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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Z9zB9SmcVngTVmDqKRVKZYG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005008202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700069</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210414</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210414</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o &#205;ndice Imune-inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mico e Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral Coronariana em Pacientes com Oclus&#227;o Total Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0054-6252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Adali</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Koray</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2457-313X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Buber</surname>
            <given-names>Ipek</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1211-4772</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sen</surname>
            <given-names>Gursel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8445-1911</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Samet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pamukkale University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Denizli</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pamukkale University - Faculty of Medicine, Departamento de Cardiologia, Denizli &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mehmet Koray Adali &#8226; Pamukkale University - Faculty of Medicine, Departamento de Cardiologia, 20160 Denizli, Turquia E-mail: <email>korayadali@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mehmet Koray Adali, Ipek Buber, Samet Yilmaz</p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mehmet Koray Adali, Ipek Buber, Gursel Sen. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mehmet Koray Adali, Ipek Buber, Gursel Sen, Samet Yilmaz. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mehmet Koray Adali, Samet Yilmaz. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mehmet Koray Adali, Gursel Sen, Samet Yilmaz. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mehmet Koray Adali, Ipek Buber, Samet Yilmaz</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>69</fpage>
      <lpage>75</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel fundamental no in&#237;cio e na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). O &#205;ndice Imune-inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mico (SII) &#233; um novo par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio que demonstrou estar associado &#224; DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o SII e a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana (CCC) em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica total (OTC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, com CCC deficiente e CCC boa, de acordo com a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Rentrop. Noventa e quatro pacientes apresentavam CCC deficiente e 81 pacientes CCC boa. Os par&#226;metros de inflama&#231;&#227;o foram calculados a partir dos resultados laboratoriais. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aplicado foi de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Alto n&#237;vel de SII (OR: 1,003, IC 95%: 1,001-1,004, p&lt;0,001), aus&#234;ncia de OTC na ACD (art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita) (OR: 0,204, IC 95%: 0,096-0,436, p&lt;0,001) e baixo escore de Gensini (OR: 0,980, IC 95%: 0,962-0,998, p=0,028) foram significantemente associados com CCC deficiente. O valor de corte do SII foi de 679,96 para o maior poder preditivo de CCC deficiente, com sensibilidade de 74,5% e especificidade de 43,2%. As taxas de mortalidade foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 21,5&#177;10,8 meses (p=0,107).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Alto n&#237;vel de SII, aus&#234;ncia de OTC na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e baixo escore de Gensini foram significantemente relacionados &#224; CCC deficiente. O uso r&#225;pido e custo-efetivo de novos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica orienta o progn&#243;stico da DAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral</kwd>
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (OTC) &#233; uma forma de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) que se caracteriza pela oclus&#227;o completa ou quase completa das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas por pelo menos 3 meses e apresenta pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A OTC tem incid&#234;ncia que varia de 18% a 52% a partir do exame de cineangiocoronariografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana (CCC) &#233; uma resposta adaptativa que se desenvolve para manter a perfus&#227;o do tecido mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas esten&#243;ticas ou oclusivas. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise de Meier et al., foi relatado que pacientes com boa CCC apresentaram 36% menos mortalidade do que pacientes com CCC deficiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O grau de estenose coronariana, a presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, as crises anginosas, os mediadores que afetam a angiog&#234;nese, como o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF, do ingl&#234;s <italic>vascular endothelial growth factor</italic> ), e os n&#237;veis de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias afetam o desenvolvimento colateral coronariano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por causa dos processos inflamat&#243;rios que afetam a DAC em larga escala, os par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios obtidos de exames de rotina, como hemograma completo (CBC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>complete blood count</italic> ) e bioqu&#237;mica sangu&#237;nea, s&#227;o frequentemente utilizados em uma ampla variedade de estudos cl&#237;nicos como preditores tanto do desenvolvimento colateral coronariano quanto da gravidade da DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O &#205;ndice Imune-inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mico (SII, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Systemic immune-inflammation index</italic> ), um novo par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio, foi considerado um preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com DAC submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora muitos par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios tenham sido estudados em pacientes com DAC com OTC, a raz&#227;o de mon&#243;citos para lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (MHR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio</italic> ) e o SII n&#227;o foram anteriormente estudados na literatura nesta situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi investigar o valor preditor do SII no desenvolvimento colateral coronariano em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel com OTC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local, 2.576 procedimentos de cineangiocoronariografia foram avaliados entre janeiro de 2018 e julho de 2020 a partir dos registros do instituto. O fluxograma de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> . Cento e setenta e cinco pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel com OTC foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e foram agrupados de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rentrop<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> quanto ao desenvolvimento colateral coronariano na OTC. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos com CCC deficiente (Grau 0 e 1) e CCC boa (Grau 2 e 3). Noventa e quatro pacientes apresentavam CCC deficiente e 81 pacientes tinham CCC boa. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco para DAC, medicamentos, resultados laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma (ECG) e registros de mortalidade dos pacientes foram registrados no banco de dados do hospital. SII, MHR, raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos (PLR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>platelet to lymphocyte ratio</italic> ) e raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (NLR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio</italic> ) foram calculados a partir dos resultados laboratoriais de CBC e par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos. O valor do SII foi calculado utilizando a f&#243;rmula SII = (P &#215; N) / L. Na f&#243;rmula P, N e L simbolizam plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, respectivamente. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como registro pr&#233;vio de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 140 mm Hg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de 90 mm Hg em pelo menos duas medi&#231;&#245;es ou uso ativo de qualquer agente anti-hipertensivo. Diabetes mellitus foi definida como um n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de glicose em jejum acima de 126 mg/dL, um n&#237;vel de glicose acima de 200 mg/dL ou um n&#237;vel de hemoglobina glicada acima de 6,5% em qualquer medida, ou o uso ativo de um agente antidiab&#233;tico. Colesterol total &gt;200 mg/dL e triglic&#233;rides &gt;150 mg/dL ou o uso ativo de medicamentos anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos foram considerados como hiperlipidemia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma de inclus&#227;o de pacientes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0069-10414-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com patologia valvar card&#237;aca moderada a grave, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada (classe III ou IV do NYHA), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, sinais cl&#237;nicos de infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ou cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica e aqueles com hist&#243;rico de malignidade, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), embolia pulmonar, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica ou autoimune e aqueles submetidos a transplante renal-hep&#225;tico.</p>
        <p>O estudo est&#225; em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios descritos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana</title>
        <p>A cineangiocoronariografia foi indicada para pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica ou aqueles submetidos a testes n&#227;o-invasivos que mostraram isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A cineangiocoronariografia foi realizada por acesso transfemoral ou transradial utilizando a t&#233;cnica de rotina de Judkins. A OTC foi definida como uma oclus&#227;o total de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com fluxo distal TIMI 0 h&#225; pelo menos 3 meses. Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes que apresentavam pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com OTC. A CCC foi avaliada por dois cardiologistas com mascaramento. A CCC foi avaliada utilizando o sistema de escore desenvolvido por Cohen et al. (classifica&#231;&#227;o Rentrop).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> De acordo com o sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o: Grau 0, sem enchimento vis&#237;vel de qualquer coron&#225;ria colateral; Grau 1, enchimento de ramos laterais da art&#233;ria a ser dilatada por canais colaterais sem visualiza&#231;&#227;o da parte epic&#225;rdica; Grau 2, enchimento parcial da parte epic&#225;rdica por canais colaterais; Grau 3, enchimento completo da art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica sendo dilatada atrav&#233;s de canais colaterais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados foram analisados utilizando o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram relatadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para determinar a normalidade dos dados. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student Independente foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com o teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup> ou teste exato de Fisher. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Os efeitos de diferentes vari&#225;veis na CCC deficiente foram avaliados por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica <italic>backward</italic> . A inclus&#227;o de covari&#225;veis no modelo multivari&#225;vel foi determinada pela sele&#231;&#227;o daquelas que exibiram um valor de p bilateral &lt; 0,10 em an&#225;lises n&#227;o ajustadas. A inclus&#227;o de covari&#225;veis adicionais foi determinada atrav&#233;s de um processo de sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>stepwise-backward</italic> at&#233; que todas as outras vari&#225;veis do modelo exibissem p &lt; 0,10. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC ( <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> ) foi utilizada para determinar o melhor valor de corte do n&#237;vel de SII na previs&#227;o de CCC deficiente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No total, 175 pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel com OTC foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 68,2&#177;10,9 e 80,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Havia dois grupos: um com 94 pacientes no grupo com CCC deficiente (Grau de Rentrop 0 ou 1) e 81 pacientes no grupo com CCC boa (Grau de Rentrop 2 ou 3). Idade, g&#234;nero, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), IM anterior e medica&#231;&#245;es foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Em todos os pacientes, a localiza&#231;&#227;o da OTC foi maior na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) e estatisticamente mais alta no grupo com CCC boa. A taxa de doen&#231;a multiarterial (&#8805; 2 DAC) foi discreta e o escore de Gensini foi significativamente maior no grupo com CCC boa. As taxas de mortalidade foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 21,5&#177;10,8 meses. As caracter&#237;sticas basais demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, fatores de risco para DAC e medica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via dos pacientes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Todos os pacientes (n = 175)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Deficiente (n = 94)</th>
                <th>Boa (n = 81)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
                <td align="center">68,2&#177;10,9</td>
                <td align="center">69,1&#177;11,2</td>
                <td align="center">67,3&#177;10,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (80,6)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (78,7)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (82,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">138,4&#177;20,44</td>
                <td align="center">127,8&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">129,7&#177;18,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,478</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">74,19&#177;12,79</td>
                <td align="center">76,1&#177;11,6</td>
                <td align="center">76,7&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">0,742</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (20,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,708</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (58,9)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (54,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (39,4)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (40,4)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,877</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,418</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,418</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MI anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (46,8)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (45,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,448</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASA</td>
                <td align="center">92 (52,6)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (59,6)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor de P2Y12</td>
                <td align="center">42 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">52 (29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (28,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">71 (40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (42,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,644</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">83 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (51)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (43,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,363</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">31 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,692</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE, %, m&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
                <td align="center">47,1&#177;12,2</td>
                <td align="center">46,1&#177;12,2</td>
                <td align="center">48,3&#177;12,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a multiarterial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (69,1)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (76,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o do OTC, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ADA</td>
                <td align="center">46 (26,3)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (31,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cx</td>
                <td align="center">25 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,287</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACD</td>
                <td align="center">96 (54,9)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (40,4)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (71,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">22 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,652</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Gensini, m&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
                <td align="center">58,6&#177;23,2</td>
                <td align="center">55&#177;18,6</td>
                <td align="center">62,8&#177;27,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (23,4)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; ASA: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; OTC: oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica total; CVD: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; Cx: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; ADA: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os resultados laboratoriais e os par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios de ambos os grupos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . A contagem de plaquetas, leuc&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos foi notavelmente maior no grupo com CCC deficiente. A contagem de linf&#243;citos foi maior no grupo com CCC boa. Hemoglobina, contagem de mon&#243;citos, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e n&#237;veis de colesterol foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Entre os par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios, a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e a MHR n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significantes entre os grupos, mas os valores de NLR, PLR e SII foram estatisticamente menores no grupo com CCC boa.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados laboratoriais e par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Todos os pacientes (n = 175)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Deficiente (n = 94)</th>
                <th>Boa (n = 81)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Resultados laboratoriais, m&#233;dia&#177;DP</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/L</td>
                <td align="center">13,2&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">13&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,5&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas, 103/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">253,8&#177;60,4</td>
                <td align="center">267,5&#177;65,2</td>
                <td align="center">237,9&#177;50,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos, 103/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">9,4&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,1&#177;3,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,7&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos, 103/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">6,5&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,3&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,6&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos, 103/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">2,1&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,9&#177;0,85</td>
                <td align="center">2,2&#177;0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de mon&#243;citos, 103/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">0,62&#177;0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,62&#177;0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,62&#177;0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,251</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,04&#177;0,28</td>
                <td align="center">1,04&#177;0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,04&#177;0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,895</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">74,1&#177;20,1</td>
                <td align="center">73,2&#177;19,9</td>
                <td align="center">75,1&#177;20,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,526</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">180,9&#177;46,3</td>
                <td align="center">126&#177;70,3</td>
                <td align="center">113&#177;46,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,583</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">40,8&#177;12,3</td>
                <td align="center">42&#177;11,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,5&#177;13,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">107,4&#177;42,8</td>
                <td align="center">104,3&#177;43,2</td>
                <td align="center">110,8&#177;42,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,319</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">171&#177;112</td>
                <td align="center">167,9&#177;99,8</td>
                <td align="center">174,6&#177;125,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,694</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">13,2&#177;22</td>
                <td align="center">14,2&#177;23,4</td>
                <td align="center">12,1&#177;20,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,533</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MHR</td>
                <td align="center">17,1&#177;10,1</td>
                <td align="center">15,9&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">18,4&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NLR</td>
                <td align="center">4,1&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,1&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,9&#177;1,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PLR</td>
                <td align="center">152,5&#177;108,7</td>
                <td align="center">179,5&#177;136,7</td>
                <td align="center">121,2&#177;46</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SII</td>
                <td align="center">1030,6&#177;1008,9</td>
                <td align="center">1335,3&#177;1275,4</td>
                <td align="center">679,9&#177;295,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; MHR: raz&#227;o de mon&#243;citos para lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; NLR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PLR: raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; SII: &#205;ndice Imune-inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise multivariada de regress&#227;o <italic>backward</italic> dos fatores de risco para CCC deficiente. O modelo incluiu idade, g&#234;nero, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, tabagismo atual, IM anterior, doen&#231;a multiarterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, uso de estatina, presen&#231;a de OTC na ACD, estado colateral, escore de Gensini, NLR, PLR e SII. A an&#225;lise mostrou que a aus&#234;ncia de OTC na ACD e o baixo escore de Gensini estavam relacionados &#224; CCC deficiente. Al&#233;m disso, um n&#237;vel alto de SII foi significantemente associado a uma CCC deficiente ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada de regress&#227;o backward dos fatores de risco para CCC deficiente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis *,**,***</th>
                <th>OR, IC 95%</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,313 (0,091-1,071)</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>OTC na ACD</td>
                <td align="center">0,204 (0,096-0,436)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Gensini</td>
                <td align="center">0,980 (0,962-0,998)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de ASA</td>
                <td align="center">0,526 (0,249-1,111)</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SII</td>
                <td align="center">1,003 (1,001-1,004)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>ASA: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; CCC: circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; OR: odds ratio; SII: &#205;ndice Imune-inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mico. * R<sup>2</sup> de Nagelkerke: 0,432. **O modelo incluiu idade, g&#234;nero, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, tabagismo atual, IM anterior, doen&#231;a multiarterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, uso de estatina, presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica total na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, grau de colateral, Escore de Gensini, NLR, PLR e, SII. ***A sele&#231;&#227;o de covari&#225;veis para modelos multivari&#225;veis &#233; explicada na se&#231;&#227;o M&#233;todos. Salvo indica&#231;&#227;o em contr&#225;rio, odds ratio s&#227;o interpretados como a presen&#231;a (vs. aus&#234;ncia) de cada vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica ou um aumento de 1 unidade de cada vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Avaliamos o valor preditor do SII para CCC deficiente em uma an&#225;lise da curva ROC. Quando o valor de corte do SII foi estabelecido em 679,96, o poder preditivo de CCC deficiente foi o mais alto, com sensibilidade de 74,5% e especificidade de 43,2% (AUC: 0,732; IC 95%, 0,659&#8211;0,804, p&lt; 0,001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas ROC de pacientes com CCC deficiente predita pelo SII.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>AUC: &#193;rea sob a curva; CCC: circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana; ROC: Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor; SII: &#205;ndice Imune-inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mico.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0069-10414-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Que seja de nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que avalia a rela&#231;&#227;o entre SII e CCC em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e OTC. No presente estudo, verificamos que um alto n&#237;vel de SII, aus&#234;ncia de OTC na ACD, e baixo escore de Gensini estavam relacionados a uma CCC deficiente.</p>
      <p>Os vasos colaterais coron&#225;rios s&#227;o um mecanismo adaptativo que &#233; ativado por eventos isqu&#234;micos mioc&#225;rdicos cr&#244;nicos ou recorrentes; eles progridem gradualmente e protegem da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e suas complica&#231;&#245;es associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Hip&#243;xia, aumento do potencial redox ou estresse de cisalhamento e algumas express&#245;es gen&#244;micas causam ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais e o in&#237;cio das cascatas inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Devido ao papel central da inflama&#231;&#227;o no in&#237;cio e na progress&#227;o da DAC, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m sido realizados para identificar o efeito dos processos inflamat&#243;rios na CCC. Valores altos de PCR, NLR, PLR, rela&#231;&#227;o PCR/albumina (CAR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>CRP to albumin ratio</italic> ) e raz&#227;o fibrinog&#234;nio/albumina (FAR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>fibrinogen to albumin ratio</italic> ) t&#234;m sido utilizados para este prop&#243;sito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acar et al. descobriram que a PLR foi um preditor de fluxo colateral deficiente em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel e OTC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, a NLR foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo colateral coronariano na DAC com OTC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m encontramos n&#237;veis elevados de PLR e NLR no grupo com CCC deficiente (p&lt;0,001), mas essa signific&#226;ncia n&#227;o foi encontrada na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O aumento do n&#237;vel de MHR foi identificado como um preditor de alto escore SYNTAX em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No presente estudo, tamb&#233;m objetivamos investigar o efeito desse par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio no desenvolvimento da CCC, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante em termos de MHR.</p>
      <p>O SII foi desenvolvido a partir de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, incluindo contagem de plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos. Em primeiro lugar, tem sido associado a mau progn&#243;stico em muitos tipos de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Utilizando a coorte de Dongfeng-Tongji, Xu et al. descobriram que o SII estava associado a trombocitose, inflama&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular em 13.929 adultos de meia-idade e idosos sem DCV e c&#226;ncer, em um seguimento m&#233;dio de 8,28 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Yang et al. demonstraram que o n&#237;vel elevado de SII est&#225; independentemente associado ao aumento do risco de morte cardiovascular, IAM n&#227;o-fatal, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o-fatal e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 5.206 pacientes com DAC submetidos a ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Neste estudo, um ponto de corte ideal de SII (&#8805;694,3) foi identificado para eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) na coorte com DAC. Da mesma forma, em nosso estudo, encontramos um ponto de corte ideal do SII de 679,96 para a melhor predi&#231;&#227;o de CCC deficiente, com sensibilidade de 74,5% e especificidade de 43,2%.</p>
      <p>O efeito da CCC na mortalidade &#233; discut&#237;vel. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise que incluiu mais de 3.000 pacientes, Allahwala et al. indicaram que uma CCC robusta n&#227;o est&#225; associada a menores taxas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou mortalidade por todas as causas, mas aumenta a chance de sucesso da ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Por outro lado, Meier et al. demonstraram que a alta colateraliza&#231;&#227;o teve efeito protetor e reduziu em 36% o risco de mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com baixa colateraliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante nas taxas de mortalidade durante 21,5&#177;10,8 meses de seguimento.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, havia um n&#250;mero bastante pequeno de pacientes e o estudo foi transversal, unic&#234;ntrico, com desenho retrospectivo. Sendo assim, a popula&#231;&#227;o amostral selecionada pode n&#227;o refletir toda a coorte e, portanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. Em segundo lugar, todas as medidas e par&#226;metros laboratoriais foram avaliados apenas uma vez durante o seguimento. Finalmente, express&#245;es g&#234;nicas espec&#237;ficas, par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios como VEGF e TNF-&#945; n&#227;o foram medidos, de modo que essas medidas podem servir como suporte para demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o da CCC deficiente com o SII.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, verificamos que o alto n&#237;vel de SII, aus&#234;ncia de OTC na ACD e baixo escore de Gensini foram significativamente relacionados &#224; CCC deficiente. &#201; importante determinar rapidamente o estado inflamat&#243;rio a partir dos resultados laboratoriais de sangue e para determinar a CCC deficiente e os pacientes de alto risco que resultam em alta mortalidade de pacientes com DAC. O SII &#233; um par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio f&#225;cil de calcular a partir do hemograma completo e pode ser muito &#250;til para identificar pacientes de alto risco com CCC deficiente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Pamukkale University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo E-60116787-020-4313. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0054-6252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Adali</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Koray</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2457-313X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Buber</surname>
            <given-names>Ipek</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1211-4772</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sen</surname>
            <given-names>Gursel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8445-1911</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Samet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pamukkale University - Faculty of Medicine, Departamento de Cardiologia, Denizli &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mehmet Koray Adali &#8226; Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology Denizli, 20160 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: korayadali@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mehmet Koray Adali, Ipek Buber, Samet Yilmaz. Acquisition of data: Mehmet Koray Adali, Ipek Buber, Gursel Sen. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mehmet Koray Adali, Ipek Buber, Gursel Sen, Samet Yilmaz. Statistical analysis: Mehmet Koray Adali, Samet Yilmaz. Writing of the manuscript: Mehmet Koray Adali, Gursel Sen, Samet Yilmaz. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mehmet Koray Adali, Ipek Buber, Samet Yilmaz.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a novel inflammatory parameter that has been shown to be associated with CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between SII and coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with stable CAD and chronic total occlusion (CTO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The patients were divided into two groups, with poor CCC and good CCC, according to the Rentrop Classification. Ninety-four patients had poor CCC, and 81 patients had good CCC. Inflammation parameters were calculated from the laboratory results. The statistical significance level applied was 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>High SII level (OR: 1.003, 95% CI: 1.001-1.004, p&lt;0,001), absence of CTO in RCA (OR: 0.204, 95% CI: 0.096-0.436, p&lt;0,001) and low Gensini score (OR: 0.980, 95% CI: 0.962-0.998, p=0,028) were significantly associated with poor CCC. The cutoff value of SII was 679.96 for the highest predictive power of poor CCC, with a sensitivity of 74.5% and specificity of 43.2%. Mortality rates were similar between the two groups during a mean follow-up of 21.5&#177;10.8 months (p=0.107).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>High SII level, the absence of CTO in the right coronary artery, and low Gensini score were significantly related to poor CCC. The rapid and cost-effective use of new inflammatory markers in clinical practice guides the prognosis of CAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Collateral Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Occlusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a type of coronary artery disease (CAD) characterized by complete or near-complete occlusion of the epicardial coronary arteries for at least three months and has worse clinical outcomes. CTO has an incidence ranging from 18% to 52% in the cohort obtained from the examination of coronary angiographies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) is an adaptive response that develops to maintain perfusion of myocardial tissue in patients with stenotic or occlusive coronary lesions. In a meta-analysis by Meier et al., it was reported that patients with good CCC had 36% less mortality than patients with poor CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The degree of coronary stenosis, presence of diabetes mellitus, exercise status, anginal attacks, mediators that affect angiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the levels of inflammatory cells affect coronary collateral development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Because of the inflammatory processes that affect CAD on a large scale, inflammatory parameters obtained from routine tests such as complete blood count (CBC) and blood biochemistry are frequently used in a wide variety of clinical studies as predictors of both coronary collateral development and CAD severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), a novel inflammatory parameter, was found to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in CAD patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although many inflammatory parameters have been studied in CAD patients with CTO, monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) and SII have not been previously studied in the literature in this clinical situation. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the predictor value of SII on coronary collateral development in patients with stable CAD with CTO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population and design</title>
          <p>After the approval of the local ethics committee, 2576 coronary angiography procedure results were assessed between January 2018 and July 2020, obtained from the institute records. The flowchart of patient enrollment is seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> . One hundred and seventy-five stable CAD patients with CTO were included in the study and were grouped according to the Rentrop classification,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> in terms of coronary collateral development in CTO. The patients were divided into two groups, with poor CCC (Grades 0 and 1) and with good CCC (Grades 2 and 3). Ninety-four patients had poor CCC, and 81 patients had good CCC. Clinical and demographic characteristics, CAD risk factors, medications, laboratory results, electrocardiogram (ECG), and mortality recordings of the patients were obtained from the hospital database. SII, MHR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were calculated from the CBC and biochemical parameters laboratory results. The SII value was calculated with the formula SII = (P &#215; N) / L. In the formula, P, N, and L symbolize platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, respectively. Hypertension was defined as the previous documentation of a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg in at least two measurements or active use of any antihypertensive agent. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level &gt; 126 mg/dL, a glucose level &gt; 200 mg/dL, or a glycated hemoglobin level over 6.5% in any measurement, or the active use of an antidiabetic agent. Total cholesterol &gt;200 mg/dL and triglyceride levels &gt;150 mg/dL were considered as hyperlipidemia, or the active use of an antihyperlipidemic drug.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flowchart of patient enrollment.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0069-10414-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Patients with moderate to severe heart valve pathology, acute coronary syndrome in last three months, decompensated heart failure (NHYA class III or IV), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, clinical signs of active infection, acute or chronic renal, hepatic insufficiency, and those with a history of malignancy, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, pulmonary embolism, chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, and those undergoing renal-hepatic transplantation were excluded from the study.</p>
          <p>This study complies with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary collateral circulation assessment</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography was indicated in patients with chest pain or those submitted to non-invasive tests that showed myocardial ischemia. The coronary angiography was performed by transfemoral or transradial access using the routine Judkins technique. CTO was defined as a total occlusion of a coronary artery with a distally TIMI 0 flow for at least 3 months. Patients who had at least one coronary artery with CTO were included in the study. CCC was evaluated by two cardiologists who were blinded to the study. CCC was graded using the scoring system developed by Cohen et al. (the Rentrop classification ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> According to the classification system: Grade 0, no visible filling from any coronary collateral; Grade 1, filling of side branches of the artery to be dilated via collateral channels without visualization of the epicardial part; Grade 2, partial filling of the epicardial part via collateral channels; Grade 3, complete filling of the epicardial artery, being dilated via collateral channels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All data were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 statistics package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were reported as mean &#177; standard deviation, and categorical variables as absolute and relative frequencies. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data. The independent Student&#8217;s t-test was used to compare normally-distributed variables. Categorical variables were compared with the &#967;<sup>2</sup>test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The effects of different variables on poor CCC were assessed by backward logistic regression analysis. The inclusion of covariates in the multivariate model was first determined by selecting those that exhibited 2-sided p &lt; 0.10 in the unadjusted analyses. The inclusion of additional covariates was determined by performing a stepwise-backward selection process until all the other variables in the model exhibited p &lt; 0.10. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the best cutoff value of the SII level in predicting poor CCC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In total, 175 stable CAD patients with CTO were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the patients was 68.2&#177;10.9 and 80.6% of the patients were male. There were two groups; one that had 94 patients in the poor CCC (Rentrop Grade 0 or 1) and 81 patients in the good CCC (Rentrop Grade 2 or 3) groups. Age, gender, presence of hypertension, diabetes hyperlipidemia, family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), prior MI, and medications were similar between the two groups. In all patients, the CTO location was higher in the right coronary artery (RCA) and statistically higher in the good CCC group. Multivessel disease (&#8805; 2 CAD) rate was slightly and Gensini score was significantly higher in the good CCC. Mortality rates were similar between the two groups, during a mean follow-up of 21.5&#177;10.8 months. Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics, CAD risk factors, and previous medication of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristics</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">All patients (n = 175)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Coronary collateral circulation</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Poor (n = 94)</th>
                  <th>Good (n = 81)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">68.2&#177;10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">69.1&#177;11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">67.3&#177;10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.275</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (80.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (78.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (82.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.568</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">138.4&#177;20.44</td>
                  <td align="center">127.8&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">129.7&#177;18.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.478</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">74.19&#177;12.79</td>
                  <td align="center">76.1&#177;11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">76.7&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.742</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (20.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.708</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (58.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (62.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (54.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (39.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (40.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (38.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.877</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.418</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history of CVD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.418</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior MI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (46.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (45.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.448</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medication, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="4"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (52.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (59.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P2Y12 inhibitor</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (28.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (18.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (28.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.743</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (40.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (42.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (38.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.644</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (43.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.363</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (17.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.692</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF, %, mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">47.1&#177;12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1&#177;12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">48.3&#177;12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multivessel disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (69.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (62.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (76.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CTO location, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="4"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (26.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (31.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (19.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cx</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.287</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (54.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (40.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (71.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.652</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gensini score, mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6&#177;23.2</td>
                  <td align="center">55&#177;18.6</td>
                  <td align="center">62.8&#177;27.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (23.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (28.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (17.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.107</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA: Acetyl salicylic acid; CTO: Chronic total occlusion; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; Cx: Circumflex coronary artery; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; EF: Ejection fraction; LAD: Left anterior descending coronary artery; MI: Myocardial infarction; RCA: Right coronary artery; SBP: Systolic blood pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The laboratory results and the inflammatory parameters of both groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Platelet levels, WBC and neutrophil counts were remarkably higher in the poor CCC group. Lymphocyte count was higher in the good CCC group. Hemoglobin, monocyte count, glomerular filtration rate, and cholesterol levels were similar between the two groups. Among the inflammatory parameters, C-reactive protein (CRP) and MHR showed no significant difference between groups, but NLR, PLR, and SII values were found to be statistically lower in the good CCC group.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Laboratory results and inflammatory parameters of the patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristics</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">All patients (n = 175)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Coronary collateral circulation</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Poor (n = 94)</th>
                  <th>Good (n = 81)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Laboratory results, mean&#177;SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="4"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/L</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">13&#177;2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">253.8&#177;60.4</td>
                  <td align="center">267.5&#177;65.2</td>
                  <td align="center">237.9&#177;50.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC count, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">9.4&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1&#177;3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">8.7&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil count, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5&#177;2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6&#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte count, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9&#177;0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2&#177;0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocyte count, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62&#177;0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62&#177;0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62&#177;0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.251</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04&#177;0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04&#177;0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04&#177;0.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.895</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR, mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">74.1&#177;20.1</td>
                  <td align="center">73.2&#177;19.9</td>
                  <td align="center">75.1&#177;20.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.526</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">180.9&#177;46.3</td>
                  <td align="center">126&#177;70.3</td>
                  <td align="center">113&#177;46.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.583</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">40.8&#177;12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">42&#177;11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">39.5&#177;13.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.174</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">107.4&#177;42.8</td>
                  <td align="center">104.3&#177;43.2</td>
                  <td align="center">110.8&#177;42.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.319</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">171&#177;112</td>
                  <td align="center">167.9&#177;99.8</td>
                  <td align="center">174.6&#177;125.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.694</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2&#177;22</td>
                  <td align="center">14.2&#177;23.4</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1&#177;20.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.533</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MHR</td>
                  <td align="center">17.1&#177;10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">15.9&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9&#177;1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">152.5&#177;108.7</td>
                  <td align="center">179.5&#177;136.7</td>
                  <td align="center">121.2&#177;46</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">1030.6&#177;1008.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1335.3&#177;1275.4</td>
                  <td align="center">679.9&#177;295.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CRP: C-reactive protein; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MHR: monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index; WBC: total white blood cells.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The multivariate Backward-Regression analysis of risk factors for poor CCC was performed. The model included age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, current smoking, prior MI, multivessel disease, heart rate, ejection fraction, acetylsalicylic-acid use, statin use, presence of CTO in the RCA, collateral state, Gensini score, NLR, PLR, and SII. The analysis showed that the absence of CTO in RCA and low Gensini score were related to poor CCC. In addition, a high SII level was significantly associated with poor CCC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariate Backward-Regression analysis of risk factors for poor CCC</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables *,**,***</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0.313 (0.091-1.071)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA CTO</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204 (0.096-0.436)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gensini score</td>
                  <td align="center">0.980 (0.962-0.998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA use</td>
                  <td align="center">0.526 (0.249-1.111)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003 (1.001-1.004)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ASA: Acetyl salicylic acid; CCC: Coronary collateral circulation; CI: Confidence interval; RCA: Right coronary artery; OR: Odds ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index. *Nagelkerke R square: 0.432. **The model included age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, current smoking status, prior MI, multivessel disease, heart rate, ejection fraction, acetylsalicylic-acid usage, statin use, presence of chronic total obstruction in the right coronary artery, collateral grade, Gensini score, NLR, PLR, and SII. ***Selection of the covariates for the multivariate models is explained in the Methods section. Unless otherwise indicated, odds ratio is interpreted as the presence (vs. absence) of each categorical variable or an increase of one (1) unit of each continuous variable.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We assessed the predictor value of the SII for poor CCC in a ROC curve analysis. When the cutoff value of the SII was set at 679.96, the predictive power of poor CCC was the highest, with a sensitivity of 74.5% and specificity of 43.2% (AUC: 0.732; 95% CI, 0.659&#8211;0.804, p&lt;0.001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curves of patients with poor CCC predicted by SII.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AUC: Area under curve; CCC: coronary collateral circulation; ROC: Receiver-Operating characteristics; SII: Systemic imune-inflammation index</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0069-10414-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the relationship between SII and CCC in patients with stable CAD and CTO. In the current study, we found that a high SII, the absence of CTO in RCA, and low Gensini score were related to poor CCC.</p>
        <p>Coronary collateral vessels are an adaptive mechanism that is activated by chronic or recurrent myocardial ischemic events; they progress gradually, and protect from myocardial ischemia and its associated complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Hypoxia, increased redox potential or shear stress, and some genomic expressions cause endothelial cell activation and initiation of the inflammatory cascades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Because of the central role of the inflammation on the initiation and progression of CAD, various studies have been carried out to identify the effect of inflammatory processes on CCC. High CRP, NLR, PLR, CRP to albumin ratio (CAR), and fibrinogen to albumin ratio (FAR) have been used for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Acar et al. found that PLR was a predictor of poor collateral flow in patients with stable angina pectoris and CTO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In another study, NLR was found to be associated with reduced coronary collateral flow in CAD with CTO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> We also found the PLR and NLR levels were high in the poor CCC group (p &lt;0.001), but this significance was not found in the regression analysis.</p>
        <p>Increased MHR level has been identified as a predictor of the high SYNTAX score in stable CAD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the current study, we also aimed to investigate the effect of this inflammatory parameter on CCC development, but there was no significant difference in terms of MHR.</p>
        <p>SII has been developed from inflammatory cells including platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts. Firstly, it has been associated with poor prognosis in many types of cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Using The Dongfeng-Tongji cohort, Xu et al. have found that SII was associated with thrombocytosis, inflammation, and the development of cerebrovascular disease in 13,929 middle-aged and older adults without CVD and cancer, over a mean follow-up of 8.28 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Yang et al. have demonstrated that high SII level is independently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, and admission for heart failure in 5206 CAD patients who underwent PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this study, an optimal SII cutoff point (&#8805;694.3) was identified for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the CAD cohort. Similarly, in our study, we found an optimal SII cutoff point of 679.96 for the best prediction of poor CCC, with a sensitivity of 74.5% and a specificity of 43.2%.</p>
        <p>The effect of the CCC on mortality is debatable. In a meta-analysis that included over 3000 patients, Allahwala et al. have indicated that robust CCC is not associated with lower rates of acute myocardial infarction or all-cause mortality but increases the chance of PCI success.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> On the other hand, Meier et al. demonstrated that high collateralization had a protective effect and a 36% decreased mortality risk compared with patients with low collateralization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, in our study, there was no significant difference in mortality rates during 21.5&#177;10.8 months of follow-up.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations. First, there was quite a small number of patients and the study was a cross-sectional, single-center one, with a retrospective design. Hence, the selected sample population may not reflect the whole cohort, and thus further studies are warranted. Second, all measurements and laboratory parameters were evaluated only once during follow-up. Finally, specific gene expressions, inflammatory parameters such as VEGF and TNF-&#945; were not measured, so these measurements could be supportive in demonstrating the association of poor CCC with SII.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, we found that a high SII, the absence of CTO in RCA, and low Gensini score were significantly related to poor CCC. It is important to quickly determine the inflammation status from the blood laboratory results and to determine the poor CCC and high-risk patients that result in high mortality in CAD patients. SII is an inflammatory parameter, which is easy to calculate from CBC and may be very useful to identify high-risk patients with poor CCC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pamukkale University under the protocol number E-60116787-020-4313. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
