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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qBFqgMjQV89DyTYMJfdtvBw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005004204</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700087</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210477</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210477</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter &#233; Superior a Drogas Antiarr&#237;tmicas como Tratamento de primeira linha para Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3622-7605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Justino</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Graffunder</surname>
            <given-names>Fabrissio P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benevides</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knijnik</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanchez</surname>
            <given-names>Luana M.F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart and Vascular Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Miami</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Miami</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, University of Miami, Miami &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Mauricio de Nassau</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Mauricio de Nassau, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS C&#225;rdio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca, Hospital SOS C&#225;rdio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rhanderson Cardoso &#8226; Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital Heart &amp; Vascular Center - 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA Email: <email>rcardoso2@bwh.harvard.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cardoso R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cardoso R, Justino GB, Graffunder FP, Benevides L; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cardoso R, Justino GB, Graffunder FP, Benevides L, Knijnik L, Sanchez LMF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cardoso R, Justino GB, Graffunder FP, Knijnik L, Sanchez LMF, d&#8217;Avila A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cardoso R, Justino GB, Benevides L, Knijnik L, Sanchez LMF, d&#8217;Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>87</fpage>
      <lpage>94</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma terapia bem estabelecida para controle do ritmo card&#237;aco em pacientes refrat&#225;rios ou intolerantes a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (DAA). Por&#233;m, a efic&#225;cia desse procedimento comparada &#224; de DAA como estrat&#233;gia de primeira linha no controle do ritmo card&#237;aco na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; menos conhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Conduzir uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter vs. DAA em pacientes sem nenhum tratamento pr&#233;vio para controle do ritmo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Buscamos, nos bancos de dados do PubMed, EMBASE, e Cochrane, ensaios randomizados controlados que compararam abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com DAA para controle do ritmo card&#237;aco em pacientes com FA sintom&#225;tica e descreveram os seguintes desfechos: (1) recorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmia atrial (TA); (2) FA sintom&#225;tica; (3) interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares; e (4) bradicardia sintom&#225;tica. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada por estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup>. Valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Inclu&#237;mos cinco ensaios com 994 pacientes, dos quais 502 (50,5%) foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de um a cinco anos. Recorr&#234;ncias de TA (OR 0,36; IC95% 0,25-0,52; p&lt;0,001) e de FA sintom&#225;tica (OR 0,32; IC95% 0,18-0,57; p&lt;0,001), e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares (OR 0,25; IC95% 0,15-0,42; p&lt;0,001) foram menos frequentes nos pacientes tratados com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter que naqueles tratados com DAA. Bradicardia sintom&#225;tica n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos (OR 0,55; IC95% 0,18-1,65; p=0,28). Derrame ou tamponamento peric&#225;rdico significativo ocorreu em oito dos 464 (1,7%) pacientes no grupo submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Esses achados sugerem maior efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter que das DAA como estrat&#233;gia inicial de controle do ritmo card&#237;aco em pacientes com DA sintom&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiarr&#237;tmicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de alta preval&#234;ncia, que afeta aproximadamente 50 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia global da FA continua a aumentar, provavelmente pelo envelhecimento populacional e crescente preval&#234;ncia da obesidade e doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica. Somente nos EUA, mais de 12 milh&#245;es de pessoas podem desenvolver FA at&#233; o ano de 2030.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico e a carga da FA est&#227;o associados com aumento na mortalidade, em eventos cerebrovasculares, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, uma melhora na sobrevida, na qualidade de vida, e na sobrevida livre de eventos n&#227;o fatais pode ser alcan&#231;ada com estrat&#233;gias efetivas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, controle do ritmo e/ou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A terapia com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (DAA) e a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com isolamento da veia pulmonar s&#227;o duas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas bem definidas para o controle do ritmo card&#237;aco, quando se deseja a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco. Contudo, ambas as estrat&#233;gias apresentam defici&#234;ncias, incluindo uma efic&#225;cia limitada. A terapia com DAA pode causar efeitos colaterais, intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, e arritmias ventriculares, e a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; um procedimento invasivo, com potencial para raras, mas s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es. Nas diretrizes mais recentes de v&#225;rias sociedades europeias e norte-americanas, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; recomendada como indica&#231;&#227;o classe I para pacientes sem sucesso com DAA, embora seu uso como terapia de primeira linha seja menos recomendado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, dois ensaios grandes, randomizados, investigaram o papel da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter como uma terapia de primeira linha para o controle do ritmo em pacientes com FA sintom&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esses estudos aumentaram substancialmente a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes randomizados para receberem abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter ou DAA como estrat&#233;gia de primeira linha para controle do ritmo. Assim, nosso objetivo foi realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise comparando essas duas estrat&#233;gias em estudos randomizados, avaliando desfechos de efic&#225;cia em uma grande popula&#231;&#227;o, bem como examinar desfechos secund&#225;rios, nos quais os estudos individuais possam ter menos for&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
        <p>Restringimos nossa an&#225;lise de estudos que preenchessem todos os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) ensaios controlados randomizados (ECRs) de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter vs. DAA; (2) inclus&#227;o de pacientes com FA sintom&#225;tica que n&#227;o receberam tratamento com DAA; e (3) an&#225;lise de quaisquer dos seguintes desfechos de interesse &#8211; recorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia atrial, recorr&#234;ncia de FA sintom&#225;tica, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, bradicardia sintom&#225;tica, e qualidade de vida. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram estudos n&#227;o randomizados, ensaios incluindo pacientes submetidos previamente &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter ou &#224; terapia com DAA sem sucesso. Em caso de estudos com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, foi inclu&#237;do aquele com o maior n&#250;mero de pacientes. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; inclus&#227;o com base no tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>Dois autores (G.B.J. e L.B.S.) extra&#237;ram os dados independentemente, seguindo crit&#233;rios de busca e m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade pr&#233;-definidos. Discord&#226;ncias entre esses autores foram resolvidas por consenso entre tr&#234;s autores (R.C., G.B.J. e L.B.S.).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma busca sistem&#225;tica no PubMed, EMBASE, e <italic>Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials</italic> . A busca foi conduzida sem restri&#231;&#245;es de data em dezembro de 2020 por estudos publicados somente em ingl&#234;s. Os seguintes termos foram inseridos na busca: &#8220;atrial fibrillation&#8221; AND (&#8220;ablation&#8221; OR &#8220;radiofrequency&#8221; OR &#8220;cryoablation&#8221; OR &#8220;cryoballoon&#8221;) AND (&#8220;antiarrhythmic&#8221; OR &#8220;AAD&#8221; OR &#8220;amiodarone&#8221; OR &#8220;sotalol&#8221; OR &#8220;flecainide&#8221; OR &#8220;propafenone&#8221; OR &#8220;dofetilide&#8221;) AND (&#8220;first-line&#8221; OR &#8220;initial&#8221;). Al&#233;m disso, as listas de refer&#234;ncias de todos os estudos, metan&#225;lises e revis&#245;es inclu&#237;dos foram revisadas manualmente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
        <p>O risco de vi&#233;s e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de cada estudo foram analisados com a ferramenta do Cochrane Collaboration para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s em estudos randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cada estudo recebeu um escore de &#8220;alto risco&#8221;, &#8220;baixo risco&#8221; ou &#8220;risco incerto&#8221; para cada um dos cinco dom&#237;nios: vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, desempenho, detec&#231;&#227;o, perda (de pacientes) e relato. Foram constru&#237;dos gr&#225;ficos de funil dos pesos individuais dos estudos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estimativas para avaliar a evid&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e a metan&#225;lise foram realizadas de acordo com a ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s do Cochrane Collaboration e das recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis</italic> (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Odds ratios (OR) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% foram calculados para comparar a incid&#234;ncia de desfechos bin&#225;rios entre os dois bra&#231;os de tratamento. Usamos o teste Q de Cochran e estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> para avaliar heterogeneidade. Os desfechos foram considerados de baixa heterogeneidade se p&gt;0,10 e I<sup>2</sup>&lt; 25%. Usamos um modelo de efeitos fixos para desfechos com I<sup>2</sup>&lt; 25% (baixa heterogeneidade). Nos desfechos com alta heterogeneidade, estimativas agrupadas foram computadas com modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de DerSimonian e Laird. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o programa Review Manager 5.4 (Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhague, Dinamarca).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Como detalhado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> , foram identificados 1281 estudos pela estrat&#233;gia de busca nos bancos de dados e busca manual por refer&#234;ncias de revis&#245;es e metan&#225;lises pertinentes. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o dos artigos em duplicata e estudos n&#227;o relacionados, 25 artigos foram revisados quanto aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos cinco estudos, com total de 994 pacientes, dos quais 502 (50,5%) foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Os estudos foram homog&#234;neos quanto &#224; t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o, monitoramento de taquiarritmia atrial (TA) recorrente, e tempo de acompanhamento, que variou de um a cinco anos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA da triagem e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes</th>
                <th>Homens, n (%)</th>
                <th>Idade m&#233;dia (anos)</th>
                <th>T&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</th>
                <th>Terapia com DAA</th>
                <th>Monitoramento da TA</th>
                <th>FA parox&#237;stica, n (%)</th>
                <th>Tempo m&#233;dio do diagn&#243;stico da FA (meses)</th>
                <th>FEVE m&#233;dio (%)</th>
                <th>Seguimento (anos)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RAAFT-1 2005</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">CA: 53 AAD: 54</td>
                <td align="center">RF</td>
                <td align="center">Flecainida, 77% Sotalol, 23% Nenhuma droga antiarr&#237;tmica relatada no grupo da abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Holter 24 horas antes da alta, e em 3, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 32 (97) DAA: 35 (95)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 53 DAA: 54</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MANTRA-PAF 2012</td>
                <td align="center">294</td>
                <td align="center">CA: 100 (68) AAD: 106 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">CA: 56 AAD: 54</td>
                <td align="center">RF</td>
                <td align="center">Drogas classe IC de prefer&#234;ncia; segunda linha classe III; DAA permitidas durante per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Holter 7 dias em 3, 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 146 (100) DAA: 148 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE &gt;60%: 237 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">5*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RAAFT-2 2014</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">CA: 51 (77.3) AAD: 45 (73.8)</td>
                <td align="center">CA: 56 AAD: 54</td>
                <td align="center">RF</td>
                <td align="center">Durante per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o (90 dias): Flecainida, 69%; propafenona 25%; dronedarona 3%. DAA permitidas no grupo da abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">ECG, Holter, Monitor transtelef&#244;nico, ou tra&#231;ado do ritmo card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 65 (98) DAA: 59 (97)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">A:C 61 DAA: 61</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STOP-AF 2020</td>
                <td align="center">203</td>
                <td align="center">CA: 63 (61) AAD: 57 (58)</td>
                <td align="center">CA: 60 AAD: 62</td>
                <td align="center">Crioabla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">No grupo DAA: flecainida 60%; propafenoa 7%; dronedarona 12%; sotalol 7%; amiodarona 2%. No grupo abla&#231;&#227;o, DAA durante per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o (80 dias)</td>
                <td align="center">ECG conduzido no basal, em 1, 3, 6, e 12 meses; monitoramento por telefone ativado pelo paciente semanalmente e na presen&#231;a de sintomas em 3-12 meses; monitoramento ambulatorial 24h em 6 e 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 104 (100) DAA: 99 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">15.6</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 61 DAA: 61</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EARLY-AF 2020</td>
                <td align="center">303</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 112 (72,7) DAA: 102 (68,5)</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 58 DAA: 59</td>
                <td align="center">Crioabla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Flecainida 76%; propafenona 5%; sotalol 15%; dronedarona 3%; DAA no per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Monitor card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel; transmiss&#227;o manual semanalmente; visitas em 3, 6 e 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 147 (95) DAA: 140 (94)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">AC: 60 DAA: 60</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos em todos os estudos; &#8225;hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural; DAA: drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; TA: taquiarritmia atrial; AC: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ND: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; RF: radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A recorr&#234;ncia de TA foi significativamente menos frequente nos pacientes tratados com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (147/502; 29,2%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAA (245/492; 49,8%) (OR 0,36; IC95% 0,25-0,52; p&lt;0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, a recorr&#234;ncia de FA sintom&#225;tica tamb&#233;m foi menor nos pacientes que randomizados para receberem abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (57/398; 14,3%) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos que receberam DAAs (118/393; 30%) (OR 0,32; IC95% 0,18-0,57; p&lt;0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). As interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares tamb&#233;m foram menos frequentes no grupo submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o (21/436; 4,8% vs. 66/431; 15,3%) (OR 0,25; IC95% 0,15-0,42; p&lt;0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Recorr&#234;ncias de taquiarritmia atrial foram significativamente menos comum com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter que com terapia com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (p&lt;0,001). DAA: drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Recorr&#234;ncias de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sintom&#225;tica foram significativamente menos comum com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter que com terapia com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (p&lt;0,001). DAA: drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares foram significativamente menos comum com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter que com terapia com DAA (p&lt;0,001). DAA: drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos de seguran&#231;a, bradicardia sintom&#225;tica (OR 0,55; 95% CI 0.18-1.65; p=0.28; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ) n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre pacientes tratados com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (3/502; 0,6%) e terapia com DAA (7/492; 1,4%). Derrame ou tamponamento peric&#225;rdico de signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica ocorreu em oito dos 464 pacientes no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (1,7%).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia de bradicardia sintom&#225;tica foi rara e similar entre os grupos (p=0,28). DAA: drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> descreve a aprecia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de cada ECR. Todos os estudos foram considerados em risco de vi&#233;s de desempenho, dada a impossibilidade do delineamento duplo cego (paciente e investigador) nos ensaios, e considerados de baixo risco quanto aos demais vieses. An&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram realizadas pela exclus&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de cada estudo das estimativas agrupadas. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de cada estudo individual, os resultados para recorr&#234;ncia de TAs, FA sintom&#225;tica, interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, e bradicardia sintom&#225;tica n&#227;o se modificaram. Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos, n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia definitiva de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o nos gr&#225;ficos de funil ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Figura 1 Suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de cinco estudos e 994 pacientes, n&#243;s comparamos o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter e DAA como terapia de primeira linha para controle do ritmo card&#237;aco em pacientes com FA. Os principais achados foram: (1) a incid&#234;ncia de FA recorrente sintom&#225;tica durante um per&#237;odo de um a cinco anos de seguimento foi aproximadamente a metade no grupo submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo tratado com DAA (14,3% vs. 30,0%, respectivamente; OR 0,32; p&lt;0,001); (2) essa diferen&#231;a tamb&#233;m foi estatisticamente significativa para redu&#231;&#227;o de TAs, em favor do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o (OR 0,36; p&lt;0,001); e (3) a taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi tr&#234;s vezes menor nos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o (4,8% vs. 14,3%).</p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter mostrou-se superior ao aumento na terapia com DAA para controle do ritmo em pacientes com FA recorrente apesar de uma tentativa anterior de terapia com DAA ou abla&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. No estudo CABANA, 2.204 pacientes com FA sintom&#225;tica em uso atual ou recente de &#8805; 1 droga antiarritmmica foram randomizados para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA por cateter ou terapia antiarritmica. Na an&#225;lise por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, durante um per&#237;odo mediano de seguimento ode 48,5 meses, a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ocorreu em 49,9% dos pacientes randomizados para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter e 69,5% naqueles tratados com DAA (HR 0,52; IC95% 0,45-0,60; p&lt;0,001). O desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte, incapacidade associada a acidente vascular cerebral, sangramento grave ou ataque card&#237;aco n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre abla&#231;&#227;o e terapia com DAA (8% vs. 9,2%, respectivamente; HR 0,86; p=0,30).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar dos resultados desapontadores de mortalidade de desfechos vasculares, n&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida de que o CABANA e outros ensaios demonstraram uma maior efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia com DAA isolada em pacientes previamente tratados com esses medicamentos para controle do ritmo, sem sucesso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, existe um interesse renovado em um controle precoce efetivo do ritmo na hist&#243;ria natural da FA. De fato, a no&#231;&#227;o de que FA gera FA, devido &#224; fibrose atrial e remodelamento adverso, &#233; bem conhecida h&#225; quase tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No ensaio recentemente publicado <italic>Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke Prevention Trial</italic> (EAST-AFNET 4), 2789 pacientes com FA diagnosticados h&#225; menos de 12 meses (27% com FA persistente) foram randomizados para controle precoce do ritmo com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (8%) ou DAA (87%) ou ao tratamento convencional com controle da frequ&#234;ncia e ritmo card&#237;acos para sintomas refrat&#225;rios. Durante um per&#237;odo mediano de 5,1 anos, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte cardiovascular, acidente vascular cerebral, ou interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda no grupo submetido ao controle precoce do ritmo card&#237;aco (3,9 por 100 pessoas-ano) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento convencional (5,0 por 100 pessoas-ano) (HR 0,79; IC96% 0,66-0,94; p=0,005).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O controle precoce do ritmo com DAA, contudo, &#233; limitado pela baixa efic&#225;cia da terapia medicamentosa isolada. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise recente da Cochrane Collaboration avaliaram a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a das DAAs em 59 ECRs com 20 981 participantes, incluindo tanto FA parox&#237;stica como FA persistente. Durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 10,2 meses, a FA foi recorrente em 43-67% dos pacientes tratados com DAAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A efic&#225;cia limitada da terapia com DAA &#233; bem evidente ao considerar a alta taxa de cruzamento de pacientes recebendo DAA para o tratamento por abla&#231;&#227;o nos ensaios randomizados. No ensaio &#8220; <italic>STOP AF First: Cryoballoon Catheter Ablation in Antiarrhythmic Drug Na&#239;ve Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</italic> &#8221;, um ter&#231;o dos pacientes no grupo DAA foi submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter devido a efeitos colaterais da terapia medicamentosa ou FA recorrente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No estudo CABANA, 27,5% dos pacientes no grupo DAA passou para o grupo da abla&#231;&#227;o durante o seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ensaios mais antigos comparando a efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com a terapia com DAA em pacientes que n&#227;o receberam nenhum tipo de tratamento para controle do ritmo card&#237;aco foram limitados quanto ao tamanho amostral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No conjunto, esses estudos n&#227;o demonstraram de maneira conclusiva uma superioridade da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia com DAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise desses ensaios mostrou uma menor sobrevida livre de recorr&#234;ncia de FA nos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia com [raz&#227;o de risco (RR) 0,63; IC95% 0,44-0,92; p=0,02]. No entanto, a taxa de recorr&#234;ncias de FA sintom&#225;tica n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (RR 0,57; IC95% 0,30-1,08; p=0.09).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Assim, o STOP AF First e o <italic>Cryoablation or Drug Therapy for Initial Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation</italic> (EARLY-AF) foram desenvolvidos para investigar o papel da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter como uma estrat&#233;gia de primeira linha no controle do ritmo card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados fornecem um entendimento mais preciso do efeito do tratamento reunindo um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes que foram divididos aleatoriamente para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter ou terapia com DAA. A magnitude do efeito em favor da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter foi substancial. A redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta na frequ&#234;ncia de TA e FA sintom&#225;tica com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter foi de 20% e 15%, respectivamente. Ao considerar esses achados, os desfechos de seguran&#231;a da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter n&#227;o devem ser negligenciados no direcionamento das tomadas de decis&#227;o. A incid&#234;ncia agrupada de derrame e/ou tamponamento peric&#225;rdico nesses estudos foi de 1,7%. Em uma metan&#225;lise de aproximadamente 9.000 pacientes submetidos &#224; crioabla&#231;&#227;o ou &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia, a incid&#234;ncia de tamponamento peric&#225;rdico foi de 1,1%. Paralisia do nervo fr&#234;nico ocorreu em 1,6% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; crioabla&#231;&#227;o, mas a maioria dos casos foi revertida durante o acompanhamento em curto prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como se observa na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , as t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o foram heterog&#234;neas entre os estudos. Nos tr&#234;s estudos mais antigos usou-se abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia, enquanto nos estudos mais recentes &#8211; STOP-AF e EARLY-AF &#8211; usou-se a crioabla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Embora as t&#233;cnicas tenham importantes diferen&#231;as nas curvas de aprendizagem e desfechos de seguran&#231;a, os ensaios FIRE e ICE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e uma metan&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> mostraram efic&#225;cia similar entre as duas t&#233;cnicas. Mais importante, a tecnologia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia melhorou substancialmente nos &#250;ltimos anos, particularmente com o desenvolvimento de sensores de for&#231;a de contato, os quais n&#227;o foram usados no presente estudo. Uma metan&#225;lise com 22 estudos mostrou que a abla&#231;&#227;o por contato guiada por for&#231;a de contato reduziu consideravelmente o tempo de procedimento, e melhorou a taxa de sobrevida livre de FA em 12%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> N&#227;o se sabe se o uso de tecnologias mais novas para a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia modificaria a efic&#225;cia comparativa da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter vs. DAA no controle inicial de ritmo card&#237;aco na FA sintom&#225;tica. Se sim, isso se traduziria em um efeito ainda mais favor&#225;vel da abla&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia com DAA.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, o acompanhamento em longo prazo, al&#233;m de dois anos, somente foi realizado em dois dos cinco estudos avaliados. Segundo, a estrat&#233;gia de monitoramento do ritmo foi heterog&#234;nea entre os estudos, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , variando desde monitoramento peri&#243;dico por Holter at&#233; monitoramento card&#237;aco cont&#237;nuo. No entanto, an&#225;lise de sensibilidade removendo um estudo por vez n&#227;o alterou a signific&#226;ncia das estimativas de efic&#225;cia. Terceiro, a aus&#234;ncia de dados individuais dos pacientes impediu uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada dos desfechos, tais como tempo para recorr&#234;ncia de TA/FA. Por fim, o pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos impediu a realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises de subgrupos de diferentes t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Contudo, uma metan&#225;lise anterior mostrou efic&#225;cia similar entre radiofrequ&#234;ncia e crioabla&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter reduz significativamente a recorr&#234;ncia da TA e FA sintom&#225;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia com DAA em pacientes sem nenhuma tentativa pr&#233;via de tratamento de controle do ritmo. Este estudo apresenta evid&#234;ncias em favor do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter como indica&#231;&#227;o classe I para o controle de ritmo card&#237;aco em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Acordo de compartilhamento de dados</title>
        <p>Uma vez que esta metan&#225;lise baseou-se em dados extra&#237;dos de pesquisas publicadas, todos os dados e materiais dos estudos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico. Os autores desta metan&#225;lise n&#227;o tiveram acesso aos dados dos pacientes dos estudos analisados, e encorajamos pesquisadores interessados nesses dados que contatem o autor (para correspond&#234;ncia) de cada estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
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              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Callaway</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
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              <surname>Carson</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
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          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11807/2021-0477-supplementary.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Catheter Ablation is Superior to Antiarrhythmic Drugs as First-Line Treatment for Atrial Fibrillation: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3622-7605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Justino</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Graffunder</surname>
            <given-names>Fabrissio P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benevides</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knijnik</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanchez</surname>
            <given-names>Luana M.F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, University of Miami, Miami &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Mauricio de Nassau, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca, Hospital SOS C&#225;rdio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Rhanderson Cardoso &#8226;</bold> Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital Heart &amp; Vascular Center - 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA Email: rcardoso2@bwh.harvard.edu</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Cardoso R; Acquisition of data: Cardoso R, Justino GB, Graffunder FP, Benevides L; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cardoso R, Justino GB, Graffunder FP, Benevides L, Knijnik L, Sanchez LMF; Writing of the manuscript: Cardoso R, Justino GB, Graffunder FP, Knijnik L, Sanchez LMF, d&#8217;Avila A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Cardoso R, Justino GB, Benevides L, Knijnik L, Sanchez LMF, d&#8217;Avila A.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Catheter ablation is a well-established therapy for rhythm control in patients who are refractory or intolerant to anti-arrhythmic drugs (AAD). Less is known about the efficacy of catheter ablation compared with AAD as a first-line strategy for rhythm control in atrial fibrillation (AF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of catheter ablation vs. AAD in patients na&#239;ve to prior rhythm control therapies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials that compared catheter ablation to AAD for initial rhythm control in symptomatic AF and reported the outcomes of (1) recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs); (2) symptomatic AF; (3) hospitalizations; and (4) symptomatic bradycardia. Heterogeneity was examined with I<sup>2</sup>statistics. P values of &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>We included five trials with 994 patients, of whom 502 (50.5%) underwent catheter ablation. Mean follow-up ranged from one to five years. Recurrences of AT (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.25-0.52; p&lt;0.001) and symptomatic AF (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.18-0.57; p&lt;0.001), and hospitalizations (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.15-0.42; p&lt;0.001) were significantly less frequent in patients treated with catheter ablation compared with AAD. Symptomatic bradycardia was not significantly different between groups (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.18-1.65; p=0.28). Significant pericardial effusions or tamponade occurred in eight of 464 (1.7%) patients in the catheter ablation group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>These findings suggest that catheter ablation has superior efficacy to AAD as an initial rhythm control strategy in patients with symptomatic AF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Arrhythmia Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a highly prevalent condition, estimated to affect nearly 50 million people worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The global prevalence of AF continues to increase, likely related to population aging and the rising prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. In the US alone, more than 12 million individuals may have AF by 2030.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The diagnosis and burden of AF are associated with increased mortality, cerebrovascular events, heart failure, and hospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, improved survival, quality of life, and freedom from non-fatal events can be achieved with effective strategies of anticoagulation, heart rate control, and/or rhythm control in selected patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy and catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation are two well-established options for rhythm control when maintenance of sinus rhythm is desirable. However, both strategies have drawbacks, including limited efficacy. AAD can lead to side effects, drug-drug interactions, and ventricular arrhythmias, and catheter ablation is an invasive procedure, with the potential for rare but serious complications. In the most recent multi-society guidelines from Europe and North America, catheter ablation is recommended as a class I indication for patients who fail a strategy of AAD, whereas its use as a first-line therapy is less recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, two large, randomized trials have explored the role of catheter ablation as first-line therapy for rhythm control in patients with symptomatic AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These trials have greatly increased the population of randomized patients who underwent either catheter ablation or AAD as a first-line strategy for rhythm control. Therefore, we sought to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing these two strategies in randomized studies, evaluating efficacy outcomes in a large population, as well as to examine secondary endpoints, for which the individual studies may be underpowered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria and data extraction</title>
          <p>We restricted our analysis to studies that met all the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of catheter ablation vs. AADs; (2) inclusion of patients with symptomatic AF who had not received any AAD treatment; and (3) analysis of any of the following outcomes of interest &#8211; recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias, recurrence of symptomatic AF, hospitalizations, symptomatic bradycardia, and quality of life. The exclusion criteria included non-randomized studies, and trials including patients who had previously failed catheter ablation or AAD therapy. In case of studies with overlapping patient populations, the study with the largest number of patients was included. There were no restrictions for inclusion based on the size of the study population.</p>
          <p>Two authors (G.B.J. and L.B.S.) independently extracted data following pre-defined search criteria and quality assessment methods. Disagreements between these authors were resolved by consensus among three authors (R.C., G.B.J., and L.B.S.).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The search was conducted without date restrictions in December 2020 for studies published in English only. The following medical subject heading terms were included: &#8220;atrial fibrillation&#8221; AND (&#8220;ablation&#8221; OR &#8220;radiofrequency&#8221; OR &#8220;cryoablation&#8221; OR &#8220;cryoballoon&#8221;) AND (&#8220;antiarrhythmic&#8221; OR &#8220;AAD&#8221; OR &#8220;amiodarone&#8221; OR &#8220;sotalol&#8221; OR &#8220;flecainide&#8221; OR &#8220;propafenone&#8221; OR &#8220;dofetilide&#8221;) AND (&#8220;first-line&#8221; OR &#8220;initial&#8221;). In addition, the reference lists of all included studies, meta-analyses and reviews were manually searched.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>Risk of bias and quality assessment of individual studies were analyzed with the Cochrane Collaboration&#8217;s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Each trial was given a score for &#8220;high risk&#8221;, &#8220;low risk&#8221;, or &#8220;unclear risk&#8221; in each of the five domains: selection, performance, detection, attrition, and reporting biases. Funnel plots of individual study weights against point estimates were used to check for evidence of publication bias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration&#8217;s tool for assessing risk of bias and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed to compare the incidence of binary endpoints between the two treatment arms. We used Cochran&#8217;s Q test and I<sup>2</sup>statistics to evaluate for heterogeneity. Endpoints were considered to have low heterogeneity if p &gt; 0.10 and I<sup>2</sup>&lt; 25%. We used a fixed-effect model for endpoints with I<sup>2</sup>&lt; 25% (low heterogeneity). In outcomes with high heterogeneity, pooled estimates were computed with DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. P values of &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed with Review Manager 5.4 (Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>As detailed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> , 1,281 studies were identified using the search strategy in the three databases and manual search of references of pertinent reviews and meta-analyses. After removal of duplicate articles and unrelated studies, 25 were fully reviewed for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of five studies and 994 patients were included, of whom 502 (50.5%) underwent catheter ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Population characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The studies were heterogeneous with regards to the ablation technique, monitoring of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs), and the follow-up period, which ranged from one to five years.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PRISMA flow diagram of study screening and selection</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Number of patients</th>
                  <th>Male, n(%)</th>
                  <th>Mean age (years)</th>
                  <th>Catheter ablation technique</th>
                  <th>AAD therapy</th>
                  <th>AT monitoring</th>
                  <th>Paroxysmal AF, n (%)</th>
                  <th>Mean time from AF diagnosis (months)</th>
                  <th>Mean LVEF (%)</th>
                  <th>Follow-up (years)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RAAFT-1 2005</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 53 AAD: 54</td>
                  <td align="center">RF</td>
                  <td align="center">Flecainide, 77% Sotalol, 23% No AAD reported in ablation group</td>
                  <td align="center">24-hour Holter before discharge, 3, 6 and 12 months</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 32 (97) AAD: 35 (95)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 53 AAD: 54</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MANTRA-PAF 2012</td>
                  <td align="center">294</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 100 (68) AAD: 106 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 56 AAD: 54</td>
                  <td align="center">RF</td>
                  <td align="center">Class IC drugs preferred; class III second line; AAD allowed in ablation group for the 3-month blanking period</td>
                  <td align="center">7-day Holter monitoring at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 146 (100) AAD: 148 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF &gt;60%: 237 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RAAFT-2 2014</td>
                  <td align="center">127</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 51 (77.3) AAD: 45 (73.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 56 AAD: 54</td>
                  <td align="center">RF</td>
                  <td align="center">During 90-day blanking period: Flecainide, 69%; propafenone 25%; dronedarone 3%. AAD allowed in ablation group</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG, Holter, transtelephonic monitor, or rhythm strip</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 65 (98) AAD: 59 (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 61 AAD: 61</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STOP-AF 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">203</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 63 (61) AAD: 57 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 60 AAD: 62</td>
                  <td align="center">CB</td>
                  <td align="center">In AAD group: flecainide 60%; propafenone 7%; dronedarone 12%; sotalol 7%; amiodarone 2%. In ablation group, AAD allowed for 80 days in blanking period.</td>
                  <td align="center">12-lead ECG conducted at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months; patient-activated telephone monitoring weekly and when symptomatic at 3-12 months; 24h ambulatory monitoring at 6 and 12 months</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 104 (100) AAD: 99 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 61 AAD: 61</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EARLY-AF 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">303</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 112 (72.7) AAD: 102 (68.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 58 AAD: 59</td>
                  <td align="center">CB</td>
                  <td align="center">Flecainide 76%; propafenone 5%; sotalol 15%; dronedarone 3%; AAD allowed in blanking period.</td>
                  <td align="center">Implantable cardiac monitoring; manual weekly transmissions; visits at 3, 6 and 12 months</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 147 (95) AAD: 140 (94)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">CA: 60 AAD: 60</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant in all included studies; &#8225;hypertension and structural heart disease; AAD: antiarrhythmic drugs; AF: atrial fibrillation; AT: atrial tachyarrhythmia; CA: catheter ablation; CB: cryoablation; ECG; electrocardiogram; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NA: not available; RF: radiofrequency.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Recurrence of ATs were significantly less frequent in patients treated with catheter ablation (147/502; 29.2%) as compared with AAD (245/492; 49.8%) (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.25-0.52; p&lt;0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Similarly, symptomatic recurrences of AF were also reduced in patients randomized to catheter ablation (57/398; 14.3%) compared with AADs (118/393; 30%) (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.18-0.57; p&lt;0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). Hospitalizations were also less frequent in the catheter ablation group (21/436; 4.8% vs. 66/431; 15.3%) (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.15-0.42; p&lt;0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Recurrences of atrial tachyarrhythmias were significantly less common with catheter ablation compared to antiarrhythmic drugs (p&lt;0.001). AAD: antiarrhythmic drugs.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Recurrences of symptomatic AF were significantly less common with catheter ablation compared to antiarrhythmic drugs. (p&lt;0.001). AAD: antiarrhythmic drugs.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hospitalizations were significantly less common with catheter ablation compared to antiarrhythmic drugs (p&lt;0.001). AAD: antiarrhythmic drugs.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding safety endpoints, symptomatic bradycardia (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.18-1.65; p=0.28; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ) was not significantly different between patients treated with catheter ablation (3/502; 0.6%) and AAD therapy (7/492; 1.4%). A clinically significant pericardial effusion or pericardial tamponade occurred in 8 of 464 patients in the catheter ablation group (1.7%).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The incidence of symptomatic bradycardia was rare and similar between groups (p=0.28). AAD: antiarrhythmic drugs.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0087-10477-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> outlines the quality appraisal of each individual RCT. All studies were considered at risk for performance bias, given the impossibility to perform patient and investigator blinding in the trials. Otherwise, studies were judged to be at low risk of biases. Sensitivity analyses were performed by systematically removing each study from the pooled estimates. After removal of each individual study, the results for recurrences of ATs, symptomatic AF, hospitalizations, and symptomatic bradycardia were unchanged. Although limited by the small number of studies, there was no definitive evidence of publication bias in the funnel plots (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplementary Figure 1</inline-supplementary-material> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this systematic review and meta-analysis of five studies and 994 patients, we compared catheter ablation with AAD as first-line therapy for rhythm control in patients with AF. The main findings were as follows: (1) the incidence of symptomatic recurrent AF over a follow-up period of one to five years was approximately halved by catheter ablation as compared with AAD (14.3% vs. 30.0%, respectively; OR 0.32; p&lt;0.001); (2) this difference was also statistically significant for reduction of ATs, favoring catheter ablation (OR 0.36; p&lt;0.001); and (3) there was a 3-fold decrease in hospitalizations among those who underwent catheter ablation (4.8% vs. 14.3%).</p>
        <p>Catheter ablation has proven to be a superior option to escalation of AAD therapy for rhythm control among patients who have recurrent AF despite an initial attempt of AAD therapy or prior ablation. In the Catheter Ablation vs. Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation (CABANA) trial, 2,204 patients with symptomatic AF with current or past use of &#8805;1 AAD were randomized to catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation or drug therapy. In intention-to-treat analysis, over a median follow-up of 48.5 months, AF recurrence occurred in 49.9% of patients randomized to catheter ablation and 69.5% of those in the drug therapy arm (HR 0.52; 95% CI 0.45-0.60; p&lt;0.001). The primary outcome of death, disabling stroke, serious bleeding or cardiac arrest was not significantly different between ablation and AAD therapy (8% vs. 9.2%, respectively; HR 0.86; p=0.30).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite disappointing results with regards to mortality and vascular endpoints, CABANA and other trials unquestionably show a higher efficacy of catheter ablation as compared with AAD therapy alone in patients who previously failed rhythm control with AAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nevertheless, there has been a renewed interest in effective rhythm control early in the natural history of AF. Indeed, the notion that &#8216;AF begets AF&#8217;, due to atrial fibrosis and adverse remodeling, is well-known for nearly three decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In the recently published Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke Prevention Trial (EAST-AFNET 4), 2,789 patients with AF diagnosed within the prior 12 months (27% persistent AF) were randomized to early rhythm control with catheter ablation (8%) or AAD (87%) or to usual care with rate control and rhythm control for refractory symptoms. Over a median follow-up of 5.1 years, there was a significant reduction in the primary endpoint of cardiovascular death, stroke, or hospitalization with heart failure or acute coronary syndrome favoring early rhythm control (3.9 per 100 person-years) over usual care (5.0 per 100 person-years) (HR 0.79; 96% CI 0.66-0.94; p=0.005).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The strategy of early rhythm control with AAD, however, is limited by reduced efficacy of drug therapy alone. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis from the Cochrane Collaboration examined the efficacy and safety of AADs in 59 RCTs with 20,981 participants, including both paroxysmal and persistent AF. Over a mean follow-up of 10.2 months, AF recurred in 43-67% of patients treated with AADs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The limited efficacy of AAD therapy is quite evident when considering the high cross-over rate from the AAD arm to the catheter ablation arm in randomized trials. In the STOP AF First: Cryoballoon Catheter Ablation in Antiarrhythmic Drug Na&#239;ve Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation trial, a third of patients in the AAD group underwent an ablation due to drug therapy side effect or recurrence of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the CABANA trial, 27.5% of patients in the AAD group crossed over to catheter ablation during follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Earlier trials comparing the efficacy of catheter ablation to AAD therapy in patients na&#239;ve to any rhythm control strategy were limited by small sample sizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Collectively, these studies did not determine a conclusive superiority of catheter ablation over AAD therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A meta-analysis of these trials found a significantly lower freedom from AF recurrence with catheter ablation, relative to AAD therapy (risk ratio [RR] 0.63; 95% CI 0.44-0.92; p=0.02); however, the rate of symptomatic AF recurrences was not significantly different between groups (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.30-1.08; p=0.09).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Therefore, the STOP AF First and the Cryoablation or Drug Therapy for Initial Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (EARLY-AF) trials were designed to further investigate the role of catheter ablation as a first-line rhythm control strategy.</p>
        <p>Our findings provide a more accurate understanding of the treatment effect by pooling a large population of patients randomized to catheter ablation or AAD therapy. The magnitude of effect favoring catheter ablation was substantial. The absolute reduction in the frequency of AT and symptomatic AF with catheter ablation as compared with AAD therapy was 20% and 15%, respectively. When considering these findings, safety outcomes of catheter ablation must not be overlooked, to guide shared decision-making. The pooled incidence of significant pericardial effusions and/or pericardial tamponade in these studies was 1.7%. In a meta-analysis of nearly 9,000 patients who underwent cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation, the incidence of pericardial tamponade was 1.1%. Phrenic nerve palsy occurred in 1.6% of patients who underwent cryoablation, but the vast majority resolved during short-term follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , the ablation techniques were heterogeneous between studies. The three earlier studies used radiofrequency ablation, whereas the more recent STOP-AF and EARLY-AF trial used cryoballoon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Although the techniques have important differences in operator learning curves and safety endpoints, the FIRE and ICE randomized trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and a meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> have shown similar efficacy between the two techniques. More importantly, radiofrequency technology has improved substantially in recent years, particularly with the development of contact force sensors, which were not used in the radiofrequency trials included in the present study. A meta-analysis of 22 studies showed that contact force-guided catheter ablation substantially reduced procedure time and improved AF-free survival by 12%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Whether the use of newer technology for radiofrequency catheter ablation would modify the comparative efficacy of catheter ablation vs. AAD for initial rhythm control in symptomatic AF is unknown. However, if so, this would translate into an even more favorable effect of ablation relative to AAD therapy.</p>
        <p>Our study has limitations. First, long-term follow-up beyond two years was only possible for two out of five studies. Second, the rhythm monitoring strategy was heterogeneous between studies as outlined in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , varying from periodic Holter monitoring to continuous cardiac monitoring. However, sensitivity analysis removing one study at a time did not alter the significance of efficacy estimates. Third, the absence of patient-level data precluded more granular assessment of outcomes, such as time-to-recurrence of AT/AF. Finally, the small number of studies did not allow for subgroup analyses of different catheter ablation techniques. However, a prior meta-analysis has shown similar efficacy between radiofrequency and cryoballoon ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, catheter ablation significantly reduces the recurrence of AT and symptomatic AF as compared with AAD therapy in patients who are na&#239;ve to prior attempts of rhythm control. This study provides evidence supporting catheter ablation as a class I indication for rhythm control in patients with paroxysmal AF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sharing agreement</title>
          <p>Because this meta-analysis was based on data extracted from previously published research, all data and study materials are available in the public domain. The authors of this meta-analysis did not have access to patient-level data of the included studies, and researchers interested in these data are encouraged to contact the corresponding authors of each study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11807/2021-0477-supplementary.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
