&#245;es de euros por ano, o que corresponde a 11% de todos os gastos em sa&#250;de e a aproximadamente 1% do PIB (dados de 2016). Desses custos, 58% representaram custos diretos com a doen&#231;a (55% dos quais relacionados com cuidados de sa&#250;de prim&#225;rios) e 42% foram custos indiretos (91% dos quais por absente&#237;smo laboral). Entre as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da aterosclerose, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica apresentou maior custo por paciente, que se deveu sobretudo ao custo com a medica&#231;&#227;o. &#201; poss&#237;vel concluir que, atendendo &#224; sua elevada preval&#234;ncia (cerca de 9% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta em Portugal) e impacto econ&#244;mico, a aterosclerose constitui ainda um desafio cl&#237;nico, social e financeiro para os sistemas de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo, o que poder&#225; ser agravado num futuro pr&#243;ximo, devido ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desafios atuais na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
        <p>Como mencionado, o maior custo das doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, por paciente, relaciona-se com a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e sua abordagem, notadamente devido &#224;s diferentes terap&#234;uticas dispon&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos mostraram que a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional invasiva coron&#225;ria com reserva fracionada de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico (do ingl&#234;s <italic>fractional flow reserve</italic>, FFR ou iFFR) pode ser custo-efetiva<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e melhorar o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Contudo, a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; ainda residual na maioria dos laborat&#243;rios de cardiologia de interven&#231;&#227;o. Num interessante trabalho publicado, Raposo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> analisaram o padr&#227;o de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessas t&#233;cnicas de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional invasiva de DAC em dois centros de refer&#234;ncia ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 12 anos, totalizando 40.821 pacientes submetidos a coronariografia invasiva. Essas t&#233;cnicas foram utilizadas em apenas 0,6% dos casos submetidos a coronariografia por doen&#231;a valvar e em 6,0% dos casos submetidos a coronariografia por DAC est&#225;vel. Em 42,9% dos pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel submetidos a angioplastia, n&#227;o havia documenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de isquemia por testes de imagem, nem foi utilizada fisiologia invasiva. A idade dos operadores e a hora de realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento associaram-se de forma significativa &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses &#237;ndices. O <italic>timing</italic> de publica&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos de refer&#234;ncia e de recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais relevantes relacionou-se com a maior taxa de ado&#231;&#227;o dessas t&#233;cnicas. A emerg&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica quanto aos &#237;ndices n&#227;o hiper&#234;micos (i.e., iFFR), de maior facilidade e rapidez de utiliza&#231;&#227;o, aumentou a propor&#231;&#227;o de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o relativamente aos &#237;ndices hiper&#234;micos (i.e., FFR), sem, no entanto, aumentar a taxa global de utiliza&#231;&#227;o. Os autores concluem que a taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o sub&#243;tima da avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional invasiva de DAC constitui uma oportunidade para, atrav&#233;s de estrat&#233;gias dedicadas que visem aumentar a ader&#234;ncia &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e diminuir a in&#233;rcia cl&#237;nica, melhorar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com DAC angiograficamente moderada.</p>
        <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da reserva fracionada de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico pode ser particularmente &#250;til nas estenoses moderadas (50% a 69%), auxiliando na discrimina&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es associadas com isquemia significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Estudos recentes demonstraram que a angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias tem elevada acur&#225;cia para identificar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica por meio da quantifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da FFR (FFR<sub>TC</sub>) quando comparada a FFR ou iFFR, considerada padr&#227;o-ouro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Interessante estudo retrospectivo com pacientes encaminhados a angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e angiografia coronariana avaliou o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da FFR<sub>TC</sub> na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FFR, definindo DAC obstrutiva como angiotomografia com redu&#231;&#227;o luminal &#8805;50% e DAC funcionalmente obstrutiva como FFR &#8804;0,8. O estudo incluiu 93 pacientes consecutivos (152 vasos) e analisou a FFR<sub>TC</sub> atrav&#233;s de <italic>software</italic> baseado em aprendizado de m&#225;quina. Foi observada boa concord&#226;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida de FFR, com tempo de p&#243;s-processamento em torno de 10 minutos. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; <italic>performance</italic> diagn&#243;stica, mesmo em tom&#243;grafos de gera&#231;&#245;es anteriores, houve boa concord&#226;ncia entre FFR<sub>TC</sub> e FFR, com m&#237;nima superestima&#231;&#227;o da FFR<sub>TC</sub> (vi&#233;s: -0,02; limites de concord&#226;ncia: 0,14 a 0,09). A FFR<sub>TC</sub> demonstrou <italic>performance</italic> significativamente superior &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o visual de estenose coronariana, reduzindo o n&#250;mero de casos falso-positivos. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a FFR<sub>TC</sub> baseada em intelig&#234;ncia artificial, mesmo em tom&#243;grafos de 128 e 256 cortes, apresenta boa <italic>performance</italic> diagn&#243;stica na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC, podendo reduzir procedimentos invasivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>De acordo com dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de Brasileiro (SUS), o n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IM no sistema p&#250;blico aumentou 54% de 2008 a 2019, ajustado para a popula&#231;&#227;o. Os procedimentos de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) n&#227;o prim&#225;ria por habitante dobraram, enquanto os de ICP prim&#225;ria aumentaram 31%. A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar por IM diminuiu de 15,9% em 2008 para 12,9% em 2019, sendo ainda bastante elevada se comparada com as taxas mundiais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Cabe ressaltar que o acesso a reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que &#233; o pilar terap&#234;utico do IM, n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para todos, especialmente para as mulheres, gerando maior mortalidade e impactando os custos totais da doen&#231;a aterotromb&#243;tica. Estudo transversal com dados do Registro VICTIM avaliou pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IMCSST oriundos de quatro hospitais (um p&#250;blico e tr&#234;s privados) com disponibilidade para realizar angioplastia prim&#225;ria, em Sergipe, de dezembro de 2014 a junho de 2018. Foram inclu&#237;dos 878 pacientes com IMCSST, sendo que 33,4% eram mulheres. Pouco mais da metade dos pacientes foi submetida &#224; reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (53,3%, 134 mulheres e 334 homens). As mulheres apresentaram menores taxas de fibrin&#243;lise (2,3% no total, 1,7% nas mulheres e 2,6% nos homens) e de angioplastia prim&#225;ria (44% nas mulheres e 54,5% nos homens), com consequente maior mortalidade hospitalar nas mulheres do que nos homens (16,1% vs. 6,7%). Cabe ressaltar que as mulheres tinham maiores taxas de diabetes mellitus (42% vs. 28,5%), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (75,1% vs. 59%) e dislipidemia (50,2% vs. 33,3%) do que os homens. Os autores refor&#231;am o achado de piores resultados para os usu&#225;rios do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico, principalmente entre as mulheres, e apontam a necessidade de melhorias no acesso das mulheres portadoras de IMCSST a estrat&#233;gias eficazes de tratamento, com o objetivo de reduzir a mortalidade hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A angioplastia prim&#225;ria tem como objetivo a recupera&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia do l&#250;men arterial para promover o fluxo sangu&#237;neo na microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Contudo, um em cada tr&#234;s pacientes permanece com o fluxo microvascular reduzido mesmo com fluxo macrovascular restaurado, fen&#244;meno conhecido como <italic>no-reflow</italic>. Esses pacientes t&#234;m maior risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Ainda que o escore SYNTAX seja bom preditor de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, as cargas ateroscler&#243;tica e tromb&#243;tica n&#227;o s&#227;o consideradas no algoritmo, devido &#224; exclus&#227;o de les&#245;es obstrutivas com estenoses menores que 50% e &#224; atribui&#231;&#227;o de pontua&#231;&#227;o baixa para a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de trombo, respectivamente. Para avaliar se a carga ateroscler&#243;tica (atrav&#233;s do escore Gensini) e a carga tromb&#243;tica na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria culpada melhorariam a capacidade do escore SYNTAX para detectar <italic>no-reflow</italic>, Matos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> inclu&#237;ram 481 pacientes consecutivos portadores de IMCSST, com delta t de at&#233; 12 horas. Definiram <italic>no-reflow</italic> como fluxo TIMI &lt; 3 ou fluxo TIMI =3, mas grau de <italic>blush</italic> mioc&#225;rdico (<italic>myocardial blush grade</italic>) &lt; 2, sendo a carga tromb&#243;tica quantificada de acordo com o grau TIMI de trombo (0 a 5). A m&#233;dia da idade foi de 61&#177;11 anos e o fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> ocorreu em 32,8% dos pacientes. Os preditores independentes de <italic>no-reflow</italic> foram escore SYNTAX (OR=1,05, IC95%: 1,01&#8211;1,08, p&lt;0,01), carga tromb&#243;tica (OR=1,17, IC95%: 1,06&#8211;1,31, p&lt;0,01) e escore Gensini (OR=1,37, IC95%: 1,13&#8211;1,65, p&lt;0,01). Os escores combinados apresentaram uma maior &#225;rea sob a curva quando comparados ao escore SYNTAX isolado (0,78 [0,73&#8211;0,82] vs. 0,73 [0,68&#8211;0,78], p=0,03). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que as cargas ateroscler&#243;tica e tromb&#243;tica na art&#233;ria culpada adicionam valor preditivo ao escore SYNTAX na detec&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno <italic>no-reflow</italic>. A maior limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; ter car&#225;ter transversal e ser unic&#234;ntrico.</p>
        <p>Uma das estrat&#233;gias para melhorar a mortalidade por IM seria o uso de betabloqueadores (BB) e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. Recentemente t&#234;m-se questionado se os BB ter&#227;o benef&#237;cio progn&#243;stico a longo prazo ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Em estudo retrospectivo publicado na RPC, Vel&#225;squez-Rodr&#237;guez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> procuraram responder a essa quest&#227;o analisando 972 pacientes consecutivos admitidos com IMCSST, 99,7% dos quais submetidos a ICP, com idade m&#233;dia de 62,6&#177;13,5 anos, sendo 21,8% do sexo feminino. &#192; data de alta, 85,9% dos pacientes foram medicados com BB. Tal como esperado, observou-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes n&#227;o medicados com BB apresentava tendencialmente mais comorbidades (como neoplasia, anemia, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica), maior preval&#234;ncia de IM em territ&#243;rio inferior, bem como de bloqueio atrioventricular de alto grau. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de <italic>follow-up</italic> m&#233;dio de 49,6&#177;24,9 meses, o uso de BB foi preditor independente de sobrevida na popula&#231;&#227;o geral (HR 0,61, IC95%: 0,38-0,96), mas, quando estratificada pelo valor de FEVE, apenas a popula&#231;&#227;o com FEVE &#8804;40% pareceu obter benef&#237;cio de sobrevida com essa terap&#234;utica. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que os resultados do estudo levantam d&#250;vidas razo&#225;veis quanto ao real benef&#237;cio do uso sistem&#225;tico de BB a longo prazo, ap&#243;s IMCSST, em pacientes com FEVE superior a 40%. Em outro estudo observacional incluindo 1520 pacientes, publicado na RPC em 2018, Tim&#243;teo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> conclu&#237;ram pelo benef&#237;cio no uso sistem&#225;tico de BB ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, independentemente do valor da FEVE. Em suma, parece razo&#225;vel afirmar em 2022 que, na aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica proveniente de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados adequadamente dimensionados, h&#225; ainda lugar para uma individualiza&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;utica com BB ap&#243;s IM nos pacientes com FEVE &gt;40% que leve em conta a esperan&#231;a m&#233;dia de vida do paciente, suas prefer&#234;ncias, estado funcional e cognitivo, perfil de comorbidades, fragilidade, intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Novas estrat&#233;gias para minimizar os desfechos adversos decorrentes do IM s&#227;o desejadas, procurando-se extrapolar os dados dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Existem poucos dados na literatura relativamente ao impacto progn&#243;stico da defici&#234;ncia de ferro nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. Estudo publicado na RPC por Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> procurou responder a essa lacuna. Foram avaliados os dados de 817 pacientes internados por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda num hospital terci&#225;rio portugu&#234;s, que foram alocados em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a (n=298, 36%) ou aus&#234;ncia (n=519) de defici&#234;ncia de ferro na admiss&#227;o. Os pacientes com defici&#234;ncia de ferro apresentaram mais frequentemente depress&#227;o moderada e grave da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e classes Killip mais elevadas. No seguimento a m&#233;dio prazo (m&#233;dia de 738 dias), esses pacientes apresentaram tamb&#233;m maior mortalidade por qualquer causa (12,6% vs. 6,3%, p=0,04), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca NYHA III/IV (10,5% vs. 5,3%, p=0,011), bem como maior taxa de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar (9,8% vs. 13,7%, p=0,048). A defici&#234;ncia de ferro constituiu-se um preditor independente de morte ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no <italic>follow-up</italic> e possibilitou ainda a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos pacientes sem anemia e/ou com classes Killip mais baixas (&#8804;2) em termos de ocorr&#234;ncia de morte ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a defici&#234;ncia de ferro &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente nos pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, sendo um fator preditor independente de morte ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave no <italic>follow-up</italic> a m&#233;dio prazo. Para al&#233;m disso, a defici&#234;ncia de ferro pode ser um interessante complemento na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem anemia, bem como naqueles com classes Killip &#8804;2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: das causas &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca afeta aproximadamente 26 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo e esses n&#250;meros tendem a aumentar com o envelhecimento populacional, com a alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular, com a sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes ao IM e com as melhorias terap&#234;uticas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Para al&#233;m disso, parece haver associa&#231;&#227;o entre piores desfechos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os determinantes sociais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> analisaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal das taxas de mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria no Brasil, regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas (RG) e unidades da federa&#231;&#227;o (UF), de 1980 a 2018, e associa&#231;&#245;es com o &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM). A mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diminuiu no Brasil ao longo dos 29 anos estudados, apresentando tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva a partir de 2008, atingindo ao final de 2018 patamar semelhante nas RG e UF. As taxas de mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no sexo masculino foram maiores durante quase todos os per&#237;odos e faixas et&#225;rias observadas, provavelmente por rela&#231;&#227;o com a etiologia isqu&#234;mica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Observou-se tend&#234;ncia inversa entre a varia&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade das UF entre 1990 e 2018 e a varia&#231;&#227;o do respectivo IDHM entre 1991 e 2010. Os autores sugeriram que, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mais importante que o grau de incremento do IDHM &#233; o n&#237;vel final que ele alcan&#231;a, IDHM igual ou superior a 0,7. Os autores concluem que esfor&#231;os devem ser feitos no sentido de ampliar o acesso &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de e o controle mais efetivo dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, dislipidemia, obesidade, sedentarismo, diabetes, bem como dos determinantes sociais, que contribuem para a mortalidade tanto por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o quanto por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Tendo em mente a crescente popula&#231;&#227;o em risco de desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na sequ&#234;ncia de exposi&#231;&#227;o a quimioterapia (QT) cardiot&#243;xica, bem como a escassez de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica para suportar diferentes estrat&#233;gias de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes, Mello et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> publicaram um estudo que tenta nos dar algumas respostas, partindo de uma l&#243;gica de custo-efetividade. Para esse efeito, foram calculados e comparados os QALYs de duas estrat&#233;gias de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o: uma guiada por vigil&#226;ncia imagiol&#243;gica da FEVE (em que a medica&#231;&#227;o cardioprotetora era prescrita na ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sob QT, definida pela queda sintom&#225;tica de &gt;10% na FEVE, para um valor final &#8804;55%) e outra estrat&#233;gia de &#8220;cardioprote&#231;&#227;o universal&#8221; (todos os pacientes medicados com BB e inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina). Para esses c&#225;lculos foi usada uma simula&#231;&#227;o de Monte Carlo de um modelo de Markov. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, em uma perspectiva de custo-efetividade, a estrat&#233;gia de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o guiada por vigil&#226;ncia imagiol&#243;gica era superior &#224; estrat&#233;gia de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o universal, permitindo a obten&#231;&#227;o de mais QALYs a um custo inferior. Num caso de refer&#234;ncia de uma mulher de 63 anos com neoplasia de mama submetida a QT com antraciclinas e trastuzumabe ao longo de 5 anos, a primeira estrat&#233;gia resultou em 4,22 QALYs a um custo de &#8364;2594 e a segunda estrat&#233;gia resultou em 3,42 QALYs a um custo de &#8364;3758. S&#227;o definitivamente necess&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos de larga escala para uma melhor defini&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que se beneficia de estrat&#233;gias de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o em &#8220;preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#8221; de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m considerados como preditores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os dist&#250;rbios relacionados &#224; obesidade, por exemplo resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, diabetes e dislipidemia, associam-se &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo, promovendo respostas desadaptativas no cora&#231;&#227;o, como hipertrofia de mi&#243;citos, disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de ambos e para a progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Alves et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> em elegante estudo com ratos Wistar, levantaram a hip&#243;tese de que a ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor TLR-4 (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>toll-like receptor 4</italic>) participa da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca relacionada &#224; obesidade por desencadear a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas via NF-&#312;B (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>nuclear factor-</italic>&#312;<italic>B</italic>). O grupo &#8220;obeso&#8221;, que foi alimentado com dieta rica em a&#231;&#250;car e gordura e &#225;gua mais 25% de sacarose por 30 semanas, apresentou obesidade, eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de glicose, triglicer&#237;deos e &#225;cido &#250;rico, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, al&#233;m de eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) no tecido adiposo. Apresentou tamb&#233;m remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A express&#227;o de TLR-4 e NF-&#312;B e os n&#237;veis de citocinas foram maiores no grupo de ratos Wistar obesos. Nesse grupo houve maior express&#227;o do gene e da prote&#237;na TLR-4 juntamente com aumento da fosforila&#231;&#227;o do NF-&#312;B, confirmando a ativa&#231;&#227;o dessa via como mediadora da inflama&#231;&#227;o. Os autores concluem que a resposta imune inata por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor TLR-4 &#233; um dos mecanismos que pode contribuir para o surgimento do processo inflamat&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico na obesidade e que a inflama&#231;&#227;o derivada da ativa&#231;&#227;o do TLR-4 card&#237;aco &#233; um novo mecanismo que pode levar &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>A obesidade na adolesc&#234;ncia pode levar a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, sendo preditor de obesidade na fase adulta, al&#233;m de marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. Importante notar ainda que as doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias do sono est&#227;o entre as consequ&#234;ncias da obesidade, incluindo a s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Com o objetivo de investigar se a obesidade durante a adolesc&#234;ncia est&#225; associada com SM e/ou SAOS, al&#233;m de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, Hussid et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> estudaram 20 adolescentes obesos sedent&#225;rios (14,2&#177;1,6 anos, 100,9&#177;20,3 kg) e 10 adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos (15,2&#177;1,2 anos, 54,4&#177;5,3 kg) pareados por sexo. Os autores avaliaram os fatores de risco para SM, fun&#231;&#227;o vascular (dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo), capacidade funcional (VO<sub>2</sub>pico) e presen&#231;a de SAOS (&#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia &gt; 1 evento/hora, pela polissonografia). Na amostra estudada, a obesidade foi um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de SM e levou &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica aumentadas foram preditoras de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em adolescentes. A SAOS estava presente na maioria dos adolescentes, independentemente da obesidade. O tamanho amostral reduzido, o per&#237;odo do ciclo menstrual nas meninas com a atua&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a aus&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es para as vari&#225;veis estudadas entre os adolescentes brasileiros podem ter influenciado os achados desse estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O transplante card&#237;aco (TC) &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro do cuidado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal e existe forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPs) e letalidade por esse procedimento, sendo a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) grave uma das contraindica&#231;&#245;es maiores para o transplante devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Mendes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> estudaram 300 candidatos a TC consecutivos tratados entre 2003 e 2013, dividindo-os em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de HP. Desses, 95 pacientes tinham HP fixa e, dentre eles, 30 foram tratados com sildenafil e foram para o TC, formando o grupo A. O grupo B incluiu 205 pacientes sem HP que tamb&#233;m foram submetidos ao TC. A PAPs diminuiu ap&#243;s o TC em ambos os grupos, mas permaneceu significativamente alta no grupo A em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B (40,3 &#177; 8,0 mmHg vs. 36,5 &#177; 11,5 mmHg, p=0,022). Um ano ap&#243;s o TC, a PAPs era 32,4 &#177; 6,3 mmHg no grupo A versus 30,5 &#177; 8,2 mmHg no grupo B (p=0,274). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, nos pacientes com HP pr&#233;-tratados com sildenafil, a hemodin&#226;mica p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria inicial e o progn&#243;stico s&#227;o numericamente piores quando comparados com os de pacientes sem HP; contudo, depois de 1 ano, as mortalidades em m&#233;dio e longo prazo se assemelham. Salientam que o uso do sildenafil para reduzir a PAPs pode ser considerado uma &#8220;terapia de resgate&#8221; valiosa em um grupo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal.</p>
        <p>Os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos minimizam os maiores determinantes da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e auxiliam tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, quanto secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a aterotromb&#243;tica. Os pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) sintom&#225;tica, notadamente com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, apresentam hipertens&#227;o arterial, disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, aumento do estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o. A DAP &#233; ainda um marcador de carga ateroscler&#243;tica, associando-se com doen&#231;a aterotromb&#243;tica &#8216;multiss&#237;tio&#8217;. O treinamento de exerc&#237;cio &#233; considerado o melhor tratamento para pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica por melhorar a capacidade de locomo&#231;&#227;o, os sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o, a qualidade de vida e a sa&#250;de cardiovascular desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Chehuen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> realizaram um estudo para comparar os efeitos agudos de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e avaliar a regula&#231;&#227;o e os processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos associados p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica. Os autores recrutaram 30 homens que foram submetidos a duas sess&#245;es: caminhada m&#225;xima (protocolo de Gardner) e caminhada subm&#225;xima (15 per&#237;odos de 2 minutos de caminhada separados por 2 minutos de repouso ereto). Em cada sess&#227;o, avaliaram antes e ap&#243;s a caminhada: os sinais vitais, a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os fluxos sangu&#237;neos do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha, a hiperemia reativa, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, e as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, prote&#237;na C reativa, TNF-&#945; e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o vascular e intercelular (VCAM e ICAM, respectivamente). Observaram que a caminhada subm&#225;xima, mas n&#227;o a m&#225;xima, reduziu a press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, enquanto a caminhada m&#225;xima manteve a sobrecarga card&#237;aca elevada durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o. As sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima aumentaram a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o equil&#237;brio simpatovagal card&#237;aco e a inflama&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio de forma semelhante, enquanto n&#227;o alteraram a biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e o estresse oxidativo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Novos estudos longitudinais com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores e diversas precisar&#227;o ser realizados para mensurar os efeitos no longo prazo e estabelecer a melhor abordagem para os pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Ainda em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> estudaram ratos Wistar machos, com idade de 10 a 12 semanas, para verificar se o treino de for&#231;a reduziria o dano oxidativo ao cora&#231;&#227;o e ao rim contralateral causado por cirurgia de indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o renovascular. Os autores avaliaram as altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes end&#243;genas super&#243;xido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase. O treino de for&#231;a foi iniciado quatro semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o renovascular, teve 12 semanas de dura&#231;&#227;o e foi realizado a 70% de 1RM. Ap&#243;s o treino de for&#231;a, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de danos oxidativos a lip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas, com redu&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xidos de hidrog&#234;nio e n&#237;veis sulfidr&#237;licos totais, respectivamente, e aumento nas atividades das enzimas antioxidantes super&#243;xido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase. Os autores concluem que o treino de for&#231;a tem o potencial de reduzir danos oxidativos, aumentando a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, e sugerem que o treino de for&#231;a possa ser uma ferramenta n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para o tratamento de hipertens&#227;o renovascular, com o potencial de evitar o avan&#231;o dos danos ao cora&#231;&#227;o e ao rim sem estenose arterial renal. Estudos em seres humanos precisar&#227;o ser realizados para a confirma&#231;&#227;o dessa hip&#243;tese.</p>
        <p>Sousa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> publicaram um estudo acerca da epidemiologia da endocardite infecciosa em Portugal. Trata-se de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos observacionais, incluindo os dados de 1.872 pacientes, que possibilitou a avalia&#231;&#227;o de importantes tend&#234;ncias no diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e progn&#243;stico desses pacientes ao longo das &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 55,5 &#177; 12,1 anos, com uma grande preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino. Ao longo do tempo, as s&#233;ries reportaram uma tend&#234;ncia para um aumento na idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes, que se situava nos 61,6 &#177; 16,3 anos em 2008. A porcentagem de pacientes com endocardite de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica ou de dispositivo card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel foi tamb&#233;m crescente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, cifrando-se, respectivamente, em 22,6% e 6,0% nas s&#233;ries mais contempor&#226;neas. A preval&#234;ncia de infe&#231;&#227;o por enterococo foi de 10,2%, em linha com os dados do registro europeu EURO-ENDO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> e refletindo uma vez mais o envelhecimento crescente dessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. O uso de t&#233;cnicas de imagem card&#237;aca n&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica (isto &#233;, PET-FDG e angiotomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca) foi globalmente baixo, explicando-se pelo fato de a grande maioria dos pacientes ter sido tratada antes das recomenda&#231;&#245;es europeias de 2015,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> em que a avalia&#231;&#227;o por essas t&#233;cnicas integrou pela primeira vez um papel decisivo no diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. A taxa de cirurgia card&#237;aca foi muito vari&#225;vel (3,1% a 52%) e tendencialmente maior nas s&#233;ries mais recentes. A mortalidade de curto prazo situou-se entre 3,0% e 37,2%. Esse estudo tem o m&#233;rito de fornecer informa&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica importante acerca de uma patologia de preval&#234;ncia e complexidade crescentes. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o pode alavancar ensaios cl&#237;nicos nessa &#225;rea, em que a evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica &#233; ainda escassa no que concerne &#224; melhor estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A despeito da pandemia de COVID-19, 2021 foi mais um ano de intensa atividade para as publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> e <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic>. Nesta breve revis&#227;o dos melhores artigos do ano 2021, procuramos de forma clara e pr&#225;tica revisar achados desses artigos e coloc&#225;-los em um contexto que permita a compreens&#227;o do seu alcance cl&#237;nico e do entendimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entender como avan&#231;amos no ano passado &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para progredirmos ainda mais neste e nos pr&#243;ximos anos.</p>
      <p>Os destaques de 2021 foram para &#225;reas tem&#225;ticas que incluem: COVID-19 e suas consequ&#234;ncias, arritmia card&#237;aca e seu impacto na sociedade, desafios atuais na doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: das causas &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o. Os artigos abordaram novas tecnologias, epidemiologia das doen&#231;as, estudos experimentais para entendimento fisiopatol&#243;gico e combate a fatores de risco atrav&#233;s do estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, em particular com estudos abordando o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e seu papel nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Foi uma verdadeira honra e deleite para os autores desta sele&#231;&#227;o poder discorrer sobre artigos de t&#227;o alta qualidade no papel de editores das duas publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas cardiovasculares mais importantes em l&#237;ngua portuguesa. Agradecemos muito a todos que continuam submetendo sua melhor ci&#234;ncia nas nossas publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas. Esperamos que os leitores apreciem esta revis&#227;o e se sintam estimulados a terem seus pr&#243;prios artigos na vers&#227;o dos <italic>Top Ten</italic> de 2022. Ainda d&#225; tempo! Submetam sua melhor ci&#234;ncia!</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Zotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Infective Endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>44</issue>
          <fpage>3075</fpage>
          <lpage>3128</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>51 Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Infective Endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(44):3075-128. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>2021 Top 10 Articles in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> and the <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">#</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">#</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8837-2746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3812-4872</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardim</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Espinho</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Research Center (UniC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Av. Pedro Calmon, 550. Postal Code <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fontes-Carvalho R, Oliveira GMM, Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Rochitte CE, Cardim N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>#</label>
          <p>Both authors equally contributed to this article</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
        <kwd>Technical Cooperation/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissemination of Information</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Impact Factor</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Annually the <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic> (RPC) and the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC) have gathered to elaborate a special article with the selection of their best original publications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Over the years, the high quality of their papers has become clear, evidencing the dynamism of cardiovascular investigation in Portuguese-speaking countries.</p>
        <p>Following tradition, the editorial bodies of the RPC and the ABC met once again to select the ten best articles published in 2021 by each of those journals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>). Although the year 2021 was marked again by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, both journals had excellent publications in all areas of Cardiovascular Medicine, from cardiovascular prevention to heart failure (HF), including an excellent selection of papers on the COVID-19 pandemic in the Brazilian and Portuguese populations. The high quality of the publications in both journals makes the selection of the best articles a complex task.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>List of the ten best articles published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> in 2021</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Link</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Authors and titles of the articles</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-01-0091/0066-782X-abc-117-01-0091.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-01-0091/0066-782X-abc-117-01-0091.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Alves P et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Resposta Imune Inata do Receptor Toll-Like-4 (TLR-4) e o Processo Fisiopatol&#243;gico da Cardiomiopatia da Obesidade</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Relationship between Innate Immune Response Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) and the Pathophysiological Process of Obesity Cardiomyopathy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-06-1091/0066-782X-abc-116-06-1091.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-06-1091/0066-782X-abc-116-06-1091.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Morais TC et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Performance Diagn&#243;stica da FFR por Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias atrav&#233;s de Software Baseado em Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diagnostic Performance of a Machine Learning-Based CT-Derived FFR in Detecting Flow-Limiting Stenosis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-03-0466/0066-782X-abc-116-03-0466.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-03-0466/0066-782X-abc-116-03-0466.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Matos LCV et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">O Escore Gensini e a Carga Tromb&#243;tica Adicionam Valor Preditivo ao Escore SYNTAX na Detec&#231;&#227;o de No-Reflow ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gensini Score and Thrombus Burden Add Predictive Value to the SYNTAX Score in Detecting No-Reflow after Myocardial Infarction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-05-0944/0066-782X-abc-117-05-0944.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-05-0944/0066-782X-abc-117-05-0944.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Santos SC et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mortalidade por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Desenvolvimento Socioecon&#244;mico no Brasil, 1980 a 2018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mortality Due to Heart Failure and Socioeconomic Development in Brazil between 1980 and 2018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-03-0426/0066-782X-abc-117-03-0426.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-03-0426/0066-782X-abc-117-03-0426.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Santos IS et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diagn&#243;stico de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial na Comunidade Utilizando Eletrocardiograma e Autorrelato: An&#225;lise Transversal do ELSA-Brasil</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis using ECG Records and Self-Report in the Community: Cross-Sectional Analysis from ELSA-Brasil</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0219/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0219.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0219/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0219.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mendes SL et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Resultados Cl&#237;nicos e Hemodin&#226;micos de Longo Prazo ap&#243;s o Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Tratados com Sildenafil</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Long-Term Clinical and Hemodynamic Outcomes after Heart Transplantation in Patients Pre-Treated with Sildenafil.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0695/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0695.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0695/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0695.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Oliveira JC et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Acesso &#224; Terapia de Reperfus&#227;o e Mortalidade em Mulheres com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST: Registro VICTIM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Access to Reperfusion Therapy and Mortality in Women with ST-Segment&#8211;Elevation Myocardial Infarction: VICTIM Register</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795/1678-4170-abc-116-04-0795.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hussid MF et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade Visceral e Hipertens&#227;o Sist&#243;lica como Substratos da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Adolescentes Obesos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Visceral Obesity and High Systolic Blood Pressure as the Substrate of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Adolescents</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-01-0004/0066-782X-abc-116-01-0004.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-01-0004/0066-782X-abc-116-01-0004.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Miguel-dos-Santos R et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Treino de For&#231;a Reduz Stress Oxidativo Card&#237;aco e Renal em Ratos com Hipertens&#227;o Renovascular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Strength Training Reduces Cardiac and Renal Oxidative Stress in Rats with Renovascular Hypertension</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-02-0309/0066-782X-abc-117-02-0309.x44344.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-117-02-0309/0066-782X-abc-117-02-0309.x44344.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Chehuen M et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Respostas Fisiol&#243;gicas &#224; Caminhada M&#225;xima e Subm&#225;xima em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica Sintom&#225;tica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Physiological Responses to Maximal and Submaximal Walking in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0266/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0266.x27815.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0266/0066-782X-abc-116-02-0266.x27815.pdf</ext-link>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Guimar&#227;es et al.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento de &#211;bitos Domiciliares devido a Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em Tempos de Pandemia de COVID-19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Increased Home Death Due to Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>List of the ten best articles published in the <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic> in 2021</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Authors</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Titles of the articles</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dinis Mesquita et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac arrhythmias in patients presenting with COVID-19 treated in Portuguese hospitals: A national registry from the Portuguese Association of Arrhythmology, Pacing and Electrophysiology</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ana Manuel et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Long-term outcomes after radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node: The experience of a Portuguese tertiary center</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Joana Ribeiro et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Impact of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Jes&#250;s Vel&#225;squez-Rodr&#237;guez et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Influence of left ventricular systolic function on the long-term benefit of beta-blockers after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Luis Raposo et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adoption and patterns of use of invasive physiological assessment of coronary artery disease in a large cohort of 40 821 real-world procedures over a 12-year period</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Costa et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atherosclerosis: The cost of illness in Portugal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Carina Silva et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prognostic impact of iron deficiency in acute coronary syndromes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Luis Paiva et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulation versus left atrial appendage occlusion for primary and secondary stroke prevention after cardioembolic stroke</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Catarina de Sousa et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">The burden of infective endocarditis in Portugal in the last 30 years: a systematic review of observational studies</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Felipa de Mello Sampayo et al.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cost-effectiveness of cardio-oncology clinical assessment for prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We provide a list of the ten best articles in each journal and their brief description, as well as their major implications for cardiovascular disease diagnosis, treatment, and understanding. Aiming to improve their understanding, the articles were grouped and presented according to four general themes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>COVID-19 and its consequences</title>
        <p>The years 2020 and 2021 were marked by the huge impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care worldwide. In a study published in the RPC, Mesquita et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> have analyzed the prevalence and prognostic impact of cardiac arrhythmias on patients hospitalized with COVID-19. They used the national registry from the Portuguese Association of Arrhythmology, Pacing, and Electrophysiology with data from 20 Portuguese hospitals relative to 692 patients admitted due to COVID-19. Of those patients, 11.7% had arrhythmic events. The most frequent arrhythmias were atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFF &#8211; 62.5%). Two patients (3.1%) had ventricular tachycardia, and 17 (26.6%) had paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Those patients had neither important complications from the arrhythmic event or death from arrhythmic cause, despite their more severe COVID-19 and many comorbidities, nor higher frequency of hemodynamic instability and/or multiple organ failure. Although 76.6% of the patients with arrhythmic events were on medication that increases the QT interval (ritonavir/lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin), only seven patients (10.9%) had a prolonged QT interval (ranging from 480ms to 596 ms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Those authors concluded that the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias is high in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19, but they did not associate with increased cardiac mortality, although they often occurred in patients with more severe disease and multiple organ failure. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was low although the patients were on medications that prolong the QT interval.</p>
        <p>An observational study has assessed the mortality rate from cardiac arrest (CA) relative to the total number of household visits reported by the mobile urgent healthcare service (in Portuguese, SAMU) in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in March 2018, 2019, and 2020. There was a gradual increase in the number of household deaths due to CA relative to the total number of visits provided by the SAMU, as well as a proportional 33% increase in household deaths in March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began. Most patients (63.8%) were at least 60 years of age, and 87% of the reported CAs were associated with clinical comorbidities, such as systemic arterial hypertension (22.87%), HF (13.03%), and diabetes mellitus (11.0%). It is worth noting that, although the families knew the patients had comorbidities, in 38.4% of the cases reported, the families did not know which those comorbidities were.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The Brazilian health system needs to better the patients&#8217; and families&#8217; knowledge about their diseases, emphasizing and improving access to the hospital system to reduce the impact of out-of-hospital CA, whose chance of survival is low.</p>
        <p>Fernandes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> have conducted a retrospective study with 187 patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) after CA over a 5-year period. The median patients&#8217; age was 67 years. In-hospital CA occurred in 61% of the cases, and 87% had an initial non-shockable rhythm. The mean time until return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 10 minutes. Presumed cardiac causes accounted for only 31% of the cases, which is explained by the exclusion of patients with CA due to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), who were directly admitted to the coronary ICU in the same hospital. Those authors reported in-hospital mortality of 63% (45% of which related to withdrawal of life-support measures) and 1-year mortality of 72%. The prevalence of favorable neurologic status at hospital discharge [cerebral performance category (CPC) = 1] was only 25%. The independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were time until initiating basic life support (BLS), high SAPS II score, non-shockable initial rhythm, and vasopressor support duration. Although the time until initiating BLS and the time until ROSC were longer for patients with out-of-hospital CA, the clinical results did not differ significantly in the two populations of patients. Survival with a favorable neurologic status (CPC = 1 or 2) was associated with less frequent epileptic activity and shorter ventilatory support, but not with assisted CA, initial rhythm, time until ROSC, or implementation of the normothermia protocol. Finally, the neurologic outcomes and mortality were similar in both sexes. That study emphasizes the importance of improving all chain of survival components to optimize those patients&#8217; prognosis. In addition, it reinforces the need for clinical trials in the area, ideally multicenter and duly framed within the ethical context.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac arrhythmia and its impact on society</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation and flutter are the most common arrhythmias in both the general population and the patients with COVID-19, although they do not associate with the presence of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Aiming to study the incidence of factors associated with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, a longitudinal study of adult health in Brazil (ELSA-Brasil) was conducted. That study is a large multicenter cohort of individuals aged 35 to 74 years in six Brazilian cities. A substudy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> of the ELSA-Brasil, with 13&#8201;260 participants, investigated the presence of AFF, which was defined by use of electrocardiogram or self-report. That substudy aimed to assess whether age and sex were associated with the use of anticoagulants to prevent stroke. The authors reported predominance of the female sex (54.4%), median age of 51 years, and AFF detection in 333 (2.5%) participants. The authors reported the association of AFF with age (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.04-1.07), arterial hypertension (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.14-1.81), coronary artery disease (CAD - OR: 5.11; 95% CI: 3.85-6.79), HF (OR: 7.37; 95% CI: 5.00-10.87), and rheumatic fever (OR: 3.38; 95% CI: 2.28-5.02). Only 20 patients with CHA2DS2-VASc score &#8805;2 (10.8%) were on anticoagulants, whose use was smaller in women. Those findings represent a great challenge to the AFF treatment.</p>
          <p>In 2018, the CASTLE-AF study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> showed that atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation could improve the prognosis of a selected population of patients with HF. In another study, Ribeiro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> have retrospectively assessed the impact of AF ablation in 22 patients with HF (32% with NYHA functional class II and 58% with NYHA functional class III) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;50%. The procedure was successful in 100% of the patients, with no complication reported. The recurrence of AF after the blanking period was 18%. After a median 11-month follow-up, those authors reported an improvement in functional capacity, with mean pre-procedure and post-procedure NYHA functional classes of 2.35&#177;0.49 and 1.3&#177;0.47, respectively, (p&lt;0.001). In addition, the mean LVEF improved from 40% to 58% (p&lt;0.01), and there was favorable remodeling of left cardiac chambers. The authors concluded that, in patients carefully selected with AF, HF and LVEF &lt;50%, AF ablation results in significant functional class improvement, LVEF improvement, and favorable structural remodeling of left cardiac chambers. Similarly to large scale clinical trials recently published,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> those authors proposed AF ablation be early considered in those patients, because of its high safety profile as compared to pharmacological rhythm control strategies.</p>
          <p>Regarding invasive electrophysiology, Manuel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> have published an interesting study with long-term follow-up of patients submitted to radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node. They assessed data from 123 patients (mean age, 69&#177;9 years) of a Portuguese tertiary center, with a median 8.5-year follow-up. The indications for that procedure were low percentage of biventricular pacing (8%), presence of tachycardiomyopathy (80%, and 65% of which related to AF of rapid ventricular response despite pharmacological therapy), the occurrence of inappropriate shocks of implantable cardiac defibrillator (2%) or uncontrollable supraventricular tachycardia (10%). In 89% of the cases, a device was implanted during ablation, 14% of which were of cardiac resynchronization, while the remaining patients already carried such devices. The procedure was successfully performed in all patients, with no periprocedural major complication. It is worth noting that, during follow-up, no major complication was documented in association with implantable cardiac devices. In addition, the authors reported improvement of the NYHA functional class, fewer hospitalizations, and a reduction in the number of unplanned visits due to HF decompensation. All-cause mortality was 3.5% by the end of the first year and 23% throughout the entire follow-up, in accordance with that reported in the literature. That study shows the high efficacy and safety of the atrioventricular node ablation procedure in selected patients, a technique that can be especially important to treat complex patients, allowing symptom improvement and a reduction in hospitalization from HF, as reported in the European guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is a current controversial theme in cardiology. In a study published in the RPC, Paiva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> have analyzed the safety and efficacy of that procedure in patients with nonvalvular AF for primary and secondary stroke prevention. Those authors have conducted a prospective observational study involving 91 patients submitted to LAAO and 149 patients treated with nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in a mean 13-month follow-up. The mean age of the patients undergoing LAAO was 74.7&#177;8.7 years (vs. 77.8&#177;8.0 years of the patients on DOACs), 59% were of the male sex. Their mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.3&#177;1.4 (vs. 5.3&#177;1.3) and their mean HAS-BLED score was 3.0&#177;0.9 (vs. 4.0&#177;0.7). The devices ACP/Amulet&#8482; and Watchman&#8482; were used, and the procedural rate of success was 96.3%, with no major complication reported. The study showed a nonsignificant trend towards a reduction in the composite endpoint of death, stroke, and major bleeding in patients submitted to LAAO (11.0% vs. 20.9%; HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.17-1.05, p=0.06). Approximately 20% of the patients submitted to LAAO stopped antiplatelet treatment six months after device implantation due to recurrent minor bleeding, but neither cardiovascular events nor severe bleedings occurred. The authors concluded that LAAO was not inferior to DOACs to prevent the primary composite endpoint of death, stroke, and major bleeding in patients with nonvalvular AF. The scientific community awaits the results of several ongoing randomized clinical trials on this subject, which might provide definitive responses regarding the role of LAAO in the treatment of patients at high risk for stroke (for example, patients with history of intracranial bleeding).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The major question regarding LAAO is its cost-effectiveness, yet to be answered in the literature available. In fact, health economics has become one of the most relevant themes, especially in countries that provide universal access to the health system, such as Brazil. A good example is the cost associated with atherosclerosis, which is the pathological denominator common to the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, such as acute and chronic coronary syndromes, ischemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease. In an article published in the RPC, Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> tried to quantify the economic impact of atherosclerosis in Portugal, using prevalence data and recurring to multiple national databases. The total costs of atherosclerosis in 2016 reached 1.9 billion euros, which correspond to 11% of all health expenditure and to approximately 1% of the gross domestic product in 2016. Of those costs, 58% represented direct costs with the disease, 55% of which related to primary health care, and 42% were indirect costs, 91% of which related to labor absenteeism. Of the manifestations of atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease had a higher cost per patient, mainly due to medication cost. One may conclude that, considering its high prevalence (9% of the adult population in Portugal) and economic impact, atherosclerosis remains a clinical, social, and financial challenge to the health systems around the world, which may be compounded in the future by population aging.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Current challenges in coronary artery disease</title>
          <p>The higher cost of atherosclerotic disease per patient relates to ischemic heart disease and its approach, mainly because of the different therapies available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Several studies have shown that invasive coronary functional assessment with fractional flow reserve (FFR or iFFR) can be cost-effective<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and improve the prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, its use in clinical practice is still residual in most interventional cardiology laboratories. In an interesting study, Raposo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> have assessed the pattern of use of those techniques of invasive functional assessment of CAD in two reference centers over a period of 12 years, with a total of 40&#8201;821 patients submitted to invasive coronary angiography. Those techniques were applied to only 0.6% of the patients undergoing coronary angiography for valve disease and to 6.0% of those undergoing coronary angiography for stable CAD. In 42.9% of the stable CAD patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), neither there was evidence of previous ischemia on imaging tests nor physiological assessment was performed. The age of the operators and the time of procedure associated significantly with the use of invasive physiology. The publication timing of reference clinical trials and of relevant international recommendations associated with a higher rate of adoption of those techniques. The scientific evidence on non-hyperemic indices (iFFR), of easy and rapid use, increased the proportion of their use as compared to hyperemic indices (FFR), however without increasing the overall rate of use. The authors concluded that the suboptimal rate of use of the invasive functional assessment of CAD is an opportunity to improve the prognosis of patients with angiographically moderate CAD through dedicated strategies aimed at increasing adherence to scientific recommendations and reducing clinical inertia.</p>
          <p>Noninvasive quantification of myocardial FFR can be particularly useful in moderate stenoses (50% to 69%), helping discriminate lesions associated with significant ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Recent studies have shown the high accuracy of noninvasive FFR computed from coronary computed tomography angiography (FFR<sub>CT</sub>) to identify myocardial ischemia as compared to FFR or iFFR, considered the gold-standard method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A retrospective study with patients referred for coronary computed tomography angiography and coronary angiography has assessed the diagnostic performance of FFR<sub>CT</sub>&#8201;in detecting significant CAD as compared to FFR, defining obstructive CAD as lumen reduction &#8805;50% on coronary computed tomography angiography and functionally obstructive CAD as FFR &#8804;0.8. The study included 93 consecutive patients (152 vessels) and assessed FFR<sub>CT</sub> by using a machine-learning-based software. Good agreement regarding the FFR measure was observed, with a post-processing time of 10 minutes. Regarding diagnostic performance, even in previous generation CT scanners, there was good agreement between FFR<sub>CT</sub>&#8201;and FFR, with minimal FFR<sub>CT</sub> overestimation (bias: -0.02; limits of agreement: 0.14-0.09). The FFR<sub>CT</sub> <italic>performance was</italic> significantly superior as compared to the visual classification of coronary stenosis, reducing the number of false-positive cases. The authors have concluded that artificial-intelligence-based FFR<sub>CT</sub>, even using previous generation CT scanners, shows good diagnostic <italic>performance for</italic> CAD detection, which can be used to reduce invasive procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>According to data from the Brazilian Unified Public Health System (SUS), the number of hospitalizations from MI in the public health system adjusted to population increased by 54% from 2008 to 2019. The number of nonprimary PCI procedures per inhabitant doubled, while that of primary PCI increased by 31%. The in-hospital mortality from MI decreased from 15.9% in 2008 to 12.9% in 2019, which is still very high as compared to the world rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It is worth noting that access to myocardial reperfusion, which is the therapeutic basis of MI, is not widely available, especially for women, increasing mortality and impacting on the total costs of atherothrombotic disease. A cross-sectional study with data from the VICTIM Registry has assessed patients diagnosed with STEMI from four hospitals (one public and three private) that offer primary PCI in the state of Sergipe, from December 2014 to June 2018. The study included 878 patients with STEMI, 33.4% of whom were women. Slightly more than half of the patients underwent myocardial reperfusion (53.3%, 134 women and 334 men). Women had lower rates of fibrinolysis (2.3% of the total, 1.7% in women and 2.6% in men) and of primary PCI (44% in women and 54.5% in men), resulting in higher in-hospital mortality for women as compared to that for men (16.1% vs. 6.7%). It is worth noting that women, as compared to men, had higher rates of diabetes mellitus (42% vs. 28.5%), systemic arterial hypertension (75.1% vs. 59%), and dyslipidemia (50.2% vs. 33.3%). The authors have emphasized the worst results for the public health system users, mainly for women, and pointed to the need to improve the access of women with STEMI to effective treatment strategies to reduce in-hospital mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Primary PCI is aimed at restoring arterial lumen patency to promote blood flow in coronary microcirculation. However, one in every three patients remains with reduced microvascular flow even with restored macrovascular flow, a phenomenon known as no-reflow. Those patients are at higher risk for HF, cardiogenic shock, and cardiovascular death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Although the SYNTAX score is a good predictor of microvascular dysfunction, the atherosclerotic and thrombus burdens are not considered in the algorithm, because of the exclusion of obstructive lesions with stenoses &lt;50% and the attribution of a low score to the presence or absence of a thrombus, respectively. To assess whether the atherosclerotic burden (through the Gensini score) and the thrombus burden in the culprit coronary artery improved the ability of the SYNTAX score to detect no-reflow, Matos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> have assessed 481 consecutive patients with STEMI, who presented within 12 hours from symptom onset. No-reflow was defined as TIMI flow &lt;3 or TIMI flow =3, but myocardial blush grade &lt;2. Thrombus burden was quantified according to the TIMI thrombus grade scale (0 to 5). Patients&#8217; mean age was 61&#177;11 years, and no-reflow occurred in 32.8% of the patients. The independent predictors of no-reflow were SYNTAX score (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01&#8211;1.08, p&lt;0.01), thrombus burden (OR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.06&#8211;1.31, p&lt;0.01), and Gensini score (OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.13&#8211;1.65, p&lt;0.01). The combined scores had a larger area under the curve as compared to the SYNTAX score alone (0.78 [0.73&#8211;0.82] vs. 0.73 [0.68&#8211;0.78], p=0.03). Those authors have concluded that the atherosclerotic and thrombus burdens in the culprit artery add predictive value to the SYNTAX score to detect no-reflow. The major limitation of that study is its cross-sectional and single-center character.</p>
          <p>One strategy to improve mortality from MI would be the use of beta-blockers (BB) and acetylsalicylic acid. Recently the long-term prognostic benefit of BB use after acute coronary syndrome has been questioned. In a retrospective study published in the RPC, Vel&#225;squez-Rodr&#237;guez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> have tried to respond that question analyzing 972 consecutive patients admitted with STEMI, 99.7% of whom submitted to PCI, with a mean age of 62.6&#177;13.5 years, and 21.8% of the female sex. At discharge, 85.9% of the patients were on BB. As expected, those who did not receive BB had more comorbidities (neoplasia, anemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and higher prevalence of inferior STEMI and of high-grade atrioventricular block. After a mean follow-up of 49.6&#177;24.9 months, the use of BB was an independent predictor of survival in the general population (HR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38-0.96), but, when stratified according to LVEF, only those with LVEF &#8804;40% seemed to have a survival benefit with that therapy. The authors have concluded that the study results raise reasonable doubts regarding the real benefit of the long-term systematic use of BB after STEMI in patients with LVEF &gt;40%. In another observational study including 1520 patients, published in the RPC in 2018, Tim&#243;teo AT et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> concluded that the systematic use of BB after acute coronary syndrome was beneficial regardless of the LVEF value. Briefly, in 2022 it seems reasonable to state that, in the absence of scientific evidence from randomized clinical trials with proper sample sizes, there is still room for BB therapeutic individualization after MI in patients with LVEF &gt;40% that considers the patients&#8217; mean life expectancy, their preferences, functional and cognitive status, comorbidities, frailties, drug interactions, and adverse reactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
          <p>New strategies to minimize adverse outcomes from MI are welcome, one of them being the extrapolation of data from patients with HF of ischemic etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In the literature, data relative to the prognostic impact of iron deficiency in acute coronary syndromes are scarce. A study published in the RPC by Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> has aimed to fill that gap. That study assessed data from 817 patients admitted due to acute coronary syndrome to a Portuguese tertiary hospital. The patients were assigned to two study groups according to the presence (n=298, 36%) or absence (n=519) of iron deficiency on admission. Those with iron deficiency more frequently had moderate and severe left ventricular dysfunction, right ventricular dysfunction, and higher Killip classes. In the middle-term follow-up (mean of 738 days), those patients showed higher all-cause mortality (12.6% vs. 6.3%, p=0.04), NYHA functional class III/IV HF (10.5% vs. 5.3%, p=0.011), as well as higher rate of hospital readmission (9.8% vs. 13.7%, p=0.048). Iron deficiency was an independent predictor of death or HF during follow-up and enabled the prognostic stratification, regarding the occurrence of death or HF, of patients without anemia and/or with lower Killip classes (&#8804;2). The authors concluded that iron deficiency is not only a prevalent condition among patients with acute coronary syndrome but also an independent predictor of death or severe HF in the middle-term follow-up. In addition, iron deficiency can be an interesting complement in the prognostic stratification of patients with acute coronary syndrome without anemia, as well as in those with Killip classes &#8804;2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart failure: from causes to prevention</title>
          <p>Heart failure affects approximately 26 million people around the world and these figures tend to increase with population aging, high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, patients&#8217; survival from MI, and improvement in HF therapies. In addition, worse outcomes from HF and social determinants seem to be associated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> have assessed the temporal progression of the mortality rates from HF according to sex and age group in Brazil, its geographic regions, and federative units, from 1980 to 2018, and their association with the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI). Mortality from HF decreased in Brazil over the 29 years studied, with a trend towards progressive reduction since 2008, reaching, by the end of 2018, similar levels in the geographic regions and federative units. The mortality rates from HF in the male sex were higher almost in all periods and age ranges assessed, probably because of the relation with the ischemic etiology of HF. An inverse trend was observed between the variation in the mortality rates of the federative units from 1990 to 2018 and the variation in their respective MHDI from 1991 to 2010. The authors suggested that, regarding mortality from HF, more important than the increase in the MHDI is the final level of that index (MHDI &#8805;0.7). The authors concluded that the access to health care should be expanded and encouraged a more effective control of the cardiovascular risk factors (dyslipidemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes) and of the social determinants, which contribute significantly to mortality from ischemic heart disease and HF.</p>
          <p>Considering the increasing population at risk for developing HF after exposure to cardiotoxic chemotherapy (CTX), in addition to the scarce scientific evidence to support different strategies of cardioprotection in those patients, Mello et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> have published a cost-effectiveness study to provide some answers. Those authors have calculated and compared the QALYs of two cardioprotective strategies: a universal cardioprotective strategy (all patients receiving BB and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor); and another guided by LVEF imaging assessment (in which the cardioprotective medication was initiated upon diagnosis of HF due to CTX, defined by a symptomatic LVEF decrease &gt;10% to a final value &#8804;55%). For that calculation, a Monte Carlo simulation of a Markov model was used. The authors concluded that, from a cost-effectiveness perspective, the imaging-assessment-guided cardioprotective strategy was superior to the universal cardioprotective strategy, providing more QALYs at a lower cost. In the reference case of a 63-year-old female with breast cancer undergoing CTX with anthracyclines and trastuzumab over 5 years, the imaging-assessment-guided cardioprotective strategy resulted in 4.22 QALYs at a cost of &#8364;2594, while the universal cardioprotective strategy resulted in 3.42 QALYs at a cost of &#8364;3758. Further large-scale clinical trials are needed to better define the population of patients who benefit from cardioprotective strategies in cardiotoxicity primary prevention.</p>
          <p>The obesity-related disorders, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, are considered HF predictors and associate with adipose tissue dysfunction, promoting maladaptive cardiac responses, such as myocyte hypertrophy, contractile dysfunction, and cardiac remodeling, which contribute to their development and chronic HF progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Alves et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> in an elegant study with Wistar rats, have hypothesized that the activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) participates in the obesity-related cardiac disease by triggering cytokine production via nuclear factor-&#312;B (NF-&#312;B). The &#8216;obese&#8217; group, which was fed a high sugar-fat diet and water plus 25% of sucrose for 30 weeks, showed: obesity, high levels of glucose, triglycerides and uric acid, insulin resistance, high systolic blood pressure, high levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) in the adipose tissue, in addition to cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. In the obese group of Wistar rats, the TLR-4 and NF-&#312;B expression, the levels of cytokines, and the TLR-4 gene and protein expression were higher, and the NF-&#312; B phosphorylation was increased, confirming the activation of that pathway as an inflammation mediator. The authors concluded that the innate immune response via TLR-4 activation is one of the mechanisms that can contribute to the myocardial inflammatory process of obesity, and that the inflammation derived from cardiac TLR-4 activation is a new mechanism that can lead to cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.</p>
          <p>Obesity in adolescence can lead to metabolic syndrome (MS) and endothelial dysfunction, being a predictor of adult obesity, in addition to an early marker of cardiovascular risk.&#8201;It is worth noting that sleep respiratory diseases, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), are some of the consequences of obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> To investigate whether obesity in adolescence is associated with MS and/or OSA, in addition to its relation to endothelial dysfunction, Hussid et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> have studied 20 sedentary obese adolescents (14.2&#177;1.6 years, 100.9&#177;20.3 kg) and 10 normal-weight adolescents (15.2&#177;1.2 years, 54.4&#177;5.3 kg) paired by sex. The authors assessed the risk factors for MS, vascular function (flow-mediated dilation), functional capacity (VO<sub>2</sub>peak), and the presence of OSA (apnea-hypopnea index &gt; 1 event/hour on polysomnography). In the sample studied, obesity was an important risk factor for the MS development and led to endothelial dysfunction. Increased waist circumference and systolic blood pressure were predictors of endothelial dysfunction in adolescents. Most adolescents had OSA, regardless of obesity. The reduced sample size, girls&#8217; menstrual cycle hormones affecting the endothelial function, and absence of patterns for the variables studied in the Brazilian adolescents might have influenced the study&#8217;s findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Heart transplantation (HT) is the gold-standard care of terminal HF and there is a strong association between pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and lethality from that procedure, severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) being one of the major contraindications for transplantation because of post-operative right heart dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Mendes et at.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> have studied 300 consecutive candidates for HT treated between 2003 and 2013, dividing them into two groups according to the presence of PH. Of those patients, 95 had fixed PH, 30 of whom were pre-treated with sildenafil and received a HT, constituting group A. Group B included 205 patients without PH who also received a HT. The PASP decreased after HT in both groups but remained significantly high in group A as compared to that in group B (40.3 &#177; 8.0 mm Hg vs. 36.5 &#177; 11.5 mm Hg, p=0.022). One year after HT, PASP was 32.4 &#177; 6.3 mm Hg in group A <italic>versus</italic> 30.5 &#177; 8.2 mm Hg in group B (p=0.274). The authors concluded that, in patients with PH pre-treated with sildenafil, early post-operative hemodynamics and prognosis are numerically worse as compared to those in patients without PH. However, after 1 year, middle- and long-term mortalities are similar. They emphasized that the use of sildenafil to reduce PASP can be considered a valuable &#8216;rescue therapy&#8217; in the group of patients with terminal HF.</p>
          <p>Physical exercises minimize the major HF determinants, such as obesity, hypertension, and myocardial ischemia, and help both primary and secondary prevention of atherothrombotic disease. Patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD), especially with intermittent claudication, have arterial hypertension, autonomic cardiac dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, PAD is a marker of atherosclerotic burden and associates with multisite atherothrombotic disease. Exercise training is considered the best treatment for patients with symptomatic PAD because it improves those patients&#8217; locomotion ability, claudication symptoms, quality of life, and cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Cheuen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> have conducted a study to compare the acute effects of maximal and submaximal walking on cardiovascular function and to assess the post-exercise regulation and associated pathophysiological processes in patients with symptomatic PAD. The authors recruited 30 men who underwent two sessions: maximal walking (Gardner&#8217;s protocol) and submaximal walking (15 bouts of 2 minutes of walking separated by 2 minutes of upright rest). In each session, the following parameters were assessed before and after walking: vital signs, heart rate variability, forearm and calf blood flows, reactive hyperemia, lipid peroxidation, and plasma levels of nitric oxide, C-reactive protein, TNF-&#945;, and vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules (VCAM and ICAM, respectively). They reported that submaximal, but not maximal, walking reduced post-exercise blood pressure, while maximal walking maintained cardiac overload elevated during the recovery period. The maximal and submaximal walking sessions increased heart rate, cardiac sympathovagal balance, and post-exercise inflammation similarly, but did not change post-exercise nitric oxide bioavailability and oxidative stress. New longitudinal studies with larger and diverse populations need to be conducted to measure the long-term effects and to establish the best approach to patients with symptomatic PAD.</p>
          <p>Still regarding physical exercise, Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> have studied male Wistar rats, aged 10 to 12 weeks, to assess whether strength training reduces oxidative damage to the heart and contralateral kidney caused by renovascular hypertension induction surgery. In addition, they assessed the changes in the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). The strength training was initiated four weeks after renovascular hypertension induction, was performed at 70% of 1RM, and lasted for 12 weeks. After the training period, there was a reduction in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, with reduction in the hydroperoxides and total sulfhydryl levels, respectively, as well as an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Those authors concluded that the strength training can reduce oxidative damage by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and suggested that strength training can be a nonpharmacological tool to treat renovascular hypertension, with the potential to prevent the damage advance to the heart and the kidney without renal artery stenosis. Studies on human beings need to be performed to confirm the hypothesis.</p>
          <p>Sousa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> have published a study on the epidemiology of infective endocarditis in Portugal, a systematic review of observational studies, including data from 1872 patients and enabling the assessment of important trends in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of those patients over the past three decades. The mean age was 55.5 &#177; 12.1 years, and there was a significant prevalence of males. Over time, the series reported a trend towards an increase in the patients&#8217; mean age, which was 61.6 &#177; 16.3 years in 2008. The percentage of patients with endocarditis of a prosthetic valve or of an implantable cardiac device has also increased over the past decades, being 22.6% and 6.0%, respectively, in the most recent series. The prevalence of enterococcal infection was 10.2%, in accordance with data from the EURO-ENDO European registry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> and once again reflecting the patients&#8217; growing aging. The use of non-ultrasonographic cardiac imaging techniques (FDG-PET and cardiac computed tomography angiography) was globally low because most patients were treated before the 2015 European guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> in which assessment with those techniques played a major role for the first time in the diagnosis and prognostic stratification. The rate of cardiac surgery varied substantially (3.1% to 52%), being higher in the most recent series. Short-term mortality ranged from 3.0% to 37.2%. That study provides important epidemiological information on a pathology of growing prevalence and complexity. This information can encourage clinical trials about the subject, on which scientific evidence regarding the best diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is still scarce.</p>
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        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, 2021 was a year of intense activity for scientific publication in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> and the <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic>. In this review of the ten best articles of 2021 in each of those journals, we aimed to review in a clear and practical way the findings of those papers and to emphasize their clinical importance for the understanding of cardiovascular disease. It is paramount to acknowledge how we advanced last year so we can progress even more in the coming years.</p>
        <p>The 2021 highlights were for the thematic areas as follows: COVID-19 and its consequences, cardiac arrhythmia and its impact on society, current challenges in coronary artery disease, and heart failure: from causes to prevention. The articles approached new technologies, epidemiology of diseases, experimental studies for pathophysiological understanding, and fight of risk factors through a healthy lifestyle, particularly with studies on physical exercise and its role in cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        <p>It was a true honor and pleasure for the editors of the two most important scientific journals in Portuguese to comment on such high-quality articles. We are very grateful to all authors who continue to submit their best science to our journals. We hope our readers enjoy this review and be encouraged to have their own articles in the list of the 2022 Top Ten. It is not too late! Submit your best science!</p>
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            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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            <bold>Study Association</bold>
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          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
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            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
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          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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