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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3p3rxY7V8rLkgjKFnt9Ytry</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005007201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210386</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210386</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es Longitudinais nos N&#237;veis de Atividade F&#237;sica e Par&#226;metros de Risco Cardiovascular em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica Sintom&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1146-628X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Francielly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giuliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Mesquita Longano de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2060-8852</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cucato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Grizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Northumbria University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Newcastle upon Tyne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Gabriel Grizzo Cucato &#8226; Department of Sport, Exercise &amp; Rehabilitation - Faculty of Health and Life Sciences - Northumbria University &#8211; Room 318, Northumberland Building Newcastle Upon Tyne &#8211; NE1 8ST &#8211; United Kingdom E-mail: <email>gacucato@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ritti-Dias RM, Cucato GG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Monteiro F, Correia MA, Oliveira PML; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Monteiro F, Correia MA, Farah BQ, Ritti-Dias RM, Cucato GG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Monteiro F, Correia MA, Farah BQ, Oliveira PML; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Monteiro F, Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>59</fpage>
      <lpage>66</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos transversais anteriores demonstraram que a atividade f&#237;sica est&#225; associada a menor risco cardiovascular em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP). No entanto, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer causalidade e estudos com desenho longitudinal s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar as altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular e n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo teve in&#237;cio em 2015. Na primeira fase, foram inclu&#237;dos 268 pacientes. Na segunda fase, ap&#243;s 2 anos (mediana = 26 meses), foram reavaliados 72 pacientes. Par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular, como press&#227;o arterial, modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e rigidez arterial, e n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica foram medidos na linha de base e ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es delta (valores ap&#243;s 2 anos &#8211; valores da linha de base) na atividade f&#237;sica e nos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares foi analisada por meio de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05 com DAP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Pacientes reduziram seus n&#237;veis totais de atividade f&#237;sica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a linha de base (linha de base = 2.257,6 &#177; 774,5 versus acompanhamento = 2.041 &#177; 676,2 min/semana, p = 0,001). Ap&#243;s o acompanhamento, o &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (0,62 &#177; 0,20 versus 0,54 &#177; 0,20, p = 0,003) e o desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR (43,4 &#177; 27,0 versus 25,1 &#177; 13,4 ms, p &lt; 0,001) foram menores, enquanto a velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral foi maior (9,0 &#177; 3,0 versus 10,7 &#177; 3,4 m/s, p = 0,002) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais. N&#227;o observamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre os valores delta dos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica e os par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com DAP tiveram n&#237;veis reduzidos de atividade f&#237;sica e comprometimento em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>4097072016-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq - 4097072016-3.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente &#233; o principal sintoma da doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP), e &#233; caracterizada por dor, c&#227;ibras ou sensa&#231;&#227;o de queima&#231;&#227;o que acomete os membros inferiores durante a atividade f&#237;sica, principalmente durante a caminhada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os pacientes com DAP e sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente apresentam mobilidade limitada, controle deficiente dos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e qualidade de vida comprometida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A atividade f&#237;sica tem sido recomendada para melhorar a capacidade funcional e a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> De fato, pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica e n&#237;veis mais elevados de atividade f&#237;sica apresentam maior capacidade funcional e menor risco de mortalidade cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sedent&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, devido ao desenho transversal desses estudos, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer causalidade, e estudos de desenho longitudinal s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o se sabe se ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es nesses par&#226;metros durante o acompanhamento em pacientes com DAP.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o presente estudo visou analisar as altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais na atividade f&#237;sica e nos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento em pacientes com DAP. Tamb&#233;m analisamos se as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica est&#227;o associadas a altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento. Nossa hip&#243;tese foi de que as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica estariam associadas a melhores par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal que teve in&#237;cio em 2015, composto por 2 fases. Na primeira fase do estudo, 268 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos e submetidos &#224; medidas de atividade f&#237;sica (acelerometria), capacidade funcional e par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular (press&#227;o arterial cl&#237;nica, press&#227;o arterial central, modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e rigidez arterial). Ap&#243;s 2 anos, todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos na primeira fase foram convidados para a fase 2.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Recrutamento, triagem e dimensionamento de amostras</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram recrutados em hospitais de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade &gt; 45 anos de ambos os sexos, &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) &lt; 0,90 em um ou ambos os membros e presen&#231;a de sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional. Antes da coleta dos dados, os pacientes foram informados sobre os procedimentos envolvidos no estudo e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Antes e ap&#243;s o acompanhamento de 2 anos, os pacientes foram avaliados em 2 visitas com intervalo de pelo menos 7 dias. Na primeira consulta, foram obtidos dados cl&#237;nicos, sociodemogr&#225;ficos e de capacidade funcional, e todos os pacientes receberam um monitor de atividade f&#237;sica aceler&#244;metro triaxial GT3X+ (Actigraph, Pensacola, FL, EUA). Durante a segunda visita, foram obtidas medidas de par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular, como press&#227;o arterial cl&#237;nica, press&#227;o arterial central, modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e rigidez arterial. Esta sess&#227;o come&#231;ou entre as 13:00 e as 14:00 horas, e os pacientes receberam as seguintes orienta&#231;&#245;es: fazer uma refei&#231;&#227;o leve, n&#227;o realizar exerc&#237;cio pelo menos 24 horas antes do dia da avalia&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o ingerir bebidas alco&#243;licas ou cafeinadas, n&#227;o fumar 12 horas antes da sess&#227;o e manter uma rotina normal de comer e tomar a sua medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica foram obtidos por meio de um aceler&#244;metro triaxial GT3X+ (Actigraph, Pensacola, FL, EUA). Todos os pacientes receberam instru&#231;&#245;es para usar o aceler&#244;metro durante 7 dias consecutivos, retirando-o apenas para dormir ou tomar banho. O dispositivo foi prendido a um cinto el&#225;stico e fixado no lado direito do quadril. Para an&#225;lise, foi necess&#225;rio um m&#237;nimo de 10 horas de registros de atividade f&#237;sica cotidiana. Foram considerados v&#225;lidos aqueles que tivessem pelo menos 4 dias de atividade: 3 dias de semana e 1 dia de fim de semana. Os dados foram coletados na frequ&#234;ncia de 30 Hz e analisados em &#233;pocas de 60 segundos. Per&#237;odos com valores consecutivos de 0 (com toler&#226;ncia de pico de 2 min.) por 60 min. ou mais foram interpretados como &#8220;aceler&#244;metro n&#227;o usado&#8221; e exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. A m&#233;dia do tempo total gasto em cada intensidade de atividade f&#237;sica foi calculada utilizando os pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos para idosos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> adaptados por Buman et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> considerando o tempo sedent&#225;rio como 0 a 99 contagens/min; atividade f&#237;sica leve baixa como 100 a 1.040 contagens/min, atividade f&#237;sica leve alta como 1.041 a 1.951 contagens/min, e atividade f&#237;sica moderada a vigorosa como &#8805; 1.952 contagens/min utilizando o eixo vertical, analisadas em min/dia, ajustando para a tempo e n&#250;mero de dias em que o dispositivo foi usado. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m calculamos a porcentagem de pacientes que atenderam &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais de atividade f&#237;sica (&#8805; 150 min/semana) na linha de base e ap&#243;s 2 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Capacidade funcional</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em um corredor de 30 metros de comprimento, seguindo o protocolo descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Dois cones foram colocados a 30 metros de dist&#226;ncia e os pacientes foram orientados a caminhar o maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de voltas ao redor dos cones. Tamb&#233;m foram orientados a informar quando sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o (dor, desconforto, c&#227;ibras e cansa&#231;o) ocorreram para determinar a dist&#226;ncia de in&#237;cio da claudica&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a dist&#226;ncia total percorrida foi definida como a dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima completada pelo paciente ao final do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio foi medida por meio de um monitor (HEM-742, Omron Healthcare, Jap&#227;o), que consiste em um dispositivo eletr&#244;nico e digital de press&#227;o arterial braquial com defla&#231;&#227;o e infla&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;ticas. Para isso, os pacientes permaneceram sentados por pelo menos 10 minutos. Foram realizadas 3 medidas consecutivas, com intervalo de 1 minuto, em ambos os bra&#231;os, com manguito de tamanho adequado. O valor utilizado foi a m&#233;dia das 3 medidas, conforme recomendado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial central</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial central pela art&#233;ria radial por an&#225;lise da onda de pulso utilizando a t&#233;cnica de tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o (SphymoCor, AtCor Medical, Austr&#225;lia). Ap&#243;s pelo menos 15 minutos de repouso em dec&#250;bito dorsal, foram utilizados 11 segundos de registro da onda de press&#227;o arterial central radial. Ap&#243;s esse procedimento, o software SphygmoCor &#174; deriva a onda de press&#227;o da aorta ascendente, equivalente &#224; onda de press&#227;o medida por um cateter invasivo, obtendo a press&#227;o arterial central sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Para melhor acur&#225;cia da medida, foram considerados v&#225;lidos apenas os valores com &#237;ndices superiores a 90%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rigidez arterial</title>
        <p>A rigidez arterial foi estimada pela velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral utilizando a t&#233;cnica de tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral foi registrada sequencialmente por transdutores transcut&#226;neos posicionados acima da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e da art&#233;ria femoral direita, utilizando um aparelho de tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o (Sphygmocor, AtCor Medical, Australia). O registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico foi obtido simultaneamente com as medidas das ondas de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para c&#225;lculo do tempo de tr&#226;nsito da onda. Duas dist&#226;ncias de superf&#237;cie foram medidas pelo investigador: uma entre o ponto de registro na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e uma na f&#250;rcula esternal (dist&#226;ncia 1) e outra entre a f&#250;rcula esternal e a art&#233;ria femoral (dist&#226;ncia 2). A dist&#226;ncia percorrida pela onda de pulso foi calculada com a f&#243;rmula seguinte: dist&#226;ncia 2 &#8722; dist&#226;ncia 1. A velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral foi calculada com a f&#243;rmula seguinte: velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral = &#188; * dist&#226;ncia percorrida pela onda de pulso (m) / tempo de tr&#226;nsito (s).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca foi avaliada pela t&#233;cnica de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Para isso, os pacientes permaneceram em repouso, deitados por 15 minutos e os intervalos RR foram registrados por meio de um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Polar V800, Polar Electro, Finl&#226;ndia). Para an&#225;lise, os primeiros 5 minutos foram exclu&#237;dos, e aqueles com pelo menos 10 minutos de sinal est&#225;vel foram considerados sinais v&#225;lidos. Ap&#243;s a coleta, os intervalos RR foram exportados para o programa Kubios HRV (Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, Finl&#226;ndia) e ent&#227;o analisados nos dom&#237;nios de tempo e de frequ&#234;ncia. Os par&#226;metros de dom&#237;nio de tempo foram: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos (SDNN), raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as quadradas dos intervalos RR normais adjacentes (RMSSD) e porcentagem de intervalos adjacentes acima de 50 ms (PNN50).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os par&#226;metros de dom&#237;nio de frequ&#234;ncia foram obtidos pela t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise espectral pelo m&#233;todo autorregressivo. As frequ&#234;ncias entre 0,04 e 0,4 Hz foram consideradas fisiologicamente significativas; o componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia &#233; representado por oscila&#231;&#245;es entre 0,04 e 0,15 Hz, e o componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia por aquelas entre 0,15 e 0,4 Hz. A pot&#234;ncia de cada componente espectral foi calculada em termos normalizados, dividindo-se a pot&#234;ncia de cada banda pela pot&#234;ncia total, da qual foi subtra&#237;do o valor da banda de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa (&lt; 0,04 Hz), e o resultado foi multiplicado por 100.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences e SPSS/PASW vers&#227;o 20 (IBM Corp, New York, NY, EUA). Os dados de normalidade foram verificados pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram resumidas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (dados de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (dados de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal), enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram resumidas como n&#250;meros absolutos e percentuais, com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Foram comparadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas na linha de base e no acompanhamento usando o teste t pareado ou Wilcoxon <italic>signed-rank</italic> para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste de McNemar para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre as altera&#231;&#245;es delta (valores ap&#243;s 2 anos &#8211; valores da linha de base) na atividade f&#237;sica e nos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares foram analisadas por regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla ajustada para sexo, idade, mudan&#231;as na medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, ITB, peso e capacidade de caminhada, que s&#227;o fatores de confus&#227;o cl&#225;ssicos na DAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise residual foi realizada. A homocedasticidade foi analisada por an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica (<italic>scatterplot</italic>), e a ader&#234;ncia &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A an&#225;lise de multicolinearidade foi realizada assumindo fatores de infla&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia inferiores a 5 e toler&#226;ncia inferior a 0,20. Para as an&#225;lises, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O recrutamento do estudo foi realizado entre setembro de 2015 e novembro de 2017 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Na primeira fase do estudo, 268 pacientes foram submetidos a medidas basais. Na segunda fase do estudo, 96 pacientes concordaram em participar e 24 destes pacientes n&#227;o foram eleg&#237;veis por falta de dados sobre a atividade f&#237;sica. Portanto, a amostra final deste estudo &#233; composta por 72 pacientes.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0059-10386-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes no in&#237;cio e no acompanhamento. Ap&#243;s 2 anos, observamos uma dimi-nui&#231;&#227;o do ITB em relac&#227;o aos valores de linha de base.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (n = 72)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Linha de base</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Acompanhamento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Peso (kg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74,5&#177;13,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73,7&#177;12,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,128</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,5&#177;4,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,3&#177;4,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,357</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,62&#177;0,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,53&#177;0,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">350&#177;90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">364&#177;105</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,257</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Condi&#231;&#245;es com&#243;rbidas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,375</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,500</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,359</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,523</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,125</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,607</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#226;ncer (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,998</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Medicamento</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Antiplaquet&#225;rio (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,549</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidor de ECA (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Antagonista do receptor de angiotensina (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,727</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,508</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diur&#233;tico (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,648</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatinas (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,774</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipoglic&#234;micos (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,727</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Vasodilatador perif&#233;rico (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia relativa. ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os dados da atividade f&#237;sica na linha de base e no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Ap&#243;s 2 anos, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no tempo gasto em atividade f&#237;sica total e aumento do tempo sedent&#225;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de linha de base.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica dos pacientes na linha de base e no acompanhamento (n = 72)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Linha de base</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Acompanhamento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo sedent&#225;rio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4178 (962)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4442 (809)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AF leve baixa (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2055 (904)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1851 (662)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AF leve alta (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2257,6 &#177; 774,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2041 &#177; 676,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AF moderada a vigorosa (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (177)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (79)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AF total (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2257,6 &#177; 774,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2041 &#177; 676,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Atendeu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de AF (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (7,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,250</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Dados apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. AF: atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os dados dos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular na linha de base e no acompanhamento. Observamos aumento da velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral e diminui&#231;&#227;o do SDNN no acompanhamento quando comparados aos valores basais.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular na linha de base e no acompanhamento (n = 72)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Linha de base</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Acompanhamento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FC em repouso (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,4&#177; 11,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67,7 &#177; 17,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS braquial (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">133,3 &#177; 21,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">132,5 &#177; 21,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD braquial (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73,0 &#177; 10,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72,7 &#177; 10,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PA central (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">130,9 &#177; 22,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">128,0 &#177; 21,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD central (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75,2 &#177; 9,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74,6 &#177; 9,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55,7 &#177; 182</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52,5 &#177; 18,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IA (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,3 &#177; 11,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,6 &#177; 13,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IA 75 bpm (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,6 &#177; 9,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,9 &#177; 10,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">VOP-CF (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,4 (3,21)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,5 (6,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SDNN (ms)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,6 &#177; 31,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,3 &#177; 13,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RMSSD (ms)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,7 (29,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,1 (33,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PNN50 (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,8 (16,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,1 (18,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FB (un)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,2 (32,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,4 (24,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FA (un)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36,8 (32,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,6 (24,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FB/FA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,71 (3,11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,56 (1,69)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,69</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou como mediana (intervalo interquartil). FA: frequ&#234;ncia alta; FB: frequ&#234;ncia baixa; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IA: &#237;ndice de aumento; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PNN50: porcentagem de intervalos adjacentes acima de 50 ms; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; RMSSD: raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as quadradas dos intervalos RR normais adjacentes; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR; VOP-CF: velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>N&#227;o observamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre tempo sedent&#225;rio e atividade f&#237;sica com valores delta da press&#227;o arterial cl&#237;nica e da press&#227;o arterial central (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>), indicadores de rigidez arterial e par&#226;metros de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre sedentarismo e atividade f&#237;sica com altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio e central ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica sintom&#225;tica (n = 72)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Modelos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; PAS no consult&#243;rio<break/>N=72</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; PAD no consult&#243;rio<break/>N=72</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; PAS central<break/>N=62</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; PAD central<break/>N=62</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#916; Tempo sedent&#225;rio (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bruto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,045</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,707</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,079</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,512</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,085</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,518</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,113</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,391</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ajustado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,172</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,254</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,117</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,907</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,235</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,183</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,211</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,230</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#916; AF leve baixa (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bruto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,075</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,531</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,055</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,646</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,109</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,407</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,106</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,419</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ajustado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,193</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,202</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,947</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,256</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,146</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,196</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,275</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#916; AF leve alta (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bruto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,933</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,005</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,274</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,906</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,726</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ajustado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,895</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,005</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,357</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,843</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,784</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#916; AFMV (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bruto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,054</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,653</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,039</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,746</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,042</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,749</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,122</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,352</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ajustado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,250</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,098</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,227</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,120</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,194</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,270</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,044</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,806</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram ajustadas para sexo, idade, mudan&#231;as na medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial, peso e capacidade de caminhada. AF: atividade f&#237;sica; AFMV: atividade f&#237;sica moderada a vigorosa; b: coeficientes padronizados; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre sedentarismo e atividade f&#237;sica com altera&#231;&#245;es nos indicadores de rigidez arterial e nos par&#226;metros de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica sintom&#225;tica (n = 72)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="7%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Modelos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; VOP-CF<break/>N=43</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; IA N=60</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; SDNN<break/>N=39</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; FB/FA<break/>N=39</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; FB<break/>N=39</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">&#916; FA<break/>N=39</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">b</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#916; Tempo sedent&#225;rio (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bruto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,148</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,349</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,129</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,331</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,004</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,557</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,087</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,608</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,923</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,923</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ajustado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,989</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,568</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,007</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,458</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,061</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,842</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,841</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,841</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#916; AF leve baixa (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bruto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,154</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,330</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,168</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,203</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,596</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,081</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,634</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,837</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,837</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ajustado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,018</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,936</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,188</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,279</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,416</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,066</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,829</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,911</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,911</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#916; AF leve alta (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bruto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,008</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,245</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,023</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,179</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,506</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,814</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,814</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ajustado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,477</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,006</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,443</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,019</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,359</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,444</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,021</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,286</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,021</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,286</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&#916; AFMV (min/semana)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bruto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,070</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,660</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,150</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,256</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,901</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,240</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,153</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,042</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,352</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,042</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,352</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ajustado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,028</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,897</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,038</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,194</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,019</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,773</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,196</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,415</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,015</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,814</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,015</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,814</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram ajustadas para sexo, idade, mudan&#231;as na medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial, peso e capacidade de caminhada. AF: atividade f&#237;sica; AFMV: atividade f&#237;sica moderada a vigorosa; b: coeficientes padronizados; FA: frequ&#234;ncia alta; FB: frequ&#234;ncia baixa; IA: &#237;ndice de aumento; VOP-CF: velocidade da onda de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es importantes nos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular e na atividade f&#237;sica ap&#243;s 2 anos em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es incluem aumento da preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, diminui&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica dos membros inferiores (ITB), aumento da rigidez arterial e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica com concomitante aumento do tempo gasto em comportamento sedent&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Os resultados tamb&#233;m indicam uma acentuada piora do perfil cl&#237;nico na nossa amostra, com aumento da preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento. Tamb&#233;m foram observadas redu&#231;&#227;o do ITB e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bem como aumento da rigidez arterial. Como esses fatores est&#227;o altamente relacionados &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> as altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil cl&#237;nico e nos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares observadas ao longo do tempo em pacientes com DAP podem explicar potencialmente o progn&#243;stico grave desses pacientes. Dessa maneira, esses resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia de estrat&#233;gias agressivas de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, incluindo modifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco, terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria, terapia hipolipemiante, tratamento anti-hipertensivo e, principalmente, aumento nos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> De fato, estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que atividade f&#237;sica regular melhorou diversos par&#226;metros de sa&#250;de em pacientes com DAP, tais como capacidade de caminhar, fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, inflama&#231;&#227;o e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio da hemoglobina do m&#250;sculo da panturrilha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes de atividade f&#237;sica para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral e com DAP recomendam praticar pelo menos 150 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica moderada, 75 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o equivalente de atividade f&#237;sica moderada a vigorosa semanalmente para promover benef&#237;cios gerais &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No presente estudo, durante o acompanhamento de 2 anos, os pacientes aumentaram o tempo sedent&#225;rio em 7%, enquanto a atividade f&#237;sica leve baixa, leve alta, moderada a vigorosa e total, diminu&#237;ram 7%, 10%, 38% e 10%, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, foi observada redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% dos pacientes que atenderam &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes de atividade f&#237;sica ap&#243;s 2 anos de acompanhamento (7,8% versus 3,9%). Esses resultados s&#227;o alarmantes, tendo em vista que as diretrizes para pacientes com DAP s&#227;o claras ao recomendar a atividade f&#237;sica regular como um tratamento cl&#237;nico inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Dessa maneira, como a maioria de nossos pacientes n&#227;o modificou ou mesmo piorou seus n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica, surge a necessidade de explorar estrat&#233;gias para compreender as poss&#237;veis barreiras e criar novas estrat&#233;gias para promover a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica nesses pacientes.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o observamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade f&#237;sica com nenhum dos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares durante o acompanhamento de 2 anos. Esses resultados contrastam com a nossa hip&#243;tese inicial de que as altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade f&#237;sica estariam associadas aos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a maioria de nossos pacientes j&#225; estava fisicamente inativa na linha de base e apenas 3,9% atenderam &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#237;nimas de atividade f&#237;sica durante o acompanhamento. Assim, esses n&#237;veis mais baixos de atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o foram suficientes para promover altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com DAP durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>Este estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise de um acompanhamento de 2 anos. Os resultados s&#227;o preliminares e requerem investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais em um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento maior e em uma amostra maior. O significado cl&#237;nico do presente estudo &#233; que esses pacientes apresentaram perfil cardiovascular comprometido e atividade f&#237;sica reduzida ap&#243;s 2 anos e esses resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia de desenvolver e implementar estrat&#233;gias para enfrentar esses fatores de risco com o objetivo de reduzir o risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o com DAP.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser mencionadas. Tivemos uma perda significativa de dados de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca devido &#224; presen&#231;a de arritmias card&#237;acas ou marca-passos, o que pode ter afetado o poder de inferir causa e efeito para essas vari&#225;veis. Em alguns pacientes, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel coletar os dados da tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o devido ao pulso femoral n&#227;o detect&#225;vel (pulso fraco ou inexistente). Tivemos altas taxas de desist&#234;ncia durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, o que pode incorrer em um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, pontos fortes do nosso estudo incluem o desenho longitudinal de 2 anos, an&#225;lise mais robusta dos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular e a medi&#231;&#227;o objetiva dos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os pacientes com DAP apresentaram n&#237;veis reduzidos de atividade f&#237;sica e comprometimento em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s 2 anos. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade f&#237;sica com os par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular ao longo de 2 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq - 4097072016-3.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Francielly Monteiro pelo Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Longitudinal Changes in Physical Activity Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Parameters in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1146-628X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Francielly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giuliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Mesquita Longano de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2060-8852</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cucato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Grizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Newcastle upon Tyne</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Gabriel Grizzo Cucato &#8226; Department of Sport, Exercise &amp; Rehabilitation &#8211; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences - Northumbria University &#8211; Room 318, Northumberland Building Newcastle Upon Tyne &#8211; NE1 8ST &#8211; United Kingdom E-mail: <email>gacucato@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Authors Contribution</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ritti-Dias RM, Cucato GG; Acquisition of data: Monteiro F, Correia MA, Oliveira PML; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Monteiro F, Correia MA, Farah BQ, Ritti-Dias RM, Cucato GG; Statistical analysis: Monteiro F, Correia MA, Farah BQ, Oliveira PML; Writing of the manuscript: Monteiro F, Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Previous cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that physical activity is associated with lower cardiovascular risk in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, it is not possible to establish causality, and longitudinal design studies are required.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the changes in cardiovascular risk parameters and physical activity levels after a 2-year follow-up in patients with symptomatic PAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study started in 2015. In the first phase, 268 patients were included. In the second phase, after 2 years (median = 26 months), 72 patients were re-evaluated. Cardiovascular risk parameters, such as blood pressure, cardiac autonomic modulation, and arterial stiffness, and physical activity levels were measured at baseline and after 2 years of follow-up. Association among delta changes (values from follow-up &#8211; baseline) in physical activity and cardiovascular parameters were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients reduced their total physical activity levels compared to baseline (baseline = 2257.6 &#177; 774.5 versus follow-up = 2041 &#177; 676.2 min/week, p = 0.001). After follow-up, ankle-brachial index (0.62 &#177; 0.20 versus 0.54 &#177; 0.20, p = 0.003), and standard deviation of all RR intervals (43.4 &#177; 27.0 versus 25.1 &#177; 13.4 ms, p &lt; 0.001) were lower, whereas carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was higher (9.0 &#177; 3.0 versus 10.7 &#177; 3.4 m/s, p = 0.002) compared to baseline values. We did not observe any association among delta values of physical activity levels and cardiovascular risk parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patients with PAD had reduced physical activity levels and impaired cardiovascular risk parameters during 2-year follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Peripheral Arterial Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular System</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>4097072016-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by CNPq - 4097072016-3.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Intermittent claudication is the main symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD), and it is characterized by pain, cramps, or a burning sensation that affects lower limbs during physical activity, especially while walking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with PAD and intermittent claudication symptoms present limited mobility, poor control of cardiovascular parameters,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and impaired quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Physical activity has been recommended to improve functional capacity and cardiovascular function in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In fact, patients with symptomatic PAD and higher levels of physical activity present better functional capacity and a lower risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to sedentary patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, due to the cross-sectional design of these studies, it is not possible to establish causality, and longitudinal design studies are required. Also, it is unknown whether alterations in these parameters occur during follow-up in PAD patients.</p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the longitudinal changes in physical activity and cardiovascular risk parameters after a 2-year follow-up in patients with PAD. We also analyzed whether changes in physical activity levels are associated with changes in cardiovascular risk parameters after a 2-year follow-up. We hypothesized that changes in physical activity levels would be associated with better cardiovascular risk parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a longitudinal study that started in 2015, consisting of 2 phases. In the first phase of the study, 268 patients were included and submitted to measurements of physical activity (accelerometry), functional capacity, and cardiovascular risk parameters (clinical blood pressure, central blood pressure, cardiac autonomic modulation, and arterial stiffness). After 2 years, all patients included in the first phase were invited to phase 2.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample recruitment, screening, and sizing</title>
          <p>Patients were recruited at hospitals in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The inclusion criteria were: age &gt; 45 years of both sexes, ankle-brachial index (ABI) &lt; 0.90 in one or both limbs, and presence of intermittent claudication symptoms. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Before data collection, patients were informed about the procedures involved in the study, and they signed an informed consent form.</p>
          <p>Before and after the 2-year follow-up, patients underwent evaluations in 2 visits with an interval of at least 7 days. During the first visit, clinical, socio-demographic, and functional capacity data were obtained, and all patients received a physical activity monitor GT3X+ triaxial accelerometer (Actigraph, Pensacola, FL, USA). During the second visit, measurements of cardiovascular risk parameters such as clinical blood pressure, central blood pressure, cardiac autonomic modulation, and arterial stiffness were obtained. This session started between 1:00 and 2:00 pm, and patients were given the following instructions: eat a light meal, do not exercise at least 24 hours before the day of the evaluation, do not drink any alcoholic or caffeinated drinks, do not smoke 12 hours before the session, and maintain a normal routine of eating and taking their medication.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical activity level</title>
          <p>Physical activity levels were obtained using a GT3X+ triaxial accelerometer (Actigraph, Pensacola, FL, USA). All patients received instructions to use the accelerometer for 7 consecutive days, removing it only for sleeping or bathing. The device was attached to an elastic belt and fixed to the right side of the hip. For analysis, a minimum of 10 hours of daily physical activity recordings was necessary. They were considered valid if they had at least 4 days of activity: 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day. The data were collected in the frequency of 30 Hz and were analyzed using 60-second epochs. Periods with consecutive values of 0 (with a 2 min spike tolerance) for 60 min or longer were interpreted as &#8220;accelerometer not worn&#8221; and excluded from the analysis. The average of total time spent at each intensity of physical activity was calculated using the cutoff points specific to older people,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> adapted by Buman et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> considering sedentary time as 0 to 99 counts/min; low-light physical activity as 100 to 1040 counts/min, high-light physical activity as 1041 to 1951 counts/min, and moderate to vigorous physical activity as &#8805; 1952 counts/min using the vertical axis, analyzed in min/day, adjusting for the time and number of days the device was worn. Additionally, we also calculated the percentage of patients who met the current physical activity recommendations (&#8805; 150 min/week) at baseline and after 2 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Functional capacity</title>
          <p>A 6-minute walk test was conducted in a 30-meter long corridor, following the protocol previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Two cones were placed 30 meters apart, and patients were instructed to walk as many laps around the cones as possible. They were also instructed to inform when claudication symptoms (pain, discomfort, cramps, and tiredness) occurred in order to determine claudication onset distance. In addition, the total walking distance was defined as the maximum distance completed by the patient at the end of the 6-minute walk test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Office blood pressure</title>
          <p>Office blood pressure was measured using a monitor (HEM-742, Omron Healthcare, Japan), which consists of an electronic and digital arm blood pressure device with automatic deflation and inflation. For this, patients remained in a sitting position for at least 10 minutes. Three consecutive measurements were taken, 1 minute apart, on both arms, with adequate cuff size. The value used was the average of the 3 measurements, as recommended by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Central blood pressure</title>
          <p>Central blood pressure was measured by radial artery by pulse wave analysis using the applanation tonometry technique (SphymoCor, AtCor Medical, Australia). After at least 15 minutes of rest in the supine position, 11 seconds of radial central blood pressure wave recording were used. After this procedure, the SphygmoCor &#174; software derives the ascending aorta pressure wave, equivalent to the pressure wave measured by an invasive catheter, obtaining systolic and diastolic central blood pressure. For better measurement accuracy, only values with indexes greater than 90% were considered valid.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arterial stiffness</title>
          <p>Arterial stiffness was estimated by carotid-femoral aortic pulse wave velocity using the applanation tonometry technique, following the recommendations of the American Heart Association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The carotid-femoral aortic pulse wave velocity was recorded sequentially by transcutaneous transducers positioned above the carotid artery and the right femoral artery, using an applanation tonometry apparatus (Sphygmocor, AtCor Medical, Australia). Electrocardiography recording was obtained simultaneously with carotid-femoral aortic pulse wave measurements as a reference standard for calculating wave transit time. Two surface distances were measured by the investigator: one between the recording point in the carotid artery and the sternal notch (distance 1) and the other between the sternal notch and femoral artery (distance 2). The distance travelled by the pulse wave was calculated as: distance 2 &#8722; distance 1. Carotid-femoral aortic pulse wave velocity was calculated as: carotid-femoral aortic pulse wave velocity = &#188; * distance travelled by pulse wave (m) / transit time (s).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac autonomic modulation</title>
          <p>Cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed by the heart rate variability technique. For this, patients remained at rest, lying down for 15 minutes and the RR intervals were recorded using a heart rate monitor (Polar V800, Polar Electro, Finland). For analysis, the first 5 minutes were excluded, and those with at least 10 minutes of steady signal were considered valid signals. After collection, RR intervals were exported to Kubios HRV program (Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, Finland) and then analyzed in time and frequency domains. Time-domain parameters were: standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDNN), root mean square of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (RMSSD), and percentage of adjacent intervals over 50 ms (PNN50).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Frequency domain parameters were obtained by the spectral analysis technique using the autoregressive method. Frequencies between 0.04 and 0.4 Hz were considered physiologically significant; the low-frequency component is represented by oscillations between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz, and the high-frequency component by those between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz. The power of each spectral component was calculated in normalized terms, dividing the power of each band by the total power, from which the very low frequency (&lt; 0.04 Hz) band value was subtracted, and the result was multiplied by 100.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software and SPSS/PASW version 20 (IBM Corp, New York, NY, USA). Normality data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were summarized as mean and standard deviation (normal distribution data) or median and interquartile range (non-normal distribution data), whereas categorical variables were summarized as absolute numbers and percentages, with the respective confidence intervals.</p>
          <p>Clinical characteristics at baseline and follow-up were compared using the paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank for continuous variables and the McNemar test for categorical variables. Associations among the delta changes (values from follow-up &#8211; baseline) in physical activity and cardiovascular parameters were analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for sex, age, changes in antihypertensive medication, ABI, weight, and walking capacity, which are classical confounders in PAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Residual analysis was performed. Homoscedasticity was analyzed by graphical analysis (scatterplot), and adherence to normal distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Multicollinearity analysis was performed assuming variance inflation factors less than 5 and tolerance below 0.20. For analyses, significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The recruitment of the study was conducted between September 2015 and November 2017 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). In the first phase of the study, 268 patients underwent baseline measurements. In the second phase of the study, 96 patients agreed to participate, and 24 of those patients were not eligible because of missing data on physical activity. Therefore, the final sample of this study comprises 72 patients.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the study.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0059-10386-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of patients at baseline and follow-up. After 2 years, we observed a decrease in ABI during follow-up.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of patients with peripheral artery disease (n = 72)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Follow-up</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">74.5&#177;13.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73.7&#177;12.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Body mass index (kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27.5&#177;4.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27.3&#177;4.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.357</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Ankle-brachial index</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.62&#177;0.20</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.53&#177;0.20</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Six-minute walk test</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">350&#177;90</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">364&#177;105</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.257</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Comorbid conditions</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.375</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">82.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">86.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.500</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">84.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">91.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Obesity (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Coronary artery disease (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.523</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Stroke (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Heart failure (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.607</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Cancer (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medication</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Antiplatelet (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">89.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">84.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.549</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ACE inhibitor (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Angiotensin-receptor antagonist (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.727</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Calcium-channel blocker (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">22.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diuretic (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.648</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Beta-blockers (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">50.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Statins (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">90.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.774</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypoglycemics (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.727</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Peripheral vasodilator (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or relative frequency. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref> shows data on total physical activity at the baseline and follow-up period. After 2 years, we observed a significant reduction in time spent in total physical activity and an increase in sedentary time compared to baseline values.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Physical activity level of patients at baseline and follow-up (n = 72)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Follow-up</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sedentary time</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4178 (962)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4442 (809)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Low-light PA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2055 (904)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1851 (662)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">High-light PA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2257.6 &#177; 774.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2041 &#177; 676.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Moderate to vigorous PA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">85 (177)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (79)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total PA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2257.6 &#177; 774.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2041 &#177; 676.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Met PA recommendations (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (7.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (3.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.250</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Data presented as median (interquartile range) or as mean &#177; standard deviation. PA: physical activity.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref> shows data on cardiovascular risk parameters at baseline and follow-up. We observed an increase in carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and a decrease in SDNN in follow-up when compared to baseline values.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiovascular risk parameters at baseline and follow-up (n = 72)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">n</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">n</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Follow-up</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Resting HR (bpm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64.4&#177; 11.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">67.7 &#177; 17.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Brachial SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">133.3 &#177; 21.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">132.5 &#177; 21.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Brachial DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73.0 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72.7 &#177; 10.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Central BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">130.9 &#177; 22.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">128.0 &#177; 21.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Central DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">75.2 &#177; 9.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">74.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55.7 &#177; 182</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">52.5 &#177; 18.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">AIx (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32.3 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30.6 &#177; 13.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">AIx 75 bpm (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.6 &#177; 9.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.9 &#177; 10.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Cf-PWV (m/s)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.4 (3.21)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11.5 (6.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SDNN (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45.6 &#177; 31.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24.3 &#177; 13.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31.7 (29.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21.1 (33.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PNN50 (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5.8 (16.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.1 (18.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LF (un)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63.2 (32.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61.4 (24.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HF (un)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36.8 (32.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38.6 (24.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LF/HF</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.71 (3.11)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.56 (1.69)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.69</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or as median (interquartile range). AIx: augmentation index; BP: blood pressure; Cf-PWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HF: high frequency; HR: heart rate; LF: low frequency; PNN50: percentage of adjacent intervals over 50 ms; PP: pulse pressure; RMSSD: root mean square of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SDNN: standard deviation of all RR intervals.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We did not observe any association between sedentary time and physical activity with delta values of office and central blood pressure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>), arterial stiffness indicators, and heart rate variability parameters after 2-year follow-up in patients with symptomatic PAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relationship between sedentary and physical activity with changes in office and central blood pressure after 2-year follow-up in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (n = 72)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Independent variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">Models</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; Office SBP<break/>N=72</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; Office DBP<break/>N=72</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; Central SBP<break/>N=62</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; Central DBP<break/>N=62</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">&#916; Sedentary time (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Crude</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.045</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.707</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.079</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.512</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.085</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.518</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.113</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.172</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.254</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.117</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.907</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.235</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.183</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.211</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">&#916; Low-light PA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Crude</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.075</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.531</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.055</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.646</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.109</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.407</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.106</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.419</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.193</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.202</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.010</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.947</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.256</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.146</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.196</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">&#916; High-light PA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Crude</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.933</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.005</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.274</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.906</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.726</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.895</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.005</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.357</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.003</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.843</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.784</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">&#916; MVPA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Crude</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.054</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.653</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.039</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.746</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.042</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.749</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.122</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.352</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.250</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.098</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.227</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.120</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.194</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.270</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.044</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.806</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>All analyses were adjusted for sex, age, changes in antihypertensive medication, ankle-brachial index, weight, and walking capacity. b: standardized coefficients; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; PA: physical activity; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relationship between sedentary and physical activity with changes arterial stiffness indicators and heart rate variability parameters after 2-year follow-up in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (n = 72)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="7%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Independent variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">Models</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; Cf-PWV<break/>N=43</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; AIx<break/>N=60</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; SDNN<break/>N=39</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; LF/HF<break/>N=39</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; LF<break/>N=39</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">&#916; HF<break/>N=39</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">b</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">&#916; Sedentary time (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Crude</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.148</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.349</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.129</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.331</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.004</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.557</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.087</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.608</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.923</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.923</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.003</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.989</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.100</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.568</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.007</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.458</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.061</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.842</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.841</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.841</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">&#916; Low-light PA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Crude</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.154</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.330</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.168</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.203</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.003</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.596</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.081</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.634</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.837</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.018</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.936</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.188</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.279</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.010</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.416</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.066</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.829</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.911</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.911</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">&#916; High-light PA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Crude</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.008</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.245</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.023</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.179</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.506</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.003</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.814</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.003</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.814</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.477</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.006</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.443</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.019</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.359</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.444</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.021</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.286</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.021</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">&#916; MVPA (min/week)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Crude</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.070</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.660</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.150</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.256</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.007</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.901</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.240</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.153</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.042</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.352</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.042</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.352</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.028</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.897</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.038</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.194</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.019</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.773</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.196</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.415</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.015</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.814</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.015</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.814</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>All analyses were adjusted for sex, age, changes in antihypertensive medication, ankle-brachial index, weight, and walking capacity. AIx: augmentation index; b: standardized coefficients; Cf-PWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; HF: high frequency; LF: low frequency; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; PA: physical activity; SDNN: standard deviation of all RR intervals.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results of this study indicate that important changes in cardiovascular risk parameters and physical activity occurs after 2 years in patients with symptomatic PAD. These changes include increases in the prevalence of comorbid conditions, decreases in lower limb hemodynamic (ABI), increases in arterial stiffness, and reductions in physical activity levels with a concomitant increase in time spent in sedentary behavior.</p>
        <p>The results also indicate a marked worsening in the clinical profile in our sample, with an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors after a 2-year follow-up. Reduced ABI and heart rate variability and increased arterial stiffness were also observed. As these factors are highly related to cardiovascular mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> the alterations in clinical profile and cardiovascular parameters observed over time in patients with PAD may potentially explain the severe prognosis of these patients. Thus, these results highlight the importance of aggressive secondary prevention strategies, including risk factor modification, antiplatelet therapy, lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensive treatment, and especially increased physical activity levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In fact, previous studies have shown that regular physical activity improved different health parameters in PAD, such as walking ability, vascular function, inflammation, and calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Physical activity guidelines for the general and PAD population recommend engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity, 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate to vigorous physical activity weekly to promote overall health benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In the present study, during the 2-year follow-up, patients increased their sedentary time 7% while in low-light, high-light, moderate to vigorous, and total physical activity, they decreased 7%, 10%, 38%, and 10%, respectively. In addition, a reduction of 50% of patients who met the recommendations for physical activity guidelines was observed after a 2-year follow-up (7.8% versus 3.9%). These results are alarming since the guidelines for patients with PAD are clear in recommending regular physical activity as an initial clinical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Thus, as most of our patients did not modify or even worsened their physical activity levels, this raises the need to explore strategies to understand the barrier and create new strategies to promote engagement in physical activity in these patients.</p>
        <p>We did not observe an association between changes in physical activity with any of the cardiovascular parameters during the 2-year follow-up. These results contrast with our initial hypothesis that changes in physical activity would be associated with cardiovascular risk parameters. A possible explanation is that most of our patients were already physically inactive at baseline, and only 3.9% met the minimum physical activity recommendations during the follow-up. Thus, these lower levels of physical activity were not enough to promote changes in cardiovascular risk parameters in patients with PAD during the follow-up period.</p>
        <p>This study is an analysis of a 2-year follow-up, and the results are preliminary and require further investigations at a longer follow-up period and in a larger sample size. The clinical significance of the present study is that these patients presented impaired cardiovascular profile and reduced physical activity after 2 years, and these results highlight the importance of developing and delivering clinical strategies to tackle these risk factors with the aim of reducing cardiovascular risk in the PAD population.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations that should be mentioned. We had a significant loss of heart rate variability data due to the presence of cardiac arrhythmias or pacemakers, which may have affected the power to infer cause and effect for these variables. In some patients, it was not possible to collect the applanation tonometry data because of a non-detectable femoral pulse (weak or nonexistent pulse). We had high dropout rates during the follow-up period, which may incur a selection bias. On the other hand, strong aspects of our study include the 2-year longitudinal design, more robust analysis of cardiovascular risk parameters, and the objective measurement of physical activity levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Patients with PAD had reduced physical activity levels and impaired cardiovascular risk parameters after 2 years. In addition, there was no association of changes in physical activity with cardiovascular risk parameters over the 2-year follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by CNPq - 4097072016-3.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Francielly Monteiro, from Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
