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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GXdK9z6jmvx3ypLDghVVMbD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220385</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220385</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca de Estresse em Idosos: Fornece as Respostas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8957-9279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Vaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7263-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Thomas</surname>
            <given-names>Boban</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Central</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Marta</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Heart Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heart Center, Hospital Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Boban Thomas</bold> &#8226; Hospital da Cruz Vermelha - R. Duarte Galv&#227;o No 54, <postal-code>1500-048</postal-code> Lisboa - Portugal, E-mail: <email>bobantho@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>107</fpage>
      <lpage>108</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>&#8216;A vida &#233; a arte de tirar conclus&#245;es suficientes de premissas insuficientes&#8217;</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Samuel Butler</bold>
      </p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o ensaio cl&#237;nico ISCHEMIA, apesar do debate em curso, os m&#233;dicos precisam contemplar todas as estrat&#233;gias para pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel (DCICE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O manejo da DCICE tem dois objetivos &#8211; melhorar o progn&#243;stico e/ou aliviar os sintomas. A maioria dos estudos demonstrou que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o oferece maior al&#237;vio de sintomas comparativamente com a terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica optimizada isoladamente, mas dados sobre os hard outcomes ainda s&#227;o escassos. Portanto, &#233; importante melhorar nossas ferramentas de tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Isso se torna particularmente importante quando selecionamos pacientes idosos para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, porque a rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio &#233; provavelmente mais t&#234;nue do que em uma coorte mais jovem. Os idosos apresentam dificuldades na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DCICE por m&#250;ltiplos motivos. Um refinamento &#233; a sele&#231;&#227;o adequada do m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da DCICE. Existe uma pan&#243;plia de t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas de imagem, incluindo tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca, ecocardiografia, t&#233;cnicas de medicina nuclear e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC). Combinar o paciente certo e o m&#233;todo certo de avalia&#231;&#227;o seguido da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica certa melhora os resultados. Na medicina cl&#237;nica, o importante n&#227;o &#233; o quanto fazemos, mas o qu&#227;o bem nossos pacientes se saem depois do que fazemos.</p>
    <p>A RMC de perfus&#227;o de estresse &#233; um recurso valioso com alto valor preditivo negativo naqueles que n&#227;o apresentam defeitos de perfus&#227;o, independentemente da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Existem poucos estudos sobre o valor progn&#243;stico da RMC de perfus&#227;o de estresse com adenosina em pacientes idosos com ou sem DCICE estabelecida. O estudo de Boonyasirinant e Kaolawanich,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> embora n&#227;o seja o primeiro, &#233; uma adi&#231;&#227;o bem-vinda ao reposit&#243;rio de literatura existente que fornece uma raz&#227;o convincente para o uso de RMC de estresse para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia agora abordando a faixa et&#225;ria idosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Seus achados demonstram que, embora os dados cl&#237;nicos tenham sido combinados com informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, nenhum valor incremental foi observado em compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados cl&#237;nicos isolados na previs&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos graves. A presen&#231;a de isquemia detectada pela RMC ajudou a prever eventos de modo significativamente melhor. O poder preditivo n&#227;o foi aumentado com a adi&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio. Esteban-Fernandez et al. verificaram que pacientes idosos com grau moderado ou grave de isquemia na RMC de estresse t&#234;m maior risco de ter um evento durante o seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Juntos, esses dois estudos fornecem evid&#234;ncias para o uso da RMC de estresse com adenosina na previs&#227;o de resultados em pacientes idosos. Uma caracter&#237;stica not&#225;vel de ambos os estudos &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de eventos adversos significativos de adenosina. No entanto, o ensaio cl&#237;nico ISCHEMIA refletiu a disponibilidade limitada de equipamentos e experi&#234;ncia, onde a RMC foi o m&#233;todo menos escolhido para avaliar a isquemia (5%), refletindo a pr&#225;tica do mundo real.</p>
    <p>Como quase todos os estudos significativos em medicina cardiovascular, a escolha dos desfechos &#233; discut&#237;vel. Este estudo definiu eventos card&#237;acos graves como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e mortalidade card&#237;aca. Com a terapia atual, a maioria dos infartos do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o &#233; fatal, e as defini&#231;&#245;es em evolu&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio o tornam um alvo m&#243;vel. Em segundo lugar, embora todos tentemos usar a medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias como base de nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, precisamos lembrar que a medicina &#233; essencialmente um neg&#243;cio de varejo, como observado eloquentemente por Atul Gawande.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Como tratamos cada paciente individualmente e n&#227;o a popula&#231;&#227;o em si, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nem sempre &#233; sin&#244;nimo de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica para o paciente individual.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto importante a ser lembrado &#233; que o risco de eventos card&#237;acos adversos, inerente &#224; presen&#231;a de marcadores como isquemia, pode ser amenizado com TMI adequada. Nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o clara sobre a terapia usada nos dois grupos &#233; fornecida. Notou-se uma diferen&#231;a muito significativa nas taxas de tabagismo entre aqueles com e sem isquemia. Embora n&#227;o seja estatisticamente significativo para ser inserido no modelo, os m&#233;dicos sabem como o tabagismo continuado contribui para os eventos cl&#237;nicos. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do mundo real, a imagem geralmente &#233; solicitada quando a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; contemplada naqueles com DCICE conhecida e n&#227;o necessariamente para estratificar o risco dos pacientes. Nenhuma t&#233;cnica de imagem para avaliar DCICE &#233; o santo graal, e todas s&#227;o essencialmente complementares. Com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, devemos buscar as melhores formas de avaliar e gerenciar a DCICE.</p>
    <p>O Dr. Thomas atuou como Consultor do Centro de Coordena&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica do estudo ISCHEMIA no NYU Langone Medical Center.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valor Progn&#243;stico da Imagem de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca de Perfus&#227;o em Estresse com Adenosina em Idosos com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Conhecida ou Suspeita</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hassan</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The wisdom in ISCHEMIA</article-title>
          <source>Indian Heart J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>623</fpage>
          <lpage>624</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ihj.2020.11.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Thomas B, Hassan I. The wisdom in ISCHEMIA. Indian Heart J. 2020;72(6):623&#8211;4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2020.11.001</mixed-citation>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Pezel</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Bau</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
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              <surname>Jerosch-Herold</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>OR</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What Is the Clinical Impact of Stress CMR After the ISCHEMIA Trial?</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>683434</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2021.683434</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Pezel T, Silva LM, Bau AA, Teixeira A, Jerosch-Herold M, Coelho-Filho OR. What Is the Clinical Impact of Stress CMR After the ISCHEMIA Trial? Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8(683434):1&#8211;11. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.683434.</mixed-citation>
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      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaolawanich</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boonyasirinant</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of Adenosine Stress Perfusion Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Older Adults with Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
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        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Kaolawanich Y e Boonyasirinant T. Prognostic Value of Adenosine Stress Perfusion Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Older Adults with Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(1):97-106.</mixed-citation>
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        <label>4</label>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Esteban-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bastarrika</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castanon</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic role of stress cardiac magnetic resonance in the elderly</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
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        <mixed-citation>4 Esteban-Fern&#225;ndez A, Bastarrika G, Castanon E et al. Prognostic role of stress cardiac magnetic resonance in the elderly. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2020;73(3):241&#8211;7. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.02.007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gawande</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>The Checklist Manifesto</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Metropolitan Books of Henry Holt and Company LLC</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Profile Books</publisher-name>
          <year>2010</year>
          <isbn>9781846683138</isbn>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Gawande A. The Checklist Manifesto. New York: Metropolitan Books of Henry Holt and Company LLC; London:Profile Books; 2010. ISBN:9781846683138</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Stress CMR in the Elderly: Does It Provide the Answers?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8957-9279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Vaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7263-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Thomas</surname>
            <given-names>Boban</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heart Center, Hospital Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Boban Thomas</bold> &#8226; Hospital da Cruz Vermelha - R. Duarte Galv&#227;o No 54, <postal-code>1500-048</postal-code>Lisbon - Portugal, E-mail: <email>bobantho@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic,Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>&#8216;Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises&#8217;</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Samuel Butler</bold>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>After the ISCHEMIA clinical trial, despite the ongoing debate, clinicians need to contemplate all strategies for patients with chronic stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The management of SIHD has two aims &#8211; improve prognosis and/or relieve symptoms. Most studies have shown that revascularisation provides greater symptom benefits than optimal medical therapy (OMT) alone, but data on hard outcomes have been elusive. Therefore, improving our clinical decision-making tools in selecting patients for revascularization is important. This becomes particularly important when we select elderly patients for revascularisation because the risk-benefit ratio is probably more tenuous than a younger cohort. The elderly present difficulties in the evaluation of SIHD due to multiple reasons. One refinement is the adequate selection of the method to evaluate SIHD. A panoply of non-invasive techniques exists for imaging, including cardiac computed tomography, echocardiography, nuclear medicine techniques and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Combining the right patient and the right method of evaluation followed by the right therapeutic strategy improves outcomes. In clinical medicine, what is important is not how much we do but how well our patients do after what we do.</p>
      <p>CMR stress perfusion is a valuable resource with a high negative predictive value in those who do not have perfusion defects irrespective of the presence or absence of coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Few studies exist on the prognostic value of adenosine stress perfusion CMR in elderly patients with or without established SIHD. The study by Boonyasirinant and Kaolawanich,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> although not the first, is a welcome addition to the repository of existing literature that provides a cogent reason for using stress CMR for the evaluation of ischemia now addressing the elderly age group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Their findings demonstrate that while clinical data were combined with information on left ventricular function, no incremental value was seen compared to clinical data alone in predicting serious cardiac events. The presence of ischemia as detected by CMR helped predict events significantly better. The predictive power was not increased with the addition of information on late gadolinium enhancement. Esteban-Fernandez et al. found that elderly patients with a moderate or severe degree of ischemia on stress CMR have a higher risk of having an event during follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Taken together, these two studies provide evidence for the use of adenosine stress CMR in predicting outcomes in elderly patients. A notable feature of both studies is the absence of significant adverse events of adenosine. However, the ISCHEMIA clinical trial reflected the limited availability of both equipment and expertise, where CMR was the least chosen method to evaluate for ischemia (5%), reflecting real-world practice.</p>
      <p>Like almost every significant study in cardiovascular medicine, the choice of endpoints is debatable. This study defined serious cardiac events as non-fatal myocardial infarction and cardiac mortality. With current therapy, most myocardial infarctions are non-fatal, and the evolving definitions of myocardial infarction make it a moving target. Secondly, although we all try to use evidence-based medicine as the foundation of our clinical practice, we need to remember that medicine is essentially a retail business, as noted eloquently by Atul Gawande.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As we treat each patient one at a time and not the population per se, statistical significance is not always synonymous with clinical relevance for the individual patient.</p>
      <p>Another important point to remember is that the risk of adverse cardiac events, inherent in the presence of markers such as ischemia, can be mitigated by adequate OMT. No clear information on therapy used in the two groups is provided. A very significant difference in smoking rates between those with and without ischemia was noted. Although not statistically significant to be entered into the model, clinicians know how continued smoking contributes to clinical events. In real-world clinical practice, imaging is usually requested when revascularisation is contemplated in those with known SIHD and not necessarily to risk stratify patients. No technique in imaging to evaluate SIHD is the holy grail, and all are essentially complementary. With the worldwide population aging, we should seek out the best ways to evaluate and manage SIHD, and the study is a worthwhile step in this endeavour.</p>
      <p>Dr. Thomas served as a Consultant for the ISCHEMIA study&#180;s Clinical Coordinating Center at NYU Langone Medical Center.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Value of Adenosine Stress Perfusion Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Older Adults with Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease</p>
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