<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">94vvnS3nr3hbvZrcmKX85Kf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005005202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000700048</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210275</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210275</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Oclus&#227;o do Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo com a Pr&#243;tese Lambre: Experi&#234;ncia Multic&#234;ntrica Inicial no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6004-4959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2434-2561</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerios</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1157-3405</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Peralta e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4874-9999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fuks</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6443-8632</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>R&#244;mulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado &#8211; Cardiologia Intervencionista, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">INTERCAT</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">INTERCAT - Cardiologia Intervencionista, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco Chami&#233; &#8226; INTERCAT &#8211; Cardiologia Intervencionista. Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225; 550/ sala 2011 &#8211; Ipanema &#8211; CEP: 22.410-901. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil E-mail: <email>chamief@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chamie F, Guerios E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chamie F, Guerios E, Silva DP, Fuks V, Torres R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Dr. Francisco Chamie &#8211; proctor de oclus&#227;o de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo para Lifetech Scientific</p>
          <p>Dr. Enio Guerios &#8211; proctor de oclus&#227;o de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo para Lifetech Scientific</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>48</fpage>
      <lpage>56</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) tem se mostrado uma alternativa &#224; terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO) para preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar (FANV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Descrever os primeiros resultados de uma experi&#234;ncia inicial multic&#234;ntrica no Brasil e investigar a viabilidade, a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da oclus&#227;o do AAE com o novo dispositivo LAmbre.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Coletamos dados do procedimento e do acompanhamento de 51 pacientes consecutivos com FANV, restri&#231;&#245;es para ACO em longo prazo e com anatomia adequada, submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o do AAE com o dispositivo LAmbre em 18 centros no Brasil. Indica&#231;&#245;es para o procedimento foram: sangramento importante em pacientes recebendo ACO (47,1%), AVC ou trombo persistente no AAE apesar de ACO adequada (27.5%), sangramento e AVC (17.6%), outras contraindica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas apara ACO (5,9%), e escolha do paciente devido &#224; pr&#225;tica esportiva (1,9%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram estudados 25 homens (49%) e 26 mulheres (51%), com idade m&#233;dia de 76&#177;7,7 anos, escore CHA2DS2-VASc m&#233;dio de 4,6&#177; 1,7 e escore HAS-BLED m&#233;dio de 3.4&#177; 1,1. A taxa de sucesso do procedimento foi de 100%. As complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas relacionadas ao procedimento foram derrame peric&#225;rdico em dois pacientes, e emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo em um caso. N&#227;o foram observados shunts residuais &gt; 5mm. Shunts &lt; 5mm foram detectados em quatro pacientes por Doppler colorido ao final do procedimento. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 18 meses &#177; 12 meses, n&#227;o foram observados &#243;bito, AVC ou complica&#231;&#245;es maiores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A oclus&#227;o do AAE com o dispositivo LAmbre foi segura e eficaz nesta pequena s&#233;rie de casos. Apesar desses resultados iniciais encorajadores, dado o pequeno n&#250;mero de casos, ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos com um maior per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ap&#234;ndice Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A oclus&#227;o transcateter do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) tem se tornado cada vez mais popular como alternativa &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para profilaxia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar (FANV).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO), seja com antagonistas de vitamina K (AVK) ou com anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOAC), &#233; uma terapia efetiva para preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Infelizmente, a ades&#227;o aos DOACs em longo prazo, subprescri&#231;&#227;o e complica&#231;&#245;es, impedem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa terapia por um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes. Assim, a necessidade de uma forma n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica de profilaxia aumentou no decorrer dos anos.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando que mais de 90% dos trombos atriais formados como consequ&#234;ncia da FANV est&#227;o localizados na por&#231;&#227;o trabecular do ap&#234;ndice atrial, a oclus&#227;o do AAE parece ser uma op&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Inicialmente proposto como um procedimento cir&#250;rgico, a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea &#233; atualmente realizada em todo o mundo, e diferentes dispositivos e t&#233;cnicas est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. Ensaios randomizados mostraram que a oclus&#227;o do AAE n&#227;o &#233; inferior &#224; varfarina e aos DOACs em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o de AVC e embolismo sist&#234;mico, e superior &#224; varfarina quanto &#224; mortalidade tardia.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O LAmbre &#233; um dispositivo de oclus&#227;o do AAE lan&#231;ado no Brasil em 2018, depois dos dispositivos Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) e Watchman Filter. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de descrever os resultados do primeiro registro multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro do uso do LAmbre para oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC em pacientes com FANV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Entre maio de 2018 e novembro de 2020, foram estudados, prospectivamente, pacientes consecutivos, submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o de AAE utilizando o dispositivo LAmbre em 18 centros no Brasil. Muitos desses procedimentos foram realizados sob supervis&#227;o de um preceptor. Todos os pacientes apresentaram FANV e uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o relativa ou absoluta para terapia com DOACs em longo prazo &#8211; a &#250;nica exce&#231;&#227;o foi um paciente que se recusou a receber DOACs por prefer&#234;ncia pessoal. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos previamente &#224; ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) ou &#224; tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (TCC) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o, da morfologia, e da zona de implante do AAE, e presen&#231;a de trombos.</p>
      <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral e intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. Foram administrados heparina n&#227;o fracionada (100 mg/kg ou 10 000 Unidades Internacionais) e profilaxia com antibi&#243;tico (2g de Cefazolina intravenosa) a todos os pacientes, seguido de 1g de Cefazolina intravenosa, dose &#250;nica, seis horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Os procedimentos foram monitorados por ETE e fluoroscopia.</p>
      <p>Depois de se obter acesso venoso femoral, realizou-se pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal com agulha Brockenbrough, posicionando-a na regi&#227;o inferior e posterior da fossa oval. A press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi registrada imediatamente ap&#243;s seu acesso; em caso de valores inferiores a 10mmHg, solu&#231;&#227;o salina era infundida rapidamente para restaurar os di&#226;metros reais do AAE. Um cateter angiogr&#225;fico <italic>Pigtail</italic> (5F) foi posicionado dentro do AAE para obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita cranial e caudal. Ap&#243;s angiografia, um fio-guia Super-Stiff J-Tip (0,035&#8221;/260 cm) foi cuidadosamente introduzido dentro do AAE atrav&#233;s do cateter <italic>Pigtail</italic>. O tamanho do dispositivo foi confirmado por angiografia intraoperat&#243;ria e ETE e deveria ser 2-8 mm maior que a zona de implanta&#231;&#227;o. O dispositivo foi implantado usando a bainha longa indicada para o tamanho do dispositivo escolhido. A t&#233;cnica de implante foi descrita previamente.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram mantidos na UTI durante toda a noite, e tiveram alta hospitalar no dia seguinte ap&#243;s outro ETE, na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Foram prescritos aspirina (100 mg) e clopidogrel (75 mg) ap&#243;s o procedimento. O Clopidogrel foi interrompido ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses, e o uso cont&#237;nuo da aspirina prescrito em seguida. O ETE de acompanhamento foi realizado aos tr&#234;s meses e seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Dispositivo Lambre&#174;</title>
        <p>O LAmbre&#174; (Lifetech Scientific, Shenzhen, China) &#233; um dispositivo formado por uma malha de nitinol autoexpans&#237;vel, coberta por nitreto de tit&#226;nio (TiN). O dispositivo &#233; composto por tr&#234;s partes: um disco que cobre o &#243;stio do AAE, um pino conector, e uma estrutura de fixa&#231;&#227;o composta por 8 bra&#231;os em formato de guarda-chuva (<italic>umbrella</italic>) e pequenos ganchos que prende o dispositivo no corpo do AAE, aumentando a estabilidade. Os bra&#231;os do umbrella se armam com um movimento de rota&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada. e suas pontas atraum&#225;ticas, quando totalmente abertas, envolvem as trab&#233;culas do AAE, e os pequenos ganchos distais se conectam &#224; parede do AAE, aumentando a estabilidade do dispositivo. O disco &#233; configurado para cobrir totalmente o &#243;stio do AAE. Tanto o <italic>umbrella</italic> como o disco possuem tecido de tereftalato de polietileno costurado em seu interior (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). Ainda, o dispositivo LAmbre&#174; tem duas vers&#245;es: o modelo padr&#227;o e o modelo especial.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dispositivo LAmbre&#174;: guarda-chuva (umbrella) e disco conectados por um pino central (&#224; esquerda). Os bra&#231;os possuem pontas arredondadas atraum&#225;ticas que envolvem a por&#231;&#227;o trabecular do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) e pequenos ganchos que se fixam &#224; parede do AAE. O disco cobre o &#243;stio do AAE e se conecta ao guarda-chuva por um pino, sem visualiza&#231;&#227;o do parafuso na superf&#237;cie externa do disco. &#192; direita, fluoroscopia ap&#243;s o implante do dispositivo LAmbre&#174;.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No LAmbre&#174; do tipo padr&#227;o, o tamanho do <italic>umbrella</italic> varia entre 16 e 36 mm, com aumentos de dois em dois mil&#237;metros, com discos 6 mm maiores que os <italic>umbrellas</italic> de 16-30mm ou 4 mm maiores que os <italic>umbrellas</italic> de 32-36 mm. No tipo especial, o tamanho do <italic>umbrella</italic> varia entre 16 e 26 mm, com aumentos de dois em dois mil&#237;metros, com discos 14 mm maiores que os <italic>umbrellas</italic> de 16-18 mm ou 12 mm maiores que os <italic>umbrellas</italic> de 20-26 mm.</p>
        <p>O sistema de entrega &#233; composto de bainhas com dupla curvatura (45 e 30 graus) com calibres variando de 8F a 10F, e um cabo de entrega com sistema de rosca. Vale ressaltar que o parafuso sobre a superf&#237;cie do disco fica recuado, para prevenir a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo sobre o pr&#243;prio dispositivo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os eventos s&#227;o expressos como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa SPSS / PASW (IBM Corp, NY, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram selecionados consecutivamente 51 pacientes (25 homens) para oclus&#227;o do AAE com o dispositivo LAmbre em 18 centros no Brasil. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 76 &#177; 7,7 anos. Os valores m&#233;dios dos escores CHA2DS2-VASc e HAS-BLED foram 4,6&#177;1,7 e 3,4&#177;1,1, respectivamente. As indica&#231;&#245;es para o procedimento foram sangramento importante (principalmente cerebral ou gastrointestinal) em 24 pacientes (47,0%), AVC apesar de ACO oral adequada em 13 (25,5%) e sangramento e AVC em nove pacientes (17,6%). Outras indica&#231;&#245;es para oclus&#227;o do AAE foram contraindica&#231;&#227;o para ACO em tr&#234;s casos, trombo no AAE apesar de ACO adequada em um caso e escolha do paciente (por pr&#225;tica de esportes) em outro.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes (n=51)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Resultado*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 7,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">26 (51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Permanente</td>
                <td align="center">26 (51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Persistente</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Parox&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">24 (47)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore HASBLED</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indica&#231;&#245;es para oclus&#227;o do AAE</td>
                <td align="center">62 (68,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sangramento importante</td>
                <td align="center">24 (47)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> AVC apesar de TAO adequada</td>
                <td align="center">13 (25,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sangramento + AVC</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Contraindica&#231;&#227;o para TAO</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Trombo persistente no AAE apesar de TAO adequada</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Escolha do paciente</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*M&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;meros absolutos (porcentagem). AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; TAO: terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os dados do procedimento est&#227;o descritos da <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>. O tamanho da zona de implante (<italic>landing zone</italic>) foi 23,84&#177;4,5 mm e o tamanho m&#233;dio do dispositivo implantado foi 27&#177;5,1 mm &#8211; portanto, o tamanho do dispositivo implantado foi em m&#233;dia 3,7 mm maior do que a zona de implante do AAE. O tipo padr&#227;o do dispositivo o foi usado na maioria (94,1%) dos pacientes e o tipo especial usado nos demais (5,9%). Os tamanhos dos dispositivos padr&#227;o foi 28-34mm (n=9), 24-30mm (n=7), 30-34mm (n=6), 26-32mm (n=5), 34-38mm (n=5), 22-28mm (n=4), 32-36mm (n=4), 36-40mm (n=4), 18-24mm (n=2), e 20-26mm (n=2). Os tamanhos do dispositivo especial foram 16-30mm, 22-34mm e 24-36mm.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados dos procedimentos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Resultado*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Acesso</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Transeptal</td>
                <td align="center">48 (94,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> FOP / DAS</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Zona de implante (landing zone) (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">23,8 &#177; 4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispositivo implantado</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Tamanho (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 5,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Tipo padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">48 (94,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Tipo especial</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispositivos por procedimento (n)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 1</td>
                <td align="center">45 (88,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 2</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sucesso</td>
                <td align="center">51 (100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Shunt residual</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">47 (92,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> &lt; 5mm</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> &gt; 5mm</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> &#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> AVC</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sangramento maior</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Derrame peric&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Emboliza&#231;&#227;o (removido)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*M&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;meros absolutos (porcentagem) FOP: forame oval patente; DAS: defeito do septo atrial; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O primeiro dispositivo escolhido foi implantado em 45 pacientes (88,2%), e seis pacientes (11,8%) necessitaram de mais de um implante &#8211; em dois casos, o dispositivo primeiramente escolhido foi danificado durante o carregamento por operadores inexperientes e precisou ser substitu&#237;do. Medidas incorretas levaram &#224; necessidade de retirada e substitui&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo por outro compat&#237;vel com as dimens&#245;es do AAE em tr&#234;s pacientes. Um paciente apresentava AAE em formato de asa de galinha, e uma segunda pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal em um ponto mais baixo, seguida de implante de um dispositivo menor, foi necess&#225;ria para oclus&#227;o completa do ap&#234;ndice.</p>
      <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes eram portadores de forame oval patente (FOP). Em dois desses pacientes, o acesso ao &#225;trio esquerdo foi obtido atrav&#233;s do FOP. O terceiro paciente apresentava o AAE em formato de asa de galinha, e impediu a coaxialidade da bainha de entrega. Realizou-se pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, e o procedimento foi conduzido sem maiores dificuldades. O FOP foi fechado em dois desses casos com dispositivos espec&#237;ficos (CERA PFO 25-18 mm em um caso; e CERA MF ASD 25-25mm no outro) (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>). Outro paciente apresentava um defeito do septo atrial, que foi oclu&#237;do durante o mesmo procedimento com um dispositivo Occlutech ASD 33mm.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) fechado atrav&#233;s do forame oval patente (FOP). &#192; esquerda: dispositivo LAmbre ocluindo o AAE e um segundo dispositivo ocluindo o FOP. &#192; direita: a mesma imagem vista por ecocardiografia esof&#225;gica 3D.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Dois pacientes tiveram como complica&#231;&#227;o a forma&#231;&#227;o de derrames peric&#225;rdicos. Em um deles, o ap&#234;ndice foi perfurado pelo fio guia r&#237;gido. Realizou-se drenagem peric&#225;rdica imediata seguida pelo implante de uma pr&#243;tese LAmbre 20-26mm que, no entanto, sofreu emboliza&#231;&#227;o imediata. Uma segunda pr&#243;tese 34-38mm foi implantada com parada da progress&#227;o do derrame. A primeira pr&#243;tese foi removida da aorta descendente no dia seguinte. Em um segundo paciente, derrame peric&#225;rdico com tamponamento card&#237;aco ocorreu poucas horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, devido &#224; perfura&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar principal pelos ganchos do dispositivo. Realizou-se drenagem cir&#250;rgica, e o paciente se recuperou sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
      <p>Um paciente foi submetido &#224; oclus&#227;o do AAE com dispositivo Watchman, mas sofreu um AVC poucos meses depois devido &#224; presen&#231;a de um segundo grande lobo que inadvertidamente n&#227;o foi abordado no primeiro procedimento. Meses depois, um dispositivo LAmbre foi implantado durante um segundo procedimento, com completa oclus&#227;o do AAE (<xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#192; esquerda: Dispositivo Watchman implantado no lobo inferior do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE); o lobo superior permaneceu descoberto. &#192; direita: dispositivo Watchman dentro do lobo inferior e o dispositivo LAmbre implantado no lobo direito com o disco ocluindo completamente o &#243;stio do AAE. N&#227;o foi observado shunt residual imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Um paciente de 86 anos de idade havia se submetido &#224; cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio e implante de marcapasso. O paciente tamb&#233;m apresentou estenose a&#243;rtica grave, que foi tratada com implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI). Uma semana ap&#243;s o TAVI, o paciente apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca grave devido &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral importante, e foi submetido ao implante de Mitraclip e LAmbre durante o mesmo procedimento cir&#250;rgico (<xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Paciente de 86 anos de idade com v&#225;rias interven&#231;&#245;es: bypass coron&#225;rio (CABG), implante de marcapasso, implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, Mitraclip e dispositivo LAmbre ocluindo o ap&#234;ndice atrial. O implante do Mitraclip e a oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foram realizados durante a mesma cirurgia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O implante do dispositivo foi poss&#237;vel em todos os casos. N&#227;o houve presen&#231;a de shunts residuais significativos (&gt;5 mm), embora shunts pequenos (&lt;5mm) foram detectados por Doppler colorido em quatro pacientes (7,8%) ao final do procedimento. Nenhum paciente apresentou sangramento importante durante interna&#231;&#227;o. Em um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 18 &#177; 12 meses, nenhum paciente sofreu outros epis&#243;dios de sangramento importante ou tromboembolismo, e nenhum &#243;bito ou complica&#231;&#245;es tardias foram relatados por nenhum centro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Inicialmente descrito por Lam em 2013,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> a pr&#243;tese LAmbre foi descrita como um dispositivo de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o, seguro e eficaz. Vantagens potenciais do LAMbre em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros dispositivos foram destacadas pelo autor e inclu&#237;am a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bainhas de entrega menores, a capacidade de ser totalmente retirado e reposicionado muitas vezes, e a maior estabilidade ap&#243;s seu implante. Ainda a possibilidade do implante proximal no AAE com pequeno n&#250;mero de manobras para reposicionamento, ajuda a prevenir a perfura&#231;&#227;o do AAE e possibilita o uso do dispositivo para tratamento dos AAEs com trombo distal por t&#233;cnica &#8220;no-touch&#8221;, na qual o oclusor &#233; implantado sem avan&#231;ar a bainha de entrega ou o fio-guia no ap&#234;ndice.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>-<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> O design dos dispositivos LAmbre (tanto o padr&#227;o como o especial) torna-o mais adequado em casos anat&#244;micos particulares, principalmente na exist&#234;ncia de zonas de implante (<italic>landing zones</italic>) rasas ou um desajuste entre um grande &#243;stio e uma zona de implante estreita<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> (<xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figuras 5</xref> e <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#192; esquerda: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) retrovertido, em formato de asa de galinha; &#224; direita: AAE totalmente oclu&#237;do ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo LAmbre (tipo padr&#227;o).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#192; esquerda: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) muito raso; &#224; direita: AAE oclu&#237;do por um dispositivo LAmbre (tipo especial); esse paciente havia sido submetido &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea e implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Apesar de mais de 7 000 implantes j&#225; terem sido realizado em todo o mundo, dados sobre o LAmbre&#174; s&#227;o ainda escassos na literatura. A publica&#231;&#227;o com o maior n&#250;mero de pacientes (n=153) mostrou uma taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento de 3,3%, sem nenhum caso de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, e uma taxa anual de AVC de apenas 1,3% (vs. 6,4% predito pelo escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-vasc) no seguimento.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> A experi&#234;ncia inicial europeia com 60 casos mostrou resultados similares (taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de 3,3% e taxa anual de AVC de 1,6%).<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 10 publica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo 403 pacientes com FANV tratados com LAmbre&#174; apresentou uma taxa de sucesso do procedimento de 99,7% e uma taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de 2,9% (0,3% de mortalidade, 1,7% de temponamento peric&#225;rdico, 0,3% AVC e complica&#231;&#245;es de sangramentos maiores), sem emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. No seguimento, eventos adversos cardiovasculares maiores foram relatados em 3,3%; AVC ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio em 1,7%, forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos no dispositivo em 0,7%, e fluxo residual &gt; 5 mm em 1%.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um ensaio em andamento (Lifetech LAmbre<sup>TM</sup>Left Atrial Appendage Closure System Post-Market Clinical Follow-Up &#8211; LISA Study - NCT03122028) tem como objetivo recrutar 500 pacientes em 22 locais de oito diferentes pa&#237;ses europeus e a China, com o prop&#243;sito de avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a viabilidade de implantes do dispositivo LAmbre em pacientes com FANV que n&#227;o podem receber ACO. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre o LAmbre e o Amplatzer mostrou efic&#225;cia em longo prazo e seguran&#231;a similares em pacientes com FANV.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados imediatos e tardios do presente estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a literatura dispon&#237;vel. A taxa aceit&#225;vel das complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento e o seguimento favor&#225;vel desta coorte de pacientes (de alto risco e com condi&#231;&#227;o complexa) &#233; encorajadora. As caracter&#237;sticas &#250;nicas do dispositivo LAmbre&#174;, principalmente de sua configura&#231;&#227;o especial, tornou fact&#237;vel e segura a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos desafiadores. A pr&#243;tese LAmbre&#174; traz avan&#231;os tanto no design do dispositivo como na t&#233;cnica de implanta&#231;&#227;o, e pode representar uma alternativa &#250;til no armament&#225;rio de oclus&#227;o do AAE.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Como uma limita&#231;&#227;o inerente a um estudo n&#227;o randomizado, n&#227;o h&#225; um grupo controle e, como em todo estudo observacional, falhas na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes podem ter ocorrido. No entanto, este registro foi delineado para incluir todos os pacientes eleg&#237;veis para o procedimento (inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar), refletindo uma pr&#225;tica da vida real. Embora os dados tenham sido coletados prospectivamente, esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva, sem monitoramento independente ou an&#225;lise de um laborat&#243;rio central. Devido a dificuldades de reembolso no Brasil, basicamente todos os centros inclu&#237;dos neste registro t&#234;m um baixo volume de oclus&#227;o de AAE e, assim, a curva de aprendizagem dos operadores &#233; achatada, o que tem um impacto direto sobre as taxas de complica&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, todos os dados coletados foram espontaneamente relatados pelos investigadores, sem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o independente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A experi&#234;ncia inicial com o dispositivo LAmbre em 18 centros brasileiros foi segura e eficaz, neste pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. Assim como em todos os dispositivos usados para a oclus&#227;o do AAE, a curva de aprendizado com o LAmbre teve um impacto sobre as complica&#231;&#245;es, e taxas aceit&#225;veis e compar&#225;veis &#224;s da literatura. No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e um seguimento mais longo para se obter uma compara&#231;&#227;o mais apropriada entre o LAmbre e outros dispositivos atualmente utilizados para oclus&#227;o do AAE no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos aos seguintes colegas que compartilharam com os autores dados do procedimento e acompanhamento de seus pacientes: Carlos Eduardo Gordilho (Hospital Esperan&#231;a, Olinda, PE), Adriano Dourado Oliveira (Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA), Wilton Gomes (Instituto de Neurologia e Cardiologia, Curitiba, PR), Cleverson Zuckowski, Nilson Ara&#250;jo e Cl&#225;udio Munhoz (Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Luiz Eduardo Camanho (Hospital ProCard&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Cristiano Guedes Bezerra (Hospital da Bahia, Salvador, BA), Arilson Rodrigues (Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Bel&#233;m, PA), Admar Silva Jr (Hospital Santa Rosa, Cuiab&#225;, MT), Luciano N. Liberato Souza (Hospital S&#227;o Francisco, Ceilandia, GO), Ricardo Petraco (Hospital Cruz Azul, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), Henrique Ribeiro (Hospital Samaritano, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), Jos&#233; Airton Arruda (Hospital Meridional, Vitoria, ES), Marcos Cherem (Hospital Vaz Monteiro, Lavras, MG), Felipe Baldissera (Hospital Marieta Konder, Itaja&#237;, SC).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Kosturakis R, Price MJ. Current State of Left Atrial Appendage Closure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018;20(6):42. doi: 10.1007/s11886-018-0981-z.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kosturakis</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Price</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Current State of Left Atrial Appendage Closure</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rep</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <size units="pages">42</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11886-018-0981-z</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2019;140(2):125-51. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>January</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wann</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calkins</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cigarroa</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleveland</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>151</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Holmes DR Jr, Alkhouli M, Reddy V. Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion for The Unmet Clinical Needs of Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(5):864-74. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.025.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alkhouli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion for The Unmet Clinical Needs of Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>864</fpage>
          <lpage>874</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.025</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Blackshear JL, Odell JA. Appendage Obliteration to Reduce Stroke in Cardiac Surgical Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61(2):755-9. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00887-X.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blackshear</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Odell</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Appendage Obliteration to Reduce Stroke in Cardiac Surgical Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>755</fpage>
          <lpage>759</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0003-4975(95)00887-X</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Boersma LV, Ince H, Kische S, Pokushalov E, Schmitz T, Schmidt B, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Left Atrial Appendage Closure with WATCHMAN in Patients with or Without Contraindication to Oral Anticoagulation: 1-Year Follow-Up Outcome Data of the EWOLUTION Trial. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(9):1302-8. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.05.038.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boersma</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ince</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kische</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pokushalov</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitz</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Left Atrial Appendage Closure with WATCHMAN in Patients with or Without Contraindication to Oral Anticoagulation: 1-Year Follow-Up Outcome Data of the EWOLUTION Trial</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1302</fpage>
          <lpage>1308</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.05.038</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Urena M, Rod&#233;s-Cabau J, Freixa X, Saw J, Webb JG, Freeman M, et al. Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure with The AMPLATZER Cardiac Plug Device in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Contraindications to Anticoagulation Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(2):96-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.089.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Urena</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rod&#233;s-Cabau</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freixa</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saw</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure with The AMPLATZER Cardiac Plug Device in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Contraindications to Anticoagulation Therapy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>102</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.089.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, Doshi SK, Sievert H, Buchbinder M, et al. Percutaneous Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage Versus Warfarin Therapy for Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomised Non-Inferiority Trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9689):534-42. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61343-X.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>VY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turi</surname>
              <given-names>ZG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doshi</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sievert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buchbinder</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage Versus Warfarin Therapy for Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomised Non-Inferiority Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>374</volume>
          <issue>9689</issue>
          <fpage>534</fpage>
          <lpage>542</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61343-X</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Tzikas A, Shakir S, Gafoor S, Omran H, Berti S, Santoro G, et al. Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Multicentre Experience with The AMPLATZER Cardiac Plug. EuroIntervention. 2016;11(10):1170-9. doi: 10.4244/EIJY15M01_06.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tzikas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shakir</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gafoor</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omran</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santoro</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Multicentre Experience with The AMPLATZER Cardiac Plug</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1170</fpage>
          <lpage>1179</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJY15M01_06</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Reddy VY, Doshi SK, Kar S, Gibson DN, Price MJ, Huber K, et al. 5-Year Outcomes After Left Atrial Appendage Closure: From the PREVAIL and PROTECT AF Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(24):2964-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>VY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doshi</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Price</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>5-Year Outcomes After Left Atrial Appendage Closure: From the PREVAIL and PROTECT AF Trials</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2964</fpage>
          <lpage>2975</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.021</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Osmancik P, Herman D, Neuzil P, Hala P, Taborsky M, Kala P, et al. Left Atrial Appendage Closure Versus Direct Oral Anticoagulants in High-Risk Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(25):3122-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.067.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Osmancik</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuzil</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hala</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taborsky</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kala</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Closure Versus Direct Oral Anticoagulants in High-Risk Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>3122</fpage>
          <lpage>3135</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.067</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Huang H, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Cao K, et al. Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure with the LAmbre Device for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective, Multicenter Clinical Study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10(21):2188-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.06.072.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure with the LAmbre Device for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective, Multicenter Clinical Study</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2188</fpage>
          <lpage>2194</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2017.06.072</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Lam YY. A New Left Atrial Appendage Occluder (Lifetech LAmbre Device) for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2013;14(3):134-6. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2013.04.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>YY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A New Left Atrial Appendage Occluder (Lifetech LAmbre Device) for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Revasc Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>134</fpage>
          <lpage>136</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carrev.2013.04.003</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Cruz-Gonzalez I, Fuertes Barahona M, Moreno-Samos JC, Barreiro-Perez M, Rodr&#237;guez-Collado J, Gonzalez-Calle D, et al. Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in the Presence of Thrombus With a LAmbre Device. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10(21):2224-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.05.036.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz-Gonzalez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuertes Barahona</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno-Samos</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreiro-Perez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodr&#237;guez-Collado</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez-Calle</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in the Presence of Thrombus With a LAmbre Device</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2224</fpage>
          <lpage>2226</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2017.05.036</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Mohandes M, Pernigotti A, Morr CI, Bardaj&#237; A. Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure in the Presence of Thrombus Using LAmbre Device and Cerebral Protection System. Korean Circ J. 2020;50(3):281-3. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2019.0305.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mohandes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pernigotti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morr</surname>
              <given-names>CI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bardaj&#237;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure in the Presence of Thrombus Using LAmbre Device and Cerebral Protection System</article-title>
          <source>Korean Circ J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>283</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4070/kcj.2019.0305</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Li S, Zhao D, Zhu M, Tang K, Zhang Y, Chen W, et al. Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure in The Patient with Spontaneous Echocardiographic Contrast: A New Occluder and Protocol. Cardiol Plus. 2016;1(1):39-41. doi: 10.4103/2470-7511.248348.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure in The Patient with Spontaneous Echocardiographic Contrast: A New Occluder and Protocol</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Plus</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <fpage>39</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/2470-7511.248348</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Cruz-Gonzalez I, Moreno-Samos JC, Rodriguez-Collado J, Mo Y, Lam YY, et al. Percutaneous Closure of Left Atrial Appendage With Complex Anatomy Using a LAmbre Device. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10(4):37-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2016.11.057.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz-Gonzalez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno-Samos</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez-Collado</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>YY</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous Closure of Left Atrial Appendage With Complex Anatomy Using a LAmbre Device</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2016.11.057</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. So CY, Leung KF, Lam YY, Yan BP. Occlusion of an Extremely Large Left Atrial Appendage Using the &#8220;Double-LAmbre Technique&#8221;. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(11):1085-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2018.10.015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>So</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>YY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Occlusion of an Extremely Large Left Atrial Appendage Using the &#8220;Double-LAmbre Technique&#8221;</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1085</fpage>
          <lpage>1087</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2018.10.015</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Park JW, Sievert H, Kleinecke C, Vaskelyte L, Schnupp S, Sievert K, et al. Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion with Lambre in Atrial Fibrillation: Initial European experience. Int J Cardiol. 2018;265:97-102. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.120.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sievert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinecke</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaskelyte</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schnupp</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sievert</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion with Lambre in Atrial Fibrillation: Initial European experience</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>265</volume>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>102</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.120</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Ali M, Rigopoulos AG, Mammadov M, Torky A, Auer A, Matiakis M, et al. Systematic Review on Left Atrial Appendage Closure with the LAmbre Device in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1):78. doi: 10.1186/s12872-020-01349-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rigopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mammadov</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torky</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matiakis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systematic Review on Left Atrial Appendage Closure with the LAmbre Device in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cardiovasc Disord</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">78</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12872-020-01349-9</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Schnupp S, Liu XX, Buffle E, Gloekler S, Mohrez Y, Cheikh-Ibrahim M, et al. Late Clinical Outcomes of Lambre Versus Amplatzer Occluders for Left Atrial Appendage Closure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31(4):934-42. doi: 10.1111/jce.14398.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schnupp</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>XX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buffle</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gloekler</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohrez</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheikh-Ibrahim</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Late Clinical Outcomes of Lambre Versus Amplatzer Occluders for Left Atrial Appendage Closure</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>934</fpage>
          <lpage>942</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jce.14398</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Chen S, Chun KRJ, Bordignon S, Weise FK, Nagase T, Perrotta L, et al. Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Using LAmbre Amulet and Watchman in Atrial Fibrillation. J Cardiol. 2019;73(4):299-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.10.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chun</surname>
              <given-names>KRJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bordignon</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weise</surname>
              <given-names>FK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagase</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perrotta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Using LAmbre Amulet and Watchman in Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>299</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.10.010</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Closure with the LAmbre Device &#8211; Initial Multicentre Experience in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6004-4959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2434-2561</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerios</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1157-3405</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Peralta e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4874-9999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fuks</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6443-8632</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>R&#244;mulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado &#8211; Cardiologia Intervencionista, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">INTERCAT - Cardiologia Intervencionista, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Francisco Chami&#233; &#8226; INTERCAT &#8211; Cardiologia Intervencionista &#8211; Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 550, sala 2011. Postal Code 22.410-901, Ipanema, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: chamief@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Authors Contribution</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Chamie F, Guerios E; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chamie F, Guerios E, Silva DP, Fuks V, Torres R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Dr. Francisco Chamie &#8211; left atrial appendage occlusion proctor for Lifetech Scientific.</p>
          <p>Dr. Enio Guerios &#8211; left atrial appendage occlusion proctor for Lifetech Scientific.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure has been an alternative to oral anticoagulation (OAC) for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To report the first results of an initial multicenter experience in Brazil and to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of LAA closure with the new LAmbre device.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We collected procedural and follow-up data of 51 consecutive patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, restrictions for long-term OAC and suitable anatomy that underwent LAA closure with the LAmbre device in 18 centers in Brazil. Procedural indications were significant bleeding under OAC (47.1%), stroke or persistent LAA thrombus despite OAC (27.5%), bleeding plus stroke (17.6%), other clinical contraindications for OAC (5.9%), and patient&#8217;s choice due to sports practice (1.9%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Twenty-five men (49%) and 26 women (51%), with a mean age of 76&#177;7.7 years, mean CHA2DS2-VASc score of 4.6&#177; 1.7 and mean HAS-BLED score of 3.4&#177; 1.1 were studied. Procedural success rate was 100%. Procedure-related immediate complications were pericardial effusion in two patients, and immediate device embolization in one case. No large residual shunts (&gt; 5 mm) were observed, and small shunts (&lt;5mm) were detected in four patients by color Doppler at the end of the procedure. After a mean follow-up of 18 &#177; 12 months, there were no deaths, strokes nor any other major complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> LAA occlusion with the LAmbre device was safe and effective in this small case series. Despite these encouraging initial results, the small number of cases warrants further studies with longer-term follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Appendage</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Occlusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Transcatheter left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion has become increasingly popular as an alternative option to anticoagulation for thromboembolic event prophylaxis in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC), either with Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) or Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) has proven to be an effective therapy for preventing stroke in AF patients.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Unfortunately, long-term OAC compliance, underprescription, and complications make this therapy not applicable for a significant number of patients.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Thus, the need for a non-pharmacological form of prophylaxis has increased over the years.</p>
        <p>Considering that over 90% of the intra-atrial thrombi formed as a consequence of NVAF are located inside the trabecular portion of the atrial appendage, LAA occlusion seemed to be a reasonable option.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Initially proposed as a surgical procedure, percutaneous occlusion is now performed all over the world. Different devices and techniques are available for LAA occlusion. Randomized trials have shown that LAA occlusion is non-inferior to Warfarin and DOACs in terms of reduction of stroke and systemic embolism, and superior to warfarin regarding late mortality.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>LAmbre device is a LAA occluder released in Brazil in 2018, after the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) and the Watchman Filter devices. This paper intends to report the results of the first multicenter Brazilian Registry of the use of the LAmbre device for percutaneous closure of the LAA for stroke prevention in patients with NVAF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Between May 2018 and November 2020 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous LAA closure with the LAmbre device in 18 different centers in Brazil were prospectively studied. Many of these procedures were performed under the supervision of a proctor. All patients had NVAF and an absolute or relative contraindication for long-term OAC therapy &#8211; the only exception was one patient who refused OAC due to personal preferences. All of them had been submitted to transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) or cardiac computed tomography (CT) for assessment of LAA size and morphology, intended landing zone diameters and the presence of thrombus.</p>
        <p>The procedures were performed under general anesthesia and orotracheal intubation. Non-fractioned heparin (100 mg/kg or 10,000 International Units) and antibiotic prophylaxis (intravenous Cefazolin 2g) were administered to all patients, followed by Cefazolin 1g IV as single dose 6 h after procedure, in the intensive care unit (ICU). Procedures were monitored by TEE and fluoroscopy.</p>
        <p>After femoral venous access was obtained, transseptal puncture with Brockenbrough needle was done targeting the inferior and posterior fossa ovalis. Left atrial (LA) pressure was recorded immediately after the left atrium was accessed; if values were lower than 10 mmHg, saline was rapidly infused for restoration of true LAA diameters. A 5F Pigtail catheter was positioned inside the LAA to obtain angiographies and measurements in right anterior oblique (RAO) caudal and cranial views. After angiography, a Super-Stiff guidewire J-Tip 0.035&#8221;/260 cm was cautiously introduced inside the LAA through the Pigtail catheter. The device size was confirmed by intraoperative angiography and TEE and should be 2 to 8 mm larger than the intended landing zone. The device was implanted through the long sheath indicated for the size of the chosen device. Implant technique was described elsewhere.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients were kept in ICU overnight and discharged from hospital the next day after another TTE, provided no complications occurred.</p>
        <p>Aspirin (100 mg) and Clopidogrel (75 mg) were prescribed after procedure. Clopidogrel was discontinued after three months, and lifelong Aspirin prescribed thereafter. Follow-up TEE was performed three and six-months after the procedure.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>The Lambre Device</title>
          <p>The LAmbre<sup>TM</sup> device (Lifetech Scientific, Shenzhen, China) is a self-expanding Titanium Nitride (TiN)-covered nitinol mesh occlusion device. It comprises three parts: a disc designed to cover the LAA ostium, a connector pin, and an eight-armed umbrella with small attachment hooks, that anchors the device to the body of the LAA, increasing stability. The umbrella is designed with a forward movement of the arms whose atraumatic tips, when fully opened, engage the trabeculae of the LAA, and the small distal hooks connect to the LAA wall, enhancing the stability of the device. The disk is configured to totally cover the LAA ostium. Both umbrella and disk have polyethylene terephthalate fabric sewn inside (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). In addition, LAmbre<sup>TM</sup> device comes in two versions: the standard type and the special type device.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; LAmbreTM device. Left panel shows umbrella and disk connected through a central pin. The arms have atraumatic round tips that engage the trabecular portion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) and small hooks that attach to the LAA wall. The disk covers the LAA ostium and is connected to the umbrella by a pin, with no screw protruding on the external surface of the disk. Right panel: fluoroscopy after implantation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the standard type device, the umbrella sizes range from 16 to 36 mm in two-millimeter increments, with disks that are 6 mm larger than 16-30mm umbrellas or 4 mm larger than 32-36mm umbrellas. In the special type device, the umbrella sizes range from 16 to 26 mm, also in two-millimeter increments, with disks 14 mm larger than 16-18 mm and 12 mm larger than 20-26 mm umbrellas.</p>
          <p>The delivery system is composed of a double curve (45 and 30 degrees), sheath of 8F to 10F, and a delivery cable with screwing mechanism. Its noteworthy that the screw on the disk surface is recessed, to prevent thrombus formation over the device.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Events are expressed as absolute numbers and percentages. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS / PASW (IBM Corp, NY, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 51 patients (25 men) were consecutively selected for LAA occlusion with the LAmbre device in 18 different centers in Brazil. Mean age was 76&#177;7.7 years. Mean CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED were 4.6&#177;1.7 and 3.4&#177;1.1, respectively. AF was paroxistic in 24, persistent in 1 and permanent in 26 patients. Indications for the procedure were significant bleeding (mostly cerebral or gastrointestinal) in 24 patients (47.0%), stroke despite adequate OAC in 13 (25.5%) and bleeding and stroke in nine (17.6%) patients. Other indications for LAA occlusion were contraindication to OAC in three cases, persistent LAA thrombus despite OAC in one case and patient&#8217;s choice (due to sports practice) in another (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of the patients (n=51)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Result*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 7.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female sex</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Permanent</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Persistent</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Paroxystic</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc Score</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HASBLED Score</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 1.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indications for LAA closure</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (68,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Significant bleeding</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Stroke despite adequate OAC</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (25.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Bleeding + stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (17.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Contraindication for OAC</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Persistent thrombus in LAA despite OAC</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Patient&#8217;s choice</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Mean &#177; SD or absolute numbers (percentage). LAA: left atrial appendage; OAC: oral anticoagulation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Procedural data are presented in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>. Mean landing zone size was 23.84&#177;4.5 mm and mean size of the implanted device was 27&#177;5.1 mm &#8211; thus the size of the implant was 3.7mm (mean) larger than the measured LAA orifice. Standard type device was used in the majority (94.1%) of patients and the special type in the remainder (5.9%). The sizes of the implanted devices were 28-34mm (n=9), 24-30mm (n=7), 30-34mm (n=6), 26-32mm (n=5), 34-38mm (n=5), 22-28mm (n=4), 32-36mm (n=4), 36-40mm (n=4), 18-24mm (n=2), e 20-26mm (n=2). Special device sizes used were 16-30mm, 22-34mm and 24-36mm.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Procedural data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Result*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Access</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Transeptal</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (94.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> PFO / ASD</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Landing zone (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.8 &#177; 4.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Device implanted</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Size (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 5.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Standard design</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (94.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Special design</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Devices per procedure (n)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 1</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (88.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 2</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (11.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Success</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Residual leak</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> None</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (92.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Minor (&lt; 5mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Major (&gt; 5mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complications</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Death</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Major bleeding</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Pericardial effusion</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Embolization (snared)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Mean &#177; SD or absolute numbers (percentage). PFO: patent foramen ovale; ASD: atrial septal defect.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The first chosen device was implanted in 45 patients (88.2%). A second device was necessary in six patients (11.8%): In two cases the first chosen device was damaged during loading by inexperienced operators and needed to be replaced. Incorrect measurements determined device retrieval and replacement for another one more compatible with LAA dimensions in three patients. In another case with challenging anatomy due to a retroflexed chicken wing appendage, a second lower transeptal puncture and smaller device implantation was deemed necessary to achieve total occlusion.</p>
        <p>In addition, three patients had patent foramen ovale (PFO). In two of them, access to left atrium was obtained through the PFO tunnel. The third one had a retroflex chicken wing appendage and access via PFO tunnel prevented delivery sheath coaxiality. Transseptal puncture was performed, and the procedure was carried out without further difficulty. The PFO was closed in two of these cases with a dedicated device (25-18 mm CERA PFO device in one case and 25-25 mm CERA MF ASD device in the other) (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>). Another patient had an ostium secundum atrial septal defect that was closed in the same procedure with a 33mm Occlutech ASD device.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Left atrial appendage (LAAE) closed through a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Left: LAmbre device occluding the LAA and a second dedicated device occluding the PFO; right: the same image seen by 3D transesophageal echocardiogram .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Two patients developed pericardial effusions. In one of them the appendage was perforated by the stiff guidewire. Percutaneous pericardial drainage was immediately carried out and was followed by a LAmbre 20-26mm device implantation, which was immediately embolized. A second 34-38mm device was implanted and the effusion subsided. The first device was snared out from the descending aorta the next day. In a second patient pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade occurred few hours after the procedure, due to perforation of the main pulmonary artery by the hooks of the device. Surgical drainage was performed, and the patient recovered uneventfully.</p>
        <p>One patient underwent previous LAA closure with a Watchman device, but suffered a recurrent stroke few months thereafter due to a second large lobe that was inadvertently left uncovered in the first procedure. A LAmbre device was implanted in a second procedure months later with total occlusion of LAA (<xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Left: Watchman device implanted in a lower lobe of the left atrial appendage (LAA); the upper lobe was left uncovered. Right: Watchman device inside the lower lobe and the LAmbre device implanted in the upper lobe with the disk totally occluding the ostium of the LAA. No residual shunt was seen immediately after the procedure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>An 86-year-old male patient had been previously submitted to coronary bypass graft surgery with pacemaker implantation. He also had severe aortic stenosis, which was treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). One week after TAVI, the patient presented with important cardiac dysfunction due to significant mitral regurgitation and had Mitraclip and LAmbre implanted during the same surgical procedure (<xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Eighty-six-year-old patient with multiple interventions: coronary artery bypass graft, pacemaker implantation, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), Mitraclip and LAmbre device occluding the atrial appendage. Both Mitraclip implantation and the left atrial appendage occlusion were performed during the same surgical procedure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Device implantation was possible in all cases. There were no large residual shunts (&gt; 5 mm) and minor shunts (&lt;5mm) were detected by color Doppler in four patients (7.8%) at the end of the procedure. No patient had significant bleeding during hospitalization. During a mean follow-up of 18&#177;12 months, none of the patients suffered further significant bleeding or thromboembolic events, and no deaths or late complications were reported by any center.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Initially described by Lam in 2013,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> the LAmbre was described as an easy-to-use, safe and effective device. Potential advantages of LAmbre over other devices were pointed out by the author and included smaller delivery sheaths, the ability to be fully retrieved and repositioned many times and enhanced stability after implantation. Moreover, the possibility of shallow device deployment and the use of less maneuvers for positioning helps to prevent LAA perforation and enables the use of the device for treatment of LAAs with distal thrombus using the no-touch technique, in which the occluder is implanted without advancing neither the delivery sheath nor the guidewire into the appendage.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>-<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> The design of the standard and special LAmbre devices makes it more suitable in case of difficult anatomies, mainly when there are shallow landing zones or a mismatch between a large ostium and narrow landing zone<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> (<xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figures 5</xref> and <xref rid="f06001" ref-type="fig">6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Left: retroflexed chicken wing left atrial appendage (LAA); right: LAA totally occluded after implantation of a standard-type LAmbre device.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Left: very shallow left atrial appendage (LAA); right: LAA occluded by a special-type LAmbre device. Additionally, this patient was previously submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention and <italic>transcatheter aortic valve implantation.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-01-0048-10275-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Although more than 7,000 implants have already been made worldwide, literature on LAmbre<sup>TM</sup> is still scarce. The publication with the largest number of patients (n=153) showed a 3.3% procedural complication rate, with no case of device embolization, and a yearly stroke rate of only 1.3% (vs. 6.4% predicted by the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-vasc score) at follow up.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> The initial European experience with 60 cases had similar results (procedural complication rate of 3.3%, annual stroke rate at follow-up of 1.6%).<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A systematic review of 10 publications encompassing 403 NVAF patients treated with LAmbre showed a procedural success rate of 99.7% and an overall complication rate of 2.9% (0.3% mortality, 1.7% pericardial tamponade, 0.3% stroke and major bleeding complications) with no device embolization. At follow-up, major adverse cardiovascular events were reported in 3.3%; stroke or transient ischemic attack in 1.7%, thrombus formation on the device in 0.7% and residual flow &gt; 5mm in 1%.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An ongoing trial (Lifetech LAmbre<sup>TM</sup>Left Atrial Appendage Closure System Post-Market Clinical Follow-Up &#8211; LISA Study; NCT03122028) aims to enroll 500 patients in 22 study sites in eight different countries in Europe and China, with the purpose to examine the safety and feasibility of LAmbre device implantations in patients with NVAF that cannot use OAC. Comparison between LAmbre and Amplatzer devices showed similar long-term efficacy and safety in patients with NVAF.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The immediate and late results presented in this study are well in accordance with available literature. The acceptable rate of procedural complications and the favorable follow-up of this high-risk and complex cohort of patients is encouraging. The unique features of the LAmbre<sup>TM</sup> device, most particularly in its special configuration, rendered very challenging procedures safely feasible. This prosthesis brings advances in both device design and implantation technique and may be a valuable addition to the armamentarium of LAA closure.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations. As an inherent limitation to a non-randomized study, there is no control group. As in every observational study, there may be flaws in patient selection. However, this registry was designed to include all patients eligible for the procedure (intention-to-treat), reflecting a real-world practice. Although the data have been prospectively collected, this is a retrospective analysis, without independent monitoring, or a core lab analysis. Especially due to reimbursement difficulties in Brazil, basically all centers included in this Registry are centers with low volume of LAA closure and, thus, the learning curve of the operators is flattened, which has a direct impact on complication rates. And, finally, all the data collected were spontaneously reported by investigators, without independent adjudication.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Initial experience with the LAmbre device in 18 different centers in Brazil was safe and effective, in this small number of patients. As with all devices used for LAA closure, the learning curve with LAmbre had an impact on complications, but even so at rates that are acceptable and comparable to the literature. Be it as it may, a larger number of patients and a longer- term follow-up is warranted for obtaining a fair comparison between LAmbre and the other devices currently used for percutaneous LAA closure in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We thank the following colleagues who shared with the authors the procedural and follow-up data of their patients: Carlos Eduardo Gordilho (Hospital Esperan&#231;a, Olinda, PE), Adriano Dourado Oliveira (Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA), Wilton Gomes (Instituto de Neurologia e Cardiologia, Curitiba, PR), Cleverson Zuckowski, Nilson Ara&#250;jo e Cl&#225;udio Munhoz (Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Luiz Eduardo Camanho (Hospital ProCard&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Cristiano Guedes Bezerra (Hospital da Bahia, Salvador, BA), Arilson Rodrigues (Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Bel&#233;m, PA), Admar Silva Jr (Hospital Santa Rosa, Cuiab&#225;, MT), Luciano N. Liberato Souza (Hospital S&#227;o Francisco, Ceilandia, GO), Ricardo Petraco (Hospital Cruz Azul, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), Henrique Ribeiro (Hospital Samaritano, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), Jos&#233; Airton Arruda (Hospital Meridional, Vitoria, ES), Marcos Cherem (Hospital Vaz Monteiro, Lavras, MG), Felipe Baldissera (Hospital Marieta Konder, Itaja&#237;, SC).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
