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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZzD9G6phXhcgVsVk6Pq4Yst</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005005205</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700076</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210546</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210546</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Varia&#231;&#227;o Anormal da Press&#227;o Arterial Circadiana est&#225; Associada aos Escores SYNTAX em Pacientes Hospitalizados com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7872-2236</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Turan</surname>
            <given-names>Turhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4369-6146</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zderya</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3687-0580</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sahin</surname>
            <given-names>Sinan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8329-4603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kul</surname>
            <given-names>Selim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7078-4021</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Konu&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7041-2316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kara</surname>
            <given-names>Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7848-5840</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uzun</surname>
            <given-names>Gulay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3327-7850</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aky&#252;z</surname>
            <given-names>Ali R&#305;za</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2306-9954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sayin</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Rasit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Trabzon Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Trabzon</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trabzon Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital - University of Health Sciences, Trabzon &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Turhan Turan &#8226; Trabzon Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, 61000, Trabzon &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>drtt61@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Turan T, Kul S, Aky&#252;z AR, Sayin MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: &#214;zderya A, Sahin S, Konu&#351; AH, Kara F, Aky&#252;z AR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Turan T, Kul S, Konu&#351; AH, Uzun G, Aky&#252;z AR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: &#214;zderya A, Sahin S, Kara F, Sayin MR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Turan T, &#214;zderya A, Kara F, Sayin MR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sahin S, Kul S, Konu&#351; AH, Uzun G,</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>76</fpage>
      <lpage>84</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Menor redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) noturna, conhecida como hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper, &#233; um forte preditor de morbimortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo visou investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper e a gravidade e complexidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana usando o escore SYNTAX em pacientes hospitalizados com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram selecionados 306 pacientes consecutivos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis internados na unidade de terapia intensiva intermedi&#225;ria pelo menos 24 horas ap&#243;s a angiografia e/ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o bem sucedida. Ap&#243;s os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos 141 pacientes (34 mulheres e 107 homens; idade m&#233;dia 61 &#177; 11 anos). A hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper foi definida como uma queda de 0% a 10% na PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia durante a noite em compara&#231;&#227;o com o dia, medida em intervalos de 1 hora, usando o mesmo dispositivo autom&#225;tico de medi&#231;&#227;o de PA em monitores de beira de leito (Vismo PVM-2701; Nihon Kohden Corp., T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). O escore SYNTAX foi calculado com uma calculadora online. Os preditores independentes do escore SYNTAX foram avaliados por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper apresentaram escore SYNTAX maior do que os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o dipper (11,12 &#177; 6,41 versus 6,74 &#177; 6,45, p &lt; 0,0001). Em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, o status de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o dipper (odds ratio: 5,159; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 2,246 a 11,852, p &lt; 0,001), sexo (p = 0,012) e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (p = 0,008) emergiram como preditores independentes de alto escore SYNTAX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os resultados do nosso estudo fornecem um poss&#237;vel mecanismo adicional ligando o perfil anormal da PA circadiana &#224; gravidade e &#224; complexidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) fisiol&#243;gica apresenta um padr&#227;o circadiano com queda de 10% a 20% durante o sono em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA diurna. Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o durante o sono &#233; definida como dipping extremo quando &#8805; 20%, dipping normal quando encontra-se entre 10% e 20%, n&#227;o-dipping quando &lt; 10% e dipping reverso se houver algum aumento (rela&#231;&#227;o noite-dia: &#8804; 0,8, &lt; 0,8 a &#8804; 0,9, &lt; 0,9 a &#8804; 1, e &gt; 1, respectivamente).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Menor redu&#231;&#227;o da PA noturna &#233; um forte preditor de morbimortalidade cardiovascular tanto para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o quanto para pacientes sem.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo padr&#227;o para determinar os padr&#245;es n&#227;o-dipper e dipper em pacientes &#233; a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) n&#227;o invasiva de 24 horas, que &#233; geralmente realizada fora do consult&#243;rio. Por outro lado, alternativamente, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da press&#227;o arterial (MCPA) em pacientes hospitalizados e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o domiciliar da press&#227;o arterial (MDPA) em pacientes ambulatoriais s&#227;o realizadas com medidas manuais ou medidas autom&#225;ticas infrequentes da PA. A MCPA e a MRPA mostraram anteriormente terem medidas de PA diurna e noturna semelhantes &#224; MAPA em pacientes hospitalizados e ambulatoriais e serem consistentes com a MAPA na verifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>-<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora os dist&#250;rbios diurnos da PA estejam ligados a danos em diversos &#243;rg&#227;os e eventos cardiovasculares, o mecanismo subjacente n&#227;o &#233; claro.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>-<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> No entanto, o significado cl&#237;nico da varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana anormal da PA em pacientes internados no hospital com um evento cardiovascular recente ainda n&#227;o foi estudado. O escore do estudo Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) &#233; um dos sistemas de escore angiogr&#225;fico coronariano detalhado mais aceito para determinar a gravidade e a complexidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), dependendo da anatomia coronariana e caracter&#237;sticas da les&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>-<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> O presente estudo visou avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore SYNTAX e menor dipping noturno da PA com uso frequente de MCPA (em intervalos de 1 hora) em pacientes hospitalizados com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo prospectivo, transversal e de centro &#250;nico foi realizado entre janeiro e abril de 2020 no Centro Tor&#225;cico e Cardiovascular Ahi Evren, em Trabzon, Turquia. Os participantes do estudo foram recrutados prospectivamente de um total de 306 pacientes com SCA (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST [IAMCSST], infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST [IAMSSST], angina pectoris inst&#225;vel), que haviam sido submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria. Foram aferidos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos, incluindo colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL), triglicer&#237;deos e testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Foram medidos os par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos como parte do hemograma completo automatizado (analisador autom&#225;tico de hematologia Mindray BC-5800, Mindray Medical Electronics Co. Shenzhen, China). A hipertens&#227;o foi diagnosticada e estratificada de acordo com as diretrizes recentes.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Os pacientes que haviam recebido tratamento anti-hipertensivo anteriormente continuaram os mesmos tratamentos durante todo o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Demos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos a todos os pacientes nos hor&#225;rios da manh&#227; sem alterar o seu uso. A hipercolesterolemia foi definida como colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dl. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada foi calculada usando a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Exclu&#237;mos pacientes com qualquer uma das condi&#231;&#245;es a seguir: apresentando choque ou parada cardiog&#234;nica, recebendo nitroglicerina intravenosa ou terapia inotr&#243;pica por qualquer motivo, hist&#243;rico de enxerto de bypass de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, valvulopatias, malignidade, doen&#231;a renal ou hep&#225;tica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica, hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, arritmia n&#227;o controlada, angina ou ansiedade cont&#237;nua, s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono ou dist&#250;rbio do sono e obesidade m&#243;rbida (&#237;ndice de massa corporal &gt; 35). Por fim, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 141 pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis, incluindo 85 com IAMSSST, 15 com angina pectoris inst&#225;vel e 41 com IAMCSST (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). A idade dos pacientes variou de 32 a 91 anos. O protocolo do estudo estava em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional local. O consentimento informado foi obtido de cada participante do estudo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo. SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0076-10546-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria em 24 horas. O tempo m&#233;dio dos sintomas at&#233; a angiografia coron&#225;ria foi de aproximadamente 2 a 6 horas. Foi realizada a angiografia coron&#225;ria pela t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins utilizando cateteres de 6 ou 7 Fr (Expo, Boston Scientific Corporation, Massachusetts, EUA) atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria femoral. Quando necess&#225;ria, a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea para a les&#227;o culpada foi realizada com sucesso em pacientes eleg&#237;veis na mesma sess&#227;o (120/141 pacientes, 85%). O escore SYNTAX foi calculado usando uma calculadora online conforme descrito na literatura de acordo com os achados angiogr&#225;ficos basais por 2 operadores experientes que desconheciam os demais par&#226;metros.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e protocolo de estudo</title>
        <p>Na nossa cl&#237;nica, os pacientes com SCA s&#227;o acompanhados na unidade de terapia intensiva pelo menos nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. No entanto, pacientes est&#225;veis de baixo risco (pacientes com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida, sem arritmia maligna, dor aliviada e sem sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) s&#227;o mobilizados e acompanhados na unidade de terapia intensiva intermedi&#225;ria ao final de 24 horas. A nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo foi selecionada a partir desses pacientes e foram realizadas medidas de PA de hora em hora na unidade de terapia intensiva intermedi&#225;ria com um dispositivo autom&#225;tico de medi&#231;&#227;o de PA em monitores de beira de leito para todos os pacientes (Vismo PVM-2701, Nihon Kohden Corp., T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). As medidas foram feitas no membro superior usando 2 manguitos infl&#225;veis (22 &#215; 12 e 30 &#215; 14 cm) para cobrir pelo menos 80% da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o do paciente. Foi garantida a acur&#225;cia da medi&#231;&#227;o otimizando todos os monitores dos pacientes antes das primeiras medi&#231;&#245;es e comparando-os com medi&#231;&#245;es de esfigmoman&#244;metros de padr&#227;o calibrados. Ao permitir que os pacientes dormissem em suas camas &#224;s 23:00 h e acordassem &#224;s 7:00 h, os valores noturnos da PA foram obtidos por medi&#231;&#227;o a cada hora. Informamos a todos os pacientes antes do procedimento e realizamos todas as medidas da PA noturna enquanto os pacientes dormiam.</p>
        <p>Exclu&#237;mos a medida se o paciente acordasse por qualquer motivo, e a medida foi repetida imediatamente ap&#243;s o paciente dormir. Beber caf&#233;, fumar e fazer exerc&#237;cios n&#227;o foram permitidos antes da medi&#231;&#227;o; ap&#243;s sentar e descansar por 5 minutos, a PA diurna foi obtida pela medida da PA a cada hora entre 08:00 h e 22:00 h com o mesmo aparelho, em dec&#250;bito dorsal. Para todas as medi&#231;&#245;es, os monitores dos pacientes foram configurados para medir em intervalos de 1 hora. O mesmo profissional de sa&#250;de experiente verificou os pacientes em termos de estado de sono-vig&#237;lia, adequa&#231;&#227;o do manguito e posi&#231;&#227;o do paciente durante a medi&#231;&#227;o; as medidas noturnas da PA foram registradas sob luz fraca, sem acender totalmente as luzes da unidade de terapia intensiva intermedi&#225;ria. Caso o paciente fosse transferido para a unidade de terapia intensiva intermedi&#225;ria em hor&#225;rio que n&#227;o correspondesse ao in&#237;cio dos per&#237;odos de medi&#231;&#227;o, iniciamos as medi&#231;&#245;es no primeiro per&#237;odo seguinte (23:00 da noite ou 7:00 do dia). Os pacientes foram acompanhados na unidade de terapia intensiva intermedi&#225;ria durante pelo menos 24 horas. Valores extremos de PA (PA sist&#243;lica &gt; 200 mmHg ou &lt; 90 mmHg; PA diast&#243;lica &gt; 110 mmHg ou &lt; 40 mmHg) foram considerados err&#244;neos e n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Considerando as m&#233;dias dos valores hor&#225;rios de PA para 9 per&#237;odos noturnos (23:00 h &#224;s 07:00 h) e 15 per&#237;odos diurnos (8:00 h &#224;s 22:00 h), obteve-se um &#250;nico valor m&#233;dio de PA diurna e noturna. A queda da PA sist&#243;lica noturna para diurna foi calculada como 100 &#215; ([m&#233;dia da PA sist&#243;lica diurna &#8211; m&#233;dia da PA sist&#243;lica noturna]/m&#233;dia da PA sist&#243;lica diurna]). A redu&#231;&#227;o da PA durante a noite em rela&#231;&#227;o ao dia foi definida da maneira seguinte: dipping normal quando estava entre 10% e 20%, n&#227;o-dipping quando &lt; 10% e dipping reverso quando houve algum aumento (rela&#231;&#227;o noite-dia: &#8804; 0,8, &lt; 0,8 a &#8804; 0,9, &lt; 0,9 a &#8804; 1, e &gt; 1, respectivamente).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Foi realizado o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com um sistema de ultrassom cardiovascular dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Vivid 5, GE Vingmed, Horten, Noruega). Foi realizada a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados com um transdutor de 1,5 a 2,6 MHz nas cortes paraesternal e apical (vis&#227;o padr&#227;o de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras). Foram obtidas imagens bidimensionais e Doppler enquanto os pacientes estavam prendendo a respira&#231;&#227;o e armazenadas em formato cine-loop a partir de 3 batimentos consecutivos; valores m&#233;dios foram relatados e os eletrocardiogramas foram registrados simultaneamente. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi derivada pela regra de Simpson modificada biplano e apical. As medidas do Doppler inclu&#237;ram a velocidade de pico de enchimento mitral precoce (onda E), a velocidade de pico de enchimento mitral tardia (onda A) e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades de pico de enchimento mitral precoce e tardia (E/A). Para as velocidades do tecido mioc&#225;rdico, o volume da amostra de imagem do Doppler tecidual foi colocado no anel mitral lateral na jun&#231;&#227;o entre o corte da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o corte apical de 4 c&#226;maras do anel mitral. A imagem Doppler tecidual incluiu os seguintes par&#226;metros: velocidade mioc&#225;rdica diast&#243;lica precoce (Em), velocidade mioc&#225;rdica diast&#243;lica tardia (Am) e Em/Am. Todos os ecocardiogramas foram interpretados por 2 cardiologistas experientes cegos ao estado do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O SPSS 21.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. Os dados quantitativos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados como n&#250;mero e frequ&#234;ncia (%). Para a t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise adequada, foram aplicados os testes de Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov e de homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia. Foram usados testes t de amostras independentes para compara&#231;&#227;o de 2 grupos das vari&#225;veis normalmente distribu&#237;das e foi usado o teste U de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o de 2 grupos das vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas como medianas (intervalos interquartis). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas normalmente distribu&#237;das foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Os preditores independentes do escore SYNTAX foram avaliados por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. No procedimento multivariado, idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL e hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper foram as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas consideradas. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, foram selecionados 306 pacientes consecutivos com SCA. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o dos pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, os 141 pacientes restantes (34 do sexo feminino e 107 do sexo masculino; idade m&#233;dia de 61 &#177; 11 anos) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). IAMCSST, IAMSSST e angina pectoris inst&#225;vel foram observados em 41 (29%), 85 (60%) e 15 (11%) pacientes, respectivamente. Entre todos os pacientes com SCA, a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper foi observada em 95 (67%) pacientes. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas significativas e not&#225;veis entre os grupos. Os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper apresentaram maior porcentagem de IAMCSST e menor porcentagem de angina pectoris inst&#225;vel do que pacientes com hipertens&#227;o dipper. Os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper tamb&#233;m apresentaram escore SYNTAX mais alto, n&#237;veis mais altos de pico de troponina I de alta sensibilidade, dimens&#245;es ventriculares esquerdas mais altas e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mais baixa do que os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o dipper (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">2</xref> e <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo dipper (n=46)</th>
                <th>Grupo n&#227;o-dipper (n=95)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">61&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">61&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">0,868<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (n) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (76)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (76)</td>
                <td align="center">0,969<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,4&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">28,0&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,395<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,953<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,586<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,385<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA diurna m&#233;dia (mmHg, sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica)</td>
                <td align="center">121,3&#177;13,9/ 73,4&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">118,2&#177;15,4/ 69,5&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,251<sup>a</sup> 0,035<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA noturna m&#233;dia (mmHg, sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica)</td>
                <td align="center">103,5&#177;12,3/ 63,0&#177;8,2</td>
                <td align="center">118,2&#177;15,4/ 70,5&#177;9,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>a</sup> &lt;0,001<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo de SCA</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> IAMCSST (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> IAMSSST (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,641<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> API (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,030<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore SYNTAX*</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0-21)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 (0-29)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore SYNTAX alto (n, %)<sup> #</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Inibidor da ECA ou BRA (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,704<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Antagonista de c&#225;lcio (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,200<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Diur&#233;tico (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,942<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> ARM (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,979<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> &#914;-bloqueador (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,398<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> &#945;-bloqueador (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,149<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">35(76,1)</td>
                <td align="center">84(88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,082<sup> b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Ticagrelol</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,180<sup> b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Prasugrel</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2(2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,330<sup> b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">46 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">1<sup> b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">46 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (98)</td>
                <td align="center">1<sup> b</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a </sup>Teste t independente, <sup>b </sup>Teste do qui-quadrado, <sup>c </sup>Teste U de Mann&#8211;Whitney, * Os dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. <sup>#</sup> Acima do valor mediano. API: angina pectoris inst&#225;vel; ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; DM: diabetes mellitus; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; HT: hipertens&#227;o; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PA: press&#227;o arterial; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores bioqu&#237;micos e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo dipper n=46</th>
                <th>Grupo n&#227;o-dipper n=95</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de troponina I de alta sensibilidade (ng/L)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">2413 (13,9-50000)</td>
                <td align="center">9036 (1,01-150050)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,56-1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,63-1,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,361<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>eTFG (ml/dk/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">83,5 (34-114)</td>
                <td align="center">89,6 (32,9-118)</td>
                <td align="center">0,737<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">137&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">137&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">0,549<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,3&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,930<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">9,0&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,8&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,058<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT (IU/L)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">24 (9-94)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (6-150)</td>
                <td align="center">0,418<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AST (IU/L)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">35,5 (15-291)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (10-472)</td>
                <td align="center">0,809<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/L)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">2,65 (0-79)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (0-93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,974<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">122,5 (74-367)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (59-316)</td>
                <td align="center">0,427<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">137&#177;39</td>
                <td align="center">134&#177;39</td>
                <td align="center">0,709<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">48&#177;18</td>
                <td align="center">45&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,301<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">204&#177;48</td>
                <td align="center">203&#177;43</td>
                <td align="center">0,880<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">174&#177;143</td>
                <td align="center">166&#177;147</td>
                <td align="center">0,541<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46,1&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">47,9&#177;4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,037<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30,9&#177;5,8</td>
                <td align="center">33,3&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,025<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SIV (mm)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">11 (8-14)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (9-15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP (mm)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">11 (8-14)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9-14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (mm)<italic> *</italic></td>
                <td align="center">36 (24-47)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (30-57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,286<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (%)<italic>*</italic></td>
                <td align="center">55 (35-65)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (25-65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009<sup>c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DD (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,669<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a </sup>Teste t independente, <sup>b </sup>Teste do qui-quadrado, <sup>c </sup>Teste U de Mann&#8211;Whitney, * Os dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; CT: colesterol total; DD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; eTFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; PP: parede posterior; SIV: septo interventricular; TG: triglicer&#237;deos. </italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos escores SYNTAX de pacientes nos grupos de hipertens&#227;o dipper e n&#227;o-dipper (11,12 &#177; 6,41 versus 6,74 &#177; 6,45, p &lt; 0,001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0076-10546-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com tercis do escore SYNTAX mediano definidos da forma seguinte: pontua&#231;&#227;o SYNTAX baixa &lt; 8 (n = 61, 43%) e pontua&#231;&#227;o SX alta &#8805; 8 (n = 80, 57%). O n&#250;mero de pacientes com escores altos foi significativamente maior no grupo de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de hipertens&#227;o dipper (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, o status de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper surgiu como um preditor independente de alto escore SYNTAX. Outros preditores independentes de escore SYNTAX elevado inclu&#237;ram sexo e colesterol LDL (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada mostrando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros e o escore SYNTAX</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>&#946;</th>
                <th>SE</th>
                <th>Wald</th>
                <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">-0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
                <td align="center">0,424</td>
                <td align="center">0,984 (0,939-1,032)</td>
                <td align="center">0,515</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">1,406</td>
                <td align="center">0,562</td>
                <td align="center">6,260</td>
                <td align="center">4,081 (1,356-12,282)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">-0,051</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
                <td align="center">0,903</td>
                <td align="center">0,950 (0,855-1,056)</td>
                <td align="center">0,342</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,445</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,000 (0,418-2,389)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">-0,030</td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,970 (0,399-2,357)</td>
                <td align="center">0,947</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,456</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">1,058 (0,433-2,586)</td>
                <td align="center">0,901</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>eGFR</td>
                <td align="center">-0,013</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,856</td>
                <td align="center">0,987 (0,960-1,015)</td>
                <td align="center">0,355</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">7,048</td>
                <td align="center">1,015 (1,004-1,026)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT n&#227;o-dipper</td>
                <td align="center">1,641</td>
                <td align="center">0,424</td>
                <td align="center">14,952</td>
                <td align="center">5,159 (2,246-11,852)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>DM: diabetes mellitus; eGFR: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; HT: hipertens&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade. </italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os nossos resultados sugeriram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a menor redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica noturna (hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper) na MCPA frequente e a gravidade e complexidade da DAC calculada pelo escore SYNTAX em pacientes hospitalizados por SCA. Al&#233;m disso, verificamos que a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper foi um indicador independente de escore SYNTAX mais alto nessas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Pela primeira vez, O&#8217;Brien et al.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> relataram que menor redu&#231;&#227;o da PA noturna estava associada a maior preval&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral. Descreveram essa anormalidade circadiana da PA como hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper. Desde ent&#227;o, um n&#250;mero crescente de relatos t&#234;m publicado que existe uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper e aumento da morbimortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Em uma metan&#225;lise recente, o estudo ABC-H<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> avaliou o seguimento de 8 anos de 17.312 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o. O padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipping, ap&#243;s ajuste para PA sist&#243;lica de 24 horas, foi um preditor de excesso de risco variando de 33% para mortalidade por todas as causas a 57% para mortalidade cardiovascular. Mousa et al.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper e DAC significativa (&#8805; 70% de estenose de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria na angiografia) independente de outros par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos em homens. Wirtwein et al.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> relataram que a extens&#227;o da estenose significativa da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (&#8805; 50% de estenose em pelo menos tr&#234;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias na angiografia) e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores estavam relacionados a dipping reduzido da PA sist&#243;lica noturna.</p>
      <p>Embora a estreita correla&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores tenha sido demonstrada em muitos estudos diferentes, o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico subjacente permanece incerto. Foi comprovado que o escore SYNTAX reflete eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores, como na hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper. Portanto, os resultados do nosso estudo podem fornecer evid&#234;ncias adicionais para tal correla&#231;&#227;o ao revelar DAC mais intensa e mais complexa calculada pelo escore SYNTAX em pacientes com SCA e hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper. Entre os mecanismos mais enfatizados na patog&#234;nese est&#227;o a mudan&#231;a para hiperatividade simp&#225;tica no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#224; noite, disfun&#231;&#227;o dos barorreceptores arteriais, labilidade elevada de repolariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, aumento da sensibilidade ao s&#243;dio, aumento da rigidez arterial, inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>-<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus arterial &#224; noite faz com que a PA puls&#225;til seja transmitida &#224; microcircula&#231;&#227;o de forma mais eficaz do que durante o dia e interrompe o fluxo laminar fisiol&#243;gico. Como resultado, as c&#233;lulas endoteliais arteriais s&#227;o expostas a estresse de cisalhamento oscilante; a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico diminui; o estresse oxidativo aumenta e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, que &#233; o primeiro passo no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, &#233; estimulada.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> As les&#245;es coronarianas complexas avaliadas pelo escore SYNTAX, como ramos, bifurca&#231;&#245;es e curvaturas, est&#227;o intimamente relacionadas ao estresse de cisalhamento oscilante, apoiando essa hip&#243;tese.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> Demonstramos anteriormente que, em pacientes com SCA, os marcadores de estresse oxidativo aumentaram significativamente na DAC intensiva avaliada pelo escore de Gensini.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, mostrou-se que precursores de trombog&#234;nese como fator de von Willebrand, D-d&#237;mero, fibrinog&#234;nio e P-selectina s&#227;o significativamente aumentados em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper e DAC, apoiando o mecanismo associado &#224; SCA.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m encontramos uma porcentagem maior de IAMCSST em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper, nos quais a trombose &#233; mais proeminente na sua fisiopatologia do que em outros tipos de SCA.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A MAPA &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o ouro para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da PA noturna; no entanto, m&#233;todos alternativos come&#231;aram a se desenvolver, principalmente em pacientes hospitalizados, devido ao uso cl&#237;nico limitado da MAPA, seu alto custo e o fato de interferir no conforto do sono. Xu et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> mediram, com esfigmoman&#244;metro manual, 6 vezes ao dia, em intervalos de 4 horas em pacientes hospitalizados, os valores que denominaram MCPA em compara&#231;&#227;o com a MAPA tradicional de 24 horas. Os pesquisadores relataram uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PA cl&#237;nica e ambulatorial para a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, declararam que a detec&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o-dipper pela MCPA estava bem de acordo com a MAPA de 24 horas. Al&#233;m disso, desde que um monitor autom&#225;tico de press&#227;o arterial domiciliar foi desenvolvido pela primeira vez em 2001 e usado para monitoraza&#231;&#227;o noturno da PA em um estudo, muitos estudos confirmaram uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de MAPA e MDPA. Tem sido relatado na literatura que a MDPA pode ser uma alternativa confi&#225;vel &#224; MAPA para avaliar a PA noturna e detectar hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> Recentemente, os dados do estudo J-HOP Nocturnal BP, a maior coorte de MDPA baseada na pr&#225;tica, mostraram que um aumento de 10 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica noturna, na MDPA, foi associado a um aumento significativo de 20,1% nos eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores, semelhantes &#224;queles medidos pela MAPA.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Embora Xu et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> tenham calculado MCPA em pacientes hospitalizados, realizando 3 medi&#231;&#245;es de PA diurnas e 3 noturnas em um &#250;nico dia, na maioria dos estudos com MDPA, 3 medi&#231;&#245;es de PA diurnas e 3 noturnas foram repetidas ao longo de 1 a 2 semanas e foram calculadas as m&#233;dias. Para superar a perman&#234;ncia limitada na unidade de terapia intensiva intermedi&#225;ria e a falta de oportunidade de medir em dias repetidos sob as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es, realizamos a MCPA em intervalos frequentes (uma vez por hora) como uma combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos esses m&#233;todos no nosso estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O nosso estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <p>A reprodutibilidade n&#227;o p&#244;de ser analisada, pois foi poss&#237;vel medir a PA em apenas um dia. Para superar esse problema, usamos a MCPA frequente, um protocolo modificado de MCPA, no nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Embora tenhamos prestado o m&#225;ximo de aten&#231;&#227;o para garantir as condi&#231;&#245;es e n&#237;veis de sono-vig&#237;lia ideais, a qualidade do sono que poderia afetar a PA noturna n&#227;o foi avaliada no nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Mesmo com os dois grupos comparados estando nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es, o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o imediatamente ap&#243;s a SCA pode afetar o estado de estresse e o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo dos pacientes, causando resultados diferentes da condi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo revelaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore SYNTAX e a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper em pacientes com SCA, at&#233; onde sabemos pela primeira vez, fornecendo um poss&#237;vel mecanismo adicional ligando a PA circadiana anormal a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor compreens&#227;o dessa associa&#231;&#227;o e determinar as abordagens necess&#225;rias para a PA diurna ideal. Dura&#231;&#227;o mais longa e m&#250;ltiplas m&#250;ltiplas medi&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas de 24 horas podem ser mais informativas a esse respeito.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abnormal Circadian Blood Pressure Variation is Associated with SYNTAX Scores in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7872-2236</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Turan</surname>
            <given-names>Turhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4369-6146</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zderya</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3687-0580</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sahin</surname>
            <given-names>Sinan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8329-4603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kul</surname>
            <given-names>Selim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7078-4021</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Konu&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7041-2316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kara</surname>
            <given-names>Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7848-5840</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uzun</surname>
            <given-names>Gulay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3327-7850</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aky&#252;z</surname>
            <given-names>Ali R&#305;za</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2306-9954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sayin</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Rasit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Trabzon Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital - University of Health Sciences, Trabzon &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Turhan Turan &#8226; Trabzon Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, 61000, Trabzon &#8211; Turkey E-mail: drtt61@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Authors Contribution</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Turan T, Kul S, Aky&#252;z AR, Sayin MR; Acquisition of data: &#214;zderya A, Sahin S, Konu&#351; AH, Kara F, Aky&#252;z AR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Turan T, Kul S, Konu&#351; AH, Uzun G, Aky&#252;z AR; Statistical analysis: &#214;zderya A, Sahin S, Kara F, Sayin MR; Writing of the manuscript: Turan T, &#214;zderya A, Kara F, Sayin MR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sahin S, Kul S, Konu&#351; AH, Uzun G,</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Blunted nocturnal blood pressure (BP) reduction, referred to as non-dipper hypertension, is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to investigate the relationship between non-dipper hypertension and the severity and complexity of coronary artery disease using SYNTAX score in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 306 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome were screened. Patients who were clinically stable and admitted to the intermediate intensive care unit at least 24 hours after angiography and/or successful revascularization. After the exclusion criteria, 141 patients (34 female and 107 male; mean age 61 &#177; 11 years) were included. Non-dipper hypertension has been defined as a 0% to 10% decrease in average systolic BP at nighttime compared to daytime, measured at hourly intervals using the same automatic BP measuring device on bedside monitors (Vismo PVM-2701; Nihon Kohden Corp., Tokyo, Japan). SYNTAX score was calculated with an online calculator. The independent predictors of SYNTAX score were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The patients with non-dipper hypertension had higher SYNTAX score than the patients with dipper hypertension (11.12 &#177; 6.41 versus 6.74 &#177; 6.45, p &lt; 0.0001). In a multivariable logistic regression model, non-dipper hypertension status (odds ratio: 5.159; 95% confidence interval: 2.246 to 11.852, p &lt; 0.001), sex (p = 0.012) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.008) emerged as independent predictors of high SYNTAX score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The results of our study provide a possible additional mechanism linking abnormal circadian BP profile with coronary artery disease severity and complexity in patients with acute coronary syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Inpatients</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Physiological blood pressure (BP) exhibits a circadian pattern with a decrease of 10% to 20% during sleep in relation to daytime BP. This decrease during sleep is defined as extreme dipping if &#8805; 20%, normal dipping if 10% to 20%, non-dipping if &lt; 10%, and reverse dipping if there is any increase (night to day ratio: &#8804; 0.8, &lt; 0.8 to &#8804; 0.9, &lt; 0.9 to &#8804; 1, and &gt; 1, respectively).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Blunted nocturnal BP reduction is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality for patients with and without hypertension.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> The standard method for determining non-dipper and dipper patterns in patients is 24-hour non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), which is generally performed out of the office. On the other hand, alternatively, clinical blood pressure monitoring (CBPM) in hospitalized patients and home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) in outpatients are performed with infrequent manual or automatic BP measurements. CBPM and HBPM have previously shown to have daytime and nighttime BP measurements similar to ABPM in hospitalized patients and outpatients and to be consistent with ABPM in demonstrating non-dipper hypertension.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>-<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although diurnal BP disorders are linked to damage of several organs and cardiovascular events, the underlying mechanism is unclear.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>-<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> However, the clinical significance of abnormal circadian BP variation in patients admitted to the hospital with a recent cardiovascular event has not yet been studied. The Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery Study (SYNTAX) score (SX score) is one of the most accepted detailed coronary angiographic scoring systems for determining the severity and complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD), depending on coronary anatomy and lesion characteristics.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>-<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between SX score and blunted nighttime BP dipping using frequent CBPM (hourly intervals) in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This single-center, cross-sectional, prospective study was held between January and April 2020 at the Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Centre, Trabzon, Turkey. The study participants were prospectively enrolled from a total of 306 patients who had undergone coronary angiography with ACS (ST-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI], non-STEMI [NSTEMI], unstable angina pectoris [USAP]). Biochemistry parameters, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and renal function tests, were measured. Hematological parameters were measured as a part of the automated complete blood count (Mindray BC-5800 auto hematology analyzer, Mindray Medical Electronics Co. Shenzhen, China). Hypertension was diagnosed and stratified based on recent guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Patients who had previously received antihypertensive treatment continued the same treatments throughout the follow-up period. We gave antihypertensive medicines to all patients in the morning hours without changing their usage. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dl. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> We excluded patients with any of the following: presenting with cardiogenic shock or arrest, receiving intravenous nitroglycerine or inotrope therapy for any reason, history of coronary artery bypass grafting, valvular heart disease, malignancy, renal or hepatic disease, symptomatic heart failure, secondary hypertension, uncontrolled arrhythmia, ongoing angina or anxiety, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or sleep disorder, and morbid obesity (body mass index &gt; 35). Finally, the study population consisted of 141 clinically stable patients, including 85 with NSTEMI, 15 with USAP, and 41 with STEMI (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). Patient ages ranged from 32 to 91 years. The study protocol conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the local Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was obtained from each study participant.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the study. ACS: acute coronary syndrome.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0076-10546-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography</title>
          <p>All patients underwent coronary angiography within 24 hours. The average time from symptoms to coronary angiography was approximately 2 to 6 hours. Coronary angiography was performed by the standard Judkins technique using 6 or 7 French catheters (Expo, Boston Scientific Corporation, Massachusetts, USA) through the femoral artery. When necessary, percutaneous coronary intervention for the culprit lesion was successfully performed on eligible patients in the same session (120/141 patients, 85%). SX score was calculated with an online calculator as described in the literature according to the basal angiographic findings by 2 experienced operators who were blind to other parameters.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure measurement and study protocol</title>
          <p>In our clinic, patients with ACS are followed up in the intensive care unit for at least the first 24 hours after percutaneous coronary intervention. However, low-risk stable patients (patients with successful revascularization, no malignant arrhythmia, relieved pain, and no signs of heart failure) are mobilized and followed up in the intermediate intensive care unit at the end of 24 hours. Our study population was selected from these patients, and hourly BP measurements were made in the intermediate intensive care unit with an automatic BP measurement device on bedside monitors for all patients (Vismo PVM-2701, Nihon Kohden Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Measurements were made in the upper limb using 2 inflatable cuffs (22 &#215; 12 and 30 &#215; 14 cm) to cover at least 80% of the patient&#8217;s arm circumference. Measurement accuracy was ensured by optimizing all patient monitors before the first measurements and comparing them with calibrated standard sphygmomanometer measurements. By enabling the patients to sleep in their beds at 23:00 and wake up at 7:00, nighttime BP values were obtained by hourly measurement. We informed all patients before the procedure and took all nighttime BP measurements while the patients were sleeping.</p>
          <p>We excluded measurement if the patient awoke for any reason, and the measurement was repeated immediately after the patient slept. Coffee drinking, smoking, and exercise were not allowed before measurement; after sitting and resting for 5 minutes, daytime BP was obtained by measuring BP hourly between 08:00 and 22:00 with the same device in the supine position. For all measurements, patient monitors were set to measure at 1-hour intervals. The same experienced healthcare personnel checked the patients in terms of sleep-wake status, cuff appropriateness, and patient position during measurement; nighttime BP measurements were recorded under dim light, without fully turning on the intermediate intensive care unit lights. If the patient was transferred to the intermediate intensive care unit at a time that did not correspond to the beginning of the measurement periods, we started the measurements in the first following period (23:00 at night-time or 7:00 the daytime). Patients were followed up in the intermediate intensive care unit for at least 24 hours. Extreme BP values (systolic BP &gt; 200 mmHg or &lt; 90 mmHg; diastolic BP &gt; 110 mmHg or &lt; 40 mmHg) were considered as erroneous measurement and were not included in the analysis. By averaging the hourly BP values for 9 nighttime periods (23:00 to 07:00) and 15 daytime periods (8:00 to 22:00), a single daytime and nighttime mean BP value was obtained. Nighttime to daytime systolic BP dip was calculated as 100 &#215; ([day-time systolic BP mean &#8211; nighttime systolic BP mean]/daytime systolic BP mean]). Decrease in BP at nighttime compared to daytime was defined in the following manner: normal dipping if 10% to 20%, non-dipping if &lt; 10%, and reverse dipping if there was any increase (night to day ratio: &#8804; 0.8, &lt; 0.8 to &#8804; 0.9, &lt; 0.9 to &#8804; 1, and &gt; 1, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Echocardiographic examination was performed with a commercially available cardiovascular ultrasound system (Vivid 5, GE Vingmed, Horten, Norway). Data acquisition was performed with a 1.5 to 2.6 MHz transducer in the parasternal and apical views (standard 2- and 4-chamber views). Two-dimensional and Doppler images were obtained during breath-hold and stored in cine-loop format from 3 consecutive beats; average values were reported, and electrocardiograms were simultaneously recorded. Left ventricle ejection fraction was derived by the apical biplane modified Simpson rule. Doppler measurements included peak early mitral filling velocity (E wave), peak late mitral filling velocity (A wave), and the ratio of peak early and late mitral filling velocities (E/A). For myocardial tissue velocities, tissue Doppler imaging sample volume was placed at the lateral mitral annulus at the junction between the left ventricular lateral wall and mitral annulus apical 4-chamber view. Tissue Doppler imaging included the following parameters: early diastolic myocardial velocity (Em), late diastolic myocardial velocity (Am), and Em/Am. All echocardiograms were interpreted by two experienced cardiologists who were blind to patient status.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS 21.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Quantitative data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical data were presented as number and frequency (%). For the suitable analysis technique, Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov and homogeneity of variance tests were applied. Independent sample t-tests were used for two-group comparison of the normally distributed variables, and Mann&#8211;Whitney U-test was used for two-group comparison of the variables without normal distribution. Non-normally distributed variables were expressed as medians (interquartile ranges). Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Independent predictors of SX score were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. In the multivariate procedure, age, sex, body mass index, history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, smoking, glomerular filtration rate, LDL cholesterol levels, and non-dipper hypertension were the clinical variables considered. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In this study, a total of 306 consecutive patients with ACS were screened. After excluding patients who met the exclusion criteria, the remaining 141 patients (34 female and 107 male; mean age 61 &#177; 11 years) were included in the study (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). STEMI, NSTEMI, and USAP were observed in 41 (29%), 85 (60%), and 15 (11%) patients, respectively. Among all patients with ACS, non-dipper hypertension was observed in 95 (67%) patients. The clinical characteristics of patients are displayed in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. There were noticeable significant clinical differences between the groups. Patients with non-dipper hypertension had higher STEMI and lower USAP percentage than patients with dipper hypertension. Patients with non-dipper hypertension also had higher SX score, higher peak high-sensitivity troponin I levels, higher left ventricular dimensions, and lower ejection fraction than the patients with dipper hypertension (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Tables 1</xref> and <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">2</xref> and <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Dipper group (n=46)</th>
                  <th>Non-dipper group (n=95)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">61&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">61&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.868<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.969<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.395<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.953<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.586<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.385<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean daytime BP (mmHg, systolic/diastolic)</td>
                  <td align="center">121.3&#177;13.9/ 73.4&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">118.2&#177;15.4/ 69.5&#177;10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.251<sup>a</sup> 0.035<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean nighttime BP (mmHg, systolic/diastolic)</td>
                  <td align="center">103.5&#177;12.3/ 63.0&#177;8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">118.2&#177;15.4/ 70.5&#177;9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>a</sup> &lt;0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACS type:</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> STEMI (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> NSTEMI (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.641<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> USAP (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SYNTAX Score*</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0-21)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5 (0-29)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.00<sup>1</sup>c</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High SYNTAX Score (n, %)<sup> #</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medications</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ACE inhibitor or ARB (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.704<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Calcium antagonist (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.200<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Diuretics (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.942<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> MRA (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.979<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> &#914;-blocker (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.398<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> &#945;-blocker (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.149<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">35(76.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">84(88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.082<sup> b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Ticagrelol</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180<sup> b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Prasugrel</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.330<sup> b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1<sup> b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (98)</td>
                  <td align="center">1<sup> b</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a </sup>Independent t test, <sup>b </sup>Chi-square test, <sup>c </sup>Mann&#8211;Whitney U test, * Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. <sup>#</sup>Above the median value. ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HT: hypertension; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; USAP: unstable angina pectoris.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Biochemical values and echocardiographic parameters of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Dipper group n=46</th>
                  <th>Non-dipper group n=95</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak hs-troponin I (ng/L)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">2413 (13.9-50000)</td>
                  <td align="center">9036 (1.01-150050)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (0.56-1.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 (0.63-1.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.361<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR (ml/dk/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">83.5 (34-114)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.6 (32.9-118)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.737<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">137&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">137&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.549<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.930<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (IU/L)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">24 (9-94)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (6-150)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.418<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (IU/L)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">35.5 (15-291)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (10-472)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.809<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP (mg/L)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">2.65 (0-79)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4 (0-93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.974<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FBG (mg/dL)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">122.5 (74-367)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (59-316)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.427<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">137&#177;39</td>
                  <td align="center">134&#177;39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.709<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48&#177;18</td>
                  <td align="center">45&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.301<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">204&#177;48</td>
                  <td align="center">203&#177;43</td>
                  <td align="center">0.880<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">174&#177;143</td>
                  <td align="center">166&#177;147</td>
                  <td align="center">0.541<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV-EDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">47.9&#177;4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV-ESD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9&#177;5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3&#177;5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVS (mm)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (9-15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PW (mm)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (mm)<italic> *</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">36 (24-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (30-57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.286<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF (%)<italic>*</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">55 (35-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (25-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009<sup>c</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DD (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.669<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a </sup>Independent t test,<sup> b </sup>Chi-square test, <sup>c </sup>Mann&#8211;Whitney U test * Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein; DD: diastolic dysfunction; EF: ejection fraction; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-troponin I: high-sensitivity troponin I; IVS: interventricular septum; LA: left atrium; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LV-EDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LV-ESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; PW: posterior wall; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of SYNTAX scores of patients in dipper and non-dipper hypertension groups (11.12 &#177; 6.41 versus 6.74 &#177; 6.45, p &lt; 0.001).</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>HT: hypertension.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0076-10546-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Patients were grouped according to median SX score tertiles defined as: low SX score &lt; 8 (n = 61, 43%) and high SX score &#8805; 8 (n = 80, 57%). The number of patients with high scores was significantly higher in the non-dipper hypertension group compared to the dipper hypertension group (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). In a multivariable logistic regression model, non-dipper hypertension status emerged as and independent predictor of high SX score. Other independent predictors of high SX score included sex and LDL cholesterol (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate analysis showing the association between parameters and Syntax score</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>SE</th>
                  <th>Wald</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.016</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024</td>
                  <td align="center">0.424</td>
                  <td align="center">0.984 (0.939-1.032)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.515</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex</td>
                  <td align="center">1.406</td>
                  <td align="center">0.562</td>
                  <td align="center">6.260</td>
                  <td align="center">4.081 (1.356-12.282)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.051</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  <td align="center">0.903</td>
                  <td align="center">0.950 (0.855-1.056)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.342</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  <td align="center">0.445</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000 (0.418-2.389)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,030</td>
                  <td align="center">0.453</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.970 (0.399-2.357)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.947</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.456</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">1.058 (0.433-2.586)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.901</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">0.856</td>
                  <td align="center">0.987 (0.960-1.015)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.355</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">7.048</td>
                  <td align="center">1.015 (1.004-1.026)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-dipper HT</td>
                  <td align="center">1.641</td>
                  <td align="center">0.424</td>
                  <td align="center">14.952</td>
                  <td align="center">5.159 (2.246-11.852)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HT: hypertension; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our results suggested a significant association between blunted nocturnal systolic BP reduction (non-dipper hypertension) on frequent CBPM and the severity and complexity of CAD calculated by SX score among patients hospitalized for ACS. Also, we found that non-dipper hypertension was an independent indicator of higher SX score in these patient populations.</p>
        <p>For the first time, O&#8217;Brien et al.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> reported that the blunted decrease in nighttime BP was associated with a higher prevalence of stroke. They described this circadian BP abnormality as non-dipper hypertension. Since then, a growing number of reports have published that there is a close relationship between non-dipper hypertension and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> In a recent meta-analysis, the ABC-H<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> study evaluated the 8-year follow-up of 17,312 hypertension patients. The non-dipping pattern, after adjustment for 24-hour systolic BP, predicted an excess risk ranging from 33% for all-cause mortality to 57% for cardiovascular mortality. Mousa et al.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> showed a significant association between non-dipper hypertension and significant CAD (&#8805; 70% coronary artery stenosis on angiography) independent of other clinical parameters in men. Wirtwein et al.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> reported that extent of significant coronary artery stenosis (&#8805; 50% stenosis in at least three coronary arteries on angiography) and major adverse cardiovascular events were related to blunted nighttime systolic BP dipping.</p>
        <p>Although the close correlation between non-dipper hypertension and major adverse cardiovascular events has been demonstrated in many different studies, the underlying pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. SX score has been proven to reflect major adverse cardiovascular events as in non-dipper hypertension. Therefore, the results of our study may provide additional evidence for such correlation by revealing more intense and more complex CAD calculated by SX score in patients with ACS and non-dipper hypertension. Among the most emphasized mechanisms in pathogenesis are the shift to sympathetic overactivity in the autonomic nervous system at night, arterial baroreceptor dysfunction, elevated myocardial repolarization lability, increased sodium sensitivity, increased arterial stiffness, chronic low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>-<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Decreased arterial tone at night causes pulsatile BP to be transmitted to microcirculation more effectively than during the day and disrupts the physiological laminar flow. As a result, arterial endothelial cells are exposed to oscillatory shear stress; nitric oxide bioavailability decreases; oxidative stress increases, and endothelial dysfunction, which is the first step in the development of atherosclerosis, is stimulated.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> Complex coronary lesions assessed by SX score, such as branches, bifurcations, and curvatures, are closely related to oscillating shear stress, supporting this hypothesis.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> We have previously shown that, in patients with ACS, oxidative stress markers significantly increased in intensive CAD assessed by the Gensini score.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Moreover, precursors of thrombogenesis such as von Willebrand factor, D-dimer, fibrinogen, and P-selectin have been shown to be significantly increased in patients with non-dipper hypertension and CAD, supporting the mechanism associated with ACS.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> We also found a higher percentage of STEMI in patients with non-dipper hypertension, in which thrombosis is more prominent in its pathophysiology than in other ACS types.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ABPM is considered the gold standard for monitoring nighttime BP; however, alternative methods have begun to develop, especially in hospitalized patients, due to the limited clinical use of ABPM, its high cost, and the fact that it disrupts sleep comfort. Xu et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> measured, with a manual sphygmomanometer, 6 times a day at 4-hour intervals in hospitalized patients the values they called CBPM compared with traditional 24-hour ABPM. The investigators reported a strong correlation between clinical and ambulatory BP for both systolic and diastolic BP. Also, they declared that the detection of non-dippers by CBPM was in good agreement with 24-hour ABPM. Moreover, since an automatic home blood pressure monitor was first developed in 2001 and used for nighttime BP monitoring in a study, many studies have confirmed a strong correlation between APBM and HBPM measurements. It has been reported in the literature that HBPM can be a reliable alternative to ABPM to evaluate nighttime BP and detect non-dipper hypertension.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> Recently, the J-HOP Nocturnal BP Study data, the largest practice-based HBPM cohort, showed that a 10 mmHg increase in nighttime systolic BP in HBPM was associated with a significant 20.1% increase in major adverse cardiovascular events, similar to those measured by ABPM.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Although Xu et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> calculated CBPM in hospitalized patients by taking 3 daytime and 3 night-time BP measurements in a single day, in most HBPM studies, 3 daytime and 3 night-time BP measurements were repeated over 1 to 2 weeks and averaged. To overcome limited stay in the intermediate intensive care unit and the lack of opportunity to measure on repeated days under the same conditions, we performed CBPM at frequent intervals (once an hour) as a combination of both of these methods in our study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has some limitations:</p>
          <p>Reproducibility could not be analyzed, as it was possible to measure BP for only one day. To overcome this problem, we used frequent CBPM, a modified CBPM, in our study.</p>
          <p>Although we paid the maximum attention to ensure optimal conditions and sleep-wake levels, sleep quality that could affect nighttime BP was not evaluated in our study.</p>
          <p>Even if both groups compared were in the same conditions, the hospitalization period immediately after ACS might affect the patients&#8217; stress state and autonomic nervous system, causing different results from the stable condition.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study results revealed the relationship between SX score and non-dipper hypertension in patients with ACS, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, providing a possible additional mechanism linking abnormal circadian BP with cardiovascular diseases. Further studies are needed to clarify this association and determine the approaches required for optimal diurnal BP. Longer duration and multiple 24-hour BP measurements may be more informative in this regard.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4001">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
